Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis

Abstract

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 525–540 Summary Background Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent cause of liver disease in Western countries. The development of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis identifies an at‐risk group with increased risk of cardiovascular and liver‐related deaths. The identification and management of this at‐risk group remains a clinical challenge. Aim To perform a systematic review of the established and emerging strategies for the diagnosis and staging of NAFLD. Methods Relevant research and review articles were identified by searching PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Results There has been a substantial development of non‐invasive risk scores, biomarker panels and radiological modalities to identify at‐risk patients with NAFLD without recourse to liver biopsy on a routine basis. These modalities and algorithms have improved significantly in their diagnosis and staging of fibrosis and NASH in patients with NAFLD, and will likely impact on the number of patients undergoing liver biopsy. Conclusions Staging for NAFLD can now be performed by a combination of radiological and laboratory techniques, greatly reducing the requirement for invasive liver biopsy.

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     Not in our library10.1002/hep.23312

104. 104.

     de Lédinghen V, Vergniol J. Transient elastography for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2010;7:811-23.

     Not in our library10.1586/erd.10.46

105. 105.

     Yin M, Talwalkar JA, Glaser KJ, et al. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1207-13.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.cgh.2007.06.012

106. 106.

     Huwart L, Sempoux C, Vicaut E, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:32-40.

     Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.076

107. 107.

     Fraquelli M, Rigamonti C, Casazza G, et al. Reproducibility of transient elastography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut. 2007;56:968-73.

     Not in our library10.1136/gut.2006.111302

108. 108.
     The diagnostic value of biomarkers (SteatoTest) for the prediction of liver steatosis · 2005

     No notice
109. 109.
     Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (NashTest) for the prediction of non alcoholo steato hepatitis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease · 2006

     No notice
110. 110.

     Musso G, Gambino R, Biroli G, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia predicts the severity of hepatic fibrosis and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in nondiabetic nonobese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2438-46.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00297.x

111. 111.

     Abiru S, Migita K, Maeda Y, et al. Serum cytokine and soluble cytokine receptor levels in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Int. 2006;26:39-45.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01191.x

112. 112.

     Jarrar MH, Baranova A, Collantes R, et al. Adipokines and cytokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:412-21.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03586.x

113. 113.

     Wieckowska A, McCullough AJ, Feldstein AE. Noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: present and future. Hepatology. 2007;46:582-9.

     Not in our library10.1002/hep.21768

114. 114.

     Shimada M, Kawahara H, Ozaki K, et al. Usefulness of a combined evaluation of the serum adiponectin level, HOMA-IR, and serum type IV collagen 7S level to predict the early stage of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1931-8.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01322.x

115. 115.

     Hui JM, Hodge A, Farrell GC, Kench JG, Kriketos A, George J. Beyond insulin resistance in NASH: TNF-alpha or adiponectin? Hepatology. 2004;40:46-54.

     Not in our library10.1002/hep.20280

116. 116.

     Argentou M, Tiniakos DG, Karanikolas M, et al. Adipokine serum levels are related to liver histology in severely obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2009;19:1313-23.

     Not in our library10.1007/s11695-009-9912-9

117. 117.

     Arvaniti VA, Thomopoulos KC, Tsamandas A, et al. Serum adiponectin levels in different types of non alcoholic liver disease. Correlation with steatosis, necroinflammation and fibrosis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2008;71:355-60.

     Not in our library

118. 118.

     Yoneda M, Mawatari H, Fujita K, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is an independent clinical feature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and also of the severity of fibrosis in NASH. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:573-82.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00535-007-2060-x

119. 119.

     Targher G. Relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and liver histology in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2006;45:879-81.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2006.09.005

120. 120.

     Hui JM, Farrell GC, Kench JG, George J. High sensitivity C-reactive protein values do not reliably predict the severity of histological changes in NAFLD. Hepatology. 2004;39:1458-9.

     Not in our library10.1002/hep.20223

121. 121.

     Wieckowska A, Papouchado BG, Li Z, Lopez R, Zein NN, Feldstein AE. Increased hepatic and circulating interleukin-6 levels in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1372-9.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01774.x

122. 122.

     Tarantino G, Conca P, Pasanisi F, et al. Could inflammatory markers help diagnose nonalcoholic steatohepatitis? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21:504-11.

     Not in our library10.1097/meg.0b013e3283229b40

123. 123.

     Lemoine M, Ratziu V, Kim M, et al. Serum adipokine levels predictive of liver injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2009;29:1431-8.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02022.x

124. 124.

     Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Ratziu V, Giral P, Charlotte F, Beucler I, Poynard T. Blood oxidative stress markers are unreliable markers of hepatic steatosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:91-8.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02719.x

125. 125.

     Chalasani N, Deeg MA, Crabb DW. Systemic levels of lipid peroxidation and its metabolic and dietary correlates in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1497-502.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30159.x

126. 126.

     Torres DM, Harrison SA. Diagnosis and therapy of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1682-98.

     Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.077

127. 127.

     Sumida Y, Nakashima T, Yoh T, et al. Serum thioredoxin levels as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2003;38:32-8.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00331-8

128. 128.

     Nakashima T, Sumida Y, Furutani M, et al. Elevation of serum thioredoxin levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Res. 2005;33:135-7.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.hepres.2005.09.021

129. 129.

     Feldstein AE, GORES GJ. Apoptosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Front Biosci. 2005;10:3093-9.

     Not in our library10.2741/1765

130. 130.

     Feldstein AE, Wieckowska A, Lopez AR, Liu YC, Zein NN, McCullough AJ. Cytokeratin-18 fragment levels as noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicenter validation study. Hepatology. 2009;50:1072-8.

     Not in our library10.1002/hep.23050

131. 131.

     Malik R. The clinical utility of biomarkers and the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis CRN liver biopsy scoring system in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:564-8.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05731.x

132. 132.

     Mitry RR. Noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using serum biomarkers. Hepatology. 2007;46:2047-8.

     Not in our library10.1002/hep.21998

133. 133.

     Papatheodoridis GV. Serum apoptotic caspase activity in chronic hepatitis C and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44:e87-95.

     Not in our library10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181c0945a

134. 134.

     Wieckowska A. In vivo assessment of liver cell apoptosis as a novel biomarker of disease severity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2006;44:27-33.

     Not in our library10.1002/hep.21223

135. 135.

     Yilmaz Y. Soluble forms of extracellular cytokeratin 18 may differentiate simple steatosis from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:837-44.

     Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v13.i6.837

136. 136.

     Tsutsui M, Tanaka N, Kawakubo M, et al. Serum fragmented cytokeratin 18 levels reflect the histologic activity score of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease more accurately than serum alanine aminotransferase levels. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44:440-7.

     Not in our library10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181bdefe2

137. 137.

     Yilmaz Y. Systematic review: caspase-cleaved fragments of cytokeratin 18 - the promises and challenges of a biomarker for chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:1103-9.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04148.x

138. 138.

     Diab DL, Yerian L, Schauer P, et al. Cytokeratin 18 fragment levels as a noninvasive biomarker for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in bariatric surgery patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:1249-54.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.cgh.2008.07.016

139. 139.

     Younossi ZM, Jarrar M, Nugent C, et al. A novel diagnostic biomarker panel for obesity-related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obes Surg. 2008;18:1430-7.

     Not in our library10.1007/s11695-008-9506-y

140. 140.

     Anty R, Iannelli A, Patouraux S, et al. A new composite model including metabolic syndrome, alanine aminotransferase and cytokeratin-18 for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in morbidly obese patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:1315-22.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04480.x

141. 141.

     Gulsen M, Yesilova Z, Bagci S, et al. Elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:1448-55.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03891.x

142. 142.

     Kayadibi H, Gultepe M, Yasar B, et al. Diagnostic value of serum prolidase enzyme activity to predict the liver histological lesions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a surrogate marker to distinguish steatohepatitis from simple steatosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:1764-71.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10620-008-0535-0

143. 143.

     Yoneda M, Uchiyama T, Kato S, et al. Plasma Pentraxin3 is a novel marker for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). BMC Gastroenterol. 2008;8:53.

     Not in our library10.1186/1471-230x-8-53

144. 144.

     Tarantino G, Conca P, Coppola A, Vecchione R, Di MG. Serum concentrations of the tissue polypeptide specific antigen in patients suffering from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007;37:48-53.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01745.x

145. 145.

     Iijima H, Moriyasu F, Tsuchiya K, et al. Decrease in accumulation of ultrasound contrast microbubbles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Res. 2007;37:722-30.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00130.x

146. 146.

     Oliva MR, Mortele KJ, Segatto E, et al. Computed tomography features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with histopathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30:37-43.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.rct.0000193818.31749.84

147. 147.

     Park SH, Kim PN, Kim KW, et al. Macrovesicular hepatic steatosis in living liver donors: use of CT for quantitative and qualitative assessment. Radiology. 2006;239:105-12.

     Not in our library10.1148/radiol.2391050361

148. 148.

     McKimmie RL, Daniel KR, Carr JJ, et al. Hepatic steatosis and subclinical cardiovascular disease in a cohort enriched for type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Heart Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:3029-35.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02188.x

149. 149.

     Schwenzer NF, Springer F, Schraml C, Stefan N, Machann J, Schick F. Non-invasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance. J Hepatol. 2009;51:433-45.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2009.05.023

150. 150.

     Mendler MH, Bouillet P, Le Sidaner A, et al. Dual-energy CT in the diagnosis and quantification of fatty liver: limited clinical value in comparison to ultrasound scan and single-energy CT, with special reference to iron overload. J Hepatol. 1998;28:785-94.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80228-6

151. 151.

     Sasso M, Beaugrand M, de L V, et al. Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP): a novel VCTE guided ultrasonic attenuation measurement for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis: preliminary study and validation in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease from various causes. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010;36:1825-35.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.07.005

Cited by papers we hold 6

• Noninvasive Diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH · 2020
  No notice
• Association between sonographic diagnosis of fatty liver with histopathologic abnormalities and liver biopsy findings in middle age patient with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease · 2016
  Not checked
• NAFLD and Chronic Kidney Disease · 2016
  No notice
• NIKEI: a new inexpensive and non-invasive scoring system to exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. · 2013
  Not checked
• Diagnosis and Evaluation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease · 2012
  No notice
• Comprehensive miRNA Expression Analysis in Peripheral Blood Can Diagnose Liver Disease · 2012
  No notice

Reads

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