Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 25, 2026.

Elimination of HCV as a public health concern among people who inject drugs by 2030 – What will it take to get there?

Jason Grebely, Gregory J. Dore, Sébastien Morin and 2 more

Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2017 · CC BY

doi:10.7448/ias.20.1.22146

Abstract

Introduction : Globally, there is a considerable burden of HCV and HIV infections among people who inject drugs (PWID) and transmission of both infections continues. Needle and syringe programme (NSP) and opioid substitution therapy (OST) coverage remains low, despite evidence demonstrating their prevention benefit. Direct‐acting antiviral therapies (DAA) with HCV cure >95% among PWID provide an opportunity to reverse rising trends in HCV‐related morbidity and mortality and reduce incidence. However, HCV testing, linkage to care, and treatment remain low due to health system, provider, societal, and patient barriers. Between 2015 and 2030, WHO targets include reducing new HCV infections by 80% and HCV deaths by 65%, and increasing HCV diagnoses from <5% to 90% and number of eligible persons receiving HCV treatment from <1% to 80%. This commentary discusses why PWID should be considered as a priority population in these efforts, reasons why this goal could be attainable among PWID, challenges that need to be overcome, and key recommendations for action. Discussion : Challenges to HCV elimination as a global health concern among PWID include poor global coverage of harm reduction services, restrictive drug policies and criminalization of drug use, poor access to health services, low HCV testing, linkage to care and treatment, restrictions for accessing DAA therapy, and the lack of national strategies and government investment to support WHO elimination goals. Key recommendations for action include reforming drug policies (decriminalization of drug use and/or possession, or providing alternatives to imprisonment for PWID; decriminalization of the use and provision of sterile needles‐syringes; and legalization of OST for people who are opioid dependent), scaling up and improving funding for harm reduction services, making health services accessible for PWID, supporting community empowerment and community‐based programmes, improving access to affordable diagnostics and medicines, and eliminating stigma, discrimination, and violence against PWID. Conclusions : The ambitious targets for HCV elimination set by WHO are achievable in many countries, but will require researchers, healthcare providers, policy makers, affected communities, advocates, the pharmaceutical and diagnostics industries, and governments around the world to work together to make this happen.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 25, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

Globally, morbidity and mortality due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection continues to rise. People who inject drugs (PWID) represent a priority population, given the high prevalence and incidence of HCV infection observed among PWID. Given similar modes of acquisition through sharing of needles/syringes and other injecting equipment, HIV infection is a major co-morbidity among PWID with HCV infection.

People who inject drugs include those who have injected an illicit drug at least once in their life. This population consists of both former injectors having ceased injecting and “recent” injectors (with definitions for “recent” varying in the literature from one month to one year). Among people with a history of injecting, a population of people receiving opioid substitution therapy (OST) for opioid dependence also exists, some of whom may continue to inject drugs.

In the interferon-era, diagnosis and treatment for HCV infection remained low, including among PWID, due to patient, provider, health system, and societal barriers. The availability of simple and tolerable direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies for HCV infection with cure rates >95% is one of the greatest medical advances in decades. This has brought considerable optimism to people working in HCV. WHO has set an ambitious goal to eliminate HCV as a major public health threat by 2030. Between 2015 and 2030, the WHO targets include reducing new HCV infections by 80%, and the number of HCV deaths by 65%, and increasing HCV diagnoses from <5% to 90% and the number of eligible persons receiving HCV treatment from <1% to 80%.

This commentary discusses why PWID should be considered as a priority population in these efforts, reasons why this goal could be attainable among PWID, challenges that need to be overcome, and key recommendations for action.

Why should PWID be considered as a priority population in efforts to eliminate HCV as a global public health threat?

Globally, it is estimated that 71.1 million people had chronic HCV infection in 2015, with 2.3 million HIV/HCV co-infected. There is a large burden of chronic HCV infection among recent PWID (50% prevalence of chronic infection), representing an estimated 5.6 million PWID with chronic HCV infection (8% of all infections globally) and 1.4 million with HIV/HCV. There is also a large, but unquantified, number of chronic HCV infections among PWID who have ceased injecting. The majority of existing cases of HCV infection among recent PWID are concentrated in East and Southeast Asia (26%) and Eastern Europe (23%), with large populations also existing in Canada and the United States (17%), and Latin America (14%).

In 2015, there were 1.7 million new HCV infections globally, with 23% attributable to current injecting drug use, related to the high HCV incidence among PWID in many settings, particularly in the initial years of injecting.

Global morbidity and mortality due to HCV infection is increasing, with 704,000 deaths attributed to HCV in 2013. Although drug-related mortality is significant among PWID, liver disease-related mortality is increasing due to ageing populations. HIV also increases liver disease progression and liver-related mortality among PWID with HCV infection.

The Global Burden of Disease project estimated the total burden of HCV due to injecting drug use in 2013 as measured by disability adjusted life years (including recent and former PWID). This modelling estimated that 39% (95% uncertainty interval, 31–43%) of HCV burden was due to HCV acquired via injecting drug use. Regions in Asia jointly accounted for half of the global HCV burden attributable to injecting drug use (50%), while North America attributed 11% and eastern Europe accounted for 9%.

Given that a large proportion of the global HCV burden and new cases of infection occur among PWID, HCV treatment should be a priority in this population to have an impact on the HCV epidemic globally. Failure to intervene at early stages may result in more costly long-term care following the development of cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease, and liver cancer.

In addition to population-level reasons why PWID should be considered as a priority in efforts to eliminate HCV as a global public health threat, it is critical to also consider the individual-level benefits that successful HCV treatment provides, including improvements in health-related quality of life, decreased risk of liver disease progression, improved survival in people with advanced liver disease, and the potential to enhance engagement in drug user health.

Why is it feasible to eliminate HCV as a major public health threat among PWID?

Pan-genotypic DAA therapies with cure rates >95% provide important tools to eliminate HCV in many settings, including among people with HCV/HIV co-infection. Importantly, results from clinical trials have been replicated in real world studies.

DAA therapy has improved the feasibility of HCV treatment among PWID compared to interferon-based therapies, given DAA therapies have limited psychiatric side effects, are simpler (oral, once-daily vs. weekly injections), and shorter in duration (8–12 weeks vs. 24–48 weeks). DAA therapy is effective among PWID receiving OST, people with a history of injecting drug use, and recent PWID, including those with HCV/HIV co-infection. HCV reinfection incidence among PWID is low (0.0 to 5.3/100 person-years), with higher rates among those with ongoing injecting (4.9–6.4/100 person-year). Strategies to enhance HCV prevention, such as access to high-coverage needle and syringe programmes (NSP) and OST are crucial to minimize HCV reinfection risk.

In many settings, HCV transmission among PWID may occur as a result of ongoing risk behaviours, such as needle-syringe and equipment sharing. Mathematical modelling suggests that HCV treatment as prevention (modest scale-up of DAA HCV treatment to 8 per 100 PWID) could lead to substantial reductions in HCV prevalence among PWID, thereby lowering HCV incidence and preventing transmission. Given the potential prevention benefits, HCV treatment among PWID has enhanced cost-effectiveness. However, scale-up of harm reduction services, such as NSP and OST, are required to maximize the benefits of DAA HCV therapy for prevention. Global elimination of HCV as a public health threat among PWID will require increased coverage of NSP and OST interventions internationally.

Poor global coverage of harm reduction services

OST with methadone or buprenorphine is effective for the management of opioid dependence and prevents HCV and HIV infections. Combination OST and high-coverage NSP (adequate needles/syringes to cover all injecting episodes) can reduce HCV incidence by up to 80%. NSP also prevents HIV infection. NSP are recognized as one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Mathematical modelling studies suggest that although HCV treatment for PWID can lead to substantial reductions in HCV prevalence and reduce transmission, prevention benefits should be greatest when delivered in combination with OST and NSP (Figure 1).

Globally, OST and NSP coverage are low. In 2016, among countries and territories where injecting drug use has been reported, only 57% have NSP and 51% have implemented OST. Regional/national coverage varies substantially, with the highest rates of needle-syringe distribution (202 needle-syringes per PWID per year) in Australasia and the lowest rates in Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East, and Africa (0.1–0.5 needle–syringes per PWID per year). The recommended target by WHO is 200 needles-syringes per PWID per year. Western Europe has the highest levels of OST coverage (61 per 100 PWID), but low levels are observed in central Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa (1 per 100 PWID).

Despite that methadone and buprenorphine are on the WHO list of essential medicines, OST coverage is also hampered in some countries (e.g. the United States), by alternative therapies with limited evidence (e.g. naltrexone). Also, there are little data on potential substitution therapies for people who inject stimulants. Improved access to evidence-based harm reduction services will be required to support efforts to eliminate HCV infection as a global public health threat.

Restrictive drug policies and criminalization of drug use

The criminalization of drug use and restrictive drug policies has many unintended harms with important implications for HCV/HIV prevention and management among PWID. In countries with restrictive drug law enforcement, the criminalization of drug use and the fear of arrest may drive people away from prevention and care services resulting in decreased needle-syringe distribution and increased needle-syringe sharing. This represents a missed opportunity for engagement in HCV and HIV testing and treatment.

In countries with repressive drug policies, PWID often end up in prison. Among people with a history of injecting drug use in prison, the prevalence of chronic HCV infection is 48% (95% CI: 44%, 53%) and incidence is 6.3–16.4 per 100-person years.

The majority of prisons lack OST, NSP, and HCV treatment services. As highlighted by the Vienna Declaration and Commissions in The Lancet, drug policy reforms such as the decriminalization of drug use and/or possession, providing alternatives to imprisonment for PWID, scale-up of evidence-based drug-dependence treatment, abolishment of compulsory drug-treatment centres, and examining the potential of offering OST, NSP and HCV therapy in prisons can improve access to HCV/HIV prevention and care for PWID which will be critical in reducing the global HCV burden.

Poor access to health services for PWID

People who inject drugs bear considerable stigma and discrimination, are more likely to have socio-economic disadvantage, have considerable medical morbidities, and experience disparities in access to health care. Unintended harms associated with injecting drug use include blood borne viral infections, overdose, and injecting-related bacterial infections. Mortality among opioid dependent people is 14 times higher than that among people of the same age and sex, driven by drug-related harm and HCV-related liver disease. Given that PWID face multiple medical co-morbidities, HCV infection may not always be at the top of the list of competing health priorities.

Many PWID do not access health services. In some settings, there is lack of coverage of services or barriers experienced when trying to access services (e.g., limited hours of service, long wait times, and shortage of health care practitioners). Access to good quality healthcare should be a basic human right for any person, irrespective of whether they use drugs. In other settings, a lack of engagement in health services can stem from stigma and discrimination experienced from past encounters with the health system. In one study from Thailand, 26% of PWID reported avoiding health services, with factors associated with avoidance of healthcare including experience of verbal abuse, having been refused medical care, and having experienced previous barriers to accessing health care. Even in settings where healthcare is provided without stigma or discrimination, PWID may not engage with providers out of the fear of letting down their providers (e.g., missing appointments, forgetting to get blood tests, etc.). Stigma and discrimination must be addressed in order to improve the overall health of PWID. There is good evidence to support that involving community-based PWID organizations in the design and implementation of programmes can reduce stigma and discrimination, enhance HCV/HIV prevention and care, and lead to changes in health policies.

Low HCV testing, linkage to care and treatment among PWID

Globally, HCV testing/diagnosis remains inadequate, including among PWID. Simplified models of HCV care (including integration into existing HIV and drug health services) across a range of settings facilitates improved engagement in HCV care. HCV treatment and care should be delivered in a range of settings including hospital clinics, drug treatment clinics, community health centres, primary care clinics, NSP, prisons, homelessness settings, and supervised consumption sites. Providing HCV care at venues where people are accessing services should facilitate greater engagement. Multidisciplinary care that offers support for drug dependency, social and psychological services in addition to medical care (such as those developed for the treatment of HIV), nurse-led care, and the use of peers represent care models that have been successful at increasing access to HCV testing and treatment among PWID.

Many people have received HCV antibody testing (indicates exposure to the virus), but not HCV RNA testing (indicates active infection). Given 25% spontaneously clear HCV infection, enhanced diagnosis of active infection is required to improve the care cascade. Enhancing diagnosis will require cheaper, quicker, and government-reimbursed point of care diagnostics that can detect active infection in a single visit.

Restrictions for accessing DAA therapy

To reduce the budget impact of high-price DAA therapies, governments in many countries are restricting access to DAA therapy based on fibrosis stage, recent drug use, and prescriber type. This is inconsistent with international guidelines from AASLD/IDSA, EASL, INHSU, and WHO stating that HCV treatment should be made available for everyone with HCV, irrespective of disease stage, or drug use.

Limiting DAA access to patients with advanced liver disease is a poor public health strategy. Successful treatment of HCV infection reduces progression of liver disease and lowers mortality in people with advanced liver disease. Treatment of those with the greatest risk of transmission, such as PWID who may younger and have mild disease, also helps to prevent onward HCV transmission. Also, engagement of PWID in HCV services may provide an opportunity to engage people in health services early in their drug using career.

The presence of restrictions limiting DAA prescribing to specialists [in Europe, 94% of countries require a specialist to prescribe a DAA] is a major barrier to achieving HCV elimination. There is not enough specialist capacity to meet the treatment demand, and many PWID who require treatment are not linked to care in specialist clinics in hospitals. One approach to address this issue is broadened prescribing to allow people to get treatment where they feel most comfortable. In Australia, there are no restrictions based on disease stage or drug use; and primary care providers are eligible to prescribe. In 2016, 32,400 people were treated (~14% of people with chronic HCV), with the proportion of primary care prescribers increasing from 5% to 20%. In low-income (and many middle-income) countries, there are considerable additional system-level barriers, including poor access to health services, and limited access to affordable diagnostics and DAA therapies, which need to be addressed.

DAA reimbursement restrictions in high-income countries are linked to the high price of therapies. The high demand (actual or anticipated) for DAA therapies has led national governments (and payers) to restrict access to reduce the potential impact on healthcare budgets. Nonetheless, there are a number of countries – e.g. Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain – that have negotiated innovative financing agreements with pharmaceutical companies which have enabled some restrictions to be removed based on volume purchasing agreements. Other countries have gained access to affordable DAAs through voluntary licenses allowing the use (through local production or importation) of generic drugs. Unfortunately, many countries remain without access to affordable DAAs, given a high HCV burden and a middle-income status which may make negotiation with drug originators difficult and exclude them from voluntary licenses.

DAA restrictions have led to prioritization of people with advanced liver disease (to reduce risk of complications of HCV-related liver disease at an individual level) in many settings. In order to achieve HCV elimination goals, people who are actively injecting (to reduce the risk of HCV transmission at a population-level) clearly need to be a further priority group. As demonstrated by mathematical modelling, a dual focus on these two groups is required to achieve the WHO elimination targets to reduce both new infections and mortality by 2030. Such prioritization strategies should be built upon a foundation of broad DAA access, which will require negotiations to lower DAA prices (or discounts to list prices) to facilitate removal of restrictions.

Lack of national strategies and government investment to support WHO elimination goals

In 2013, only 37% of WHO member states reported having national viral hepatitis strategies. National viral hepatitis strategies are critical to define national priorities; outline actions; enable the effective and efficient use of resources; allocate clear roles and responsibilities to stakeholders; and enable the measurement of progress. Government investment must accompany national strategies to ensure their successful implementation. As highlighted by the WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, 2016–2021, countries can contribute to the elimination of viral hepatitis as a global public health threat if they act with enough resolve to achieve 2030 targets.

Conclusions

Key recommendations for action to eliminate HCV infection as a global health threat among PWID by 2030: Reforming drug policies – Countries must consider drug policy reforms. This includes the decriminalization of drug use and/or possession, or providing alternatives to imprisonment for PWID; developing policies and laws that decriminalize the use of sterile needles/syringes (thereby permitting NSP); and legalizing OST for people who are opioid-dependent, thereby, reducing incarceration;Scaling up harm reduction services – Governments and funders must improve access to harm reduction services by increasing financial support of harm reduction services and protecting funding for programmes;Making health services accessible for PWID – Health services must be made available, accessible and acceptable to PWID, based on the principles of medical ethics, avoidance of stigma, non-discrimination and the right to health;Supporting community empowerment and community-based programmes – Programmes must implement interventions to enhance community empowerment, in particular for PWID. Governments and funders must also improve access to peer-based and community-based programmes led by and for PWID by increasing financial support and protecting funding for such programmes;Improving access to affordable diagnostics and medicines – Advocates, researchers, healthcare providers, policy makers, and the affected community must work together to negotiate better prices for diagnostics and DAAs and work towards broadened access; andEliminating stigma, discrimination, and violence – Advocates, researchers, healthcare providers and the affected community must work together to eliminate stigma, discrimination and violence against PWID.

Reforming drug policies – Countries must consider drug policy reforms. This includes the decriminalization of drug use and/or possession, or providing alternatives to imprisonment for PWID; developing policies and laws that decriminalize the use of sterile needles/syringes (thereby permitting NSP); and legalizing OST for people who are opioid-dependent, thereby, reducing incarceration;

Scaling up harm reduction services – Governments and funders must improve access to harm reduction services by increasing financial support of harm reduction services and protecting funding for programmes;

Making health services accessible for PWID – Health services must be made available, accessible and acceptable to PWID, based on the principles of medical ethics, avoidance of stigma, non-discrimination and the right to health;

Supporting community empowerment and community-based programmes – Programmes must implement interventions to enhance community empowerment, in particular for PWID. Governments and funders must also improve access to peer-based and community-based programmes led by and for PWID by increasing financial support and protecting funding for such programmes;

Improving access to affordable diagnostics and medicines – Advocates, researchers, healthcare providers, policy makers, and the affected community must work together to negotiate better prices for diagnostics and DAAs and work towards broadened access; and

Eliminating stigma, discrimination, and violence – Advocates, researchers, healthcare providers and the affected community must work together to eliminate stigma, discrimination and violence against PWID.

The ambitious targets for HCV elimination set by WHO are achievable in many countries globally, but will require researchers, healthcare providers, policy makers, the affected community, advocates, the pharmaceutical and diagnostics industries, and governments around the world to work together to make this happen.

References 124

  1. 1.

    Stanaway JD, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Fitzmaurice C, Vos T, Abubakar I, et al The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1081–8.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30579-7

  2. 2.

    Nelson PK, Mathers BM, Cowie B, Hagan H, Des Jarlais D, Horyniak D, et al Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews. Lancet. 2011;378(9791):571–83.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61097-0

  3. 3.

    Morris MD, Shiboski S, Bruneau J, Hahn JA, Hellard M, Prins M, et al Geographic differences in temporal incidence trends of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs: the InC3 collaboration. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(7):860–69.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciw869

  4. 4.
    Hepatitis C Virus Infection Epidemiology among People Who Inject Drugs in Europe: A Systematic Review of Data for Scaling Up Treatment and Prevention · 2014
    No notice
  5. 5.

    Hagan H, Pouget ER, Des Jarlais DC, Lelutiu-Weinberger C. Meta-regression of hepatitis C virus infection in relation to time since onset of illicit drug injection: the influence of time and place. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(10):1099–109.

    Not in our library10.1093/aje/kwn237

  6. 6.

    Page K, Morris MD, Hahn JA, Maher L, Prins M Injection drug use and hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injectors: using evidence to inform comprehensive prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(Suppl 2):S32–8.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cit300

  7. 7.

    Platt L, Easterbrook P, Gower E, McDonald B, Sabin K, McGowan C, et al Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(7):797–808.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00485-5

  8. 8.

    Larney S, Grebely J, Hickman M, De Angelis D, Dore GJ, Degenhardt L Defining populations and injecting parameters among people who inject drugs: implications for the assessment of hepatitis C treatment programs. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(10):950–57.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.010

  9. 9.

    Saraswat V, Norris S, de Knegt RJ, Sanchez Avila JF, Sonderup M, Zuckerman E, et al Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in select countries - volume 2. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2015;22(Suppl 1):6–25.

    Not in our library10.1111/jvh.12350

  10. 10.

    Liakina V, Hamid S, Tanaka J, Olafsson S, Sharara AI, Alavian SM, et al Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in select countries - volume 3. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2015;22(Suppl 4):4–20.

    Not in our library10.1111/jvh.12475

  11. 11.

    Bruggmann P, Berg T, Ovrehus AL, Moreno C, Brandao Mello CE, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21(Suppl 1):5–33.

    Not in our library10.1111/jvh.12247

  12. 12.

    Lazarus JV, Sperle I, Spina A, Rockstroh JK Are the testing needs of key European populations affected by hepatitis B and hepatitis C being addressed? A scoping review of testing studies in Europe. Croat Med J. 2016;57(5):442–56.

    Not in our library10.3325/cmj.2016.57.442

  13. 13.

    Alavi M, Raffa JD, Deans GD, Lai C, Krajden M, Dore GJ, et al Continued low uptake of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a large community-based cohort of inner city residents. Liver Int. 2014;34(8):1198–206.

    Not in our library10.1111/liv.12370

  14. 14.

    Iversen J, Grebely J, Topp L, Wand H, Dore G, Maher L Uptake of hepatitis C treatment among people who inject drugs attending needle and syringe programs in Australia, 1999-2011. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21(3):198–207.

    Not in our library10.1111/jvh.12129

  15. 15.

    Dore GJ, Feld JJ Hepatitis C virus therapeutic development: in pursuit of “perfectovir”. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(12):1829–36.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/civ197

  16. 16.

    Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, Fried MW, Segal JB, Sulkowski MS Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(9):637–48.

    Not in our library10.7326/m16-2575

  17. 17.

    WHO Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016-2021. 2017 Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf?ua=1

    Not in our library

  18. 18.

    The Polaris Observatory Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastro Hepatol. 2017;2(3):161–66.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30181-9

  19. 19.

    WHO Global hepatitis report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

    Not in our library

  20. 20.

    Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Dore GJ Epidemiology and natural history of HCV infection. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(9):553–62.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrgastro.2013.107

  21. 21.

    Roy E, Boudreau JF, Boivin JF Hepatitis C virus incidence among young street-involved IDUs in relation to injection experience. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;102(1–3):158–61.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.006

  22. 22.

    Alavi M, Law MG, Grebely J, Thein HH, Walter S, Amin J, et al Lower life expectancy among people with an HCV notification: a population-based linkage study. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21(6):e10–8.

    Not in our library10.1111/jvh.12245

  23. 23.

    Deans GD, Raffa JD, Lai C, Fischer B, Krajden M, Amin J, et al Mortality in a large community-based cohort of inner-city residents in Vancouver, Canada. CMAJ Open. 2013;1(2):E68–76.

    Not in our library10.9778/cmajo.20130002

  24. 24.

    Grebely J, Raffa JD, Lai C, Kerr T, Fischer B, Krajden M, et al Impact of hepatitis C virus infection on all-cause and liver-related mortality in a large community-based cohort of inner city residents. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(1):32–41.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01279.x

  25. 25.

    Thein HH, Yi Q, Dore GJ, Krahn MD Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected individuals and the impact of HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis. AIDS. 2008;22(15):1979–91.

    Not in our library10.1097/qad.0b013e32830e6d51

  26. 26.

    Kirk GD, Mehta SH, Astemborski J, Galai N, Washington J, Higgins Y, et al HIV, age, and the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(9):658–66.

    Not in our library10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00604

  27. 27.

    Cepeda JA, Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Sulkowski MS, Kirk GD, Mehta SH Increased mortality among persons with chronic hepatitis C with moderate or severe liver disease: a cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:235–43.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cix207

  28. 28.

    Mehta SH, McFall AM, Srikrishnan AK, Kumar MS, Nandagopal P, Cepeda J, et al Morbidity and mortality among community-based people who inject drugs with a high hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus burden in Chennai, India. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(3):ofw121.

    Not in our library10.1093/ofid/ofw121

  29. 29.

    Hayashi K, Milloy MJ, Wood E, Dong H, Montaner JS, Kerr T Predictors of liver-related death among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada: a 15-year prospective cohort study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17:19296.

    Not in our library10.7448/ias.17.1.19296

  30. 30.

    Degenhardt L, Charlson F, Stanaway J, Larney S, Alexander LT, Hickman M, et al Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(12):1385–98.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30325-5

  31. 31.

    Williams R, Aspinall R, Bellis M, Camps-Walsh G, Cramp M, Dhawan A, et al Addressing liver disease in the UK: a blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis. Lancet. 2014;384(9958):1953–97.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61838-9

  32. 32.

    Martin NK, Vickerman P, Miners A, Foster GR, Hutchinson SJ, Goldberg DJ, et al Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus antiviral treatment for injection drug user populations. Hepatology. 2012;55(1):49–57.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.24656

  33. 33.
    Prioritization of HCV treatment in the direct-acting antiviral era: An economic evaluation · 2016
    No notice
  34. 34.

    Younossi Z, Henry L Systematic review: patient-reported outcomes in chronic hepatitis C–the impact of liver disease and new treatment regimens. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41(6):497–520.

    Not in our library10.1111/apt.13090

  35. 35.

    Grebely J, Dore GJ What is killing people with hepatitis C virus infection? Semin Liver Dis. 2011;31(4):331–39.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-0031-1297922

  36. 36.

    van der Meer AJ, Wedemeyer H, Feld JJ, Dufour JF, Zeuzem S, Hansen BE, et al Life expectancy in patients with chronic HCV infection and cirrhosis compared with a general population. JAMA. 2014;312(18):1927–28.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2014.12627

  37. 37.

    Afdhal NH, Serfaty L Effect of registries and cohort studies on HCV treatment. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(3):387–90.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.024

  38. 38.

    Grebely J, Puoti M, Wedemeyer H, Cooper CS, Sulkowski MS, Foster GF, et al Safety and efficacy of ombitasvir, paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin in chronic hepati ti s C patients receiving opioid substitution therapy: a pooled analysis across 12 clinical trials. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S514.

    Not in our library

  39. 39.

    Grebely J, Dore GJ, Zeuzem S, Aspinall RJ, Fox R, Han L, et al Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection receiving opioid substitution therapy: analysis of phase 3 ASTRAL trials. Clini Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 1;63(11):1479–81.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciw579

  40. 40.

    Grebely J, Mauss S, Brown A, Bronowicki JP, Puoti M, Wyles D, et al Efficacy and safety of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with and without ribavirin in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection receiving opioid substitution therapy: analysis of phase 3 ION trials. Clini Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 1;63(11):1405-11.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciw580

  41. 41.

    Grebely J, Jacobson IM, Kayali Z, Verna EC, Shiffman ML, Hyland RH, et al SOF/VEL/VOX for 8 or 12 weeks is well tolerated and results in high SVR12 rates in patients receiving opioid substitution therapy. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S513.

    Not in our library

  42. 42.

    Dore GJ, Altice F, Litwin AH, Dalgard O, Gane EJ, Shibolet O, et al Elbasvir/grazoprevir to treat HCV infection in persons receiving opioid agonist therapy: a randomized controlled trial (C-EDGE CO-STAR). Ann Intern Med. 2016 Nov 1;165(9):625–34. DOI:..

    Not in our library10.7326/m16-0816

  43. 43.

    Christensen S, Schober A, Mauss S, Busch HW, Günther R, Teuber G, et al DAA-treatment of HCV-infected patients on Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST): does the clinical setting matter? Data from the German Hepatitis C-Registry (DHC-R). Hepatology. 2016;64(S1):982A–3A.

    Not in our library

  44. 44.

    Schutz A, Moser S, Marchart K, Haltmayer H, Gschwantler M Direct observed therapy of chronic hepatitis C with interferon-free all-oral regimens at a low-threshold drug treatment facility-a new concept for treatment of patients with borderline compliance receiving opioid substitution therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(6):903–05.

    Not in our library10.1038/ajg.2016.119

  45. 45.

    Scherz N, Brunner N, Bruggmann P Direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C in patient in opioid substitution treatment and heroin assisted treatment: real-life data. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S726.

    Not in our library

  46. 46.

    Dillon J, Mauss S, Nalpas C, Bicer C, Schlag M, Lonjon-Domanec I, et al Efficacyand safety of Simeprevir-containing hepatitis C therapy in patients on opiate substitution therapy. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S520.

    Not in our library

  47. 47.

    Boyle A, Marra F, Fox R, Morris J, Fleming C, Reilly E, et al Partial directly observed therapy with ombitasvir/paritaprevir based regimens allows for successful treatment of patients on daily supervised methadone. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S282.

    Not in our library

  48. 48.

    Norton BL, Fleming J, Steinman M, Yu K, Deluca J, Co C, et al, editors. High HCV cure rates for drug users treated with DAAs at an urban primary care clinic. Abstract presented at: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2016 2 22-24; Boston (MA).

    Not in our library

  49. 49.

    Conway B, Raycraft T, Bhutani Y, Kiani G, Shahi R, Singh A, et al Efficacy of all-oral HCV therapy in people who inject drugs. Hepatology. 2016;64(S1):990A.26705089

    Not in our library

  50. 50.

    Morris L, Smirnov A, Kvassay A, Leslie E, Kavanagh R, Alexander N, et al Initial outcomes of integrated community-based hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs: findings from the Queensland injectors’ health network. Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Jun 27. pii: S0955-3959(17)30160-3. DOI:.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.056

  51. 51.

    Mason K, Dodd Z, Guyton M, Tookey P, Lettner B, Matelski J, et al Understanding real-world adherence in the directly acting antiviral era: a prospective evaluation of adherence amongst people with a history of drug use at a community-based program in Toronto, Canada. Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Jun 12. pii: S0955-3959(17)30129-9. DOI:.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.025

  52. 52.

    Read P, Lothian R, Chronister K, Gilliver R, Kearley J, Dore GJ, et al Delivering direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C to highly marginalised and current drug injecting populations in a targeted primary health care setting. Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Jun 4. pii: S0955-3959(17)30136-6. DOI:.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.032

  53. 53.

    Sulkowski M, Ward K, Falade-Nwulia O, Moon J, Sutcliffe C, Brinkley S, et al Randomized controlled trial of cash incentives or peer mentors to improve HCV linkage and treatment among HIV/HCV coinfected persons who inject drugs: the CHAMPS study. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S719.

    Not in our library

  54. 54.

    Litwin AH, Agyemang L, Akiyama M, Norton BL, Ning Y, Heo M, et al The PREVAIL study: intensive models of HCV care for people who inject drugs. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S72.

    Not in our library

  55. 55.

    Bouscaillou J, Kikvidze T, Butsashvili M, Labartkava K, Inaridze I, Etienne A, et al Effectiveness of DAA-based treatment of HCV in active people who inject drugs living in middle income countries (MIC): the results of a prospective cohort study in Tbilisi, Georgia. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S409.

    Not in our library

  56. 56.

    Boglione L, Mornese Pinna S, De Nicolo A, Cusato J, Cariti G, Di Perri G, et al Treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents of hepatitis C virus infection in injecting drug users: a prospective study. J Viral Hepat. 2017.

    Not in our library10.1111/jvh.12711

  57. 57.

    Grebely J, Dalgard O, Conway B, Cunningham E, Bruggmann P, Hajarizadeh B, et al Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in people with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and recent injecting drug use: the SIMPLIFY study. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S513.

    Not in our library

  58. 58.

    Cunningham EB, Applegate TL, Lloyd AR, Dore GJ, Grebely J Mixed HCV infection and reinfection in people who inject drugs–impact on therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(4):218–30.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrgastro.2015.36

  59. 59.

    Aspinall EJ, Corson S, Doyle JS, Grebely J, Hutchinson SJ, Dore GJ, et al Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who are actively injecting drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clini Infect Dis. 2013;57(Suppl 2):S80–9.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cit306

  60. 60.

    Simmons B, Saleem J, Hill A, Riley RD, Cooke GS Risk of late relapse or reinfection with hepatitis C virus after achieving a sustained virological response: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clini Infect Dis. 2016;62(6):683–94.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/civ948

  61. 61.

    Midgard H, Bjoro B, Maeland A, Konopski Z, Kileng H, Damas JK, et al Hepatitis C reinfection after sustained virological response. J Hepatol. 2016;64(5):1020–26.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.001

  62. 62.

    Weir A, McLeod A, Innes H, Valerio H, Aspinall EJ, Goldberg DJ, et al Hepatitis C reinfection following treatment induced viral clearance among people who have injected drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;165:53–60.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.012

  63. 63.

    Pineda JA, Nunez-Torres R, Tellez F, Mancebo M, Garcia F, Merchante N, et al Hepatitis C virus reinfection after sustained virological response in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect. 2015;71(5):571–77.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jinf.2015.07.006

  64. 64.

    Young J, Rossi C, Gill J, Walmsley S, Cooper C, Cox J, et al Risk factors for hepatitis C virus reinfection after sustained virologic response in patients co-infected with HIV. Clini Infect Dis. 2017;64:1154–62.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cix126

  65. 65.

    Dore GJ, Grebely J, Altice F, Litwin AH, Dalgard O, Gane EJ, et al HCV reinfection and injecting risk behavior following elbasvir/grazoprevir treatment in patients on opioid agonist therapy: co-STAR three year follow-up study. Hepatology. 2016;64(S1):431A.

    Not in our library

  66. 66.

    Scott N, McBryde ES, Thompson A, Doyle JS, Hellard ME Treatment scale-up to achieve global HCV incidence and mortality elimination targets: a cost-effectiveness model. Gut. 2017 Aug;66(8):1507–15. DOI:.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311504

  67. 67.
    Hepatitis C virus treatment for prevention among people who inject drugs: Modeling treatment scale-up in the age of direct-acting antivirals · 2013
    No notice
  68. 68.
    Combination Interventions to Prevent HCV Transmission Among People Who Inject Drugs: Modeling the Impact of Antiviral Treatment, Needle and Syringe Programs, and Opiate Substitution Therapy · 2013
    No notice
  69. 69.

    European Union HCVC Hepatitis C virus prevalence and level of intervention required to achieve the WHO targets for elimination in the European Union by 2030: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(5):325–36.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30045-6

  70. 70.

    Martin NK, Vickerman P, Foster GR, Hutchinson SJ, Goldberg DJ, Hickman M Can antiviral therapy for hepatitis C reduce the prevalence of HCV among injecting drug user populations? A modeling analysis of its prevention utility. J Hepatol. 2011;54(6):1137–44.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.029

  71. 71.

    de Vos AS, Prins M, Kretzschmar ME Hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention among injecting drug users: who should we cure first? Addiction. 2015;110:975–83.

    Not in our library10.1111/add.12842

  72. 72.

    Hellard M, Rolls DA, Sacks-Davis R, Robins G, Pattison P, Higgs P, et al The impact of injecting networks on hepatitis C transmission and treatment in people who inject drugs. Hepatology. 2014;60(6):1861–70.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.27403

  73. 73.

    Lima VD, Rozada I, Grebely J, Hull M, Lourenco L, Nosyk B, et al Are interferon-free direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of HCV enough to control the epidemic among people who inject drugs? PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143836.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0143836

  74. 74.

    Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD002209 DOI:.

    Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd002209.pub29

  75. 75.

    Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 6;(2):CD002207. DOI:.

    Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd002207.pub4

  76. 76.

    Grebely J, Robaeys G, Bruggmann P, Aghemo A, Backmund M, Bruneau J, et al Recommendations for the management of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(10):1028–38.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.005

  77. 77.

    Nolan S, Dias Lima V, Fairbairn N, Kerr T, Montaner J, Grebely J, et al The impact of methadone maintenance therapy on hepatitis C incidence among illicit drug users. Addiction. 2014;109(12):2053–59.

    Not in our library10.1111/add.12682

  78. 78.

    Aspinall EJ, Weir A, Sacks-Davis R, Spelman T, Grebely J, Higgs P, et al Does informing people who inject drugs of their hepatitis C status influence their injecting behaviour? Analysis of the networks II study. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(1):179–82.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.005

  79. 79.

    White B, Dore GJ, Lloyd AR, Rawlinson WD, Maher L Opioid substitution therapy protects against hepatitis C virus acquisition in people who inject drugs: the HITS-c study. Med J Aust. 2014;201(6):326–29.

    Not in our library10.5694/mja13.00153

  80. 80.

    Tsui JI, Evans JL, Lum PJ, Hahn JA, Page K Association of opioid agonist therapy with lower incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1974–81.

    Not in our library10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5416

  81. 81.

    MacArthur GJ, van Velzen E, Palmateer N, Kimber J, Pharris A, Hope V, et al Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(1):34–52.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.07.001

  82. 82.

    Degenhardt L, Mathers B, Vickerman P, Rhodes T, Latkin C, Hickman M Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed. Lancet. 2010;376(9737):285–301.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60742-8

  83. 83.

    Hagan H, Pouget ER, Des Jarlais DC A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to prevent hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(1):74–83.

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/jir196

  84. 84.

    Turner KM, Hutchinson S, Vickerman P, Hope V, Craine N, Palmateer N, et al The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction. 2011;106(11):1978–88.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03515.x

  85. 85.

    van den Berg CH, Smit C, Bakker M, Geskus RB, Berkhout B, Jurriaans S, et al Major decline of hepatitis C virus incidence rate over two decades in a cohort of drug users. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22(3):183–93.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10654-006-9089-7

  86. 86.

    Platt L, Reed J, Minozzi S, Vickerman P, Hagan H, French C, et al Effectiveness of needle/syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy in preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(1). pii: CD012021.

    Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd012021

  87. 87.

    Aspinall EJ, Nambiar D, Goldberg DJ, Hickman M, Weir A, Van Velzen E, et al Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):235–48.

    Not in our library10.1093/ije/dyt243

  88. 88.

    Wilson DP, Donald B, Shattock AJ, Wilson D, Fraser-Hurt N The cost-effectiveness of harm reduction. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(Suppl 1):S5–11.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.11.007

  89. 89.

    HRI Global state of harm reduction 2016. London: Harm Reduction International; 2016.

    Not in our library

  90. 90.

    WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users - 2012 revision. Geneva; 2013.

    Not in our library

  91. 91.

    DeBeck K, Cheng T, Montaner JS, Beyrer C, Elliott R, Sherman S, et al HIV and the criminalisation of drug use among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet HIV. 2017 May 12. pii: S2352-3018(17)30073-5. DOI:.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2352-3018(17)30073-5

  92. 92.

    Bruggmann P, Prevention GJ treatment and care of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(Suppl 1):S22–6.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.08.014

  93. 93.

    Wood E, Werb D, Kazatchkine M, Kerr T, Hankins C, Gorna R, et al Vienna declaration: a call for evidence-based drug policies. Lancet. 2010;376(9738):310–12.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60958-0

  94. 94.

    Wolfe D, Carrieri MP, Shepard D Treatment and care for injecting drug users with HIV infection: a review of barriers and ways forward. Lancet. 2010;376(9738):355–66.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60832-x

  95. 95.

    Csete J, Kamarulzaman A, Kazatchkine M, Altice F, Balicki M, Buxton J, et al Public health and international drug policy. Lancet. 2016;387(10026):1427–80.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00619-x

  96. 96.

    Larney S, Kopinski H, Beckwith CG, Zaller ND, Jarlais DD, Hagan H, et al Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C in prisons and other closed settings: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2013;58(4):1215–24.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.26387

  97. 97.

    Cunningham EB, Hajarizadeh B, Bretana NA, Amin J, Betz-Stablein B, Dore GJ, et al Ongoing incident hepatitis C virus infection among people with a history of injecting drug use in an Australian prison setting, 2005-2014: the HITS-p study. J Viral Hepat. 2017 Mar 3. DOI:.

    Not in our library10.1111/jvh.12701

  98. 98.

    Champion JK, Taylor A, Hutchinson S, Cameron S, McMenamin J, Mitchell A, et al Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection and associated risk factors among Scottish prison inmates: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(5):514–19.

    Not in our library10.1093/aje/kwh061

  99. 99.

    Dolan K, Wirtz AL, Moazen B, Ndeffo-Mbah M, Galvani A, Kinner SA, et al Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees. Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1089–102.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30466-4

  100. 100.

    Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Phillips B, Wiessing L, Hickman M, Strathdee SA, et al Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet. 2008;372(9651):1733–45.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61311-2

  101. 101.

    Topp L, Iversen J, Conroy A, Salmon AM, Maher L, Collaboration of Australian N Prevalence and predictors of injecting-related injury and disease among clients of Australia’s needle and syringe programs. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008;32(1):34–7.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1753-6405.2008.00163.x

  102. 102.

    Degenhardt L, Bucello C, Mathers B, Briegleb C, Ali H, Hickman M, et al Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Addiction. 2011;106(1):32–51.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x

  103. 103.

    McCutcheon JM, Morrison MA Injecting on the Island: a qualitative exploration of the service needs of persons who inject drugs in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Harm Reduct J. 2014;11:10.

    Not in our library10.1186/1477-7517-11-10

  104. 104.

    McKnight C, Shumway M, Masson CL, Pouget ER, Jordan AE, Des Jarlais DC, et al Perceived discrimination among racial and ethnic minority drug users and the association with health care utilization. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2017:1–16.

    Not in our library10.1080/15332640.2017.1292418

  105. 105.

    Heath AJ, Kerr T, Ti L, Kaplan K, Suwannawong P, Wood E, et al Healthcare avoidance by people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand. J Public Health. 2016;38(3):e301–e8.

    Not in our library10.1093/pubmed/fdv143

  106. 106.

    Calabrese SK, Burke SE, Dovidio JF, Levina OS, Uuskula A, Niccolai LM, et al Internalized HIV and drug stigmas: interacting forces threatening health status and health service utilization among people with HIV who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(1):85–97.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10461-015-1100-4

  107. 107.

    Terlikbayeva A, Zhussupov B, Primbetova S, Gilbert L, Atabekov N, Giyasova G, et al Access to HIV counseling and testing among people who inject drugs in Central Asia: strategies for improving access and linkages to treatment and care. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(Suppl 1):S61–4.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.007

  108. 108.

    Guise A, Rhodes T, Ndimbii J, Ayon S, Nnaji O Access to HIV treatment and care for people who inject drugs in Kenya: a short report. AIDS Care. 2016;28(12):1595–99.

    Not in our library10.1080/09540121.2016.1191606

  109. 109.
    Hepatitis C treatment access and uptake for people who inject drugs: a review mapping the role of social factors · 2013
    No notice
  110. 110.

    Wilson H, Brener L, Mao L, Treloar C Perceived discrimination and injecting risk among people who inject drugs attending needle and syringe programmes in Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;144:274–78.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.018

  111. 111.

    United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime INoPWUD, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, World Health Organization, United States Agency for International Development Implementing comprehensive HIV and HCV programmes with people who inject drugs: practical guidance for collaborative interventions. 2017 Available from: http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/publications/Implementing_Comprehensive_HIV_and_HCV_Programmes_with_People_Who_Inject_Drugs_PRACTICAL_GUIDANCE_FOR_COLLABORATIVE_INTERVENTIONS.pdf

    Not in our library

  112. 112.

    Bruggmann P, Litwin AH Models of care for the management of hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs: one size does not fit all. Clini Infect Dis. 2013;57(Suppl 2):S56–61.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/cit271

  113. 113.

    Bajis S, Dore GJ, Hajarizadeh B, Cunningham EB, Maher L, Grebely J Interventions to enhance testing, linkage to care and treatment uptake for hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs: A systematic review. Int J Drug Policy. Forthcoming 2017.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.002

  114. 114.

    Grebely J, Page K, Sacks-Davis R, van der Loeff MS, Rice TM, Bruneau J, et al The effects of female sex, viral genotype, and IL28B genotype on spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2014;59(1):109–20.

    Not in our library10.1002/hep.26639

  115. 115.

    Marshall AD, Saeed S, Barrett L, Cooper CL, Treloar C, Bruneau J, et al Restrictions for reimbursement of direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in Canada: a descriptive study. CMAJ Open. 2016;4(4):E605–E14.

    Not in our library10.9778/cmajo.20160008

  116. 116.

    Barua S, Greenwald R, Grebely J, Dore GJ, Swan T, Taylor LE Restrictions for medicaid reimbursement of sofosbuvir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015;163(3):215–23.

    Not in our library10.7326/m15-0406

  117. 117.

    AASLD/IDSA HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C: AASLD/IDSA. 2017 Available from: https://www.hcvguidelines.org/

    Not in our library

  118. 118.

    EASL EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2016. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):153–94.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.001

  119. 119.

    WHO Guidelines for the screening care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis C infection. Geneva: WHO; 2016.

    Not in our library

  120. 120.

    Grebely J, Haire B, Taylor LE, Macneill P, Litwin AH, Swan T, et al Excluding people who use drugs or alcohol from access to hepatitis C treatments - is this fair, given the available data? J Hepatol. 2015;63(4):779–82.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.014

  121. 121.

    Marshall AD, Nielsen S, Cunningham EB, Aghemo A, Alho H, Backmund M, et al Restrictions for reimbursement of interferon-free direct acting antiviral therapies for HCV infection in Europe. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):S95–S6.

    Not in our library10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30284-4

  122. 122.

    Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Matthews GV, Martinello M, Dore GJ The path towards hepatitis C elimination in Australia following universal access to interferon-free treatments. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):S291–S2.

    Not in our library

  123. 123.

    WHO Global policy report on the prevention and control of viral hepatitis. 2013 Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85397/1/9789241564632_eng.pdf

    Not in our library

  124. 124.

    WHO Manual for the development and assessment of national viral hepatitis plans. 2015 Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/183726/1/9789241509350_eng.pdf?ua=1

    Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 1

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.