Prediction of fluid responsiveness. What’s new?

Abstract

Although the administration of fluid is the first treatment considered in almost all cases of circulatory failure, this therapeutic option poses two essential problems: the increase in cardiac output induced by a bolus of fluid is inconstant, and the deleterious effects of fluid overload are now clearly demonstrated. This is why many tests and indices have been developed to detect preload dependence and predict fluid responsiveness. In this review, we take stock of the data published in the field over the past three years. Regarding the passive leg raising test, we detail the different stroke volume surrogates that have recently been described to measure its effects using minimally invasive and easily accessible methods. We review the limits of the test, especially in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Regarding the end-expiratory occlusion test, we also present recent investigations that have sought to measure its effects without an invasive measurement of cardiac output. Although the limits of interpretation of the respiratory variation of pulse pressure and of the diameter of the vena cava during mechanical ventilation are now well known, several recent studies have shown how changes in pulse pressure variation itself during other tests reflect simultaneous changes in cardiac output, allowing these tests to be carried out without its direct measurement. This is particularly the case during the tidal volume challenge, a relatively recent test whose reliability is increasingly well established. The mini-fluid challenge has the advantage of being easy to perform, but it requires direct measurement of cardiac output, like the classic fluid challenge. Initially described with echocardiography, recent studies have investigated other means of judging its effects. We highlight the problem of their precision, which is necessary to evidence small changes in cardiac output. Finally, we point out other tests that have appeared more recently, such as the Trendelenburg manoeuvre, a potentially interesting alternative for patients in the prone position.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

References 112

1. 1.
   Principles of fluid management and stewardship in septic shock: it is time to consider the four D’s and the four phases of fluid therapy · 2018

   No notice
2. 2.
   Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: Executive summary of the International Fluid Academy (IFA) · 2020

   No notice
3. 3.

   Tigabu BM, Davari M, Kebriaeezadeh A, Mojtahedzadeh M. Fluid volume, fluid balance and patient outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review. J Crit Care. 2018;48:153-159.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.08.018

4. 4.
   Perioperative liberal versus restrictive fluid strategies and postoperative outcomes: a systematic review and metanalysis on randomised-controlled trials in major abdominal elective surgery · 2021

   Not checked
5. 5.

   Guerin L, Teboul JL, Persichini R, Dres M, Richard C, Monnet X. Effects of passive leg raising and volume expansion on mean systemic pressure and venous return in shock in humans. Crit Care. 2015;19:411.

   Not in our library10.1186/s13054-015-1115-2

6. 6.

   Jabot J, Teboul JL, Richard C, Monnet X. Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: importance of the postural change. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:85-90.

   Not in our library10.1007/s00134-008-1293-3

7. 7.

   Mesquida J, Gruartmoner G, Ferrer R. Passive leg raising for assessment of volume responsiveness: a review. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2017;23:237-243.

   Not in our library10.1097/mcc.0000000000000404

8. 8.

   Pickett JD, Bridges E, Kritek PA, Whitney JD. Passive leg-raising and prediction of fluid responsiveness: systematic review. Crit Care Nurse. 2017;37:32-47.

   Not in our library10.4037/ccn2017205

9. 9.

   Monnet X, Marik P, Teboul JL. Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:1935-1947.

   Not in our library10.1007/s00134-015-4134-1

10. 10.

    Cherpanath TG, Hirsch A, Geerts BF, Lagrand WK, Leeflang MM, Schultz MJ, et al. predicting fluid responsiveness by passive leg raising: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:981-991.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0000000000001556

11. 11.

    Monnet X, Dres M, Ferre A, Le Teuff G, Jozwiak M, Bleibtreu A, et al. Prediction of fluid responsiveness by a continuous non-invasive assessment of arterial pressure in critically ill patients: comparison with four other dynamic indices. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109:330-338.

    Not in our library10.1093/bja/aes182

12. 12.

    Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al. Executive summary: surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for the management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021;49:1974-1982.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0000000000005357

13. 13.

    Pickett JD, Bridges E, Kritek PA, Whitney JD. Noninvasive blood pressure monitoring and prediction of fluid responsiveness to passive leg raising. Am J Crit Care. 2018;27:228-237.

    Not in our library10.4037/ajcc2018867

14. 14.

    Monnet X, Letierce A, Hamzaoui O, Chemla D, Anguel N, Osman D, et al. Arterial pressure allows monitoring the changes in cardiac output induced by volume expansion but not by norepinephrine*. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:1394-1399.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e31820edcf0

15. 15.

    Jozwiak M, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Pressure waveform analysis. Anesth Analg. 2018;126:1930-1933.

    Not in our library10.1213/ane.0000000000002527

16. 16.

    Teboul JL, Saugel B, Cecconi M, De Backer D, Hofer CK, Monnet X, et al. Less invasive hemodynamic monitoring in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:1350-1359.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-016-4375-7

17. 17.

    Ameloot K, Palmers PJ, Malbrain ML. The accuracy of noninvasive cardiac output and pressure measurements with finger cuff: a concise review. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21:232-239.

    Not in our library10.1097/mcc.0000000000000198

18. 18.

    Monnet X, Bataille A, Magalhaes E, Barrois J, Le Corre M, Gosset C, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide is better than arterial pressure for predicting volume responsiveness by the passive leg raising test. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:93-100.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-012-2693-y

19. 19.

    Monge Garcia MI, Gil Cano A, Gracia Romero M, Monterroso Pintado R, Perez Madueno V, Diaz Monrove JC. Non-invasive assessment of fluid responsiveness by changes in partial end-tidal CO2 pressure during a passive leg-raising maneuver. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2:9.

    Not in our library10.1186/2110-5820-2-9

20. 20.

    Toupin F, Clairoux A, Deschamps A, Lebon JS, Lamarche Y, Lambert J, et al. Assessment of fluid responsiveness with end-tidal carbon dioxide using a simplified passive leg raising maneuver: a prospective observational study. Can J Anaesth. 2016;63:1033-1041.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12630-016-0677-z

21. 21.

    Galarza L, Mercado P, Teboul JL, Girotto V, Beurton A, Richard C, et al. Estimating the rapid haemodynamic effects of passive leg raising in critically ill patients using bioreactance. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121:567-573.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.013

22. 22.
    Precision and consistency of the passive leg raising maneuver for determining fluid responsiveness with bioreactance non-invasive cardiac output monitoring in critically ill patients and healthy volunteers. · 2019

    Not checked
23. 23.

    Li L, Ai Y, Huang L, Ai M, Peng Q, Zhang L. Can bioimpedance cardiography assess hemodynamic response to passive leg raising in critically ill patients: a STROBE-compliant study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99:e23764.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000023764

24. 24.

    Elshal MM, Hasanin AM, Mostafa M, Gamal RM. Plethysmographic peripheral perfusion index: could it be a new vital sign? Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:651909.

    Not in our library10.3389/fmed.2021.651909

25. 25.

    Cannesson M, Desebbe O, Rosamel P, Delannoy B, Robin J, Bastien O, et al. Pleth variability index to monitor the respiratory variations in the pulse oximeter plethysmographic waveform amplitude and predict fluid responsiveness in the operating theatre. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:200-206.

    Not in our library10.1093/bja/aen133

26. 26.

    Monnet X, Guerin L, Jozwiak M, Bataille A, Julien F, Richard C, et al. Pleth variability index is a weak predictor of fluid responsiveness in patients receiving norepinephrine. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:207-213.

    Not in our library10.1093/bja/aes373

27. 27.

    Beurton A, Gavelli F, Teboul JL, De Vita N, Monnet X. Changes in the plethysmographic perfusion index during an end-expiratory occlusion detect a positive passive leg raising test. Crit Care Med. 2021;49:e151-e160.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0000000000004768

28. 28.

    Beurton A, Teboul JL, Gavelli F, Gonzalez FA, Girotto V, Galarza L, et al. The effects of passive leg raising may be detected by the plethysmographic oxygen saturation signal in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2019;23:19.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13054-019-2306-z

29. 29.

    Taccheri T, Gavelli F, Teboul JL, Shi R, Monnet X. Do changes in pulse pressure variation and inferior vena cava distensibility during passive leg raising and tidal volume challenge detect preload responsiveness in case of low tidal volume ventilation? Crit Care. 2021;25:110.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13054-021-03515-7

30. 30.

    Hamzaoui O, Shi R, Carelli S, Sztrymf B, Prat D, Jacobs F, et al. Changes in pulse pressure variation to assess preload responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients with spontaneous breathing activity: an observational study. Br J Anaesth. 2021;127:532-538.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bja.2021.05.034

31. 31.

    Ma GG, Tu GW, Zheng JL, Zhu DM, Hao GW, Hou JY, et al. Changes in stroke volume variation induced by passive leg raising to predict fluid responsiveness in cardiac surgical patients with protective ventilation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34:1526-1533.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.002

32. 32.

    Jacquet-Lagreze M, Bouhamri N, Portran P, Schweizer R, Baudin F, Lilot M, et al. Capillary refill time variation induced by passive leg raising predicts capillary refill time response to volume expansion. Crit Care. 2019;23:281.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13054-019-2560-0

33. 33.

    Barjaktarevic I, Toppen WE, Hu S, Aquije ME, Ong S, Buhr R, et al. Ultrasound assessment of the change in carotid corrected flow time in fluid responsiveness in undifferentiated shock. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:e1040-e1046.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0000000000003356

34. 34.

    Girotto V, Teboul JL, Beurton A, Galarza L, Guedj T, Richard C, et al. Carotid and femoral Doppler do not allow the assessment of passive leg raising effects. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8:67.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13613-018-0413-7

35. 35.

    Chowhan G, Kundu R, Maitra S, Arora MK, Batra RK, Subramaniam R, et al. Efficacy of left ventricular outflow tract and carotid artery velocity time integral as predictors of fluid responsiveness in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2021;25:310-316.

    Not in our library10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23764

36. 36.

    van Houte J, Mooi FJ, Montenij LJ, Meijs LPB, Suriani I, Conjaerts BCM, et al. Correlation of carotid Doppler blood flow with invasive cardiac output measurements in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;36(4):1081-1091.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.jvca.2021.09.043

37. 37.

    Roehrig C, Govier M, Robinson J, Aneman A. Carotid Doppler flowmetry correlates poorly with thermodilution cardiac output following cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61:31-38.

    Not in our library10.1111/aas.12822

38. 38.

    Monnet X, Teboul JL. Prediction of fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:790.

    Not in our library10.21037/atm-2020-hdm-18

39. 39.

    Beurton A, Teboul JL, Girotto V, Galarza L, Anguel N, Richard C, et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension is responsible for false negatives to the passive leg raising test. Crit Care Med. 2019;47:e639-e647.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0000000000003808

40. 40.

    Minini A, Abraham P, Malbrain M. Predicting fluid responsiveness with the passive leg raising test: don't be fooled by intra-abdominal hypertension! Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:799.

    Not in our library10.21037/atm.2019.12.14

Cited by papers we hold 3

• 2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department · 2023
  No notice
• Effective hemodynamic monitoring · 2022
  No notice
• A plea for personalization of the hemodynamic management of septic shock · 2022
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.