The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement

Abstract

Biodiversity loss and climate change secondary to human activities are now being associated with various adverse health effects. However, less attention is being paid to the effects of biodiversity loss on environmental and commensal (indigenous) microbiotas. Metagenomic and other studies of healthy and diseased individuals reveal that reduced biodiversity and alterations in the composition of the gut and skin microbiota are associated with various inflammatory conditions, including asthma, allergic and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), type1 diabetes, and obesity. Altered indigenous microbiota and the general microbial deprivation characterizing the lifestyle of urban people in affluent countries appear to be risk factors for immune dysregulation and impaired tolerance. The risk is further enhanced by physical inactivity and a western diet poor in fresh fruit and vegetables, which may act in synergy with dysbiosis of the gut flora. Studies of immigrants moving from non-affluent to affluent regions indicate that tolerance mechanisms can rapidly become impaired in microbe-poor environments. The data on microbial deprivation and immune dysfunction as they relate to biodiversity loss are evaluated in this Statement of World Allergy Organization (WAO). We propose that biodiversity, the variability among living organisms from all sources are closely related, at both the macro- and micro-levels. Loss of the macrodiversity is associated with shrinking of the microdiversity, which is associated with alterations of the indigenous microbiota. Data on behavioural means to induce tolerance are outlined and a proposal made for a Global Allergy Plan to prevent and reduce the global allergy burden for affected individuals and the societies in which they live.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

References 168

1. 1.

   Rook GAW Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesisImmunology2009 6311

   Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03007.x

2. 2.

   Miller AH Maletic V Raison CL Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depressionBiol Psychiatry2009 6732741

   Not in our library10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029

3. 3.

   von Hertzen L Mäkelä MJ Petäys T Jousilahti P Kosunen TU Laatikainen T Vartiainen E Haahtela T Growing disparities in atopy between the Finns and the Russians: a comparison of 2 generationJ Allergy Clin Immunol2006 6151157

   Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2005.07.028

4. 4.

   Kondrashova A Reunanen A Romanov A Karvonen A Viskari H Vesikari T Ilonen J Knip M HYöty H A sixfold gradient in the incidence of type 1 diabetes at the eastren border of FinlandAnn Med2005 66772

   Not in our library10.1080/07853890410018952

5. 5.

   Caraballo L Acevedo N New allergens of relevance in tropical regions: the impact of Ascaris lumbricoides infectionsWAO Journal2011 67784

   Not in our library10.1097/wox.0b013e3182167e04

6. 6.

   Wu T Petriello MA Culture and biodiversity losses linkedScience2011 63031

   Not in our library10.1126/science.331.6013.30-b

7. 7.

   Ege M Mayer M Normand AC Genuneit J Cookson W Braun-Fahrländer C Heedrik D Piarroux R von Mutius E Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthmaN Engl J Med2011 6701709

   Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa1007302

8. 8.

   Hanski I von Hertzen L Fyhrquist N Koskinen K Torppa K Laatikainen T Karisola P Auvinen P Paulin L Mäkelä MJ Vartiainen E Kosunen TU Alenius H Haahtela T Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelatedProc Natl Acad Sci USA2012 683348339

   Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1205624109

9. 9.

   Moffatt M Gut IG Demenais F Strachan DP Bouzigon E Heath S von Mutius E Farrall M Lathrop M Cookson W A large-scale consortium-based genomewide association study of asthmaN Engl J Med2010 612111221

   Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa0906312

10. 10.

    Akdis M Akdis CA Therapeutic manipulation of immune tolerance in allergic diseaseNat Rev Drug Discov2009 6645660

    Not in our library10.1038/nrd2653

11. 11.

    Rook GAW 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: Darwinian medicine and the “hygiene” or “old friends” hypothesisClin Exp Immunol2010 67079

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04133.x

12. 12.

    Haahtela T Allergies are rare where butterflies flourish in a biodiverse environmentAllergy2009 617991803

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02246.x

13. 13.

    Keesing F Belden LK Daszak P Dobson A Harvell CD Holt RD Hudson P Jolles A Jones KE Mitchell CE Myers SS Bogich T Ostfeld RS Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseasesNature2010 6647652

    Not in our library10.1038/nature09575

14. 14.

    von Hertzen L Hanski I Haahtela T Biodiversity loss and rising trends of inflammatory diseases: two global megatrends that may be relatedEMBO Rep2011 610891093

    Not in our library10.1038/embor.2011.195

15. 15.

    Convention on Biological Diversity1992 http://www.biodiv.org/convention

    Not in our library

16. 16.

    Butchart S Walpole M Collen B van Strien A Scharlemann J Almond R Baillie J Bomhard B Brown C Bruno J Carpenter K Carr G Chanson J Chenery A Csirke J Davidson N Dentener F Foster M Galli A Galloway J Genovesi P Gregory R Hockings M Kapos V Lamarque JF Leverington F Loh J McGeoch M McRae L Minasyan A Global biodiversity: Indicators of recent declineScience2010 611641168

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1187512

17. 17.

    Hanski I Landscape fragmentation, biodiversity loss and the societal responseEMBO Rep2005 6388392

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.embor.7400398

18. 18.

    Whitman WB Coleman DC Wiebe WJ Prokaryotes: the unseen majorityProc Natl Acad Sci USA1998 665786583

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578

19. 19.

    Karjalainen E Sarjala T Raitio H Promoting human health through forests: overview and major challengesEnviron Health Prev Med2010 618

    Not in our library10.1007/s12199-008-0069-2

20. 20.

    Rands M Adams W Bennun L Butchart S Clements A Coomes D Entwistle A Hodge I Kapos V Scharlemann J Sutherland W Vira B Biodiversity conservation: challenges beyond 2010Science2010 612981303

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1189138

21. 21.

    Maas J Verheij RA de Vries S Speeuwenberg P Schellevis FG Groenewegen PP Morbidity is related to a green living environmentJ Epidemiol Community Health2009 6967973

    Not in our library10.1136/jech.2008.079038

22. 22.

    van den Berg A Maas J Verheij RA Groenewegen P Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and healthSoc Sci Med2010 612031210

    Not in our library10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.002

23. 23.

    Stigsdotter UK Ekholm O Schipperijin J Toftager M Kamper-Jorgensen F Randrup TB Health promoting outdoor environments –associations between green space, and health, health-related quality of life and stress based on a Danish national representative surveyScand J Public Health2010 6411417

    Not in our library10.1177/1403494810367468

24. 24.

    Barton J Pretty J What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysisEnviron Sci Technol2010 639473955

    Not in our library10.1021/es903183r

25. 25.

    Mitchell R Popham F Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population studyLancet2008 616551660

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61689-x

26. 26.

    Forests and Human Health (ForHealth)IUFRO Task Force 2007–2011http://www.iufro.org/science/task-forces/forests-trees-humans/, http://www.forhealth.fi

    Not in our library

27. 27.

    Park BJ Tsunetsugu Y Kasetani T Kagawa T Miyazaki Y The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across JapanEnviron Health Prev Med2010 61826

    Not in our library10.1007/s12199-009-0086-9

28. 28.

    Rakoff-Nahoum S Paglino J Eslami-Varzaneh F Edberg S Medzhitov R Recognition of commensal microflora by Toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasisCell2004 6229241

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002

29. 29.

    Lee YK Mazmanian S Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system?Science2010 617681773

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1195568

30. 30.

    Golding J Determinants of child health and development: the contribution of ALSPAC –a personal view of the birth cohort studyArch Dis Child2010 6319322

    Not in our library10.1136/adc.2009.178954

31. 31.

    Takeuchi O Akira S Pattern recognition receptors and inflammationCell2010 6805820

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.022

32. 32.

    Carneiro LA Travassos LH Girardin SE Nod-like receptors in innate immunity and inflammatory diseasesAnn Med2007 6581593

    Not in our library10.1080/07853890701576172

33. 33.

    Bollky PL Bice JB Sweet IR Falk BA Gebe JA Clark AE Gersuk VA Aderem A Hawn TR Nepom GT The Toll-like receptor signaling molecule Myd88 contributes to pancreatic beta-cell homeostasis response to injuryPLoS One2009 6e5063

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0005063

34. 34.

    Aumeunier A Grela F Ramadan A Van LP Bardel E Alcala AG Jeannin P Akira S Bach JF Thieblemont N Systemic Toll-like receptor stimulation suppresses experimental allergic asthma and autoimmune diabetes in NOD micePLoS One2010 6e11484

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0011484

35. 35.

    Kwon HK Lee CG So JS Chae CS Hwang JS Sahoo A Nam JH Rhee JH Hwang KC Im SH Generation of regulatory dendritic cells and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells by probiotics administration suppresses immune disordersProc Natl Acad Sci2010 621592164

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0904055107

36. 36.

    Pagnini C Saeed R Bamias G Arseneau KO Pizarro T Cominell F probiotics promote gut health through stimulation of epithelial innate immunityProc Natl Acad Sci USA2010 6454459

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0910307107

37. 37.

    Belkaid Y Liesenfeld O Maizels RM Induction and control of regulatory T cells in the gastrointestinal tract: consequences for local and peripheral immune responsesClin Exp Immunol2010 63541

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04131.x

38. 38.

    Atarashi K Tanoue T Shima T Imaoka A Kuwahara T Momose Y Cheng G Yamasaki S Saito T Ohba Y Taniguchi T Takeda K Hori S Ivanov I Umesaki Y Itoh K Honda K Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium speciesScience2011 6337341

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1198469

39. 39.
    Disordered Microbial Communities in Asthmatic Airways · 2010

    No notice
40. 40.

    Grice E Segre JA The skin microbiomeNat Rev Microbiol2011 6244253

    Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro2537

41. 41.

    Eckburg PB Bik EM Bernstein CN Purdom E Dethlefsen L Sargent M Gill S Nelson K Relman D Diversity of the human intestinal microbial floraScience2005 616351638

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1110591

42. 42.

    Turnbaugh PJ Hamady M Yatsunenko T Cantarel BL Duncan A Ley RE Sogin ML Jones WJ Roe BA Affourtit JP Egholm M Henrissat B Heath AC Knight R Gordon JI A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twinsNature2009 6480484

    Not in our library10.1038/nature07540

43. 43.

    Zoetendal E Vaughan E de Vos W A microbial world within usMolec Microbiol2006 616391650

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x

44. 44.

    Qin J Li R Raes J Arumugam M Solvsten Burgdorf K Manichnh C Nielsen T Pons N Levenez F Yamada T Mende D Li J Xu J Li S Li D Cao J Wang B Liang H Zheng H Xie Y Tap J Lepage P Bertalan M Batto JM Hansen T Paslier DL Linneberg A Nielsen BN Pelletier E A human gut microbial gene cataloque established by metagenomic sequencingNature2010 65966

    Not in our library10.1038/nature08821

45. 45.

    Round JL Mazmanian SK The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and diseaseNat Rev Immunol2009 6313324

    Not in our library10.1038/nri2515

46. 46.

    Garrett WS Gordon JI Glimcher LH Homeostasis and inflammation in the intestineCell2010 6859870

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.023

47. 47.

    De Filippo C Cavalieri D Di Paola M Ramazzottti M Poullet JB Massart S Collini S Pieraccini G Lionetti P Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural AfricaProc Natl Acad Sci USA2010 61469114696

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1005963107

48. 48.

    Wu GD Chen J Hoffmann C Bittinger K Chen YY Keilbaugh SA Bewtra M Knights D Walters WA Knight R Sinha R Gilroy E Gupta K Baldassano R Nessel L Li H Bushman FD Lewis JD Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypesScience2011 6105108

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1208344

49. 49.

    Maslowski KM Mackay CR Diet, gut microbiota and immune responsesNat Immunol2011 659

    Not in our library10.1038/ni0111-5

50. 50.

    Kau AL Ahern PP Griffin NW Goodman AL Gordon JI Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune systemNature2011 6327336

    Not in our library10.1038/nature10213

51. 51.

    Sepp E Naaber P Voor T Mikelsaar M Björksten B Development of intestinal microflora during the first month of life in Estonian and Swedish infantsMicrobiol Ecol Health Dis2000 62226

    Not in our library

52. 52.

    Sepp E Julge K Vasar M Naaber P Björksten B Mikelsaar M Intestinal microflora of Estonian and Swedish infantsActa Paediatr1997 6956961

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb15178.x

53. 53.

    Björksten B Naaber P Sepp E Mikelsaar M The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old childrenClin Exp Allergy1999 6342346

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00560.x

54. 54.

    Sjögren YM Jernmalm MC Böttcher MF Björksten B Sverremark-Ekström E Altered early infant gut microbiota in children developing allergy up to 5 years of ageClin Exp Allergy2009 6518526

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03156.x

55. 55.

    Wen L Ley RE Volchov PY Stranges PB Avanesyan L Stonebraker AC Hu C Wong S Szot GL Bluestone JA Gordon JI Chervonsky AV Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetesNature2008 611091113

    Not in our library10.1038/nature07336

56. 56.

    Frank DN Feazel LM Bessesen MT Price CS Janoff EN Pace NR Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalance in human inflammatory bowel diseaseProc Natl Acad Sci USA2007 61378013785

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0706625104

57. 57.

    Sokol H Pigneur B Watterlot L Lakhdari O Bermudez-Humaran LG Gratadoux JJ Blugeon S Bridonneau C Furet JP Corthier G Grangette C Vasquez N Pochart P Trugnan G Thomas G Blottiere HM Dore J Marteau P Seksik P Langella P Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patientsProc Natl Acad Sci USA2008 61673116736

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0804812105

58. 58.

    Bienenstock J Collins S Psycho-neuroimmunology and the intestinal microbiota: clinical observations and basic mechanismsClin Exp Immunol2010 68591

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04124.x

59. 59.

    Lehtinen P Ashorn M Iltanen S Jauhol R Jauhonen P Kolho KL Auvinen A Incidence trends of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Finland, 1987–2003, a nationwide studyInflamm Bowel Dis2011 617781783

    Not in our library10.1002/ibd.21550

60. 60.

    Turnbaugh PJ Ley RE Mahowald MA Magrini V Mardis E Gordon JI An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvestNature2006 610271031

    Not in our library10.1038/nature05414

61. 61.

    Surawicz CM Alexander J Treatment of refractory and recurrent Clostridium difficile infectionNat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol2011 6330339

    Not in our library10.1038/nrgastro.2011.59

62. 62.

    Fierer N Hamady M Lauber C Knight R The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteriaProc Natl Acad Sci USA2008 61799417999

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0807920105

63. 63.

    Cork MJ Danby SG Vasilopoulos Y Hadgraft J Lane ME Moustafa M Guy RH Macgowan AL Tazi-Ahnini R Ward SJ Epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitisJ Invest Dermatol2009 618921908

    Not in our library10.1038/jid.2009.133

64. 64.

    Costello E Lauber C Hamady M Fierer N Gordon J Knight R Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and timeScience2009 616941697

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1177486

65. 65.

    Grice E Kong H Contan S Deming C Davis J Young A Buffard G Blakesley R Murray P Green E Turner M Segre J NISC Comparative Sequencing ProgramTopographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiomeScience2009 611901192

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1171700

66. 66.

    Gao Z Tseng CH Pei Z Blaser MJ Molecular analysis of human forearm superficial skin bacterial biotaProc Natl Acad Sci USA2007 629272932

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0607077104

67. 67.

    Van Baarlen P Troost F Van der Meer C Hooiveld G Boekschoten M Brummer RJ Kleerebezem M Human mucosal in vivo transcriptome responses to three lactobacilli indicate how probiotics may modulate human cellular pathwaysProc Natl Acad Sci USA2011 6suppl145624569

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1000079107

68. 68.
    The Pervasive Effects of an Antibiotic on the Human Gut Microbiota, as Revealed by Deep 16S rRNA Sequencing · 2008

    No notice
69. 69.

    Murk W Risnes KR Bracken MB Prenatal or early-life exposure to antibiotics and risk of childhood asthma: a systematic reviewPediatrics2011 611251138

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.2010-2092

70. 70.

    Hill DA Siracusa MC Apt MC Kim BS Kobuley D Kubo M Kambayashi T LaRosa DF Renner DE Orange JS Bushman FD Artis D Commensal bacteria – derived signals regulate basophil hematopoiesis and allergic inflammationNature Med2012 6538546

    Not in our library10.1038/nm.2657

71. 71.

    Cho I Yamanishi S Cox L Methé BA Zavadil J Li K Gao Z Mahana D Raju K Teitler I Li H Alekseyenko AV Blaser MJ Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposityNature2012 6621626

    Not in our library10.1038/nature11400

72. 72.

    Newbold KB Self-rated health within the Canadian immigrant population: risk and healthy immigrant effectSoc Sci Med2005 613591370

    Not in our library10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.048

73. 73.

    Bodansky HJ Staines A Stephenson C Haigh D Cartwright R Evidence for an environmental effect in the aetiology of insulin dependent diabetes in a transmigratory populationBMJ1992 610201022

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.304.6833.1020

74. 74.

    Leung R Asthma and migrationRespirology1996 6123126

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1843.1996.tb00020.x

75. 75.

    Rosenberg R Vinker S Zakut H Kizner F Nakar S Kitai E An unusually high prevalence of asthma in Ethiopian immigrants to IsraelFam Med1999 6276279

    Not in our library

76. 76.

    Hammond SR English DR McLeod JM The age-range of risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Evidence from a migrant population in Australia.Brain2000 6967974

    Not in our library10.1093/brain/123.5.968

77. 77.

    Kalyoncu AF Stålenheim G Serum IgE levels and allergic spectra in immigrants to SwedenAllergy1992 6277280

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02053.x

78. 78.

    Grüber C Illi S Plieth A Sommerfeld C Wahn U Cultural adaptation is associated with atopy and wheezing among children of Turkish origin living in GermanyClin Exp Allergy2002 6526531

    Not in our library10.1046/j.0954-7894.2002.01331.x

79. 79.

    Creatore MI Moineddin R Booth G Manuel DH DesMeules M McDermott S Glazier RH Age- and sex-related prevalence of diabetes mellitus among immigrants to Ontario CanadaCMAJ2010 6781789

    Not in our library10.1503/cmaj.091551

80. 80.

    Casimir GJ Jean-Louis G Butler S Zizi F Nunes J Brady L Perceived insomnia, anxiety, and depression among older Russian immigrantsPsychol Rep2010 6589597

    Not in our library10.2466/pr0.106.2.589-597

81. 81.

    Pinheiro P Sherman R Trapido E Fleming L Huang Y Gomez-Marin O Lee D Cancer incidence in first generation U.S. Hispanics: Cubans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and New LationosCancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2009 621622169

    Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0329

82. 82.

    Maio S Cerrai S Simoni M Sarno G Baldacci S Viegi G Pawankar R, Canonica GW, Holgate ST, Lockey RFEnvironmental risk factors: indoor and outdoor pollution, p. 84–902011 World Allergy Organization (WAO) White Book on Allergy

    Not in our library

83. 83.

    Dagli E Erdem E Topuzoglu A Ay P Birinci S Topcu I Ersu R The impact of smoke-free legislation on smoke-related emergency admissions in Istanbul. 21th European Respiratory Society Meeting, Amsterdam, HollandEur Respir J2011 Suppl 55855s

    Not in our library

84. 84.

    Millman A Tang D Perera FP Air pollution threatens the health of children in ChinaPediatrics2008 662028

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.2007-3143

85. 85.

    Maio S Cerrari S Simoni M Sarno G Baldacci S Viegi G Pawankar R, Canonica G, Holgate S, Lockey REnvironmental risk factors: indoor and outdoor pollutionWAO White Book on Allergy 2011–20122011 UK: World Allergy Organization8490

    Not in our library

86. 86.

    IPCC (United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)Climate Change 2007; Forth Assessment Report (AR4) 2007; Synthesis report2007 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University PressAvailable at: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm. (last accessed June 4, 2011)

    Not in our library

87. 87.
    Climate Change, Migration, and Allergic Respiratory Diseases: An Update for the Allergist · 2011

    Not checked
88. 88.

    Pearce N Douwes J Beasly R The rise of asthma: a new paradigm for the new millennium?J Epidemiol Biostat2000 6516

    Not in our library

89. 89.

    Beasley R The burden of asthma with specific reference to the United StatesJ Allergy Clin Immunol2002 6supps482s489

    Not in our library10.1067/mai.2002.122716

90. 90.

    Beggs PJ Bambrick HJ Is the global rise of asthma an early impact of anthropogenic climate change?Environ Health Perspectives2005 6915919

    Not in our library10.1289/ehp.7724

91. 91.

    Beggs PJ Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and futureClin Exp Allergy2004 615071513

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02061.x

92. 92.

    Wolf J O’Neill NR Rogers CA Muilenberg ML Ziska LH Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations amplify Alternaria alternata sporulation and total antigen productionEnviron Health Perspectives2010 612231228

    Not in our library10.1289/ehp.0901867

93. 93.

    Wayne P Foster S Connolly J Bazzaz F Epstein P Production of allergenic pollen by ragweed is increased in CO2-enriched atmospheresAnn Allergy Asthma Immunol2002 6279282

    Not in our library10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62009-1

94. 94.

    Ziska L Caulfield FA Rising CO2 and pollen production of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, a known allergy-inducing species: implications for public healthAust J Plant Physiol2000 6893898

    Not in our library

95. 95.

    Ziska LH Gebhard DE Frenz DA Faulkner S Singer BD Cities as harbingers of climate change: common ragweed, urbanization and public healthJ Allergy Clin Immunol2003 6290295

    Not in our library10.1067/mai.2003.53

96. 96.

    Ziska LH Knowlto K Rogers C Dalan D Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North AmericaProc Natl Acad Sci USA2011 642484251

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1014107108

97. 97.

    Kuparinen A Katul G Nathan R Schurr FM Increases in air temperature can promote wind-driven dispersal and spread of plantsProc Biol Sci2009 6308187

    Not in our library10.1098/rspb.2009.0693

98. 98.

    Singer BD Ziska LH Frenz DA Gebhard DE Straka JG Increasing Amb a1 content in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen as a function of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrationFunct Plant Biol2005 666770

    Not in our library10.1071/fp05039

99. 99.

    D’Amato G Cecchi L Bonini S Nunes C Annesi-Maesano I Behrendt H Liccardi G Popov T van Cauwenberge P Allergenic pollen and pollen allergy in EuropeAllergy2007 697690

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01393.x

100. 100.

     Ahlholm JU Helander ML Savolainen J Genetic and environmental factors affecting the allergenicity of birch pollenClin Exp Allergy1998 613841388

     Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00404.x

101. 101.

     Mohan JE Ziska LH Schlesinger WH Thomas RB Sicher RC George K Clark JS Biomass and toxicity responses of poison ivy to elevated atmospheric CO2Proc Natl Acad Sci2006 62490869089

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0602392103

102. 102.

     Ariano R Canonica GW Passalacqua G Possible role of climate change in variations in pollen seasons and allergenic sensitizations during 27 yearsAnn Allergy Asthma Immunol2010 6215222

     Not in our library10.1016/j.anai.2009.12.005

103. 103.

     Mudarri D Public Health Consequences and Cost of Climate Change Impacts on Indoor Environments; Prepared for: The Indoor Environment Division, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air2010 Washington, DC, USA: Environmental Protection Agency

     Not in our library

104. 104.

     Boguniewicz M Leung DY Atopic dermatitis: a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulationImmunol Rev2011 623346

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01027.x

105. 105.

     Holgate ST The sentinel role of the airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesisImmunol Rev2011 620519

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01030.x

106. 106.

     Ege MJ Strachan DP Cookson WO Moffatt MF Gut I Lathrop M Kabesch M Genuneit J Büchele G Sozanska B Boznanski A Cullinan P Horak E Bieli C Braun-Fahrländer C Heederik D Von Mutius E GABRIELA Study Group. Gene-environment interaction for childhood asthma and exposure to farming in Central EuropeJ Allergy Cin Immunol2011 613844

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.041

107. 107.

     Flory JH Sleiman PM Chriestie JD Annaiah K Bradfield J Kim CE Glessner J Imielinski M Li H Frackelton EC Cuiping H Otieno G Thomas K Smith R Glaberson W Garris M Chiavacci R Allen J Spergel J Grundmeier R Grunstein M Magnusson M Grant GF Bonnelykke K Bisgaard H Hakonarson H 17q12-21 variants interact with smoke exposure as a risk factor for pediatric asthma but are equally associated with early onset versus late-onset asthma in North Americans of European ancestryJ Allergy Clin Immunol2009 660507

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.047

108. 108.
     A twin approach to unraveling epigenetics · 2011

     No notice
109. 109.

     Cookson WO Moffatt MF Genetics of complex airway diseaseProc Am Thorac Soc2011 614953

     Not in our library10.1513/pats.201101-003ms

110. 110.

     Ollikainen M Smith KR Joo EJ Ng HK Andonikos R Novakovic B Aziz NK Carlin JB Morley R Saffrey R Craig JM DNA methylation analysis of multiple tissues from newborn twins reveals both genetic and intrauterine components to variation in the human neonatal epigenomeHum Mol Gen2010 6417688

     Not in our library10.1093/hmg/ddq336

111. 111.

     Schaub B Liu J Höppler S Schleich I Huehn J Olek S Wieczorek G Illi S von Mutius E Maternal farm exposure modulates neonatal immune mechanisms through regulatory T cellsJ Allergy Clin Imunol2009 677482

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.056

112. 112.

     Baru AM Hartl A Lahl K Krishnaswamy JK Fehrenbach Yildirim AO, Garn H, Renz H, Behrens GM, Sparwasser T: Selective depletion of Foxp3+ T regs during sensitization phase aggravates experimental allergic airway inflammationEur J Immunol2010 6225966

     Not in our library10.1002/eji.200939972

113. 113.

     Mold JE Michaelsson J Burt TD Muench MD Beckerman KP Busch MP Lee TH Nixon DF McCune JM Maternal alloantigens promote the development of tolerogenic fetal regulatory T cells in uteroScience2008 6156265

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1164511

114. 114.

     Prescott SL Tulic M Osei-Kumah A Richman T Crook M Martino D Dunstan JA Novakovic B Safferey R Clifton VL Reduced placental Foxp3 associated with subsequent infant allergic diseaseJ Allergy Clin Immunol2011 688687

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2011.05.017

115. 115.

     Conrad ML Fersti R Teich R Brand S Blümer N Yildimir A Patrascan C Hanuszkiewicz A Akira S Wagner H Holsti O von Mutius E Pfefferle P Kirsching C Garn H Reiz H Maternal TLR signaling is required for prenatal asthma protection by the nonpathogenic microbe Acinetobacter lwoffii F78J Exp Med2009 6286977

     Not in our library10.1084/jem.20090845

116. 116.

     Debarry J Garn H Hanuszkiewicz A Dickgreber N Blümer N von Mutius E Bufe A Gatermann S Renz H Holst O Heine H Acinetobacter lwoffii and Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from farm cowsheds possess strong allergy-protective propertiesJ Allergy Clin Immunol2007 6151421

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2007.03.023

117. 117.

     Brand S Teich R Dicke T Harb H Yildimir A Tost J Schneider-Stock R Waterland R Bauer UM von Mutius E Garn H Pfefferle O Reinz H Epigenetic regulation in murine offspring as a novel mechanisms for transmaternal asthma protection induced by microbesJ Allergy Clin Immunol2011 661825

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.035

118. 118.

     Vuillermin PJ Ponsonby AL Saffery R Tang ML Ellis JA Sly P Holt P Microbial exposure, interferon gamma gene demethylation in naïve T-cells, and the risk of allergic diseaseAllergy2009 634853

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01970.x

119. 119.

     Nadeau K McDonald-Hyman C Noth E Pratt B Hammond K Balmes J Tager I Ambient air pollution impairs regulatory T-cell function in asthmaJ Allergy Clin Immunol2010 684552

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.008

120. 120.

     Huehn J Polansky J Hamann A Epigenetic control of Foxp3 expression: the key to a stable regulatory T-cell lineageNat Rev Immunol2009 68389

     Not in our library10.1038/nri2474

121. 121.
     Relation of DNA Methylation of 5′-CpG Island of ACSL3 to Transplacental Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Childhood Asthma · 2009

     Corrected
122. 122.

     Fraga M Balestar E Paz M Ropero S Setien F Ballestar M Heine-Suner D Cigudosa J Urioste M Benitez J Boix-Chornet M Sanchez-Aguilera A Ling C Carlsson E Poulsen P Vaag A Stephan Z Spector T Wu YZ Plass C Esteller M Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twinsProc Natl Acad Sci USA2005 61060409

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0500398102

123. 123.

     Martino DJ Prescott SL Silent mysteries: epigenetic paradigms could hold the key to conquering the epidemic of allergy and immune diseaseAllergy2010 6715

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02186.x

124. 124.

     Meiler F In vivo switch to IL-10-secreting T regulatory cells in high dose allergen exposureJ Exp Med2008 628872898

     Not in our library10.1084/jem.20080193

125. 125.

     Platts-Mills TA Woodfolk JA Allergens and their role in the allergic immune responseImmunol Rev2011 65168

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01021.x

126. 126.

     Larche M Akdis CA Valenta R Immunological mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapyNat Rev Immunol2006 6761771

     Not in our library10.1038/nri1934

127. 127.

     Durham SR Long-term clinical efficacy in grass pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis after treatment with SQ-standardized grass allergy immunotherapy tabletJ Allergy Clin Immunol2010 6131138e131-137

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.035

128. 128.

     von Hertzen LC Savolainen J Hannuksela M Klaukka T Lauerma A Mäkelä MJ Pekkanen J Pietinalho A Vaarala O Valovirta E Vartiainen E Haahtela T Scientific rationale for the Finnish Allergy Programme 2008–2018: emphasis on prevention and endorsing toleranceAllergy2009 6678701

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02024.x

129. 129.

     von Hertzen L Haahtela T Con: House dust mites in atopic diseases. Accused for 45 years but not guilty?Am J Respir Crit Care Med2009 611319

     Not in our library10.1164/rccm.200807-1001co

130. 130.

     van Schayck OC Maas T Kaper J Knottnerus AJ Sheikh A Is there any role for allergen avoidance in the primary prevention of childhood asthma?J Allergy Clin Immunol2007 6132328

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.024

131. 131.

     Asher I Baena-Cagnani C Boner A Canonica GW Chuchalin A Custovic A Dagli E Haahtela T Haus M Lemmo-Hoten M Holgate S Holloway J Holt P Host A Iikura Y Johansson SG Kaplan A Kowalski ML Lockey RF Naspitz C Odhiambo J Ring J Sastre J Venables K Vichyanond P Volovitz B Wahn U Warner J Weiss K Zhong NS World Allergy Organization. World Allergy Organization guidelines for prevention of allergy and allergic asthmaInt Arch Allergy Immunol2004 8392

     Not in our library10.1159/000080524

132. 132.

     de Lafaille MAC Lafaille JJ Graca L Mechanisms of tolerance and allergic sensitization in the airways and the lungsCurr Opin Immunol2010 661622

     Not in our library10.1016/j.coi.2010.08.014

133. 133.

     Maldonado RA von Andrian UH How tolerogenic dendritic cells induce regulatory T cellsAdv Immunol2010 611165

     Not in our library10.1016/b978-0-12-380995-7.00004-5

134. 134.

     Akdis CA Akdis M Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapyJ Allergy Clin Immunol2011 61827

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.030

135. 135.

     Teppo H Revonta M Haahtela T Allergic rhinitis and asthma have generally good outcome and little effect on quality of life - a 20-year follow-upAllergy2011 6112325

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02574.x

136. 136.

     Bruunsgaard H Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammationJ Leukoc Biol2005 681935

     Not in our library10.1189/jlb.0505247

137. 137.

     Yeh SH Chuang H Lin LW Hsiao CY Eng HL Regular Tai Chi Chuan exercise enhances functional mobility and CD4CD25 regulatory T cellsBr J Sports Med2006 623943

     Not in our library10.1136/bjsm.2005.022095

138. 138.

     Yeh SH Chuang H Lin LW Hsiao CY Wang PW Liu RT Yang KD Regulat Tai Chi Chuan exercise improves T cell helper function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with an increase in T-bet transcription factor and IL-12 productionBr J Sports Med2009 684550

     Not in our library10.1136/bjsm.2007.043562

139. 139.

     Moreira A Delgado L Haahtela T Fonseca J Moreira P Lopes C Mota J Santos P Rytilä P Castel-Branco MG Physical training does not increase inflammation in asthmatic childrenEur Respir J2008 6157075

     Not in our library10.1183/09031936.00171707

140. 140.

     Lowder T Dugger K Deshane J Estell K Schwiebert L Repeated bouts of aerobic exercise enhance regulatory T cell responses in a murine asthma modelBrain Behav Immun2010 615359

     Not in our library10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.011

141. 141.

     Williams B Hoskins G Pow J Neville R Mukhopadhyay S Coyle J Low exercise among children with asthma: a culture of over protection? A qualitative study of experiences and beliefsBr J Gen Pract2010 6e31926

     Not in our library10.3399/bjgp10x515070

142. 142.

     Kim JH Ellwood PE Asher MI Diet and asthma: looking back, moving forwardRespir Res2009 649

     Not in our library10.1186/1465-9921-10-49

143. 143.

     Nurmatov U Devereux G Sheikh A Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: Systematic review and meta-analysisJ Allergy Clin Immunol2011 672433

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.001

144. 144.

     Jawetz F Melnick JC Adelberg EA Review of Medical Microbiology1980 Los Altos, Calif: Lange Medical Publications

     Not in our library

145. 145.

     Litonjua AA Weiss ST Is vitamin D deficiency to blame for the asthma epidemic?J Allergy Clin Immunol2007 6103135

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.028

146. 146.

     Litonjua AA Weiss ST Vitamin D insufficiency. Correspondence.N Engl J Med2011 6137880

     Not in our library10.1056/nejmc1101911

147. 147.
     Visceral Adipose Inflammation in Obesity Is Associated with Critical Alterations in Tregulatory Cell Numbers · 2011

     No notice
148. 148.

     Johanssen H Prescott SL Practical prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics for allergists: how useful are they?Clin Exp Allergy2009 6180114

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03368.x

149. 149.

     Ozdemir O Any benefits of probiotics in allergic disorders?Allergy Asthma Proc2010 610311

     Not in our library10.2500/aap.2010.31.3313

150. 150.

     Fiocchi A Burks W Bahna SL Bielory L Boyle RJ Cocco R Dreborg S Goodman R Kuitunen M Haahtela T Heine RG Lack G Osborn DA Sampson H Tannock GW Lee BW on behalf of the WAO Special Committee on Food Allergy and Nutrition. Clinical use of probiotics in pediatric allergy (CUPPA): A World Allergy Organization Position Paper.World Allergy Organ J2012 6148167

     Not in our library10.1097/wox.0b013e3182784ee0

151. 151.

     Kuitunen M Kukkonen K Juntunen-Backman K Korpela R Poussa T Tuure T Haahtela T Savilahti E Probiotics prevent IgE-associated allergy until age 5 years in cesarean-delivered children but not in the total cohortJ Allergy Clin Immunol2009 633541

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2008.11.019

152. 152.

     EcotherapyThe Green Agenda for Mental Health2007 London: Mind

     Not in our library

153. 153.

     World Urbanization ProspectsThe 2007 revision Population Databasehttp://esa.un.org/unup/

     Not in our library

154. 154.

     Kupczyk M Haahtela T Cruz A Kuna P Reduction of asthma burden is possible through National Asthma PlansAllergy2010 641519

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02265.x

155. 155.

     Haahtela T Tuomisto LE Pietinalho A Klaukka T Erhola M Kaila M Nieminen MM Kontula E Laitinen LA A 10 year asthma programme in Finland: major change for the betterThorax2006 666370

     Not in our library10.1136/thx.2005.055699

156. 156.

     Haahtela T Von Hertzen L Mäkelä M Hannuksela M The Allergy Programme Working Group. Finnish Allergy Programme 2008–2018 –time to act and change the courseAllergy2008 663445

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01712.x

157. 157.

     Haahtela T Valovirta E Kauppi P Tommila E Saarinen K Von Hertzen L Mäkelä MJ the Finnish Allergy Programme Group: The Finnish Allergy Programme 2008–2018 – scientific basis and practical implementationAsia Pacific Allergy2012 627579

     Not in our library10.5415/apallergy.2012.2.4.275

158. 158.

     Pawankar R Canonica GW Holgate ST Lockey RF (Eds): WAO White Book on Allergy2011 Milwaukee: World Allergy Organization1216

     Not in our library

159. 159.

     Bousquet J Systems medicine and integrated care to combat chronic noncommunicable diseasesGenome Med2011 6212

     Not in our library10.1186/gm259

160. 160.

     Dawson TP Jackson ST House JI Colin Prentice I Mace GM Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in changing climateScience2011 65358

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1200303

161. 161.

     Noon L Prophylactic inoculation against hay feverLancet1911 6157273

     Not in our library

162. 162.

     Gerrard JW Geddes CA Reggin PL Gerrard CD Horne S Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities is SaskatchewanAnn Allergy1976 691100

     Not in our library

163. 163.

     Strachan DP Hay fever, hygiene, and household sizeBr Med J1989 625960

     Not in our library10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259

164. 164.

     Björkstén B Diverse microbial exposure - consequences for vaccine developmentVaccine2012 6433640

     Not in our library10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.074

165. 165.

     Latvala J von Hertzen L Lindholm H Haahtela T Trends in prevalence of asthma and allergy in Finnish young men: a nationwide study from 1966 to 2003BMJ2005 6118687

     Not in our library10.1136/bmj.38448.603924.ae

166. 166.

     Lohi S Mustalahti K Kaukinen K Laurila K Collin P Rissanen H Lohi O Bravi E Gasparin M Reunanen A Mäki M Increasing prevalence of coeliac disease over timeAliment Pharmacol Ther2007 612171225

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03502.x

167. 167.

     Takala JH Kautiainen H Malmberg H Leirisalo-Repo M Incidence of Wegener’s granulomatosis in Finland 1981–2000Clin Exp Rheumatol2008 63 suppl 49S815

     Not in our library

168. 168.

     Finnish Cancer Registerhttp://www.cancer.fi

     Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 6

• Twenty Important Research Questions in Microbial Exposure and Social Equity · 2022
  Not checked
• The Relationship between the Infant Gut Microbiota and Allergy. The Role of Bifidobacterium breve and Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in the Activation of Anti-Allergic Mechanisms in Early Life · 2020
  No notice
• Influence of Urbanization on Epiphytic Bacterial Communities of the Platanus × hispanica Tree Leaves in a Biennial Study · 2019
  Not checked
• The skin microbiome: impact of modern environments on skin ecology, barrier integrity, and systemic immune programming · 2017
  No notice
• Linking the Gut Microbial Ecosystem with the Environment: Does Gut Health Depend on Where We Live? · 2017
  No notice
• Allergic diseases and asthma: a global public health concern and a call to action · 2014
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.