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Chitosan and its Derivatives for Ocular Delivery Formulations: Recent Advances and Developments

Alexandra Zamboulis, Stavroula Nanaki, Georgia Michailidou and 5 more

Polymers · 2020 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/polym12071519

Abstract

Chitosan (CS) is a hemi-synthetic cationic linear polysaccharide produced by the deacetylation of chitin. CS is non-toxic, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable, and it has a low immunogenicity. Additionally, CS has inherent antibacterial properties and a mucoadhesive character and can disrupt epithelial tight junctions, thus acting as a permeability enhancer. As such, CS and its derivatives are well-suited for the challenging field of ocular drug delivery. In the present review article, we will discuss the properties of CS that contribute to its successful application in ocular delivery before reviewing the latest advances in the use of CS for the development of novel ophthalmic delivery systems. Colloidal nanocarriers (nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes) will be presented, followed by CS gels and lenses and ocular inserts. Finally, instances of CS coatings, aiming at conferring mucoadhesiveness to other matrixes, will be presented.

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Sadeghi A.M.M., Amini M., Avadi M.R., Siedi F., Rafiee-Tehrani M., Junginger H.E. Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial effects of trimethylated and triethylated 6-NH2-6-deoxy chitosan. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 2008;23:262-275.
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De Britto D., Celi Goy R., Campana Filho S.P., Assis O.B.G. Quaternary salts of chitosan: History, antimicrobial features, and prospects. Int. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 2011;2011:1-12.
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Zhang J., Tan W., Luan F., Yin X., Dong F., Li Q., Guo Z. Synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan bearing halogenated acetate for antifungal and antibacterial activities. Polymers. 2018;10:530.
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Sadeghi A.M.M., Dorkoosh F.A., Avadi M.R., Saadat P., Rafiee-Tehrani M., Junginger H.E. Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activities of chitosan, N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) and N-diethylmethyl chitosan (DEMC) nanoparticles loaded with insulin using both the ionotropic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation methods. Int. J. Pharm. 2008;355:299-306.
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Quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan: preparation and antimicrobial property for paper · 2015
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Jadhav R.L., Yadav A.V., Patil M.V. Poly Sulfoxyamine grafted chitosan as bactericidal dressing for wound healing. Asian J. Chem. 2020;32:127-132.
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De la Fuente M., Raviña M., Paolicelli P., Sanchez A., Seijo B., Alonso M.J. Chitosan-based nanostructures: A delivery platform for ocular therapeutics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010;62:100-117.
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Nagarwal R.C., Kant S., Singh P.N., Maiti P., Pandit J.K. Polymeric nanoparticulate system: A potential approach for ocular drug delivery. J. Control. Release. 2009;136:2-13.
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De Campos A.M., Sánchez A., Alonso M.J. Chitosan nanoparticles: A new vehicle for the improvement of the delivery of drugs to the ocular surface. Application to cyclosporin A. Int. J. Pharm. 2001;224:159-168.
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Motwani S.K., Chopra S., Talegaonkar S., Kohli K., Ahmad F.J., Khar R.K. Chitosan-sodium alginate nanoparticles as submicroscopic reservoirs for ocular delivery: Formulation, optimisation and in vitro characterisation. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008;68:513-525.
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Mahmoud A.A., El-Feky G.S., Kamel R., Awad G.E.A. Chitosan/sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles as a potential approach for ocular drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2011;413:229-236.
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Sadeghi A.M.M., Dorkoosh F.A., Avadi M.R., Weinhold M., Bayat A., Delie F., Gurny R., Larijani B., Rafiee-Tehrani M., Junginger H.E. Permeation enhancer effect of chitosan and chitosan derivatives: Comparison of formulations as soluble polymers and nanoparticulate systems on insulin absorption in Caco-2 cells. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008;70:270-278.
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Mei D., Mao S., Sun W., Wang Y., Kissel T. Effect of chitosan structure properties and molecular weight on the intranasal absorption of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in rats. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008;70:874-881.
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De Campos A.M., Diebold Y., Carvalho E.L.S., Sánchez A., Alonso M.J. Chitosan nanoparticles as new ocular drug delivery systems: In vitro stability, in vivo fate, and cellular toxicity. Pharm. Res. 2004;21:803-810.
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Chitosan Based Self-Assembled Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery · 2018
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Koukaras E.N., Papadimitriou S.A., Bikiaris D.N., Froudakis G.E. Insight on the formation of chitosan nanoparticles through ionotropic gelation with tripolyphosphate. Mol. Pharm. 2012;9:2856-2862.
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Alqahtani F.Y., Aleanizy F.S., Tahir E.E., Alquadeib B.T., Alsarra I.A., Alanazi J.S., Abdelhady H.G. Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of diclofenac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Saudi Pharm. J. 2019;27:82-87.
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Badiee P., Varshochian R., Rafiee-Tehrani M., Abedin Dorkoosh F., Khoshayand M.R., Dinarvand R. Ocular implant containing bevacizumab-loaded chitosan nanoparticles intended for choroidal neovascularization treatment. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 2018;106:2261-2271.
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Abul Kalam M., Khan A.A., Khan S., Almalik A., Alshamsan A. Optimizing indomethacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle size, encapsulation, and release using Box-Behnken experimental design. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016;87:329-340.
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Manchanda S., Sahoo P.K. Fabrication and characterization of mucoadhesive topical nanoformulations of dorzolamide HCl for ocular hypertension. J. Pharm. Investig. 2018;48:323-332.
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Imam S.S., Bukhari S.N.A., Ahmad J., Ali A. Formulation and optimization of levofloxacin loaded chitosan nanoparticle for ocular delivery: In-vitro characterization, ocular tolerance and antibacterial activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018;108:650-659.
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Manchanda S., Sahoo P.K. Topical delivery of acetazolamide by encapsulating in mucoadhesive nanoparticles. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2017;12:550-557.
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Lazaridou M., Christodoulou E., Nerantzaki M., Kostoglou M., Lambropoulou D.A., Katsarou A., Pantopoulos K., Bikiaris D.N. Formulation and in-vitro characterization of chitosan-nanoparticles loaded with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFO). Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:238.
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Morsi N., Ghorab D., Refai H., Teba H. Nanodispersion-loaded mucoadhesive polymeric inserts for prolonged treatment of post-operative ocular inflammation. J. Microencapsul. 2017;34:280-292.
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Sabbagh H.A.K., Abudayeh Z., Abudoleh S.M., Alkrad J.A., Hussein M.Z., Hussein-Al-Ali S.H. Application of multiple regression analysis in optimization of metronidazole-chitosan nanoparticles. J. Polym. Res. 2019;26:205.
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Abdelrahman A.A., Salem H.F., Khallaf R.A., Ali A.M.A. Modeling, optimization, and in vitro corneal permeation of chitosan-lomefloxacin hcl nanosuspension intended for ophthalmic delivery. J. Pharm. Innov. 2015;10:254-268.
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Koukaras E.N., Papadimitriou S.A., Bikiaris D.N., Froudakis G.E. Properties and energetics for design and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles used for drug encapsulation. RSC Adv. 2014;4:12653-12661.
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Fathalla Z.M.A., Khaled K.A., Hussein A.K., Alany R.G., Vangala A. Formulation and corneal permeation of ketorolac tromethamine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2016;42:514-524.
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Kalam M.A. Development of chitosan nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid for topical ocular delivery of dexamethasone. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016;89:127-136.
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Barwal I., Kumar R., Dada T., Yadav S.C. Effect of ultra-small chitosan nanoparticles doped with brimonidine on the ultra-structure of the trabecular meshwork of glaucoma patients. Microsc. Microanal. 2019;25:1352-1366.
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Sharma S., Sharma A., Singh Sara U., Singh S. Chitosan loaded ketorolac tromethamine nanoparticles for improved ocular delivery in eye inflammation. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2018;52:S202-S209.
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Chiesa E., Greco A., Riva F., Tosca E.M., Dorati R., Pisani S., Modena T., Conti B., Genta I. Staggered herringbone microfluid device for the manufacturing of chitosan/TPP nanoparticles: Systematic optimization and preliminary biological evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20:6212.
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Han Y., Xu X., Wang Y., Liu S., Zhao X., Chen H., Lin Q. Drug eluting intraocular lens surface modification for PCO prevention. Colloids Interface Sci. Commun. 2018;24:40-44.
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Han Y., Tang J., Xia J., Wang R., Qin C., Liu S., Zhao X., Chen H., Lin Q. Anti-adhesive and antiproliferative synergistic surface modification of intraocular lens for reduced posterior capsular opacification. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019;14:9047-9061.
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Chhonker Y.S., Prasad Y.D., Chandasana H., Vishvkarma A., Mitra K., Shukla P.K., Bhatta R.S. Amphotericin-B entrapped lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles for prolonged ocular application. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2015;72:1451-1458.
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Sunkireddy P., Kanwar R.K., Ram J., Kanwar J.R. Ultra-small algal chitosan ocular nanoparticles with iron-binding milk protein prevents the toxic effects of carbendazim pesticide. Nanomedicine. 2016;11:495-511.
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Behl G., Iqbal J., O’Reilly N.J., McLoughlin P., Fitzhenry L. Synthesis and characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) contact lenses containing chitosan nanoparticles as an ocular delivery system for dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Pharm. Res. 2016;33:1638-1648.
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López-López M., Fernández-Delgado A., Moyá M.L., Blanco-Arévalo D., Carrera C., De la Haba R.R., Ventosa A., Bernal E., López-Cornejo P. Optimized preparation of levofloxacin loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11:57.
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Kong X., Xu W., Zhang C., Kong W. Chitosan temperature-sensitive gel loaded with drug microspheres has excellent effectiveness, biocompatibility and safety as an ophthalmic drug delivery system. Exp. Ther. Med. 2018;15:1442-1448.
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Marei N., Elwahy A.H.M., Salah T.A., El Sherif Y., El-Samie E.A. Enhanced antibacterial activity of Egyptian local insects’ chitosan-based nanoparticles loaded with ciprofloxacin-HCl. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019;126:262-272.
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Liu D., Lian Y., Fang Q., Liu L., Zhang J., Li J. Hyaluronic-acid-modified lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles as an efficient ocular delivery platform for moxifloxacin hydrochloride. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018;116:1026-1036.
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Kapanigowda U.G., Nagaraja S.H., Ramaiah B., Boggarapu P.R. Improved intraocular bioavailability of ganciclovir by mucoadhesive polymer based ocular microspheres: Development and simulation process in Wistar rats. DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 2015;23.
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Al-Kinani A.A., Naughton D.P., Calabrese G., Vangala A., Smith J.R., Pierscionek B.K., Alany R.G. Analysis of 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography: Application for ocular delivery using chitosan nanoparticles. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015;407:2645-2650.
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Elsaid N., Jackson T.L., Elsaid Z., Alqathama A., Somavarapu S. PLGA microparticles entrapping chitosan-based nanoparticles for the ocular delivery of ranibizumab. Mol. Pharm. 2016;13:2923-2940.
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Ibrahim M.M., Abd-Elgawad A.E.H., Soliman O.A.E., Jablonski M.M. Stability and Ocular pharmacokinetics of celecoxib-loaded nanoparticles topical ophthalmic formulations. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016;105:3691-3701.
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Kelly S.J., Halasz K., Smalling R., Sutariya V. Nanodelivery of doxorubicin for age-related macular degeneration. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2019;45:715-723.
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Kalam M.A. The potential application of hyaluronic acid coated chitosan nanoparticles in ocular delivery of dexamethasone. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016;89:559-568.
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Khan S., Warade S., Singhavi D.J. Improvement in ocular bioavailability and prolonged delivery of tobramycin sulfate following topical ophthalmic administration of drug-loaded mucoadhesive microparticles incorporated in thermosensitive in situ gel. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018;34:287-297.
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Da Silva S.B., Ferreira D., Pintado M., Sarmento B. Chitosan-based nanoparticles for rosmarinic acid ocular delivery-In vitro tests. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016;84:112-120.
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Jamil B., Abbasi R., Abbasi S., Imran M., Khan S.U., Ihsan A., Javed S., Bokhari H. Encapsulation of cardamom essential oil in chitosan nano-composites: In-vitro efficacy on antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens and cytotoxicity studies. Front. Microbiol. 2016;7:1-10.
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Elkadery A.A.S., Elsherif E.A., Ezz Eldin H.M., Fahmy I.A.F., Mohammad O.S. Efficient therapeutic effect of Nigella sativa aqueous extract and chitosan nanoparticles against experimentally induced Acanthamoeba keratitis. Parasitol. Res. 2019;118:2443-2454.
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Hafner A., Lovrić J., Romić M.D., Juretić M., Pepić I., Cetina-Čižmek B., Filipović-Grčić J. Evaluation of cationic nanosystems with melatonin using an eye-related bioavailability prediction model. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2015;75:142-150.
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Dubey V., Mohan P., Dangi J.S., Kesavan K. Brinzolamide loaded chitosan-pectin mucoadhesive nanocapsules for management of glaucoma: Formulation, characterization and pharmacodynamic study. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019;152:1224-1232.
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Muhtadi W.K., Novitasari L., Martien R., Danarti R. Factorial design as the method in the optimization of timolol maleate-loaded nanoparticle prepared by ionic gelation technique. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 2019;11:66-70.
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Ilka R., Mohseni M., Kianirad M., Naseripour M., Ashtari K., Mehravi B. Nanogel-based natural polymers as smart carriers for the controlled delivery of Timolol Maleate through the cornea for glaucoma. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018;109:955-962.
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Ahdyani R., Novitasari L., Martien R., Danarti R. Formulation and characterization of timolol maleate-loaded nanoparticles gel by ionic gelation method using chitosan and sodium alginate. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 2019;11:48-54.
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Gong Y., Yin J.Y., Tong B.D., Zeng J.X., Xiong W. Low density lipoprotein—Rosiglitazone—chitosan-calcium alginate/nanoparticles inhibition of human tenon’s fibroblasts activation and proliferation. Oncotarget. 2017;8:105126-105136.
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Ahuja M., Bhatt D.C. Carboxymethyl gum katira: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation for nanoparticulate drug delivery. RSC Adv. 2015;5:82363-82373.
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Mittal N., Kaur G. Investigations on polymeric nanoparticles for ocular delivery. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2019;2019:1316249.
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Chaiyasan W., Srinivas S.P., Tiyaboonchai W. Crosslinked chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticle for improved topical ocular drug delivery. Mol. Vis. 2015;21:1224-1234.
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175.
Manchanda S., Sahoo P.K., Majumdar D.K. Mucoadhesive chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticles of acetazolamide for ocular hypertension. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2016;5:445-453.
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Cross-linked chitosan-dextran sulphate vehicle system for controlled release of ciprofloxaxin drug: An ophthalmic application · 2017
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177.
Silva B., Marto J., Braz B.S., Delgado E., Almeida A.J., Gonçalves L. New nanoparticles for topical ocular delivery of erythropoietin. Int. J. Pharm. 2020;576:119020.
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Fabiano A., Bizzarri R., Zambito Y. Thermosensitive hydrogel based on chitosan and its derivatives containing medicated nanoparticles for transcorneal administration of 5-fluorouracil. Int. J. Nanomed. 2017;12:633-643.
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Zhang P., Liu X., Hu W., Bai Y., Zhang L. Preparation and evaluation of naringenin-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016;149:224-230.
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180.
Alqurshi A., Hanafy A.F., Abdalla A.M., Guda T.K., Gabr K.E., Royall P.G. Ocular anti-inflammatory activity of prednisolone acetate loaded chitosan-deoxycholate self-assembled nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019;14:3679-3689.
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Poloxamer Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications · 2019
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182.
Ahuja M., Verma P., Bhatia M. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan–itraconazole co-precipitated nanosuspension for ocular delivery. J. Exp. Nanosci. 2015;10:209-221.
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Natesan S., Pandian S., Ponnusamy C., Palanichamy R., Muthusamy S., Kandasamy R. Co-encapsulated resveratrol and quercetin in chitosan and peg modified chitosan nanoparticles: For efficient intra ocular pressure reduction. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017;104:1837-1845.
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Åhlén M., Tummala G.K., Mihranyan A. Nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels as a pathway for enzyme-triggered drug release in ophthalmic applications. Int. J. Pharm. 2018;536:73-81.
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Tellios V., Liu H., Tellios N., Li X., Hutnik C.M.L. Administration of nitric oxide through a novel copper- chitosan delivery system in human corneal and limbal epithelial cell injury. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2018;59:967-977.
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Dhawan S., Singla A.K., Sinha V.R. Evaluation of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan microspheres prepared by different methods. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2004;5:122-128.
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Fefelova N.A., Nurkeeva Z.S., Mun G.A., Khutoryanskiy V.V. Mucoadhesive interactions of amphiphilic cationic copolymers based on [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride. Int. J. Pharm. 2007;339:25-32.
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Hejjaji E.M.A., Smith A.M., Morris G.A. Evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan nanoparticles prepared using different chitosan to tripolyphosphate (CS:TPP) ratios. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018;120:1610-1617.
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189.
Asasutjarit R., Theerachayanan T., Kewsuwan P., Veeranodha S., Fuongfuchat A., Ritthidej G.C. Development and evaluation of diclofenac sodium loaded-N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for ophthalmic use. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015;16:1013-1024.
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Shinde U.A., Joshi P.N., Jain D.D., Singh K. Preparation and evaluation of N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles of flurbiprofen for ocular delivery. Curr. Eye Res. 2019;44:575-582.
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Siafaka P.I., Titopoulou A., Koukaras E.N., Kostoglou M., Koutris E., Karavas E., Bikiaris D.N. Chitosan derivatives as effective nanocarriers for ocular release of timolol drug. Int. J. Pharm. 2015;495:249-264.
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Koutroumanis K.P., Avgoustakis K., Bikiaris D. Synthesis of cross-linked N-(2-carboxybenzyl)chitosan pH sensitive polyelectrolyte and its use for drug controlled delivery. Carbohydr. Polym. 2010;82:181-188.
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Ambhore N.P., Dandagi P.M., Gadad A.P. Formulation and comparative evaluation of HPMC and water soluble chitosan-based sparfloxacin nanosuspension for ophthalmic delivery. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2016;6:48-56.
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Jaiswal S., Dutta P.K., Kumar S., Koh J., Pandey S. Methyl methacrylate modified chitosan: Synthesis, characterization and application in drug and gene delivery. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019;211:109-117.
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Sustained ocular delivery of Dorzolamide-HCl via proniosomal gel formulation: in-vitro characterization, statistical optimization, and in-vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits · 2018
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Krtalić I., Radošević S., Hafner A., Grassi M., Nenadić M., Cetina-Čižmek B., Filipović-Grčić J., Pepić I., Lovrić J. D-Optimal Design in the Development of Rheologically Improved In Situ Forming Ophthalmic Gel. J. Pharm. Sci. 2018;107:1562-1571.
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Deepthi S., Jose J. Novel hydrogel-based ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of conjunctivitis. Int. Ophthalmol. 2019;39:1355-1366.
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Almeida H., Lobão P., Frigerio C., Fonseca J., Silva R., Quaresma P., Lobo J.M.S., Amaral M.H. Development of mucoadhesive and thermosensitive eyedrops to improve the ophthalmic bioavailability of ibuprofen. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2016;35:69-80.
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Ahmed T.A., Aljaeid B.M. A potential in situ gel formulation loaded with novel fabricated poly(Lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for enhancing and sustaining the ophthalmic delivery of ketoconazole. Int. J. Nanomed. 2017;12:1863-1875.
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Paulsamy M., Ponnusamy C., Palanisami M., Nackeeran G., Paramasivam S.S., Sugumaran A., Kandasamy R., Natesan S., Palanichamy R. Nepafenac loaded silica nanoparticles dispersed in-situ gel systems: Development and characterization. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018;110:336-345.
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Cruz-Cazarim E.L.C., Cazarim M.S., Ogunjimi A.T., Petrilli R., Rocha E.M., Lopez R.F. V Prospective insulin-based ophthalmic delivery systems for the treatment of dry eye syndrome and corneal injuries. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2019;140:1-10.
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Arvind, Lamba H.S., Ali A. In-Situ Gel System Based on Temperature and pH Activation for Sustained Ocular Delivery. Indo Am. J. P Sci. 2017;4:558-561.
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Gelatin-Based Materials in Ocular Tissue Engineering · 2014
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Tsai C.-Y., Woung L.-C., Yen J.-C., Tseng P.-C., Chiou S.-H., Sung Y.-J., Liu K.-T., Cheng Y.-H. Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogels for sustained release of ferulic acid on corneal wound healing. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016;135:308-315.
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Cheng Y.H., Tsai T.H., Jhan Y.Y., Chiu A.W.H., Tsai K.L., Chien C.S., Chiou S.H., Liu C.J.L. Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogel as a topical ocular drug delivery system of latanoprost for glaucoma treatment. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016;144:390-399.
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Cheng Y.H., Ko Y.C., Chang Y.F., Huang S.H., Liu C.J. Thermosensitive chitosan-gelatin-based hydrogel containing curcumin-loaded nanoparticles and latanoprost as a dual-drug delivery system for glaucoma treatment. Exp. Eye Res. 2019;179:179-187.
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Cheng Y.H., Chang Y.F., Ko Y.C., Liu C.J. Sustained release of levofloxacin from thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogel for the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. 2020;108:8-13.
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Nagai N., Saijo S., Song Y., Kaji H., Abe T. A drug refillable device for transscleral sustained drug delivery to the retina. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2019;136:184-191.
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Song Y., Nagai N., Saijo S., Kaji H., Nishizawa M., Abe T. In situ formation of injectable chitosan-gelatin hydrogels through double crosslinking for sustained intraocular drug delivery. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2018;88:1-12.
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El-Feky G.S., Zayed G.M., Elshaier Y.A.M.M., Alsharif F.M. Chitosan-gelatin hydrogel crosslinked with oxidized sucrose for the ocular delivery of timolol maleate. J. Pharm. Sci. 2018;107:3098-3104.
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Chiesa E., Genta I., Dorati R., Modena T., Conti B. Poly(gamma-glutamic acid) based thermosetting hydrogels for injection: Rheology and functional parameters evaluation. React. Funct. Polym. 2019;140:93-102.
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Liu J., Yang S., Li X., Yan Q., Reaney M.J.T., Jiang Z. Alginate oligosaccharides: Production, biological activities, and potential applications. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2019;18:1859-1881.
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Hernández-González A.C., Téllez-Jurado L., Rodríguez-Lorenzo L.M. Alginate hydrogels for bone tissue engineering, from injectables to bioprinting: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020;229:115514.
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Gupta H., Aqil M., Khar R., Ali A., Bhatnagar A., Mittal G. An alternative in situ gel-formulation of levofloxacin eye drops for prolong ocular retention. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2015;7:9-14.
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Physiologically active hydrogel (in situ gel) of sparfloxacin and its evaluation for ocular retention using gamma scintigraphy · 2015
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Ameeduzzafar, Imam S.S., Bukhari S.N.A., Ali A. Preparation and evaluation of novel chitosan: Gelrite ocular system containing besifloxacin for topical treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis: Scintigraphy, ocular irritation and retention assessment. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2018;46:959-967.
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Jiang F., Tang Z., Zhang Y., Ju Y., Gao H., Sun N., Liu F., Gu P., Zhang W. Enhanced proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitor cells through a self-healing injectable hydrogel. Biomater. Sci. 2019;7:2335-2347.
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Muţ A.M., Vlaia L., Coneac G., Olariu I., Vlaia V., Popoiu C., Hîrjău M., Lupuliasa D. Novel topical chitosan/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose—Based hydrogels containing fluconazole and sucrose esters. Formulation, physicochemical characterization, in vitro drug release and permeation. Farmacia. 2018;66:59-69.
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Yang C., Gao L., Liu X., Yang T., Yin G., Chen J., Guo H., Yu B., Cong H. Injectable Schiff base polysaccharide hydrogels for intraocular drug loading and release. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 2019;107:1909-1916.
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Xu W., Liu K., Li T., Zhang W., Dong Y., Lv J., Wang W., Sun J., Li M., Wang M., et al. An in situ hydrogel based on carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium alginate dialdehyde for corneal wound healing after alkali burn. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 2019;107:742-754.
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Lei L., Li X., Xiong T., Yu J., Yu X., Song Z., Li X. Covalently cross-linked chitosan hydrogel sheet for topical ophthalmic delivery of levofloxacin. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2018;14:371-378.
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Qiao X., Peng X., Qiao J., Jiang Z., Han B. Evaluation of a photocrosslinkable hydroxyethyl chitosan hydrogel as a potential drug release system for glaucoma surgery. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2017;28:1-10.
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Moreno M., Pow P.Y., Tabitha T.S.T., Nirmal S., Larsson A., Radhakrishnan K., Nirmal J., Quah S.T., Geifman Shochat S., Agrawal R., et al. Modulating release of ranibizumab and aflibercept from thiolated chitosan-based hydrogels for potential treatment of ocular neovascularization. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2017;14:913-925.
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Lai J.Y., Luo L.J. Chitosan-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers as delivery carriers for intracameral pilocarpine administration. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2017;113:140-148.
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Luo L.J., Huang C.C., Chen H.C., Lai J.Y., Matsusaki M. Effect of deacetylation degree on controlled pilocarpine release from injectable chitosan-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) carriers. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018;197:375-384.
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Luo L.J., Nguyen D.D., Lai J.Y. Benzoic acid derivative-modified chitosan-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): Methoxylation effects and pharmacological treatments of Glaucoma-related neurodegeneration. J. Control. Release. 2020;317:246-258.
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Tan G., Yu S., Li J., Pan W. Development and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers based chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel for delivery of dexamethasone. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017;103:941-947.
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Cho I.S., Park C.G., Huh B.K., Cho M.O., Khatun Z., Li Z., Kang S.W., Choy Y.B., Huh K.M. Thermosensitive hexanoyl glycol chitosan-based ocular delivery system for glaucoma therapy. Acta Biomater. 2016;39:124-132.
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Shi H., Wang Y., Bao Z., Lin D., Liu H., Yu A., Lei L., Li X., Xu X. Thermosensitive glycol chitosan-based hydrogel as a topical ocular drug delivery system for enhanced ocular bioavailability. Int. J. Pharm. 2019;570.
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Oh H.M., Kang E., Li Z., Cho I.S., Kim D.E., Mallick S., Kang S.W., Roh K.H., Huh K.M. Preparation and characterization of an in situ crosslinkable glycol chitosan thermogel for biomedical applications. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2019;80:820-828.
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Yu S., Zhang X., Tan G., Tian L., Liu D., Liu Y., Yang X., Pan W. A novel pH-induced thermosensitive hydrogel composed of carboxymethyl chitosan and poloxamer cross-linked by glutaraldehyde for ophthalmic drug delivery. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017;155:208-217.
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Yu S., Li Q., Li Y., Wang H., Liu D., Yang X., Pan W. A novel hydrogel with dual temperature and pH responsiveness based on a nanostructured lipid carrier as an ophthalmic delivery system: Enhanced trans-corneal permeability and bioavailability of nepafenac. New J. Chem. 2017;41:3920-3929.
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Yu Y., Feng R., Yu S., Li J., Wang Y., Song Y., Yang X., Pan W., Li S. Nanostructured lipid carrier-based pH and temperature dual-responsive hydrogel composed of carboxymethyl chitosan and poloxamer for drug delivery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018;114:462-469.
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Yu Y., Feng R., Li J., Wang Y., Song Y., Tan G., Liu D., Liu W., Yang X., Pan H., et al. A hybrid genipin-crosslinked dual-sensitive hydrogel/nanostructured lipid carrier ocular drug delivery platform. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2019;14:423-434.
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Lin T., Lu Y., Zhang X., Gong L., Wei C. Treatment of dry eye by intracanalicular injection of a thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogel: Evaluation of biosafety and availability. Biomater. Sci. 2018;6:3160-3169.
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Franca J.R., Batista L.D., Ribeiro T.G., Fernandes C., Castilho R.O., Faraco A.A.G. Development and Validation of a High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Bimatoprost in Chitosan-Based Ocular Inserts. Anal. Lett. 2015;48:531-540.
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Foureaux G., Franca J.R., Nogueira J.C., Fulgêncio G., De O., Ribeiro T.G., Castilho R.O., Yoshida M.I., Fuscaldi L.L., Fernandes S.O.A., et al. Ocular inserts for sustained release of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activator, diminazene aceturate, to treat glaucoma in rats. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0133149.
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Franca J.R., Foureaux G., Fuscaldi L.L., Ribeiro T.G., Castilho R.O., Yoshida M.I., Cardoso V.N., Fernandes S.O.A., Cronemberger S., Nogueira J.C., et al. Chitosan/hydroxyethyl cellulose inserts for sustained-release of dorzolamide for glaucoma treatment: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. 2019;570:118662.
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Wang L., Jiang Y.Y., Lin N. Promise of latanoprost and timolol loaded combinatorial nanosheet for therapeutic applications in glaucoma. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 2020;32:1042-1047.
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Saher O., Ghorab D.M., Mursi N.M. Levofloxacin hemihydrate ocular semi-sponges for topical treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis: Formulation and in-vitro/in-vivo characterization. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2016;31:22-34.
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Manna S., Donnell A.M., Kaval N., Al-Rjoub M.F., Augsburger J.J., Banerjee R.K. Improved design and characterization of PLGA/PLA-coated Chitosan based micro-implants for controlled release of hydrophilic drugs. Int. J. Pharm. 2018;547:122-132.
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Zhang J., Liang X., Li X., Guan Z., Liao Z., Luo Y., Luo Y. Ocular delivery of cyanidin-3-glycoside in liposomes and its prevention of selenite-induced oxidative stress. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2016;42:546-553.
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Pai R.V., Vavia P.R. Chitosan oligosaccharide enhances binding of nanostructured lipid carriers to ocular mucins: Effect on ocular disposition. Int. J. Pharm. 2020;577:119095.
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Li J., Liu D., Tan G., Zhao Z., Yang X., Pan W. A comparative study on the efficiency of chitosan-N-acetylcysteine, chitosan oligosaccharides or carboxymethyl chitosan surface modified nanostructured lipid carrier for ophthalmic delivery of curcumin. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016;146:435-444.
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Liu D., Li J., Pan H., He F., Liu Z., Wu Q., Bai C., Yu S., Yang X. Potential advantages of a novel chitosan-N-acetylcysteine surface modified nanostructured lipid carrier on the performance of ophthalmic delivery of curcumin. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:1-14.
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Li J., Tan G., Cheng B., Liu D., Pan W. Transport mechanism of chitosan-N-acetylcysteine, chitosan oligosaccharides or carboxymethyl chitosan decorated coumarin-6 loaded nanostructured lipid carriers across the rabbit ocular. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2017;120:89-97.
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Liu D., Li J., Cheng B., Wu Q., Pan H. Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of the effect of coating a coumarin-6-labeled nanostructured lipid carrier with chitosan-n-acetylcysteine on rabbit ocular distribution. Mol. Pharm. 2017;14:2639-2648.
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Salama A.H., Mahmoud A.A., Kamel R. A novel method for preparing surface-modified fluocinolone acetonide loaded plga nanoparticles for ocular use: In vitro and in vivo evaluations. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2016;17:1159-1172.
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Pandit J., Sultana Y., Aqil M. Chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles of bevacizumab as novel drug delivery to target retina: Optimization, characterization, and in vitro toxicity evaluation. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2017;45:1397-1407.
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Khan N., Ameeduzzafar, Khanna K., Bhatnagar A., Ahmad F.J., Ali A. Chitosan coated PLGA nanoparticles amplify the ocular hypotensive effect of forskolin: Statistical design, characterization and in vivo studies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018;116:648-663.
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Dyawanapelly S., Koli U., Dharamdasani V., Jain R., Dandekar P. Improved mucoadhesion and cell uptake of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide surface-modified polymer nanoparticles for mucosal delivery of proteins. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2016;6:365-379.
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Mahaling B., Katti D.S. Physicochemical properties of core-shell type nanoparticles govern their spatiotemporal biodistribution in the eye. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 2016;12:2149-2160.
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Mahaling B., Katti D.S. Understanding the influence of surface properties of nanoparticles and penetration enhancers for improving bioavailability in eye tissues in vivo. Int. J. Pharm. 2016;501:1-9.
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Nasr F.H., Khoee S. Design, characterization and in vitro evaluation of novel shell crosslinked poly(butylene adipate)-co-N-succinyl chitosan nanogels containing loteprednol etabonate: A new system for therapeutic effect enhancement via controlled drug delivery. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015;102:132-142.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.045

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