Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis

Abstract

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 525–540 Summary Background Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent cause of liver disease in Western countries. The development of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis identifies an at‐risk group with increased risk of cardiovascular and liver‐related deaths. The identification and management of this at‐risk group remains a clinical challenge. Aim To perform a systematic review of the established and emerging strategies for the diagnosis and staging of NAFLD. Methods Relevant research and review articles were identified by searching PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Results There has been a substantial development of non‐invasive risk scores, biomarker panels and radiological modalities to identify at‐risk patients with NAFLD without recourse to liver biopsy on a routine basis. These modalities and algorithms have improved significantly in their diagnosis and staging of fibrosis and NASH in patients with NAFLD, and will likely impact on the number of patients undergoing liver biopsy. Conclusions Staging for NAFLD can now be performed by a combination of radiological and laboratory techniques, greatly reducing the requirement for invasive liver biopsy.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

References 151

1. 1.

   Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:434-8.

   Not in our library

2. 2.

   Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: selected practical issues in their evaluation and management. Hepatology. 2009;49:306-17.

   Not in our library10.1002/hep.22603

3. 3.

   de Alwis NM, Day CP. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the mist gradually clears. J Hepatol. 2008;48(Suppl. 1):S104-12.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2008.01.009

4. 4.

   Petta S, Muratore C, Craxi A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis: the present and the future. Dig Liver Dis. 2009;41:615-25.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.dld.2009.01.004

5. 5.

   Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. QJM. 2010;103:71-83.

   Not in our library10.1093/qjmed/hcp158

6. 6.

   Day CP. Natural history of NAFLD: remarkably benign in the absence of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:375-8.

   Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2005.05.041

7. 7.

   Day CP. From fat to inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:207-10.

   Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.017

8. 8.

   Lewis GF, Carpentier A, Adeli K, Giacca A. Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:201-29.

   Not in our library10.1210/edrv.23.2.0461

9. 9.

   Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1343-51.

   Not in our library10.1172/jci23621

10. 10.

    Feldstein AE, Werneburg NW, Canbay A, et al. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF-alpha expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology. 2004;40:185-94.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.20283

11. 11.

    Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1183-92.

    Not in our library10.1053/gast.2001.23256

12. 12.

    Yamaguchi K, Yang L, McCall S, et al. Inhibiting triglyceride synthesis improves hepatic steatosis but exacerbates liver damage and fibrosis in obese mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2007;45:1366-74.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.21655

13. 13.

    Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med. 1999;16:442-3.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x

14. 14.

    Olufadi R, Byrne CD. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61:697-706.

    Not in our library10.1136/jcp.2007.048363

15. 15.

    Reynolds K, He J. Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 2005;330:273-9.

    Not in our library10.1097/00000441-200512000-00004

16. 16.

    Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. Hepatology. 2003;37:1202-19.

    Not in our library10.1053/jhep.2003.50193

17. 17.

    Preiss D, Sattar N. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an overview of prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment considerations. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008;115:141-50.

    Not in our library10.1042/cs20070402

18. 18.

    Stefan N, Kantartzis K, Haring HU. Causes and metabolic consequences of fatty liver. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:939-60.

    Not in our library10.1210/er.2008-0009

19. 19.

    Setji TL, Holland ND, Sanders LL, Pereira KC, Diehl AM, Brown AJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1741-7.

    Not in our library10.1210/jc.2005-2774

20. 20.

    Cerda C, Perez-Ayuso RM, Riquelme A, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Hepatol. 2007;47:412-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.012

21. 21.

    Adams LA, Feldstein A, Lindor KD, Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among patients with hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction. Hepatology. 2004;39:909-14.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.20140

22. 22.

    Loria P, Carulli L, Bertolotti M, Lonardo A. Endocrine and liver interaction: the role of endocrine pathways in NASH. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6:236-47.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrgastro.2009.33

23. 23.

    Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology. 2004;40:1387-95.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.20466

24. 24.

    Bedogni G, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Tiribelli C, Marchesini G, Bellentani S. Prevalence of and risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Dionysos nutrition and liver study. Hepatology. 2005;42:44-52.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.20734

25. 25.

    Machado M, Marques-Vidal P, Cortez-Pinto H. Hepatic histology in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. J Hepatol. 2006;45:600-6.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2006.06.013

26. 26.

    Tominaga K, Kurata JH, Chen YK, et al. Prevalence of fatty liver in Japanese children and relationship to obesity. An epidemiological ultrasonographic survey. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40:2002-9.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02208670

27. 27.

    Franzese A, Vajro P, Argenziano A, et al. Liver involvement in obese children. Ultrasonography and liver enzyme levels at diagnosis and during follow-up in an Italian population. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:1428-32.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1018850223495

28. 28.

    Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1212-8.

    Not in our library10.2337/dc06-2247

29. 29.

    Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Determinants of the association of overweight with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:71-9.

    Not in our library10.1053/gast.2003.50004

30. 30.

    Romeo S, Kozlitina J, Xing C, et al. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet. 2008;40:1461-5.

    Not in our library10.1038/ng.257

31. 31.

    Angulo P. Long-term mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: is liver histology of any prognostic significance? Hepatology. 2010;51:373-5.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.23521

32. 32.

    Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44:865-73.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.21327

33. 33.

    Ong JP, Pitts A, Younossi ZM. Increased overall mortality and liver-related mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2008;49:608-12.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2008.06.018

34. 34.

    Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1413-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70506-8

35. 35.

    Rotman Y, Koh C, Zmuda JM, Kleiner DE, Liang TJ. The association of genetic variability in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) with histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;52:894-903.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.23759

36. 36.

    Cheung O, Kapoor A, Puri P, et al. The impact of fat distribution on the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hepatology. 2007;46:1091-100.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.21803

37. 37.

    Wieckowska A, Feldstein AE. Diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: invasive versus noninvasive. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:386-95.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-0028-1091983

38. 38.

    Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M, et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology. 2003;37:1286-92.

    Not in our library10.1053/jhep.2003.50229

39. 39.

    Fracanzani AL, Valenti L, Bugianesi E, et al. Risk of severe liver disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with normal aminotransferase levels: a role for insulin resistance and diabetes. Hepatology. 2008;48:792-8.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.22429

40. 40.

    Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1356-62.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.510300604

Cited by papers we hold 6

• Noninvasive Diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH · 2020
  No notice
• Association between sonographic diagnosis of fatty liver with histopathologic abnormalities and liver biopsy findings in middle age patient with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease · 2016
  Not checked
• NAFLD and Chronic Kidney Disease · 2016
  No notice
• NIKEI: a new inexpensive and non-invasive scoring system to exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. · 2013
  Not checked
• Diagnosis and Evaluation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease · 2012
  No notice
• Comprehensive miRNA Expression Analysis in Peripheral Blood Can Diagnose Liver Disease · 2012
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.