Skip to content
naulon

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 17, 2026.

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems

RyanF Donnelly, Rahamatullah Shaikh, ThakurRaghu Raj Singh and 2 more

Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · 2011 · Review

doi:10.4103/0975-7406.76478

Abstract

Mucoadhesion is commonly defined as the adhesion between two materials, at least one of which is a mucosal surface. Over the past few decades, mucosal drug delivery has received a great deal of attention. Mucoadhesive dosage forms may be designed to enable prolonged retention at the site of application, providing a controlled rate of drug release for improved therapeutic outcome. Application of dosage forms to mucosal surfaces may be of benefit to drug molecules not amenable to the oral route, such as those that undergo acid degradation or extensive first-pass metabolism. The mucoadhesive ability of a dosage form is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the nature of the mucosal tissue and the physicochemical properties of the polymeric formulation. This review article aims to provide an overview of the various aspects of mucoadhesion, mucoadhesive materials, factors affecting mucoadhesion, evaluating methods, and finally various mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (buccal, nasal, ocular, gastro, vaginal, and rectal).

References 113

  1. 1.

    Good WR. Transdermal nitro-controlled delivery of nitroglycerin via the transdermal route. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1983;9:647-70.

    Not in our library

  2. 2.

    Henriksen I, Green KL, Smart JD, Smistad G, Karlsen J. Bioadhesion of Hydrated Chitosans: An in vitro and in vivo Study. Int J Pharm. 1996;145:231-40.

    Not in our library

  3. 3.

    Leung SH, Robinson JR. The Contribution of anionic polymer structural features related to mucoadhesion. J Control Release. 1988;5:223-31.

    Not in our library

  4. 4.

    Longer MA, Robinson JR. Fundamental aspects of bioadhesion. Pharmacy Int. 1986;7:114-7.

    Not in our library

  5. 5.

    McBain JW, Hopkins DG. On adhesives and adhesive action. J Phys Chem. 1925;29:188-204.

    Not in our library

  6. 6.

    Pritchard WH, Alder D. Aspects of adhesion 6. 1970;II-23.

    Not in our library

  7. 7.

    Wake WC. Adhesion and the Formulation of Adhesives. 1982.

    Not in our library

  8. 8.

    Deraguin BV, Smilga VP. Adhesion: Fundamentals and Practice. 1969.

    Not in our library

  9. 9.

    Jimenez-Castellanos MR, Zia H, Rhodes CT. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1993;19:143-94.

    Not in our library

  10. 10.

    Duchene D, Touchard F, Peppas NA. Pharmaceutical and medical aspects of bioadhesive systems for drug administration. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1988;14:283-18.

    Not in our library

  11. 11.

    Peppas NA, Buri PA. Surface, interfacial and molecular aspects of polymer bioadhesion on soft tissues. J Control Release. 1985;2:257-75.

    Not in our library

  12. 12.

    Reinhart CP, Peppas NA. Solute diffusion in swollen membranes ii. influence of crosslinking on diffusion properties. J Memb Sci. 1984;18:227-39.

    Not in our library

  13. 13.

    Ahuja A, Khar RK, Ali J. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1997;23:489-515.

    Not in our library

  14. 14.

    Huntsberger JR. Mechanisms of adhesion. J Pain Technol. 1967;39:199-211.

    Not in our library

  15. 15.

    Kinloch AJ. The science of adhesion I.Surface and interfacial aspects. J Material Sci. 1980;15:2141.

    Not in our library

  16. 16.

    Yang X, Robinson JR, Okano T. Bioadhesion in Mucosal Drug Delivery. Biorelated Polymers and Gels. 1998.

    Not in our library

  17. 17.

    Gu JM, Robinson JR, Leung SH. Binding of acrylic polymers to mucin/epithelial surfaces: Structure–property relationships. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1988;5:21-67.

    Not in our library

  18. 18.

    Smart JD, Nicholls TJ, Green KL, Rogers DJ, Cook JD. Lectins in Drug Delivery: a study of the acute local irritancy of the lectins from Solanum tuberosum and helix pomatia. Eur J Pharm Sci. 1999;9:93-8.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0928-0987(99)00050-0

  19. 19.

    Naisbett B, Woodley J. The potential use of tomato lectin for oral drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 1994;107:223-30.

    Not in our library

  20. 20.

    Nicholls TJ, Green KL, Rogers DJ, Cook JD, Wolowacz S, Smart JD. Lectins in ocular drug delivery.An investigation of lectin binding sites on the corneal and conjunctival surfaces. Int J Pharm. 1996;138:175-83.

    Not in our library

  21. 21.

    Hornof M, Weyenberg W, Ludwig A, Bernkop-Schnurch A. A mucoadhesive ophthalmic insert based on thiolated poly(acrylic) acid: Development and in vivo evaluation in human volunteers. J Control Release. 2003;89:419-28.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00135-4

  22. 22.

    Albrecht K, Zirm EJ, Palmberger TF, Schlocker W, Bernkop-Schnurch A. Preparation of thiomer microparticles and in vitro evaluation of parameters influencing their mucoadhesive properties. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2006;32:1149-57.

    Not in our library10.1080/03639040600712334

  23. 23.

    Peppas NA, Little MD, Huang Y, Wise DL. Bioadhesive Controlled Release Systems. Handbook of pharmaceutical controlled release technology. 2000;255-69.

    Not in our library

  24. 24.

    Gurny R, Meyer JM, Peppas NA. Bioadhesive intraoral release systems: Design, testing and analysis. Biomaterials. 1984;5:336-40.

    Not in our library10.1016/0142-9612(84)90031-0

  25. 25.

    Gudeman L, Peppas NA. Preparation and characterisation of ph- sensitive, interpenetrating networks of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid). J Appl Polym Sci. 1995;55:919-28.

    Not in our library

  26. 26.

    McCarron PA, Woolfson AD, Donnelly RF, Andrews GP, Zawislak A, Price JH. Influence of plasticiser type and storage conditions on the properties of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) bioadhesive films. J Appl Polym Sci. 2004;91:1576-89.

    Not in our library

  27. 27.

    Park H, Robinson JR. Physicochemical properties of water soluble polymers important to mucin/epithelium adhesion. J Control Release. 1985;2:47-7.

    Not in our library

  28. 28.

    Blanco Fuente H, AnguianoIgea S, OteroEspinar FJ, BlancoMendez J. In-vitro bioadhesion of carbopol hydrogels. Int J Pharm. 1996;142:169-74.

    Not in our library

  29. 29.

    Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Tunney MM, Woolfson AD. Potential of photodynamic therapy in treatment of fungal infections of the mouth.design and characterisation of a mucoadhesive patch containing toluidine Blue O. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2007;86:59-69.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.07.011

  30. 30.

    Smart JD. An in vitro assessment of some mucoadhesive dosage forms. Int J Pharm. 1991;73:69-74.

    Not in our library

  31. 31.

    Kamath KR, Park K, Swarbrick J, Boylan JC. Mucosal Adhesive Preparations. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology. 1992;133.

    Not in our library

  32. 32.

    Lehr CM, Poelma FG. An Estimate of turnover time of intestinal mucus gel layer in the Rat in situ Loop. Int J Pharm. 1991;70:235.

    Not in our library

  33. 33.

    Park K, Park H, Lenaerts V, Gurney R. Test methods of bioadhesion, Bioadhesive drug delivery systems. 1990.

    Not in our library

  34. 34.

    McCarron PA, Donnelly RF, Zawislak A, Woolfson AD, Price JH, McClelland R. Evaluation of a Water-soluble Bioadhesive patch for photodynamic therapy of vulval lesions. Int J Pharm. 2005;293:11-23.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.11.035

  35. 35.

    McCarron PA, Donnelly RF, Zawislak A, Woolfson AD. Design and evaluation of a water-soluble bioadhesive patch formulation for cutaneous delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid to superficial neoplastic lesions. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006;27:268-79.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejps.2005.10.009

  36. 36.

    Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Zawislak AA, Woolfson AD. Design and physicochemical characterisation of a bioadhesive patch for dose-controlled topical delivery of imiquimod. Int J Pharm. 2006;307:318-25.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.023

  37. 37.

    Hassan EE, Gallo JM. A simple rheological method for the in vitro assessment of mucin-polymer bioadhesive bond strength. Pharm Res. 1990;7:491-5.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1015812615635

  38. 38.

    Rossi S, Bonferoni MC, Lippoli G, Bertoni M, Ferrari F, Caramella C, et al. Influence of mucin type on polymer-mucin rheological interactions. Biometerials. 1995;16:1073-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/0142-9612(95)98903-r

  39. 39.

    Hagerstrom H, Paulsson M, Edsman K. Evaluation of mucoadhesion for two polyelectrolyte gels in simulated physiological conditions using a rheological method. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000;9:301-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0928-0987(99)00070-6

  40. 40.

    Rossi S, Ferrari F, Bonferoni MC, Caramella C. Characterization of chitosan hydrochloride--mucin rheological interaction: Influence of polymer concentration and polymer: Mucin weight ratio. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001;12:479-85.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00194-9

  41. 41.

    Hagerstrom H, Edsman K. Limitations of the rheological mucoadhesion method: The effect of the choice of conditions and the rheological synergism parameter Eur J Pharm Sci. 2003;18:349-57.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00037-x

  42. 42.

    Ch’ng HS, Park H, Kelly P, Robinson JR. Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery.II Synthesis and evaluation of some swelling, water-insoluble bioadhesive polymers. J Pharm Sci. 1985;74:399-05.

    Not in our library10.1002/jps.2600740407

  43. 43.

    Davis SS. The design and evaluation of controlled release systems for the gastro-intestinal tract. J Control Release. 1985;2:27-38.

    Not in our library

  44. 44.

    Christian K, Karin A, Melanie G, Christian W, Paul D, Andreas BS. in vivo determination of the time and location of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;26:638-43.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mri.2008.01.004

  45. 45.

    Woolfson AD, McCafferty DF, Moss GP. Development and characterisation of a moisture-activated bioadhesive drug delivery system for percutaneous local anaesthesia. Int J Pharm. 1998;169:83-94.

    Not in our library

  46. 46.

    Salamat-Miller N, Chittchang M, Johnston TP. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:1666-91.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.003

  47. 47.

    Ugwoke MI, Agu RU, Verbeke N, Kinget R. Nasal mucoadhesive drug delivery: Background, applications, trends and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:1640-65.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.009

  48. 48.

    Ludwig A. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:1595-639.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.005

  49. 49.

    Valenta C. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in vaginal delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:1692-712.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.004

  50. 50.

    Edsman K, Hagerstrom H. Pharmaceutical applications of mucoadhesion for the non-oral routes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005;57:3-22.

    Not in our library10.1211/0022357055227

  51. 51.

    Ponchel G, Touchard F, Duchene D, Peppas NA. Bioadhesive analysis of controlled release systems I.Fracture and interpenetration analysis in poly(acrylic acid)-containing systems. J Control Release. 1987;5:129-41.

    Not in our library

  52. 52.

    Nagai T, Konishi R. Buccal/gingival drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 1987;6:353-60.

    Not in our library

  53. 53.

    Sayin B, Somavarapu S, Li XW, Thanou M, Sesardic D, Alpar HO, Senel S. Mono-N-carboxymethyl chitosan (MCC) and N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles for non-invasive vaccine delivery. Int J Pharm. 2008;363:139-48.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.06.029

  54. 54.

    Ango R, Kavimani S, Mullaicharam AR, Jayakar B. in vitro studies on buccal strips of glibenclamide using chitosan. Indian J Pharm Sci. 1997;59:232-5.

    Not in our library

  55. 55.

    Boyapally H, Nukala RK, Bhujbal P, Douroumis D. Controlled release from directly compressible theophylline buccal tablets. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010;77:227-33.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.01.031

  56. 56.

    Petelin M, Pavlica Z, Bizimoska S, Sentjurc M. In vivo study of different ointments for drug delivery into oral mucosa by EPR oximetry. Int J Pharm. 2004;270:83-91.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.030

  57. 57.

    Rossi S, Maricello M, Bonferoni MC, Ferrari F, Sandri G, Dacarro C, et al. Thermally sensitive gels based on chitosan derivatives for the treatment of oral mucositis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;74:248-54.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.10.003

  58. 58.

    Nafee NA, Ismail FA, Boraie NA, Mortada LM. Mucoadhesive buccal patches of miconazole nitrate: in vitro/in vivo performance and effect of ageing. Int J Pharm. 2003;264:1-14.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00371-5

  59. 59.

    Consuelo ID, Falson F, Guy R H, Jacques Y. Ex vivo evaluation of bioadhesive films for buccal delivery of fentanyl. J Control Release. 2007;122:135-40.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.05.017

  60. 60.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

  61. 61.

    Jain AK, Khar RK, Ahmed FJ, Diwan PV. Effective insulin delivery using starch nanoparticles as a potential trans-nasal mucoadhesive carrier. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008;69:426-35.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.12.001

  62. 62.

    Wu J, Wei W, Wang LY, Su ZG, Ma GH. A thermosensitive hydrogel based on quarternized chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol) for nasal drug delivery system. Biomaterials. 2007;28:2220-32.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.12.024

  63. 63.

    Luppi B, Bigucci F, Abruzzo A, Corace G, Cerchia T, Zecchi V. Freeze dried chitosan/pectin nasal inserts for antipsychotic drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;75:381-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.04.013

  64. 64.

    Hornof M, Weyenberg W, Ludwig A, Bernkop-Schnurch A. Mucoadhesive ocular insert based on thiolated poly(acrylic acid): Development and in vivo evaluation in humans. J Control Release. 2003;89:419-28.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00135-4

  65. 65.

    Grezeskowiak E. Biopharmaceutical availability of sulphadicramide from ocular ointments in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci. 1998;6:247-53.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0928-0987(97)10006-9

  66. 66.

    Qi H, Chen W, Huang C, Li L, Chen C, Li W, et al. Development of a poloxamer analogs / carbopol based in situ gelling and mucoadhesive ophthalmic delivery system for puerain. Int j pharm. 2007;337:178-87.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.038

  67. 67.

    Jain D, Carvalho E, Banerjee R. Biodegradable hybrid polymeric membranes for ocular drug delivery. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:1370-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.001

  68. 68.

    Lux A, Maier S, Dinslay S, Suverkrup R, Diestelhorst M. A comparative bioavailability study of three conventional eye drops versus a single lyophilisate. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:436-40.

    Not in our library10.1136/bjo.87.4.436

  69. 69.

    Perioli L, Ambrogi V, Pagano C, Sw S, Rossi C. Fg90 Chitosan as a new polymer for metronidazole mucoadhesive tablets for vaginal administration. Int J Pharm. 2009;337:120-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.016

  70. 70.

    Khanna N, Dalby R, Tan M, Arnold S, Stern J, Frazer N. Phase I/II clinical safety studies of terameprocol vaginal ointment. Gyn Oncol. 2007;107:554-62.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.08.074

  71. 71.

    Kim Yt, Shin BK, Garripelli VK, Kim JK, Davaa E, et al. a Thermosensitive vaginal gel formulation with hpucd for the ph dependent release and solubilsation of amphotericin b. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010;9:399-406.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejps.2010.07.009

  72. 72.

    Yoo JW, Dharmala K, Lee CH. The physicodynamic properties of mucoadhesive polymeric films developed as female controlled drug delivery system. Int J Pharm. 2006;309:139-45.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.020

  73. 73.

    Yahagi R, Machida Y, Onishi H. Mucoadhesive suppositories of ramosetron hydrochloride utilizing carbopol. Int J Pharm. 2000;193:205-12.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00338-5

  74. 74.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

  75. 75.

    Koffi AA, Agnely F, Ponchel G, Grossiord JL. Modulation of the rheological and mucoadhesive properties of thermosensitive poloxamer-based hydrogels intended for the rectal administration of quinine. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006;27:328-35.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejps.2005.11.001

  76. 76.

    Leede LG, Boer AG, Portzgen E, Feijen J, Breimer DD. Rate controlled rectal drug delivery in man with a hydrogel preparation. J Control Release. 1986;4:17-24.

    Not in our library

  77. 77.

    Anders R, Merkle HP. Evaluation of laminated mucoadhesive patches for buccal drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 1989;49:231-40.

    Not in our library

  78. 78.

    Woolfson AD, McCafferty DF, McCallion CR, McAdams ET, Anderson J. Moisture-activated, electrically-conducting bioadhesive hydrogels as interfaces for bio-electrodes: Effect of film hydration on cutaneous adherence in wet environments. J Appl Polym Sci. 1995;58:1291-6.

    Not in our library

  79. 79.

    Leung SHS, Robinson JA. Polyanionic polymers in bioadhesive and mucoadhesive drug delivery. ACS Symposium Series. 1992;480:269-84.

    Not in our library

  80. 80.

    Shojaei AH, Berner B, Xiaoling L. Transbuccal delivery of acyclovir: I.in vitro determination of routes of buccal transport. Pharm Res. 1998;15:1182-8.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1011927521627

  81. 81.

    Al-Achi A, Greenwood R. Buccal administration of human insulin in streptozocin-diabetic rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1993;82:297-306.

    Not in our library

  82. 82.

    Bouckaert S, Remon JP. In-vitro bioadhesion of a buccal, miconazole slow-release tablet. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993;45:504-7.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05588.x

  83. 83.

    Perioli L, Ambrogi V, Giovagnoli S, Blasi P, Mancini A, Ricci M, et al. Influence of compression force on the behaviour of mucoadhesive buccal tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2008;9:274-81.

    Not in our library10.1208/s12249-007-9029-1

  84. 84.

    Shemer A, Amichai B, Trau H, Nathansohn N, Mizrahi B, Domb AJ. Efficacy of a mucoadhesive patch compared with an oral solution for treatment of aphthous stomatitis. Drugs R D. 2008;9:29-35.

    Not in our library10.2165/00126839-200809010-00003

  85. 85.

    Medlicott NJ, Rathbone MJ, Tucker IJ, Holborow DW. Delivery systems for the administration of drugs to the periodontal pocket. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1994;13:181-203.

    Not in our library

  86. 86.

    Mizrahi B, Domb AJ. Mucoadhesive polymers for delivery of drugs to the oral cavity. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2008;2:108-19.

    Not in our library10.2174/187221108784534126

  87. 87.

    Andrews GP, Jones DS, Redpath JM, Woolfson AD. Characterisation of protein-containing binary polymeric gel systems designed for the treatment of periodontal disease. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004;56:S71-2.

    Not in our library

  88. 88.

    Jones DS, Bruschi ML, de Freitas O, Gremiao MP, Lara EH, Andrews GP. Rheological, mechanical and mucoadhesive properties of thermoresponsive, bioadhesive binary mixtures composed of poloxamer 407 and carbopol 974P designed as platforms for implantable drug delivery systems for use in the oral cavity. Int J Pharm. 2009;372:49-58.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.01.006

  89. 89.

    3M, 3M buccal drug delivery system [UKICRS Newsletter. 1998.

    Not in our library

  90. 90.

    Modi P, Mihic M, Lewin A. Evolving role of oral insulin in the treatment of diabetes using a novel rapidmist system. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002;18:38-42.

    Not in our library10.1002/dmrr.208

  91. 91.

    Nagai T, Machida Y, Lenaerts V, Gurney R. Bioadhesive dosage forms for nasal administration, Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems. Florida. 1990.

    Not in our library

  92. 92.

    McInnes FJ, O’Mahony B, Lindsay B, Band J, Wilson CG, Hodges LA, et al. Nasal residence of insulin containing lyophilised nasal insert formulations, using gamma scintigraphy. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2007;31:25-31.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejps.2007.02.002

  93. 93.

    Coucke D, Schotsaert M, Libert C, Pringels E, Vervaet C, Foreman P, et al. Spray-dried powders of starch and crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) as carriers for nasal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine. Vaccine. 2009;27:1279-86.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.013

  94. 94.

    Kharenko EA, Larionova NI, Demina NB. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (Review) 43, 4, Pharm Chem. 2009;43:200.

    Not in our library

  95. 95.

    Pavis H, Wilcock A, Edgecombe J, Carr D, Manderson C, Church A, et al. Pilot study of nasal morphinechitosan for the relief of breakthrough pain in patients with cancer. J Pain Symp Manag. 2002;24:598-602.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00522-5

  96. 96.

    Tzachev CT, Mandajieva M, Minkov EH, Popov TA. Comparison of the clinical efficacy of standard and mucoadhesive- based nasal decongestants. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;53:107-9.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01525.x

  97. 97.

    Sensoy D, Cevher E, Sarici A, Yilmaz M, Ozdamar A, Bergisadi N. Bioadhesive sulfacetamide sodium microspheres: Evaluation of their effectiveness in the treatment of bacterial keratitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a rabbit model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;72:487-95.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.02.006

  98. 98.

    de la Fuente M, Seijo B, Alonso MJ. Bioadhesive hyaluronan-chitosan nanoparticles can transport genes across the ocular mucosa and transfect ocular tissue. Gene Therapy. 2009;15:668-76.

    Not in our library10.1038/gt.2008.16

  99. 99.

    Baeyens V, Felt-Baeyens O, Rougier S, Pheulpin S, Boisrame B, Gurnya R. Clinical evaluation of bioadhesive ophthalmic drug inserts (BODI®) for the treatment of external ocular infections in dogs. J Control Release. 2002;85:163-8.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00284-5

  100. 100.

    Batchelor H. Formulation strategies in mucosal-adhesive drug delivery CRS Newsletter. 2005;22:4-5.

    Not in our library

  101. 101.

    Robinson JR, Bologna WJ. Vaginal and reproductive- system treatments using a bioadhesive polymer. J Control Release. 1994;28:87-94.

    Not in our library

  102. 102.

    O’Hagan DT, Rafferty D, Wharton S, Illum L. Intravaginal immunization in sheep using a bioadhesive microsphere antigen delivery system. Vaccine. 1993;11:660-4.

    Not in our library10.1016/0264-410x(93)90313-m

  103. 103.

    Bonucci E, Ballanti P, Ramires PA, Richardson JL, Benedetti LM. Prevention of ovariectomy osteopenia in rats after vaginal administration of Hyaff 11 microspheres containing salmon calcitonin. Calcif Tissue Intl. 1995;56:274-9.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf00318046

  104. 104.

    Alam MA, Ahmad FJ, Khan ZI, Khar RK, Ali M. Development and evaluation of acid-buffering bioadhesive vaginal Tablet for Mixed vaginal Infections. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007;8:109.

    Not in our library10.1208/pt0801015

  105. 105.

    Cevher E, Taha MA, Orlu M, Araman A. Evaluation of mechanical and mucoadhesive properties of clomiphene citrate gel formulations containing carbomers and their thiolated derivatives. Drug Deliv. 2008;15:57-67.

    Not in our library10.1080/10717540701829234

  106. 106.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

  107. 107.

    Francois M, Snoeckx E, Putteman P, Wouters F, Proost E De, Delaet U, et al. A mucoadhesive, cyclodextrin-based vaginal cream formulation of itraconazole. AAPS PharmSci. 2003;5:E5.

    Not in our library10.1208/ps050105

  108. 108.

    Kim JK, Kim MS, Park JS, Kim CK. Thermo-reversible flurbiprofen liquid suppository with HP-beta-CD as a solubility enhancer: Improvement of rectal bioavailability. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem. 2009;64:265-72.

    Not in our library

  109. 109.

    Woolfson AD, McCafferty DF, McCarron PA, Price JH. A Bioadhesive patch cervical drug delivery system for the administration of 5-fluorouracil to cervical tissue. J Control Release. 1995;35:49-58.

    Not in our library

  110. 110.

    Woolfson AD, McCafferty DF, Moss GP. Development and characterisation of a moisture-activated bioadhesive drug delivery system for percutaneous local anaesthesia. Int J Pharm. 1998;169:83-94.

    Not in our library

  111. 111.

    Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Zawislak A, Woolfson AD, Verlag M. Photodynamic therapy of vulval neoplasias and dysplasias: Design and evaluation of bioadhesive photosensitiser delivery systems. 2009;78-400.

    Not in our library

  112. 112.

    Ahmed IS, Ayres JW. Bioavailability of riboflavin from a gastric retention formulation. Int J Pharm. 2007;330:146-54.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.021

  113. 113.

    Salman HH, Gamazo C, Agueros M, Irache JM. Bioadhesive capacity and immunoadjuvant properties of thiamine-coated nanoparticles. Vaccine. 2007;48:8123-32.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.044

Cited by papers we hold 6

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.