Allergic diseases and asthma: a global public health concern and a call to action

Abstract

This article was originally published online on 19 May 2014 The prevalence of allergic diseases and asthma are increasing worldwide, particularly in low and middle income countries. Moreover, the complexity and severity of allergic diseases, including asthma, continue to increase especially in children and young adults, who are bearing the greatest burden of these trends. In order to address this major global challenge that threatens health and economies alike it is important to have a global action plan that includes partnerships involving different stakeholders from low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Allergic diseases include life-threatening anaphylaxis, food allergies, certain forms of asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, angioedema, urticaria, eczema, eosinophilic disorders, including eosinophilic esophagitis, and drug and insect allergies. Globally, 300 million people suffer from asthma and about 200 to 250 million people suffer from food allergies [1.Pawankar R, Canonica GW, ST Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss M: The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).Google Scholar]. One tenth of the population suffers from drug allergies and 400 million from rhinitis [1.Pawankar R, Canonica GW, ST Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss M: The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).Google Scholar]. Moreover, allergic diseases commonly occur together in the same individual, one disease with the other. This requires an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment and greater awareness of the underlying causes amongst family physicians, patients as well as specialists A report from the World Allergy Organization, the WAO White Book on Allergy (originally published in 2011) and updated in 2013[1.Pawankar R, Canonica GW, ST Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss M: The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).Google Scholar] summarizes the burden of allergic diseases worldwide, the risk factors, impact on quality of life of patients, morbidity, mortality, their socio-economic consequences, recommended treatment strategies, future therapies, and the cost-benefit analyses of care services. It also offers “high level” recommendations for action on allergy education for health care professions and enhanced patient service provision. WAO is concerned about the rising global burden of allergic diseases and is committed to increased cooperation at a global level engaging governments and policy makers to channel resources and efforts to recognizing allergic diseases as a public health issue. WAO has updated the original WAO Book on Allergy, in 2013 to contain new information, providing the latest data, evidence, and treatments with a new chapter on Severe Asthma, updated introduction and executive Summary and several updated chapters. For instance, asthma prevalence is rising in several high as well as low and middle income countries and the prevalence and impact of allergic diseases continue to grow. According to the World Health Organization, the number of patients having asthma is 300 million and with the rising trends it is expected to increase to 400 million, by 2025. Patients with asthma and allergic diseases have a reduced quality of life. According to the World Health Organization asthma causes 250,000 deaths annually. Moreover, asthma in infancy often goes unrecognized and thus untreated. In the United States, 23 million people including 7 million children suffer from asthma and the prevalence is increasing. The economic costs of asthma are high both in terms of direct and indirect costs [1.Pawankar R, Canonica GW, ST Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss M: The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).Google Scholar] (Table 1) especially in severe or uncontrolled asthma. In the United States, pediatric asthma results in 14 million missed days of school each year, which in turn result in lost workdays — and lost wages — for caregivers [2.Mellon M. Parasuraman B. Pediatric asthma: improving management to reduce cost of care.J Manag Care Pharm. 2004; 10: 130-141PubMed Google Scholar]. As asthma continues to affect more children in lower-income countries, this will lead long-term consequences for their education and perpetuation of their poverty. We need to find ways to control indoor and outdoor air pollution, to train health care professionals to diagnose and treat asthma in children, and to ensure that asthma medications are affordable for all who need them. Educational programs for self-management of asthma and national efforts to tackle asthma as a public health problem have produced remarkable benefits resulting in dramatic reductions in deaths and hospital admissions [1.Pawankar R, Canonica GW, ST Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss M: The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).Google Scholar, 3.Haahtela T. Tuomisto L.E. Pietinalho A. Klaukka T. Erhola M. Kaila M. Nieminen M.M. Kontula E. Laitinen L.A. A 10 year asthma programme in Finland: major change for the better.Thorax. 2006; 61: 663-670Crossref PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar].Table 1The economic burden of allergyCountryYear costs calculatedPopulation (2010)DiseaseDirect costs*Direct costs: Expenditure on medications and health care provision.Indirect costs**Indirect costs: Cost to society from loss of work, social support, loss of taxation income, home modifications, lower productivity at work, etc. Extracted from Ref [1]. Pawankar R et al.Total costs estimatedAustralia200723 millionAll allergiesA$ 1.1 billionA$ 8.3 billionA$ 9.4 billionFinland20055.3 millionAll allergies€468 million€51.7 million€519.7 millionSouth Korea200550 millionAsthma--US$1.78 billionAllergic RhinitisUS$266 millionIsrael7.5 millionAsthma--US$250 millionMexico2007103 millionAsthmaUS$35 millionUSA2007310.2 millionAsthmaUS$14.7 billionUS$5 billionUS$19.7 billion2005Allergic RhinitisUS$11.2 billionUp tp US$ 9.7 billionUp to $20.9 billionA few global facts and figures for two common allergic diseases: asthma and rhinitis.* Direct costs: Expenditure on medications and health care provision.** Indirect costs: Cost to society from loss of work, social support, loss of taxation income, home modifications, lower productivity at work, etc. Extracted from Ref [1.Pawankar R, Canonica GW, ST Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss M: The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).Google Scholar]. Pawankar R et al. Open table in a new tab A few global facts and figures for two common allergic diseases: asthma and rhinitis. The upsurge in the prevalence of allergies is observed as societies become more affluent and urbanized. An increase in environmental risk factors like outdoor and indoor pollution like tobacco smoke combined with reduced biodiversity also contributes to this rise in prevalence. In many low- and middle-income countries including in rural areas in India, people rely on solid fuel (wood, cow dung or crop residues) that they burn in simple stoves or open fires for domestic energy [1.Pawankar R, Canonica GW, ST Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss M: The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).Google Scholar]. Secondhand smoke has become more common as parents become affluent enough to buy cigarettes. Together, these factors generate indoor air pollution that is estimated to be as much as 5 times as severe in poor countries as in rich ones [4.GARD collaborating members: Global Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Approach. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007:1–112.Google Scholar]. In rural Bangladesh, the prevalence of wheezing in rural children over a 12 month period was 16% [5.Zaman K. Takeuchi H. Md Y. El Arifeen S. Chowdhury H.R. Baqui A.H. Wakai S. Iwata T. Asthma in rural Bangladesh children.Indian J Pediatric. 2007; 74: 539-543Crossref PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar]. The White Book highlights data from China that reports outdoor pollution as a cause of 300,000 deaths annually [1.Pawankar R, Canonica GW, ST Holgate ST, Lockey RF, Blaiss M: The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013).Google Scholar]. Moreover climate change, reduced biodiversity [6.Haahtela T. Holgate S. Pawankar R. Akdis C.A. Benjaponpitak S. Caraballo L. Demain J. Portnoy J. von Hertzen L. WAO Special Committee on Climate Change and BiodiversityThe biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement.World Allergy Organ J. 2013; 6: 3Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar], change in ambient temperatures, changes in weather during pollen seasons can cause both biological and chemical changes to pollens and have direct adverse consequences on human health by inducing disease exacerbations especially in urban and polluted regions. Appropriate environmental control measures of risk factors like indoor tobacco smoke, outdoor pollution and biomass fuel can have huge health benefits. There is also other complex but measurable associations between early life circumstances like maternal and childhood nutrition. Such evidences indicate early life opportunities for interventions targeted towards the prevention of allergies and asthma. Persons with allergic diseases like asthma also often have other comorbid conditions like diabetes, obesity, cardio-vascular disease, gastro esophageal diseases leading to more complex situations and worse outcomes associated with these complications. Furthermore, owing to the high health care costs, morbidity, impact on quality of like, absenteeism, poorer work performance and socio-economic costs, allergic diseases result in a socio-economic burden to the affected families as well as countries. The costs for treating rhinitis in the US have doubled in 5 years to 11 billion US$. In the developed countries, the financial burden of asthma ranges from US$ 300 to 1300 per patient per year annually. In developing countries, like Vietnam it is estimated to be US$184 per patient per year and in India, the monthly cost of medication for an asthmatic child can amount to one third of an average family’s monthly in

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References 6

1. 1.

   Pawankar R Canonica GW ST Holgate ST Lockey RF Blaiss M The WAO White Book on Allergy (Update. 2013)

   Not in our library

2. 2.

   Mellon M Parasuraman B Pediatric asthma: improving management to reduce cost of careJ Manag Care Pharm2004 7130141

   Not in our library10.18553/jmcp.2004.10.2.130

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   Haahtela T Tuomisto LE Pietinalho A Klaukka T Erhola M Kaila M Nieminen MM Kontula E Laitinen LA A 10 year asthma programme in Finland: major change for the betterThorax2006 7663670

   Not in our library10.1136/thx.2005.055699

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   GARD collaborating membersGlobal Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Approach2007 Geneva: World Health Organization1112

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5. 5.

   Zaman K Takeuchi H Md Y El Arifeen S Chowdhury HR Baqui AH Wakai S Iwata T Asthma in rural Bangladesh childrenIndian J Pediatric2007 7539543

   Not in our library10.1007/s12098-007-0104-0

6. 6.
   The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement · 2013

   No notice

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