Paracrinicity: The Story of 30 Years of Cellular Pituitary Crosstalk

Abstract

Living organisms represent, in essence, dynamic interactions of high complexity between membrane‐separated compartments that cannot exist on their own, but reach behaviour in co‐ordination. In multicellular organisms, there must be communication and co‐ordination between individual cells and cell groups to achieve appropriate behaviour of the system. Depending on the mode of signal transportation and the target, intercellular communication is neuronal, hormonal, paracrine or juxtacrine. Cell signalling can also be self‐targeting or autocrine. Although the notion of paracrine and autocrine signalling was already suggested more than 100 years ago, it is only during the last 30 years that these mechanisms have been characterised. In the anterior pituitary, paracrine communication and autocrine loops that operate during fetal and postnatal development in mammals and lower vertebrates have been shown in all hormonal cell types and in folliculo‐stellate cells. More than 100 compounds have been identified that have, or may have, paracrine or autocrine actions. They include the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and γ‐aminobutyric acid, peptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, galanin, endothelins, calcitonin, neuromedin B and melanocortins, growth factors of the epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor and transforming growth factor‐β families, cytokines, tissue factors such as annexin‐1 and follistatin, hormones, nitric oxide, purines, retinoids and fatty acid derivatives. In addition, connective tissue cells, endothelial cells and vascular pericytes may influence paracrinicity by delivering growth factors, cytokines, heparan sulphate proteoglycans and proteases. Basement membranes may influence paracrine signalling through the binding of signalling molecules to heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Paracrine/autocrine actions are highly context‐dependent. They are turned on/off when hormonal outputs need to be adapted to changing demands of the organism, such as during reproduction, stress, inflammation, starvation and circadian rhythms. Specificity and selectivity in autocrine/paracrine interactions may rely on microanatomical specialisations, functional compartmentalisation in receptor–ligand distribution and the non‐equilibrium dynamics of the receptor–ligand interactions in the loops.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

References 841

1. 1.

   Nicholson BJ. Gap junctions − from cell to molecule. J Cell Sci. 2003;116:4479-4481.

   Not in our library10.1242/jcs.00821

2. 2.

   Dasen JS, Rosenfeld MG. Signaling and transcriptional mechanisms in pituitary development. Ann Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:327-355.

   Not in our library10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.327

3. 3.

   Scully KM, Rosenfeld MG. Pituitary development: regulatory codes in mammalian organogenesis. Science. 2002;295:2231-2235.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.1062736

4. 4.

   Schlosser G. Induction and specification of cranial placodes. Dev Biol. 2006;294:303-351.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.009

5. 5.

   Savage JJ, Yaden BC, Kiratipranon P, Rhodes SJ. Transcriptional control during mammalian anterior pituitary development. Gene. 2003;319:1-19.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00804-7

6. 6.

   Drouin J. Molecular mechanisms of pituitary differentiation and regulation: implications for hormone deficiencies and hormone resistance syndromes. Front Horm Res. 2006;35:74-87.

   Not in our library10.1159/000094310

7. 7.

   Bayliss WM, Starling EH. The mechanism of pancreatic secretion. J Physiol. 1902;28:325-353.

   Not in our library10.1113/jphysiol.1902.sp000920

8. 8.

   Dale HH, Laidlaw PP. The physiological actions of β-iminazolethylamine. J Physiol. 1910;41:318-344.

   Not in our library10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001406

9. 9.

   Popielski L. β-Imidazolylethylamine and organ extracts. I. β-Imidazolylethylamine as a powerful stimulant of the gastric glands. Pfluegers Arch. 1920;178:214-236.

   Not in our library

10. 10.

    Best CH, Dale HH, Dudley HW, Rhorpe WV. The nature of the vaso-dilator constituents of certain tissues. J Physiol. 1927;62:397-417.

    Not in our library10.1113/jphysiol.1927.sp002369

11. 11.

    Black JW, Parsons EM, Durant CJ, Duncan WAM, Ganellin CR. Definition and antagonism of histamine H2-receptors. Nature. 1972;236:385.

    Not in our library10.1038/236385a0

12. 12.

    Hakanson R, Bottcher G, Ekblad E, Panula P, Simonsson M, Dohlsten M, Hallberg T, Sundler F. Histamine in endocrine cells in the stomach. A survey of several species using a panel of histamine antibodies. Histochemistry. 1986;86:5-17.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf00492340

13. 13.

    Thuneberg L. One hundred years of interstitial cells of Cajal. Microsc Res Tech. 1999;47:223-238.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19991115)47:4<223::aid-jemt2>3.0.co;2-c

14. 14.

    Gosset A, Masson P. Tumeurs endocrines de l'appendice. Presse Med. 1914;25:237-239.

    Not in our library

15. 15.

    Modlin IM, Champaneria MC, Bornschein J, Kidd M. Evolution of the diffuse neuroendocrine system − clear cells and cloudy origins. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84:69-82.

    Not in our library10.1159/000096997

16. 16.

    Feyrter F. Uber diffuse endocrine epitheliale. Organe Leipzig Zentr Inn Med. 1938;29:545-571.

    Not in our library

17. 17.

    Champaneria MC, Modlin IM, Kidd M, Eick GN. Friedrich Feyrter: a precise intellect in a diffuse system. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;83:394-404.

    Not in our library10.1159/000096050

18. 18.

    Feyrter F. Über die Peripheren Endokrinen (Parakrinen) Drüsen Des Menschen. 1953.

    Not in our library

19. 19.

    Erspamer V, Asero B. Identification of enteramine, the specific hormone of the enterochromaffin cell system, as 5-hydroxytryptamine. Nature. 1952;169:800-801.

    Not in our library10.1038/169800b0

20. 20.

    Pearse AG. Common cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of cells producing polypeptide hormones (the APUD series) and their relevance to thyroid and ultimobranchial C cells and calcitonin. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1968;170:71-80.

    Not in our library10.1098/rspb.1968.0025

21. 21.

    Oberndorfer S. Karzinoide Tumoren des Dunndarms. Frank Z Pathol. 1907;1:426-429.

    Not in our library

22. 22.

    Modlin IM, Shapiro MD, Kidd M. Siegfried oberndorfer: origins and perspectives of carcinoid tumors. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:1440-1451.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.humpath.2004.09.018

23. 23.

    Feyrter F, Klaus U. Uber den Nachweis eines blutdrucksteigernden Stoffes im Carcinoid. Virchows Arch. 1936;V298:187-194.

    Not in our library

24. 24.

    Selberg W. Beitrag zur Klinik und Pharmakologie der Darmcarcinoide. J Mol Med. 1941;V20:1271-1273.

    Not in our library

25. 25.

    Modlin IM, Shapiro MD, Kidd M. Carcinoid tumors and fibrosis: an association with no explanation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2466-2478.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40507.x

26. 26.

    Hallen A. Fibrosis in the carcinoid syndrome. Lancet. 1964;15:746-747.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(64)92853-3

27. 27.

    Susanne VE, Johan G. Historical, current and future perspectives on gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. Virchows Arch. 2006;448:1-6.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00428-005-0082-4

28. 28.

    Aloe L. Rita Levi-Montalcini: the discovery of nerve growth factor and modern neurobiology. Trends Cell Biol. 2004;14:395-399.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tcb.2004.05.011

29. 29.

    Hamburger V. The effects of wing bud extirpation on the development of the central nervous system in chick embryos. J Exp Zool. 1934;68:449-494.

    Not in our library

30. 30.

    Cowan WM, Hamburger V, Levi-Montalcini R. The path to the discovery of nerve growth factor. Ann Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:551-600.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.551

31. 31.

    Bueker ED. Implantation of tumors in the limbfield of the embryonic chick and developmental response in the lumbosacral nervous system. Anat Rec. 1948;102:369-375.

    Not in our library10.1002/ar.1091020309

32. 32.

    Levi-Montalcini R, Cohen S. In vitro and in vivo effects of a nerve growth-stimulating agent isolated from snake VENOM. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1956;42:695-699.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.42.9.695

33. 33.

    Cohen S. Purification and metabolic effects of a nerve growth-promoting protein from snake venom. J Biol Chem. 1959;234:1129-1137.

    Not in our library

34. 34.

    Angeletti RH, Bradshaw RA. Nerve growth factor from mouse submaxillary gland: amino acid sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1971;68:2417-2420.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.68.10.2417

35. 35.

    Cohen S. Isolation of a mouse submaxillary gland protein accelerating incisor eruption and eyelid opening in the new-born animal. J Biol Chem. 1962;237:1555-1562.

    Not in our library

36. 36.

    Savage CR, Inagami T, Cohen S. The primary structure of epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem. 1972;247:7612-7621.

    Not in our library

37. 37.

    Gregory H. Isolation and structure of urogastrone and its relationship to epidermal growth factor. Nature. 1975;257:325-327.

    Not in our library10.1038/257325a0

38. 38.

    Starkey RH, Cohen S, Orth DN. Epidermal growth factor: identification of a new hormone in human urine. Science. 1975;189:800-802.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1172293

39. 39.

    Cohen S, Carpenter G. Human epidermal growth factor: isolation and chemical and biological properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1975;72:1317-1321.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.72.4.1317

40. 40.

    Armelin HA. Pituitary extracts and steroid hormones in the control of 3T3 cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1973;70:2702-2706.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.70.9.2702

Cited by papers we hold 2

• The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Development, Programming Actions of Hormones, and Maternal-Fetal Interactions · 2021
  No notice
• Evolution of oxytocin pathways in the brain of vertebrates · 2014
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.