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Sepsis biomarkers: a review

Charalampos Pierrakos, Jean-Louis Vincent

Critical Care · 2010 · Review · CC BY

Abstract

Introduction. Biomarkers can be useful for identifying or ruling out sepsis, identifying patients who may benefit from specific therapies or assessing the response to therapy.

Methods. We used an electronic search of the PubMed database using the key words "sepsis" and "biomarker" to identify clinical and experimental studies which evaluated a biomarker in sepsis.

Results. The search retrieved 3370 references covering 178 different biomarkers.

Conclusions. Many biomarkers have been evaluated for use in sepsis. Most of the biomarkers had been tested clinically, primarily as prognostic markers in sepsis; relatively few have been used for diagnosis. None has sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be routinely employed in clinical practice. PCT and CRP have been most widely used, but even these have limited ability to distinguish sepsis from other inflammatory conditions or to predict outcome.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 17, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

1Sepsis is a leading cause of death in critically ill patients despite the use of modern antibiotics and resuscitation therapies. The septic response is an extremely complex chain of events involving inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes, humoral and cellular reactions and circulatory abnormalities. The diagnosis of sepsis and evaluation of its severity is complicated by the highly variable and non-specific nature of the signs and symptoms of sepsis. However, the early diagnosis and stratification of the severity of sepsis is very important, increasing the possibility of starting timely and specific treatment.

2Biomarkers can have an important place in this process because they can indicate the presence or absence or severity of sepsis, and can differentiate bacterial from viral and fungal infection, and systemic sepsis from local infection. Other potential uses of biomarkers include roles in prognostication, guiding antibiotic therapy, evaluating the response to therapy and recovery from sepsis, differentiating Gram-positive from Gram-negative microorganisms as the cause of sepsis, predicting sepsis complications and the development of organ dysfunction (heart, kidneys, liver or multiple organ dysfunction). However, the exact role of biomarkers in the management of septic patients remains undefined. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been used for many years but its specificity has been challenged. Procalcitonin (PCT) has been proposed as a more specific and better prognostic marker than CRP, although its value has also been challenged. It remains difficult to differentiate sepsis from other non-infectious causes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and there is a continuous search for better biomarkers of sepsis.

3With this background in mind, we reviewed the literature on sepsis biomarkers that have been used in clinical or experimental studies to help better evaluate their utility.

Materials and methods

4The entire Medline database was searched in February 2009 using the key words 'sepsis' and 'biomarker'. All studies, both clinical and experimental, which evaluated a biomarker were included. For each identified biomarker, the Medline database was searched again using the biomarker name and the key word 'biomarker'.

Results

5A total of 3370 studies that assessed a biomarker in sepsis were retrieved; 178 different biomarkers were evaluated in the 3370 studies. The retrieved biomarkers and the major findings from key studies using these biomarkers are listed in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Of the 178 biomarkers, 18 had been evaluated in experimental studies only, 58 in both experimental and clinical studies, and 101 in clinical studies only. Thirty-four biomarkers were identified that have been assessed for use specifically in the diagnosis of sepsis (Table 10); of these just five reported sensitivity and specificity values greater than 90%.

Discussion

6A multitude of biomarkers has been proposed in the field of sepsis, many more than in other disease processes; for example, a study of patients with myocardial infarction revealed 14 biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and determination of prognosis and in patients with Alzheimer's disease, just 8 biomarkers were identified. This large difference in the numbers of biomarkers for sepsis is likely to be related to the very complex pathophysiology of sepsis, which involves many mediators of inflammation, but also other pathophysiological mechanisms. Coagulation, complement, contact system activation, inflammation, and apoptosis are all involved in the sepsis process, and separate markers for each (part of each) system have been proposed (Tables 1 to 9). Additionally, the systemic nature of sepsis and the large numbers of cell types, tissues and organs involved expand the number of potential biomarker candidates, compared with disease processes that involve individual organs or are more localized.

7It is interesting to note that most of the biomarkers we identified have been tested clinically and not experimentally. This is likely to be in part related to difficulties creating an experimental model that accurately reflects all aspects of human sepsis, problems with species differences, and problems in determining end-points in animal studies. Additionally, as the sepsis response varies with time, the exact time period during which any specific biomarker may be useful varies, and this is difficult to assess reliably in experimental models. Moreover, as there is no 'gold standard' for the diagnosis of sepsis, the effectiveness of a biomarker needs to be compared with current methods used to diagnose and monitor sepsis in everyday clinical practice, i.e., by the combination of clinical signs and available laboratory variables; experimental models cannot be used for this purpose.

8Our study revealed that there are many more potential biomarkers for sepsis than are currently used in clinical studies. Some of these markers may require considerable time, effort and costs to measure. Some are already routinely used for other purposes and easily obtained, such as coagulation tests or cholesterol concentrations. In many cases, the reliability and validity of the proposed biomarker have not been tested properly. Of the many proposed markers for sepsis, acute phase proteins have perhaps been most widely assessed. PCT has been used particularly extensively in recent years. The specificity and sensitivity of PCT for the diagnosis of sepsis is relatively low (typically below 90%), regardless of the cut-off value. Raised PCT levels have also been reported in other conditions associated with inflammatory response, such as trauma, major surgery and cardiac surgery. Although CRP is often reported as inferior compared with PCT in terms of sepsis diagnosis, it is frequently used in clinical practice because of its greater availability. Elevated concentrations of serum CRP are correlated with an increased risk of organ failure and death, and the study of its time course may be helpful to evaluate the response to therapy in septic patients.

9Another group of compounds that has been widely assessed as potential biomarkers are the cytokines. These are important mediators in the pathophysiology of sepsis, and most are produced fairly rapidly after sepsis onset. In a clinical study, levels of TNF and IL-10 were increased within the first 24 hours after admission of the patient. However, blood cytokine concentrations are rather erratic and their time course is not clearly in concert with the course of sepsis, making interpretation difficult.

10The diagnosis of sepsis is a challenge. Clinical and standard laboratory tests are not very helpful because most critically ill patients develop some degree of inflammatory response, whether or not they have sepsis. Even microbiological assessment is unreliable because many culture samples do not yield microorganisms in these patients. However, biomarkers have also not been shown to be a great asset in the diagnosis of sepsis. Indeed, relatively few biomarkers have been evaluated as diagnostic markers (Table 10). Our search retrieved only 10 biomarkers that have been assessed for their ability to distinguish septic patients from non-septic patients with systemic immune response syndrome. However, none of these biomarkers has been tested for both sensitivity and specificity, and there is therefore no biomarker clearly identified as being able to differentiate sepsis syndrome from an inflammatory response due to other causes.

11Early diagnosis of sepsis is also an important issue as early institution of appropriate therapy, including antibiotics, is associated with improved outcomes. We identified 16 factors that have been evaluated specifically for the early diagnosis of sepsis; five of these had reported sensitivity and specificity of more than 90%. IL-12 was measured in newborns at the time when sepsis was first suspected clinically and was higher in patients with sepsis than in those without. Interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10) was higher in neonates with sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis than in neonates who had only necrotizing enterocolitis. These two biomarkers have not been evaluated for this purpose in adults. Group II phospholipase 2 (PLA2-II) was reported to have high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of bacteremia in critically ill adult patients within 24 hours after admission. CD64 had high sensitivity and specificity for the early diagnosis of sepsis in adults, but could not reliably distinguish viral from bacterial infections, or local infection from systemic sepsis. Neutrophil CD11b could distinguish septic pediatric patients from those with possible infection with good sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity of the other 11 biomarkers used to diagnose early sepsis were not reported or were less than 90%.

12Biomarkers can be more useful to rule out sepsis than to rule it in. We identified three biomarkers with high negative predictive value to rule out sepsis: PCT (99% at a cut-off value of 0.2 ng/ml); activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) waveform (96%); and fibrin degradation products (100% for Gram-negative sepsis by ELISA assay). It is important to emphasize that culture-positive sepsis was generally used as the gold standard in all these studies, although cultures may remain negative in many patients with sepsis.

13The majority of the biomarkers that we identified in our search were assessed for their ability to differentiate patients likely to survive from those likely to die. Indeed, any biomarker is expected to have some prognostic value and sepsis biomarkers are no exception; however, this is not an absolute rule because some sepsis biomarkers failed to have prognostic value. Moreover, sensitivity and specificity were tested in only some of the proposed prognostic markers, and none had sufficient (more than 90%) sensitivity and specificity to predict which patients were at greater risk of dying due to sepsis. Other biomarkers were assessed for their ability to predict the development of multiple organ failure and to evaluate response to therapy. It is known that the extent of infection and the severity of organ failure has a significant impact on the prognosis of patients with sepsis. Additionally, the response to therapy varies among patients. Recently, the PIRO model has been proposed as a way of stratifying septic patients according to their Predisposing condition, the severity of Infection, the Response to therapy and the degree of Organ dysfunction. In the future, sepsis biomarkers may contribute to this model of classification rather than just being used as prognostic markers.

14No biomarker has, therefore, established itself sufficiently to be of great help to clinicians in everyday clinical practice. As each biomarker has limited sensitivity and specificity, it may be interesting to combine several biomarkers; however, this hypothesis requires further study. A clinical study showed that the combination of aPTT waveform with PCT increased the specificity of the aPTT waveform in the diagnosis of sepsis. Studies using panels of sepsis biomarkers have also provided encouraging results. The cost-effectiveness of all these methods must also be evaluated.

15In this study, we tried to categorize the sepsis biomarkers according to their pathophysiological role in sepsis. A useful sepsis marker must not only help to identify or rule out sepsis, but it should also be able to be used to guide therapy. It has been shown that using PCT levels to guide therapy reduces antibiotic use and may be associated with improved outcomes. The use of novel therapies that modify the pathophysiological process of sepsis may also be guided by biomarkers. A study is underway to evaluate the value of protein C levels to guide the administration of activated protein C (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00386425). In the future, sepsis biomarkers may help us administer these therapies to the right patient at the right time.

Conclusions

16Our literature review indicates that there are many biomarkers that can be used in sepsis, but none has sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be routinely employed in clinical practice. PCT and CRP have been most widely used, but even these have limited abilities to distinguish sepsis from other inflammatory conditions or to predict outcome. In view of the complexity of the sepsis response, it is unlikely that a single ideal biomarker will ever be found. A combination of several sepsis biomarkers may be more effective, but this requires further evaluation.

Key messages

17• More than 170 different biomarkers have been assessed for potential use in sepsis, more for prognosis than for diagnosis.

18• None has sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be routinely employed in clinical practice.

19• Combinations of several biomarkers may be more effective than single biomarkers, but this requires further evaluation.

Abbreviations

20aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; CRP: C-reactive protein; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL: interleukin; IP-10: interferon-induced protein 10; PCT: procalcitonin; PLA2-II: group II phospholipase 2; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.

Competing interests

21The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

22CP and JLV conceived the study. CP conducted the literature search. CP and JLV wrote the manuscript.

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Tsujimoto H Ono S Majima T Kawarabayashi N Takayama E Kinoshita M Seki S Hiraide H Moldawer LL Mochizuki H Neutrophil elastase, MIP-2, and TLR-4 expression during human and experimental sepsisShock2005 233944
Not in our library10.1097/01.shk.0000145936.31967.d7
72.
O'Grady NP Tropea M Preas HL Reda D Vandivier RW Banks SM Suffredini AF Detection of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta during experimental endotoxemia and human sepsisJ Infect Dis1999 179136141
Not in our library10.1086/314559
73.
Bacher M Meinhardt A Lan HY Mu W Metz CN Chesney JA Calandra T Gemsa D Donnelly T Atkins RC Bucala R Migration inhibitory factor expression in experimentally induced endotoxemiaAm J Pathol1997 150235246
Not in our library
74.
Jansen PM Van Damme J Put W de Jong IW Taylor FB Jr Hack CE Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 is released during lethal and sublethal bacteremia in baboonsJ Infect Dis1995 17116401642
Not in our library10.1093/infdis/171.6.1640
75.
Vaschetto R Nicola S Olivieri C Boggio E Piccolella F Mesturini R Damnotti F Colombo D Navalesi P Della CF Dianzani U Chiocchetti A Serum levels of osteopontin are increased in SIRS and sepsisIntensive Care Med2008 3421762184
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-008-1268-4
76.
Moller AS Bjerre A Brusletto B Joo GB Brandtzaeg P Kierulf P Chemokine patterns in meningococcal diseaseJ Infect Dis2005 191768775
Not in our library10.1086/427514
77.
VanOtteren GM Strieter RM Kunkel SL Paine R III Greenberger MJ Danforth JM Burdick MD Standiford TJ Compartmentalized expression of RANTES in a murine model of endotoxemiaJ Immunol1995 15419001908
Not in our library
78.
Calandra T Baumgartner JD Grau GE Wu MM Lambert PH Schellekens J Verhoef J Glauser MP Prognostic values of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin-1, interferon-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the serum of patients with septic shock. Swiss-Dutch J5 Immunoglobulin Study GroupJ Infect Dis1990 161982987
Not in our library10.1093/infdis/161.5.982
79.
Riche F Panis Y Laisne MJ Briard C Cholley B Bernard-Poenaru O Graulet AM Gueris J Valleur P High tumor necrosis factor serum level is associated with increased survival in patients with abdominal septic shock: a prospective study in 59 patientsSurgery1996 120801807
Not in our library10.1016/s0039-6060(96)80087-0
80.
Kaneko T Stearns-Kurosawa DJ Taylor F Jr Twigg M Osaki K Kinasewitz GT Peer G Kurosawa S Reduced neutrophil CD10 expression in nonhuman primates and humans after in vivo challenge with E. coli or lipopolysaccharideShock2003 20130137
Not in our library10.1097/01.shk.0000068326.68761.34
81.
Martens A Eppink GJ Woittiez AJ Eidhof H de Leij LF Neutrophil function capacity to express CD10 is decreased in patients with septic shockCrit Care Med1999 27549553
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-199903000-00034
82.
Weiss DJ Welle M Mortiz A Walcheck B Evaluation of leukocyte cell surface markers in dogs with septic and nonseptic inflammatory diseasesAm J Vet Res2004 655963
Not in our library10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.59
83.
Russwurm S Vickers J Meier-Hellmann A Spangenberg P Bredle D Reinhart K Losche W Platelet and leukocyte activation correlate with the severity of septic organ dysfunctionShock2002 17263268
Not in our library10.1097/00024382-200204000-00004
84.
Williams MA White SA Miller JJ Toner C Withington S Newland AC Kelsey SM Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces activation and restores respiratory burst activity in monocytes from septic patientsJ Infect Dis1998 177107115
Not in our library10.1086/513802
85.
Aalto H Takala A Kautiainen H Siitonen S Repo H Monocyte CD14 and soluble CD14 in predicting mortality of patients with severe community acquired infectionScand J Infect Dis2007 39596603
Not in our library10.1080/00365540701199808
86.
Ebdrup L Krog J Granfeldt A Tonnesen E Hokland M Dynamic expression of the signal regulatory protein alpha and CD18 on porcine PBMC during acute endotoxaemiaScand J Immunol2008 68430437
Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02157.x
87.
Saito K Wagatsuma T Toyama H Ejima Y Hoshi K Shibusawa M Kato M Kurosawa S Sepsis is characterized by the increases in percentages of circulating CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and plasma levels of soluble CD25Tohoku J Exp Med2008 2166168
Not in our library10.1620/tjem.216.61
88.
Nolan A Weiden M Kelly A Hoshino Y Hoshino S Mehta N Gold JA CD40 and CD80/86 act synergistically to regulate inflammation and mortality in polymicrobial sepsisAm J Respir Crit Care Med2008 177301308
Not in our library10.1164/rccm.200703-515oc
89.
Sugimoto K Galle C Preiser JC Creteur J Vincent JL Pradier O Monocyte CD40 expression in severe sepsisShock2003 192427
Not in our library10.1097/00024382-200301000-00005
90.
Katsuura M Shimizu Y Akiba K Kanazawa C Mitsui T Sendo D Kawakami T Hayasaka K Yokoyama S CD48 expression on leukocytes in infectious diseases: flow cytometric analysis of surface antigenActa Paediatr Jpn1998 40580585
Not in our library10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01994.x
91.
Livaditi O Kotanidou A Psarra A Dimopoulou I Sotiropoulou C Augustatou K Papasteriades C Armaganidis A Roussos C Orfanos SE Douzinas EE Neutrophil CD64 expression and serum IL-8: sensitive early markers of severity and outcome in sepsisCytokine2006 36283290
Not in our library10.1016/j.cyto.2007.02.007
92.
Schwulst SJ Muenzer JT Chang KC Brahmbhatt TS Coopersmith CM Hotchkiss RS Lymphocyte phenotyping to distinguish septic from nonseptic critical illnessJ Am Coll Surg2008 206335342
Not in our library10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.038
93.
Moller HJ Moestrup SK Weis N Wejse C Nielsen H Pedersen SS Attermann J Nexo E Kronborg G Macrophage serum markers in pneumococcal bacteremia: Prediction of survival by soluble CD163Crit Care Med2006 3425612566
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000239120.32490.ab
94.
Monneret G Lepape A Voirin N Bohe J Venet F Debard AL Thizy H Bienvenu J Gueyffier F Vanhems P Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shockIntensive Care Med2006 3211751183
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-006-0204-8
95.
Zhou Y Yang Y Warr G Bravo R LPS down-regulates the expression of chemokine receptor CCR2 in mice and abolishes macrophage infiltration in acute inflammationJ Leukoc Biol1999 65265269
Not in our library10.1002/jlb.65.2.265
96.
Drouin SM Kildsgaard J Haviland J Zabner J Jia HP McCray PB Jr Tack BF Wetsel RA Expression of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a receptors on bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells in models of sepsis and asthmaJ Immunol2001 16620252032
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.2025
97.
Huber-Lang M Sarma JV Rittirsch D Schreiber H Weiss M Flierl M Younkin E Schneider M Suger-Wiedeck H Gebhard F McClintock SD Neff T Zetoune F Bruckner U Guo RF Monk PN Ward PA Changes in the novel orphan, C5a receptor (C5L2), during experimental sepsis and sepsis in humansJ Immunol2005 17411041110
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.1104
98.
Venet F Lepape A Debard AL Bienvenu J Bohe J Monneret G The Th2 response as monitored by CRTH2 or CCR3 expression is severely decreased during septic shockClin Immunol2004 113278284
Not in our library10.1016/j.clim.2004.07.005
99.
De Freitas I Fernandez-Somoza M Essenfeld-Sekler E Cardier JE Serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, tumor necrosis factor-alpha/tumor necrosis factor type-I receptor and Fas/FasL, in sepsisChest2004 12522382246
Not in our library10.1378/chest.125.6.2238
100.
Muller Kobold AC Zijlstra JG Koene HR de Haas M Kallenberg CG Tervaert JW Levels of soluble Fc gammaRIII correlate with disease severity in sepsisClin Exp Immunol1998 114220227
Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00727.x
101.
Ebihara I Hirayama K Kaneko S Nagai M Ogawa Y Fujita S Usui J Mase K Yamagata K Kobayashi M Vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 in septic shock patients treated with direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber columnTher Apher Dial2008 12285291
Not in our library10.1111/j.1744-9987.2008.00589.x
102.
Tsao PN Chan FT Wei SC Hsieh WS Chou HC Su YN Chen CY Hsu WM Hsieh FJ Hsu SM Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 protects mice in sepsisCrit Care Med2007 3519551960
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000275273.56547.b8
103.
Marsik C Halama T Cardona F Schlifke I Mittermayer F Jilma B Endotoxemia enhances expression of the signaling receptor (GP130) on protein and molecular levelClin Immunol2005 114293298
Not in our library10.1016/j.clim.2004.11.003
104.
Delogu G Casula MA Mancini P Tellan G Signore L Serum neopterin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor for prediction of a shock state in gram-negative sepsisJ Crit Care1995 106471
Not in our library10.1016/0883-9441(95)90018-7
105.
Yokota Y Ikeda M Higashino K Nakano K Fujii N Arita H Hanasaki K Enhanced tissue expression and elevated circulating level of phospholipase A(2) receptor during murine endotoxic shockArch Biochem Biophys2000 379717
Not in our library10.1006/abbi.2000.1849
106.
Endo S Inada K Nakae H Takakuwa T Yamada Y Suzuki T Taniguchi S Yoshida M Ogawa M Teraoka H Plasma levels of type II phospholipase A2 and cytokines in patients with sepsisRes Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol1995 90413421
Not in our library
107.
Bopp C Hofer S Weitz J Bierhaus A Nawroth PP Martin E Buchler MW Weigand MA sRAGE is elevated in septic patients and associated with patients outcomeJ Surg Res2008 1477983
Not in our library10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.014
108.
Brunner M Krenn C Roth G Moser B Dworschak M Jensen-Jarolim E Spittler A Sautner T Bonaros N Wolner E Boltz-Nitulescu G Ankersmit HJ Increased levels of soluble ST2 protein and IgG1 production in patients with sepsis and traumaIntensive Care Med2004 3014681473
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-004-2184-x
109.
Williams DL Ha T Li C Kalbfleisch JH Schweitzer J Vogt W Browder IW Modulation of tissue Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 during the early phases of polymicrobial sepsis correlates with mortalityCrit Care Med2003 3118081818
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000069343.27691.f3
110.
Orliac ML Peroni RN Abramoff T Neuman I Podesta EJ Adler-Graschinsky E Increases in vanilloid TRPV1 receptor protein and CGRP content during endotoxemia in ratsEur J Pharmacol2007 566145152
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.032
111.
Gibot S Massin F Le Renard P Bene MC Faure GC Bollaert PE Levy B Surface and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1: expression patterns in murine sepsisCrit Care Med2005 3317871793
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000172614.36571.75
112.
Gibot S Cravoisy A Kolopp-Sarda MN Bene MC Faure G Bollaert PE Levy B Time-course of sTREM (soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells)-1, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations during sepsisCrit Care Med2005 33792796
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000159089.16462.4a
113.
Ertel W Scholl FA Gallati H Bonaccio M Schildberg FW Trentz O Increased release of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors into blood during clinical sepsisArch Surg1994 12913301336
Not in our library10.1001/archsurg.1994.01420360120017
114.
Wittenhagen P Kronborg G Weis N Nielsen H Obel N Pedersen SS Eugen-Olsen J The plasma level of soluble urokinase receptor is elevated in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia and predicts mortalityClin Microbiol Infect2004 10409415
Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00850.x
115.
Pettila V Pentti J Pettila M Takkunen O Jousela I Predictive value of antithrombin III and serum C-reactive protein concentration in critically ill patients with suspected sepsisCrit Care Med2002 30271275
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200202000-00001
116.
Universal changes in biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation occur in patients with severe sepsis, regardless of causative micro-organism [ISRCTN74215569] · 2004
No notice
117.
Lorenz R Brauer M Platelet factor 4 (PF4) in septicaemiaInfection1988 16273276
Not in our library10.1007/bf01645070
118.
Madoiwa S Nunomiya S Ono T Shintani Y Ohmori T Mimuro J Sakata Y Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 promotes a poor prognosis in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulationInt J Hematol2006 84398405
Not in our library10.1532/ijh97.05190
119.
Pralong G Calandra T Glauser MP Schellekens J Verhoef J Bachmann F Kruithof EK Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: a new prognostic marker in septic shockThromb Haemost1989 61459462
Not in our library
120.
Fisher CJ Jr Yan SB Protein C levels as a prognostic indicator of outcome in sepsis and related diseasesCrit Care Med2000 28S49S56
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200009001-00011
121.
Heuer JG Sharma GR Gerlitz B Zhang T Bailey DL Ding C Berg DT Perkins D Stephens EJ Holmes KC Grubbs RL Fynboe KA Chen YF Grinnell B Jakubowski JA Evaluation of protein C and other biomarkers as predictors of mortality in a rat cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsisCrit Care Med2004 3215701578
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000129488.54282.1a
122.
Lin SM Wang YM Lin HC Lee KY Huang CD Liu CY Wang CH Kuo HP Serum thrombomodulin level relates to the clinical course of disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, and mortality in patients with sepsisCrit Care Med2008 36683689
Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e31816537d8
123.
Drake TA Cheng J Chang A Taylor FB Jr Expression of tissue factor, thrombomodulin, and E-selectin in baboons with lethal Escherichia coli sepsisAm J Pathol1993 14214581470
Not in our library
124.
Mimuro J Niimura M Kashiwakura Y Ishiwata A Ono T Ohmori T Madoiwa S Okada K Matsuo O Sakata Y Unbalanced expression of ADAMTS13 and von Willebrand factor in mouse endotoxinemiaThromb Res2008 1229197
Not in our library10.1016/j.thromres.2007.09.011
125.
Ono T Mimuro J Madoiwa S Soejima K Kashiwakura Y Ishiwata A Takano K Ohmori T Sakata Y Severe secondary deficiency of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) in patients with sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: its correlation with development of renal failureBlood2006 107528534
Not in our library10.1182/blood-2005-03-1087
126.
Orfanos SE Kotanidou A Glynos C Athanasiou C Tsigkos S Dimopoulou I Sotiropoulou C Zakynthinos S Armaganidis A Papapetropoulos A Roussos C Angiopoietin-2 is increased in severe sepsis: correlation with inflammatory mediatorsCrit Care Med2007 35199206
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000251640.77679.d7
127.
Scherpereel A Depontieu F Grigoriu B Cavestri B Tsicopoulos A Gentina T Jourdain M Pugin J Tonnel AB Lassalle P Endocan, a new endothelial marker in human sepsisCrit Care Med2006 34532537
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000198525.82124.74
128.
Tissier S Lancel S Marechal X Mordon S Depontieu F Scherpereel A Chopin C Neviere R Calpain inhibitors improve myocardial dysfunction and inflammation induced by endotoxin in ratsShock2004 21352357
Not in our library10.1097/00024382-200404000-00010
129.
Boldt J Muller M Kuhn D Linke LC Hempelmann G Circulating adhesion molecules in the critically ill: a comparison between trauma and sepsis patientsIntensive Care Med1996 22122128
Not in our library10.1007/bf01720718
130.
Redl H Dinges HP Buurman WA Linden CJ van der Pober JS Cotran RS Schlag G Expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 in septic but not traumatic/hypovolemic shock in the baboonAm J Pathol1991 139461466
Not in our library
131.
Rafat N Hanusch C Brinkkoetter PT Schulte J Brade J Zijlstra JG Woude FJ van der van Ackern K Yard BA Beck GC Increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells in septic patients: correlation with survivalCrit Care Med2007 3516771684
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000269034.86817.59
132.
Presterl E Lassnigg A Mueller-Uri P Wenisch C El Menyawi I Graninger W High serum laminin concentrations in patients with Candida sepsisEur J Clin Invest1999 29992996
Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00571.x
133.
Ruokonen E Ilkka L Niskanen M Takala J Procalcitonin and neopterin as indicators of infection in critically ill patientsActa Anaesthesiol Scand2002 46398404
Not in our library10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460412.x
134.
Redl H Schlag G Togel E Assicot M Bohuon C Procalcitonin release patterns in a baboon model of trauma and sepsis: relationship to cytokines and neopterinCrit Care Med2000 2836593663
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200011000-00021
135.
Brueckmann M Hoffmann U Engelhardt C Lang S Fukudome K Haase KK Liebe V Kaden JJ Putensen C Borggrefe M Huhle G Prognostic value of platelet-derived growth factor in patients with severe sepsisGrowth Factors2007 251524
Not in our library10.1080/08977190701272784
136.
Cummings CJ Sessler CN Beall LD Fisher BJ Best AM Fowler AA III Soluble E-selectin levels in sepsis and critical illness. Correlation with infection and hemodynamic dysfunctionAm J Respir Crit Care Med1997 156431437
Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9509017
137.
Seidelin JB Nielsen OH Strom J Soluble L-selectin levels predict survival in sepsisIntensive Care Med2002 2816131618
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-002-1501-5
138.
Lopez S Prats N Marco AJ Expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 during experimental murine listeriosisAm J Pathol1999 15513911397
Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65241-8
139.
Whalen MJ Doughty LA Carlos TM Wisniewski SR Kochanek PM Carcillo JA Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are increased in the plasma of children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failureCrit Care Med2000 2826002607
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200007000-00070
140.
van Oosten M Bilt E van de de Vries HE van Berkel TJ Kuiper J Vascular adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on rat liver cells after lipopolysaccharide administration in vivoHepatology1995 2215381546
Not in our library10.1002/hep.1840220529
141.
Flier M van der van Leeuwen HJ van Kessel KP Kimpen JL Hoepelman AI Geelen SP Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in severe sepsisShock2005 233538
Not in our library10.1097/01.shk.0000150728.91155.41
142.
Kim CO Huh AJ Kim MS Chin BS Han SH Choi SH Jeong SJ Choi HK Choi JY Song YG Kim JM LPS-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rat lung pericytesShock2008 309297
Not in our library10.1097/shk.0b013e31815d19ad
143.
Rubin DB Wiener-Kronish JP Murray JF Green DR Turner J Luce JM Montgomery AB Marks JD Matthay MA Elevated von Willebrand factor antigen is an early plasma predictor of acute lung injury in nonpulmonary sepsis syndromeJ Clin Invest1990 86474480
Not in our library10.1172/jci114733
144.
Novotny MJ Turrentine MA Johnson GS Adams HR Experimental endotoxemia increases plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentrations in dogs with and without free-radical scavenger therapyCirc Shock1987 23205213
Not in our library
145.
Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as a prognostic marker in sepsis: an observational study · 2005
No notice
146.
Jiang W Jiang HF Cai DY Pan CS Qi YF Pang YZ Tang CS Relationship between contents of adrenomedullin and distributions of neutral endopeptidase in blood and tissues of rats in septic shockRegul Pept2004 118199208
Not in our library10.1016/j.regpep.2003.12.013
147.
Maccarrone M De Petrocellis L Bari M Fezza F Salvati S Di MV Finazzi-Agro A Lipopolysaccharide downregulates fatty acid amide hydrolase expression and increases anandamide levels in human peripheral lymphocytesArch Biochem Biophys2001 393321328
Not in our library10.1006/abbi.2001.2500
148.
Deitz DM Swartz KR Wright M Murphy E Connell RS Harrison MW Effects of E. coli endotoxin on rat plasma angiotensin converting enzyme activity in vitro and in vivoCirc Shock1987 212329
Not in our library
149.
Casey L Krieger B Kohler J Rice C Oparil S Szidon P Decreased serum angiotensin converting enzyme in adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with sepsis: a preliminary reportCrit Care Med1981 9651654
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-198109000-00008
150.
Wang Y Liu Y Ito Y Hashiguchi T Kitajima I Yamakuchi M Shimizu H Matsuo S Imaizumi H Maruyama I Simultaneous measurement of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol by polymyxin B-selective adsorption and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatography analysis: increase in endogenous cannabinoids in the sera of patients with endotoxic shockAnal Biochem2001 2947382
Not in our library10.1006/abio.2001.5015
151.
Seligman R Papassotiriou J Morgenthaler NG Meisner M Teixeira PJ Copeptin, a novel prognostic biomarker in ventilator-associated pneumoniaCrit Care2008 12R11
Not in our library10.1186/cc6780
152.
Hama N Itoh H Shirakami G Suga S Komatsu Y Yoshimasa T Tanaka I Mori K Nakao K Detection of C-type natriuretic peptide in human circulation and marked increase of plasma CNP level in septic shock patientsBiochem Biophys Res Commun1994 19811771182
Not in our library10.1006/bbrc.1994.1166
153.
Broner CW O'Dorisio MS Rosenberg RB O'Dorisio TM Cyclic nucleotides and vasoactive intestinal peptide production in a rabbit model of Escherichia coli septicemiaAm J Med Sci1995 309267277
Not in our library10.1097/00000441-199530950-00006
154.
Rosenberg RB Broner CW O'Dorisio MS Modulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate production during Escherichia coli septic shockBiochem Med Metab Biol1994 51149155
Not in our library10.1006/bmmb.1994.1019
155.
Faury G Wynnychenko TM Cand F Leone M Jacob MP Verdetti J Boyle WA Decreased circulating elastin peptide levels in humans with sepsisPathol Biol (Paris)2005 53443447
Not in our library10.1016/j.patbio.2004.12.032
156.
Beer S Weighardt H Emmanuilidis K Harzenetter MD Matevossian E Heidecke CD Bartels H Siewert JR Holzmann B Systemic neuropeptide levels as predictive indicators for lethal outcome in patients with postoperative sepsisCrit Care Med2002 3017941798
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200208000-00020
157.
Arden WA Fiscus RR Wang X Yang L Maley R Nielsen M Lanzo S Gross DR Elevations in circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide correlate with hemodynamic deterioration during endotoxic shock in pigsCirc Shock1994 42147153
Not in our library
158.
Asmis LM Asmis R Sulzer I Furlan M Lammle B Contact system activation in human sepsis - 47 kD HK, a marker of sepsis severity?Swiss Med Wkly2008 138142149
Not in our library10.4414/smw.2008.11788
159.
Arnalich F Sanchez JF Martinez M Jimenez M Lopez J Vazquez JJ Hernanz A Changes in plasma concentrations of vasoactive neuropeptides in patients with sepsis and septic shockLife Sci1995 567581
Not in our library10.1016/0024-3205(94)00416-p
160.
Wang X Jones SB Zhou Z Han C Fiscus RR Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels are elevated in plasma and decreased in vena cava during endotoxin shock in the ratCirc Shock1992 362130
Not in our library
161.
de Werra I Jaccard C Corradin SB Chiolero R Yersin B Gallati H Assicot M Bohuon C Baumgartner JD Glauser MP Heumann D Cytokines, nitrite/nitrate, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, and procalcitonin concentrations: comparisons in patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumoniaCrit Care Med1997 25607613
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-199704000-00009
162.
van Amsterdam JG Berg C van den Zuidema J te Biesebeek JD Rokos H Effect of septicaemia on the plasma levels of biopterin and nitric oxide metabolites in rats and rabbitsBiochem Pharmacol1996 5214471451
Not in our library10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00511-4
163.
Zamir O Hasselgren PO Higashiguchi T Frederick JA Fischer JE Effect of sepsis or cytokine administration on release of gut peptidesAm J Surg1992 163181184
Not in our library10.1016/0002-9610(92)90273-t
164.
Galley HF Le Cras AE Yassen K Grant IS Webster NR Circulating tetrahydrobiopterin concentrations in patients with septic shockBr J Anaesth2001 86578580
Not in our library10.1093/bja/86.4.578
165.
Hattori Y Nakanishi N Kasai K Murakami Y Shimoda S Tetrahydrobiopterin and GTP cyclohydrolase I in a rat model of endotoxic shock: relation to nitric oxide synthesisExp Physiol1996 81665671
Not in our library10.1113/expphysiol.1996.sp003967
166.
Jacob P Mueller MH Hahn J Wolk I Mayer P Nagele U Hennenlotter J Stenzl A Konigsrainer A Glatzle J Alterations of neuropeptides in the human gut during peritonitisLangenbecks Arch Surg2007 392267271
Not in our library10.1007/s00423-007-0168-3
167.
Brandtzaeg P Oktedalen O Kierulf P Opstad PK Elevated VIP and endotoxin plasma levels in human gram-negative septic shockRegul Pept1989 243744
Not in our library10.1016/0167-0115(89)90209-7
168.
Morgenthaler NG Struck J Christ-Crain M Bergmann A Muller B Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide is a prognostic marker in sepsis, similar to the APACHE II score: an observational studyCrit Care2005 9R37R45
Not in our library10.1186/cc3015
169.
Hartemink KJ Groeneveld AB de Groot MC Strack van Schijndel RJ van Kamp G Thijs LG alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and endothelin in plasma as markers of myocardial depression in human septic shockCrit Care Med2001 298087
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200101000-00019
170.
Post F Weilemann LS Messow CM Sinning C Munzel T B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patientsCrit Care Med2008 3630303037
Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e31818b9153
171.
Kandil E Burack J Sawas A Bibawy H Schwartzman A Zenilman ME Bluth MH B-type natriuretic peptide: a biomarker for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with septic shockArch Surg2008 143242246
Not in our library10.1001/archsurg.2007.69
172.
Rivers EP McCord J Otero R Jacobsen G Loomba M Clinical utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in early severe sepsis and septic shockJ Intensive Care Med2007 22363373
Not in our library10.1177/0885066607307523
173.
Struck J Uhlein M Morgenthaler NG Furst W Hoflich C Bahrami S Bergmann A Volk HD Redl H Release of the mitochondrial enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase under septic conditionsShock2005 23533538
Not in our library
174.
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Not in our library10.1177/0885066607301444
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Nakamura T Kasai K Sekiguchi Y Banba N Takahashi K Emoto T Hattori Y Shimoda S Elevation of plasma endothelin concentrations during endotoxin shock in dogsEur J Pharmacol1991 205277282
Not in our library10.1016/0014-2999(91)90910-i
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Schuetz P Stolz D Mueller B Morgenthaler NG Struck J Mueller C Bingisser R Tamm M Christ-Crain M Endothelin-1 precursor peptides correlate with severity of disease and outcome in patients with community acquired pneumoniaBMC Infect Dis2008 822
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Jha P Jacobs H Bose D Wang R Yang J Light RB Mink S Effects of E. coli sepsis and myocardial depressant factor on interval-force relations in dog ventricleAm J Physiol1993 264H1402H1410
Not in our library10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.5.h1402
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Dahl B Schiodt FV Ott P Wians F Lee WM Balko J O'Keefe GE Plasma concentration of Gc-globulin is associated with organ dysfunction and sepsis after injuryCrit Care Med2003 31152156
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200301000-00024
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Hsu AA Fenton K Weinstein S Carpenter J Dalton H Bell MJ Neurological injury markers in children with septic shockPediatr Crit Care Med2008 9245251
Not in our library10.1097/pcc.0b013e3181727b22
181.
Koo DJ Zhou M Chaudry IH Wang P Plasma alpha-glutathione S-transferase: a sensitive indicator of hepatocellular damage during polymicrobial sepsisArch Surg2000 135198203
Not in our library10.1001/archsurg.135.2.198
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Nayeri F Nilsson I Brudin L Fryden A Soderstrom C Forsberg P High serum hepatocyte growth factor levels in the acute stage of community-acquired infectious diseasesScand J Infect Dis2002 34127130
Not in our library10.1080/00365540110077236
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Masson S Daveau M Francois A Bodenant C Hiron M Teniere P Salier JP Scotte M Up-regulated expression of HGF in rat liver cells after experimental endotoxemia: a potential pathway for enhancement of liver regenerationGrowth Factors2001 18237250
Not in our library10.3109/08977190109029113
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Igonin AA Armstrong VW Shipkova M Kukes VG Oellerich M The monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) test as a marker of hepatic dysfunction in septic patients with pneumoniaClin Chem Lab Med2000 3811251128
Not in our library10.1515/cclm.2000.169
185.
McKindley DS Chichester C Raymond R Effect of endotoxin shock on the clearance of lidocaine and indocyanine green in the perfused rat liverShock1999 12468472
Not in our library10.1097/00024382-199912000-00009
186.
Ji Y Ren X Zhao Y Dong L Wu L Su J Role of intracardiac angiotensin II in cardiac dysfunction of rat during septic shockChin Med J (Engl)1996 109864867
Not in our library
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Nguyen DN Spapen H Su F Schiettecatte J Shi L Hachimi-Idrissi S Huyghens L Elevated serum levels of S-100beta protein and neuron-specific enolase are associated with brain injury in patients with severe sepsis and septic shockCrit Care Med2006 3419671974
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Tribl B Filipp D Bodeker H Yu P Hammerrmuller I McKerlie C Keim V Sibbald WJ Pseudomonas pneumonia-mediated sepsis induces expression of pancreatitis-associated protein-I in rat pancreasPancreas2004 293340
Not in our library10.1097/00006676-200407000-00053
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Ye SQ Simon BA Maloney JP Zambelli-Weiner A Gao L Grant A Easley RB McVerry BJ Tuder RM Standiford T Brower RG Barnes KC Garcia JG Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor as a potential novel biomarker in acute lung injuryAm J Respir Crit Care Med2005 171361370
Not in our library10.1164/rccm.200404-563oc
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Larsson A Lipcsey M Sjolin J Hansson LO Eriksson MB Slight increase of serum S-100B during porcine endotoxemic shock may indicate blood-brain barrier damageAnesth Analg2005 10114651469
Not in our library10.1213/01.ane.0000180193.29655.6a
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Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.150.1.8025737
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Endo S Sato N Nakae H Yamada Y Makabe H Abe H Imai S Wakabayashi G Inada K Sato S Surfactant protein A and D (SP-A, AP-D) levels in patients with septic ARDSRes Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol2002 111245251
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Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.02.005
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Cicarelli DD Vieira JE Bensenor FE Comparison of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in septic shock patientsMediators Inflamm2008 2008631414
Not in our library10.1155/2008/631414
195.
Orro T Sankari S Pudas T Oksanen A Soveri T Acute phase response in reindeer after challenge with Escherichia coli endotoxinComp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis2004 27413422
Not in our library10.1016/j.cimid.2004.01.005
196.
Chiarla C Giovannini I Siegel JH Patterns of correlation of plasma ceruloplasmin in sepsisJ Surg Res2008 144107110
Not in our library10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.024
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Seller-Perez G Herrera-Gutierrez ME Lebron-Gallardo M Toro-Peinado I Martin-Hita L Porras-Ballesteros JA [Serum C-reactive protein as a marker of outcome and infection in critical care patients]Med Clin (Barc)2005 125761765
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200.
Garcia PC Longhi F Branco RG Piva JP Lacks D Tasker RC Ferritin levels in children with severe sepsis and septic shockActa Paediatr2007 9618291831
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201.
Linden EC Brinkman-van der van Ommen EC van Dijk W Glycosylation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in septic shock: changes in degree of branching and in expression of sialyl Lewis(x) groupsGlycoconj J1996 132731
Not in our library10.1007/bf01049676
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Scotte M Daveau M Hiron M Delers F Lemeland JF Teniere P Lebreton JP Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and acute-phase proteins in rats with biliary sepsisEur Cytokine Netw1991 2177182
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Li H Rose MJ Tran L Zhang J Miranda LP James CA Sasu BJ Development of a method for the sensitive and quantitative determination of hepcidin in human serum using LC-MS/MSJ Pharmacol Toxicol Methods2009 593171180
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Oude Nijhuis CS Vellenga E Daenen SM Graaf WT van der Gietema JA Groen HJ Kamps WA De Bont ES Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: a possible diagnostic marker for Gram-negative bacteremia in neutropenic cancer patientsIntensive Care Med2003 2921572161
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-003-2026-2
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Becker KL Snider R Nylen ES Procalcitonin assay in systemic inflammation, infection, and sepsis: clinical utility and limitationsCrit Care Med2008 36941952
Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e318165babb
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Muller B Peri G Doni A Torri V Landmann R Bottazzi B Mantovani A Circulating levels of the long pentraxin PTX3 correlate with severity of infection in critically ill patientsCrit Care Med2001 2914041407
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al Ramadi BK Ellis M Pasqualini F Mantovani A Selective induction of pentraxin 3, a soluble innate immune pattern recognition receptor, in infectious episodes in patients with haematological malignancyClin Immunol2004 112221224
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208.
Andrejko KM Chen J Deutschman CS Intrahepatic STAT-3 activation and acute phase gene expression predict outcome after CLP sepsis in the ratAm J Physiol1998 275G1423G1429
Not in our library10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.6.g1423
209.
Wang XY Li WQ Lu J Li N Li JS Lipopolysaccharide decreasing albumin expression in rat hepatocytesHepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int2005 4410415
Not in our library
210.
Maury E Blanchard HS Chauvin P Guglielminotti J Alzieu M Guidet B Offenstadt G Circulating endotoxin and antiendotoxin antibodies during severe sepsis and septic shockJ Crit Care2003 18115120
Not in our library10.1053/jcrc.2003.50004
211.
Schippers EF Berbee JF van Disseldorp IM Versteegh MI Havekes LM Rensen PC van Dissel JT Preoperative apolipoprotein CI levels correlate positively with the proinflammatory response in patients experiencing endotoxemia following elective cardiac surgeryIntensive Care Med2008 3414921497
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-008-1077-9
212.
Berbee JF Mooijaart SP de Craen AJ Havekes LM van Heemst D Rensen PC Westendorp RG Plasma apolipoprotein CI protects against mortality from infection in old ageJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci2008 63122126
Not in our library10.1093/gerona/63.2.122
213.
Berbee JF Hoogt CC van der de Haas CJ van Kessel KP Dallinga-Thie GM Romijn JA Havekes LM van Leeuwen HJ Rensen PC Plasma apolipoprotein CI correlates with increased survival in patients with severe sepsisIntensive Care Med2008 34907911
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-008-1006-y
214.
Adrie C Bachelet M Vayssier-Taussat M Russo-Marie F Bouchaert I Adib-Conquy M Cavaillon JM Pinsky MR Dhainaut JF Polla BS Mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis peripheral blood monocytes in severe human sepsisAm J Respir Crit Care Med2001 164389395
Not in our library10.1164/ajrccm.164.3.2009088
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Nakamura T Ebihara I Shoji H Ushiyama C Suzuki S Koide H Treatment with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber reduces platelet activation in septic shock patients: decrease in plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulinInflamm Res1999 48171175
Not in our library10.1007/s000110050442
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Delogu G Famularo G Tellan G Marandola M Antonucci A Signore M Marcellini S Moretti S Lymphocyte apoptosis, caspase activation and inflammatory response in septic shockInfection2008 36485487
Not in our library10.1007/s15010-008-7070-y
217.
Delogu G Famularo G Amati F Signore L Antonucci A Trinchieri V Di Marzio L Cifone MG Ceramide concentrations in septic patients: a possible marker of multiple organ dysfunction syndromeCrit Care Med1999 2724132417
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-199911000-00015
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Memis D Gursoy O Tasdogan M Sut N Kurt I Ture M Karamanlioglu B High C-reactive protein and low cholesterol levels are prognostic markers of survival in severe sepsisJ Clin Anesth2007 19186191
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219.
Stove S Welte T Wagner TO Kola A Klos A Bautsch W Kohl J Circulating complement proteins in patients with sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndromeClin Diagn Lab Immunol1996 3175183
Not in our library10.1128/cdli.3.2.175-183.1996
220.
Gressner OA Koch A Sanson E Trautwein C Tacke F High C5a levels are associated with increased mortality in sepsis patients--no enhancing effect by actin-free Gc-globulinClin Biochem2008 41974980
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Schuerholz T Leuwer M Cobas-Meyer M Vangerow B Kube F Kirschfink M Marx G Terminal complement complex in septic shock with capillary leakage: marker of complement activation?Eur J Anaesthesiol2005 22541547
Not in our library10.1017/s0265021505000931
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Guisset O Dilhuydy MS Thiebaut R Lefevre J Camou F Sarrat A Gabinski C Moreau JF Blanco P Decrease in circulating dendritic cells predicts fatal outcome in septic shockIntensive Care Med2007 33148152
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-006-0436-7
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Efron PA Martins A Minnich D Tinsley K Ungaro R Bahjat FR Hotchkiss R Clare-Salzler M Moldawer LL Characterization of the systemic loss of dendritic cells in murine lymph nodes during polymicrobial sepsisJ Immunol2004 17330353043
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Bergmann A Bohuon C Decrease of serum dipeptidylpeptidase activity in severe sepsis patients: relationship to procalcitoninClin Chim Acta2002 321123126
Not in our library10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00042-6
225.
Meinhold H Gramm HJ Meissner W Zimmermann J Schwander J Dennhardt R Voigt K Elevated serum diiodotyrosine (DIT) in severe infections and sepsis: DIT, a possible new marker of leukocyte activityJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1991 72945953
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Morlion BJ Torwesten E Kuhn KS Puchstein C Furst P Cysteinyl-leukotriene generation as a biomarker for survival in the critically illCrit Care Med2000 2836553658
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Uozumi N Kita Y Shimizu T Modulation of lipid and protein mediators of inflammation by cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha during experimental sepsisJ Immunol2008 18135583566
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3558
228.
Peters KM Koberg K Rosendahl T Haubeck HD PMN elastase in bone and joint infectionsInt Orthop1994 18352355
Not in our library10.1007/bf00187079
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Geiger R Sokal S Trefz G Siebeck M Hoffmann H PMN elastase and leukocyte neutral proteinase inhibitor (LNPI) from granulocytes as inflammation markers in experimental-septicemiaAdv Exp Med Biol1988 240465471
Not in our library10.1007/978-1-4613-1057-0_57
230.
Tegtmeyer FK Horn C Richter A van Wees J Elastase alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor complex, granulocyte count, ratio of immature to total granulocyte count, and C-reactive protein in neonatal septicaemiaEur J Pediatr1992 151353356
Not in our library10.1007/bf02113257
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Duswald KH Jochum M Schramm W Fritz H Released granulocytic elastase: an indicator of pathobiochemical alterations in septicemia after abdominal surgerySurgery1985 98892899
Not in our library
232.
Tamion F Cam-Duchez V Menard JF Girault C Coquerel A Bonmarchand G Serum erythropoietin levels in septic shockAnaesth Intensive Care2005 33578584
Not in our library10.1177/0310057x0503300505
233.
Puthucheary SD Nathan SA Comparison of serum F2 isoprostane levels in diabetic patients and diabetic patients infected with Burkholderia pseudomalleiSingapore Med J2008 49117120
Not in our library
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Tanaka M Yanagihara I Takahashi H Hamaguchi M Nakahira K Sakata I The mRNA expression of fatty acid amide hydrolase in human whole blood correlates with sepsisJ Endotoxin Res2007 133538
Not in our library10.1177/0968051907078607
235.
Plasma DNA concentration as a predictor of mortality and sepsis in critically ill patients · 2006
No notice
236.
Perry SE Mostafa SM Wenstone R McLaughlin PJ Low plasma granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor is an indicator of poor prognosis in sepsisIntensive Care Med2002 28981984
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Kennon C Overturf G Bessman S Sierra E Smith KJ Brann B Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as a marker for bacterial infection in neonatesJ Pediatr1996 128765769
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70327-x
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Wang H Cheng B Chen Q Wu S Lv C Xie G Jin Y Fang X Time course of plasma gelsolin concentrations during severe sepsis in critically ill surgical patientsCrit Care2008 12R106
Not in our library10.1186/cc6988
239.
Hataya Y Akamizu T Hosoda H Kanamoto N Moriyama K Kangawa K Takaya K Nakao K Alterations of plasma ghrelin levels in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced wasting syndrome and effects of ghrelin treatment on the syndromeEndocrinology2003 14453655371
Not in our library10.1210/en.2003-0427
240.
Yilmaz Z Ilcol YO Ulus IH Endotoxin increases plasma leptin and ghrelin levels in dogsCrit Care Med2008 36828833
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0b013e3181611f5aa
241.
Borgel D Clauser S Bornstain C Bieche I Bissery A Remones V Fagon JY Aiach M Diehl JL Elevated growth-arrest-specific protein 6 plasma levels in patients with severe sepsisCrit Care Med2006 34219222
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000195014.56254.8a
242.
Ofenstein JP Heidemann S Juett-Wilstermann A Sarnaik A Expression of stress proteins HSP 72 & HSP 32 in response to endotoxemiaAnn Clin Lab Sci2000 309298
Not in our library
243.
Delogu G Lo BL Marandola M Famularo G Lenti L Ippoliti F Signore L Heat shock protein (HSP70) expression in septic patientsJ Crit Care1997 12188192
Not in our library10.1016/s0883-9441(97)90031-9
244.
Weiss YG Bouwman A Gehan B Schears G Raj N Deutschman CS Cecal ligation and double puncture impairs heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) expression in the lungs of ratsShock2000 131923
Not in our library10.1097/00024382-200013010-00004
245.
Ramaglia V Harapa GM White N Buck LT Bacterial infection and tissue-specific Hsp72, -73 and -90 expression in western painted turtlesComp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol2004 138139148
Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2004.06.007
246.
Monneret G Voirin N Krawice-Radanne I Bohe J Lepape A Rouas-Freiss N Carosella ED Soluble human leukocyte antigen-G5 in septic shock: marked and persisting elevation as a predictor of survivalCrit Care Med2007 3519421947
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000277039.84372.1c
247.
Li L Bhatia M Zhu YZ Zhu YC Ramnath RD Wang ZJ Anuar FB Whiteman M Salto-Tellez M Moore PK Hydrogen sulfide is a novel mediator of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the mouseFASEB J2005 1911961198
Not in our library10.1096/fj.04-3583fje
248.
Berg S Brodin B Hesselvik F Laurent TC Maller R Elevated levels of plasma hyaluronan in septicaemiaScand J Clin Lab Invest1988 48727732
Not in our library10.3109/00365518809088752
249.
Berg S Jansson I Hesselvik FJ Laurent TC Lennquist S Walther S Hyaluronan: relationship to hemodynamics and survival in porcine injury and sepsisCrit Care Med1992 2013151321
Not in our library10.1097/00003246-199209000-00020
250.
Lacroix-Desmazes S Bayry J Kaveri SV Hayon-Sonsino D Thorenoor N Charpentier J Luyt CE Mira JP Nagaraja V Kazatchkine MD Dhainaut JF Mallet VO High levels of catalytic antibodies correlate with favorable outcome in sepsisProc Natl Acad Sci USA2005 10241094113
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0500586102
251.
Opal SM Lim YP Siryaporn E Moldawer LL Pribble JP Palardy JE Souza S Longitudinal studies of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins in severely septic patients: a potential clinical marker and mediator of severe sepsisCrit Care Med2007 35387392
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000253810.08230.83
252.
Soriano AO Jy W Chirinos JA Valdivia MA Velasquez HS Jimenez JJ Horstman LL Kett DH Schein RM Ahn YS Levels of endothelial and platelet microparticles and their interactions with leukocytes negatively correlate with organ dysfunction and predict mortality in severe sepsisCrit Care Med2005 3325402546
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000186414.86162.03
253.
Nguyen HB Rivers EP Knoblich BP Jacobsen G Muzzin A Ressler JA Tomlanovich MC Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shockCrit Care Med2004 3216371642
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000132904.35713.a7
254.
Haji-Michael PG Ladriere L Sener A Vincent JL Malaisse WJ Leukocyte glycolysis and lactate output in animal sepsis and ex vivo human bloodMetabolism1999 48779785
Not in our library10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90179-8
255.
Gutteberg TJ Rokke O Jorgensen T Andersen O Lactoferrin as an indicator of septicemia and endotoxemia in pigsScand J Infect Dis1988 20659666
Not in our library10.3109/00365548809035667
256.
Soderquist B Sundqvist KG Jones I Holmberg H Vikerfors T Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, lactoferrin and white blood cell count in patients with S. aureus septicemiaScand J Infect Dis1995 27375380
Not in our library10.3109/00365549509032734
257.
Tzanela M Orfanos SE Tsirantonaki M Kotanidou A Sotiropoulou C Christophoraki M Vassiliadi D Thalassinos NC Roussos C Leptin alterations in the course of sepsis in humansIn Vivo2006 20565570
Not in our library
258.
Jones JW Jr Su S Jones MB Heniford BT McIntyre K Granger DK Serum lysozyme activity can differentiate infection from rejection in organ transplant recipientsJ Surg Res1999 84134137
Not in our library10.1006/jsre.1999.5628
259.
Hoffmann U Bertsch T Dvortsak E Liebetrau C Lang S Liebe V Huhle G Borggrefe M Brueckmann M Matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors are elevated in severe sepsis: prognostic value of TIMP-1 in severe sepsisScand J Infect Dis2006 38867872
Not in our library10.1080/00365540600702058
260.
Piliponsky AM Chen CC Nishimura T Metz M Rios EJ Dobner PR Wada E Wada K Zacharias S Mohanasundaram UM Faix JD Abrink M Pejler G Pearl RG Tsai M Galli SJ Neurotensin increases mortality and mast cells reduce neurotensin levels in a mouse model of sepsisNat Med2008 14392398
Not in our library10.1038/nm1738
261.
Oudenhoven IM Klaasen HL Lapre JA Weerkamp AH Van der MR Nitric oxide-derived urinary nitrate as a marker of intestinal bacterial translocation in ratsGastroenterology1994 1074753
Not in our library10.1016/0016-5085(94)90059-0
262.
Williams JP Thompson JP Young SP Gold SJ McDonald J Rowbotham DJ Lambert DG Nociceptin and urotensin-II concentrations in critically ill patients with sepsisBr J Anaesth2008 100810814
Not in our library10.1093/bja/aen093
263.
Arnalich F Garcia-Palomero E Lopez J Jimenez M Madero R Renart J Vazquez JJ Montiel C Predictive value of nuclear factor kappaB activity and plasma cytokine levels in patients with sepsisInfect Immun2000 6819421945
Not in our library10.1128/iai.68.4.1942-1945.2000
264.
Zeerleder S Zwart B Wuillemin WA Aarden LA Groeneveld AB Caliezi C van Nieuwenhuijze AE van Mierlo GJ Eerenberg AJ Lammle B Hack CE Elevated nucleosome levels in systemic inflammation and sepsisCrit Care Med2003 3119471951
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000074719.40109.95
265.
Shimizu T Endo Y Tabata T Mori T Hanasawa K Tsuchiya M Tani T Diagnostic and predictive value of the silkworm larvae plasma test for postoperative infection following gastrointestinal surgeryCrit Care Med2005 3312881295
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000165810.97971.dd
266.
Yano K Liaw PC Mullington JM Shih SC Okada H Bodyak N Kang PM Toltl L Belikoff B Buras J Simms BT Mizgerd JP Carmeliet P Karumanchi SA Aird WC Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important determinant of sepsis morbidity and mortalityJ Exp Med2006 20314471458
Not in our library10.1084/jem.20060375
267.
Chiarla C Giovannini I Siegel JH Boldrini G Castagneto M The relationship between plasma taurine and other amino acid levels in human sepsisJ Nutr2000 13022222227
Not in our library10.1093/jn/130.9.2222
268.
Poeze M Luiking YC Breedveld P Manders S Deutz NE Decreased plasma glutamate in early phases of septic shock with acute liver dysfunction is an independent predictor of survivalClin Nutr2008 27523530
Not in our library10.1016/j.clnu.2008.04.006
269.
Basler T Meier-Hellmann A Bredle D Reinhart K Amino acid imbalance early in septic encephalopathyIntensive Care Med2002 28293298
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-002-1217-6
270.
Ruiz Martin G Prieto PJ Veiga dC Gomez LL Barberan J Gonzalez Landa JM Fernandez C Plasma fibronectin as a marker of sepsisInt J Infect Dis2004 8236243
Not in our library10.1016/j.ijid.2003.10.005
271.
Mavrommatis AC Theodoridis T Economou M Kotanidou A El Ali M Christopoulou-Kokkinou V Zakynthinos SG Activation of the fibrinolytic system and utilization of the coagulation inhibitors in sepsis: comparison with severe sepsis and septic shockIntensive Care Med2001 2718531859
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-001-1139-8
272.
Tamion F Cam-Duchez V Menard JF Girault C Coquerel A Bonmarchand G Erythropoietin and renin as biological markers in critically ill patientsCrit Care2004 8R328R335
Not in our library10.1186/cc2902
273.
Sunden-Cullberg J Nystrom T Lee ML Mullins GE Tokics L Andersson J Norrby-Teglund A Treutiger CJ Pronounced elevation of resistin correlates with severity of disease in severe sepsis and septic shockCrit Care Med2007 3515361542
Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000266536.14736.03
274.
Sakr Y Reinhart K Bloos F Marx G Russwurm S Bauer M Brunkhorst F Time course and relationship between plasma selenium concentrations, systemic inflammatory response, sepsis, and multiorgan failureBr J Anaesth2007 98775784
Not in our library10.1093/bja/aem091
275.
Hollenbach B Morgenthaler NG Struck J Alonso C Bergmann A Kohrle J Schomburg L New assay for the measurement of selenoprotein P as a sepsis biomarker from serumJ Trace Elem Med Biol2008 222432
Not in our library10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.11.003
276.
Ramzi J Mohamed Z Yosr B Karima K Raihane B Lamia A Hela BA Zaher B Balkis M Predictive factors of septic shock and mortality in neutropenic patientsHematology2007 12543548
Not in our library10.1080/10245330701384237
277.
Claus RA Bunck AC Bockmeyer CL Brunkhorst FM Losche W Kinscherf R Deigner HP Role of increased sphingomyelinase activity in apoptosis and organ failure of patients with severe sepsisFASEB J2005 1917191721
Not in our library10.1096/fj.04-2842fje
278.
Mitsuhashi H Ikeuchi H Yamashita S Kuroiwa T Kaneko Y Hiromura K Ueki K Nojima Y Increased levels of serum sulfite in patients with acute pneumoniaShock2004 2199102
Not in our library10.1097/01.shk.0000105501.75189.85
279.
Briassoulis G Papassotiriou I Mavrikiou M Lazaropoulou C Margeli A Longitudinal course and clinical significance of TGF-beta1, sL- and sE-Selectins and sICAM-1 levels during severe acute stress in childrenClin Biochem2007 40299304
Not in our library10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.11.015
280.
Hafez HM Berwanger CS Lintott P Delis K Wolfe JH Mansfield AO Stansby G Endotoxemia during supraceliac aortic crossclamping is associated with suppression of the monocyte CD14 mechanism: possible role of transforming growth factor-beta1J Vasc Surg2000 31520531
Not in our library10.1016/s0741-5214(00)90314-8
281.
Wang H Yu XY Sun M Pan JK Gao H [Effects of glutamine on matrix metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 expressions in myocardium of rats with sepsis]Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi2006 44587591
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Cheng WE Shih CM Hang LW Wu KY Yang HL Hsu WH Hsia TC Urinary biomarker of oxidative stress correlating with outcome in critically septic patientsIntensive Care Med2007 3311871190
Not in our library10.1007/s00134-007-0628-9
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Otani K Shimizu S Chijiiwa K Yamaguchi K Kuroki S Tanaka M Increased urinary excretion of bilirubin oxidative metabolites in septic patients: a new marker for oxidative stress in vivoJ Surg Res2001 964449
Not in our library10.1006/jsre.2000.6036
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Weiss M Elsharkawi M Welt K Schneider EM Transient leukocytosis, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor plasma concentrations, and apoptosis determined by binding of annexin V by peripheral leukocytes in patients with severe sepsisAnn N Y Acad Sci2003 1010742747
Not in our library10.1196/annals.1299.134
286.
Luchtemberg MN Petronilho F Constantino L Gelain DP Andrades M Ritter C Moreira JC Streck EL Dal Pizzol F Xanthine oxidase activity in patients with sepsisClin Biochem2008 4111861190
Not in our library10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.07.015
287.
Cardelli P Ferraironi M Amodeo R Tabacco F De Blasi RA Nicoletti M Sessa R Petrucca A Costante A Cipriani P Evaluation of neutrophil CD64 expression and procalcitonin as useful markers in early diagnosis of sepsisInt J Immunopathol Pharmacol2008 214349
Not in our library10.1177/039463200802100106
288.
Gibot S Cravoisy A Levy B Bene MC Faure G Bollaert PE Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumoniaN Engl J Med2004 350451458
Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa031544
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Gibot S Kolopp-Sarda MN Bene MC Cravoisy A Levy B Faure GC Bollaert PE Plasma level of a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1: its diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected sepsisAnn Intern Med2004 141915
Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00009

Cited by papers we hold 33

The Global Burden of Sepsis and Septic Shock · 2024
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Hepcidin discriminates sepsis from other critical illness at admission to intensive care · 2022
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Advances in sepsis diagnosis and management: a paradigm shift towards nanotechnology · 2021
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The role of procalcitonin and presepsin in the septic febrile neutropenia in acute leukemia patients. · 2021
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Contribution of oxidative stress in the mechanisms of postoperative complications and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome · 2021
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Circulating Exosomes Are Strongly Involved in SARS-CoV-2 Infection · 2021
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Infection, Sepsis and the Inflammatory Response: Mechanisms and Therapy · 2020
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Sepsis and cirrhosis in growing animals: description of a new experimental model and its pathological and immunological reliability · 2020
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Biomarkers of sepsis: time for a reappraisal · 2020
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IL-6 trans-signaling induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from vascular endothelial cells in cytokine release syndrome · 2020
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The Pathogenesis of Sepsis and Potential Therapeutic Targets · 2019
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In Vivo Effects of Neostigmine and Physostigmine on Neutrophil Functions and Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase as Inflammatory Markers during Experimental Sepsis in Rats · 2019
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The clinical importance of a cytokine network in the acute phase of sepsis · 2018
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Plasma Gelsolin: Indicator of Inflammation and Its Potential as a Diagnostic Tool and Therapeutic Target · 2018
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In vitro comparison of the adsorption of inflammatory mediators by blood purification devices · 2018
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Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin, neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio, C-reactive protein, and lactate in patients with suspected bacterial sepsis · 2017
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Blood platelets and sepsis pathophysiology: A new therapeutic prospect in critical ill patients? · 2017
Corrected
Neutrophil dysregulation during sepsis: an overview and update · 2017
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The Clinical Challenge of Sepsis Identification and Monitoring · 2016
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Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Sepsis · 2016
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