Non-reciprocal robotic metamaterials

Abstract

Non-reciprocal transmission of motion is potentially highly beneficial to a wide range of applications, ranging from wave guiding to shock and vibration damping and energy harvesting. To date, large levels of non-reciprocity have been realized using broken spatial or temporal symmetries, yet mostly in the vicinity of resonances, bandgaps or using nonlinearities, thereby non-reciprocal transmission remains limited to narrow ranges of frequencies or input magnitudes and sensitive to attenuation. Here, we create a robotic mechanical metamaterials wherein we use local control loops to break reciprocity at the level of the interactions between the unit cells. We show theoretically and experimentally that first-of-their-kind spatially asymmetric standing waves at all frequencies and unidirectionally amplified propagating waves emerge. These findings realize the mechanical analogue of the non-Hermitian skin effect. They significantly advance the field of active metamaterials for non hermitian physics and open avenues to channel mechanical energy in unprecedented ways.

Full text

Its licence does not allow us to show the full text. Read it at PubMed Central:

References 46

1. 1.

   Maxwell JC. Xlv. On reciprocal figures and diagrams of forces. Philos. Mag. Ser. 4. 1864;27:250-261.

   Not in our library10.1080/14786446408643663

2. 2.

   Casimir HBG. On onsager’s principle of microscopic reversibility. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1945;17:343.

   Not in our library10.1103/revmodphys.17.343

3. 3.

   Sounas DL, Alù A. Non-reciprocal photonics based on time modulation. Nat. Photon. 2017;11:774-783.

   Not in our library10.1038/s41566-017-0051-x

4. 4.

   Xu H, Jiang L, Clerk AA, Harris JGE. Nonreciprocal control and cooling of phonon modes in an optomechanical system. Nature. 2019;568:65-69.

   Not in our library10.1038/s41586-019-1061-2

5. 5.

   Potton RJ. Reciprocity in optics. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2004;67:717-754.

   Not in our library10.1088/0034-4885/67/5/r03

6. 6.

   Estep NA, Sounas DL, Soric J, Alù A. Magnetic-free non-reciprocity and isolation based on parametrically modulated coupled-resonator loops. Nat. Phys. 2014;10:923-927.

   Not in our library10.1038/nphys3134

7. 7.

   Ruesink F, Miri MA, Alù A, Verhagen E. Nonreciprocity and magnetic-free isolation based on optomechanical interactions. Nat. Commun. 2016;7:13662.

   Not in our library10.1038/ncomms13662

8. 8.

   Kodera T, Sounas DL, Caloz C. Magnetless nonreciprocal metamaterial (mnm) technology: application to microwave components. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. 2013;61:1030-1042.

   Not in our library10.1109/tmtt.2013.2238246

9. 9.

   Fleury R, Sounas DL, Sieck CF, Haberman MR, Alù A. Sound isolation and giant linear nonreciprocity in a compact acoustic circulator. Science. 2014;343:516-519.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.1246957

10. 10.

    Peano, V., Houde, M., Marquardt, F. & Clerk, A. A. Topological quantum fluctuations and traveling wave amplifiers. Phys. Rev. X6, 041026 (2016).

    Not in our library

11. 11.
    Fundamental limits and non-reciprocal approaches in non-Hermitian quantum sensing · 2018

    No notice
12. 12.

    Nash LM, et al. Topological mechanics of gyroscopic metamaterials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015;112:14495-14500.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1507413112

13. 13.

    Coulais C, Sounas D, Alù A. Static non-reciprocity in mechanical metamaterials. Nature. 2017;542:461-464.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature21044

14. 14.

    Sounas DL, Soric J, Alù A. Broadband passive isolators based on coupled nonlinear resonances. Nat. Electron. 2018;1:113-119.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41928-018-0025-0

15. 15.

    Hadad Y, Soric JC, Alù A. Breaking temporal symmetries for emission and absorption. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2016;113:3471-3475.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1517363113

16. 16.

    Souslov A, van Zuiden BC, Bartolo D, Vitelli V. Topological sound in active-liquid metamaterials. Nat. Phys. 2017;13:1091-1094.

    Not in our library10.1038/nphys4193

17. 17.

    Wang Y, et al. Observation of nonreciprocal wave propagation in a dynamic phononic lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018;121:194301.

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.121.194301

18. 18.

    McEvoy MA, Correll N. Materials science. materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication. Science. 2015;347:1261689.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1261689

19. 19.

    Miskin MZ, et al. Graphene-based bimorphs for micron-sized, autonomous origami machines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2018;115:466-470.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1712889115

20. 20.

    Rivet E, et al. Constant-pressure sound waves in non-hermitian disordered media. Nat. Phys. 2018;14:942-947.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41567-018-0188-7

21. 21.

    Trainiti G, et al. Time-periodic stiffness modulation in elastic metamaterials for selective wave filtering: theory and experiment. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2019;122:124301.

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.122.124301

22. 22.

    Scheibner, C. et al. Odd elasticity. Preprint at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.07760 (2019).

    Not in our library

23. 23.

    Martinez Alvarez VM, Barrios Vargas JE, Foa Torres LEF. Non-hermitian robust edge states in one dimension: anomalous localization and eigenspace condensation at exceptional points. Phys. Rev. B. 2018;97:121401.

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevb.97.121401

24. 24.

    Yao S, Wang Z. Edge states and topological invariants of non-hermitian systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018;121:086803.

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.121.086803

25. 25.

    Lee CH, Thomale R. Anatomy of skin modes and topology in non-hermitian systems. Phys. Rev. B. 2019;99:201103(R).

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevb.99.201103

26. 26.

    Borgnia, D. S., Kruchkov, A. J. & Slager, R.-J. Non-hermitian boundary modes. Preprint at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.07217 (2019).

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.124.056802

27. 27.

    Helbig, T. et al. Observation of bulk boundary correspondence breakdown in topolectrical circuits. Preprint at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11562 (2019).

    Not in our library

28. 28.

    Xiao, L. et al. Observation of non-hermitian bulk-boundary correspondence in quantum dynamics. Preprint at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12566 (2019).

    Not in our library

29. 29.

    Kittel, C. Phonons I. Crystal Vibrations. Book section 4 (Wiley, New York, 1976).

    Not in our library

30. 30.

    Huber SD. Topological mechanics. Nat. Phys. 2016;12:621-623.

    Not in our library10.1038/nphys3801

31. 31.

    Coulais C, Kettenis C, van Hecke M. A characteristic lengthscale causes anomalous size effects and boundary programmability in mechanical metamaterials. Nat. Phys. 2018;14:40-44.

    Not in our library10.1038/nphys4269

32. 32.

    Frenzel T, Kadic M, Wegener M. Three-dimensional mechanical metamaterials with a twist. Science. 2017;358:1072-1074.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.aao4640

33. 33.
    Topologically robust sound propagation in an angular-momentum-biased graphene-like resonator lattice · 2015

    No notice
34. 34.

    Mitchell NP, Nash LM, Hexner D, Turner AM, Irvine WTM. Amorphous topological insulators constructed from random point sets. Nat. Phys. 2018;14:380-385.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41567-017-0024-5

35. 35.

    Raney JR, et al. Stable propagation of mechanical signals in soft media using stored elastic energy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2016;113:9722-9727.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1604838113

36. 36.

    Hwang M, Arrieta AF. Input-independent energy harvesting in bistable lattices from transition waves. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:3630.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-018-22003-7

37. 37.

    Gonella S, To AC, Liu WK. Interplay between phononic bandgaps and piezoelectric microstructures for energy harvesting. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 2009;57:621-633.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jmps.2008.11.002

38. 38.

    Bertoldi K, Vitelli V, Christensen J, van Hecke M. Flexible mechanical metamaterials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017;2:17066.

    Not in our library10.1038/natrevmats.2017.66

39. 39.

    El-Ganainy R, et al. Non-hermitian physics and pt symmetry. Nat. Phys. 2018;14:11-19.

    Not in our library10.1038/nphys4323

40. 40.

    White TJ, Broer DJ. Programmable and adaptive mechanics with liquid crystal polymer networks and elastomers. Nat. Mater. 2015;14:1087-1098.

    Not in our library10.1038/nmat4433

Cited by papers we hold 2

• Realization of active metamaterials with odd micropolar elasticity · 2021
  Not checked
• Foundations for Soft, Smart Matter by Active Mechanical Metamaterials · 2020
  Not checked

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.