Physical Activity and Sports—Real Health Benefits: A Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden

Abstract

Positive effects from sports are achieved primarily through physical activity, but secondary effects bring health benefits such as psychosocial and personal development and less alcohol consumption. Negative effects, such as the risk of failure, injuries, eating disorders, and burnout, are also apparent. Because physical activity is increasingly conducted in an organized manner, sport’s role in society has become increasingly important over the years, not only for the individual but also for public health. In this paper, we intend to describe sport’s physiological and psychosocial health benefits, stemming both from physical activity and from sport participation per se. This narrative review summarizes research and presents health-related data from Swedish authorities. It is discussed that our daily lives are becoming less physically active, while organized exercise and training increases. Average energy intake is increasing, creating an energy surplus, and thus, we are seeing an increasing number of people who are overweight, which is a strong contributor to health problems. Physical activity and exercise have significant positive effects in preventing or alleviating mental illness, including depressive symptoms and anxiety- or stress-related disease. In conclusion, sports can be evolving, if personal capacities, social situation, and biological and psychological maturation are taken into account. Evidence suggests a dose–response relationship such that being active, even to a modest level, is superior to being inactive or sedentary. Recommendations for healthy sports are summarized.

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     Not in our library10.1055/s-0035-1565237

199. 199.

     Lepers R., Stapley P.J. Master Athletes Are Extending the Limits of Human Endurance. Front. Physiol. 2016;7:613.

     Not in our library10.3389/fphys.2016.00613

200. 200.

     Parkkari J., Natri A., Kannus P., Manttari A., Laukkanen R., Haapasalo H., Nenonen A., Pasanen M., Oja P., Vuori I. A controlled trial of the health benefits of regular walking on a golf course. Am. J. Med. 2000;109:102-108.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00455-1

201. 201.

     Broman G., Johnsson L., Kaijser L. Golf: A high intensity interval activity for elderly men. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2004;16:375-381.

     Not in our library10.1007/bf03324567

202. 202.

     Kiss O., Sydo N., Vargha P., Edes E., Merkely G., Sydo T., Merkely B. Prevalence of physiological and pathological electrocardiographic findings in Hungarian athletes. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2015;102:228-237.

     Not in our library10.1556/036.102.2015.2.13

203. 203.

     Shapero K., Deluca J., Contursi M., Wasfy M., Weiner R.B., Lewis G.D., Hutter A., Baggish A.L. Cardiovascular Risk and Disease Among Masters Endurance Athletes: Insights from the Boston MASTER (Masters Athletes Survey to Evaluate Risk) Initiative. Sports Med. Open. 2016;2:29.

     Not in our library10.1186/s40798-016-0053-0

204. 204.

     Yankelson L., Sadeh B., Gershovitz L., Werthein J., Heller K., Halpern P., Halkin A., Adler A., Steinvil A., Viskin S. Life-threatening events during endurance sports: Is heat stroke more prevalent than arrhythmic death? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014;64:463-469.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.025

205. 205.

     Strimel W.J., O’Riordan M.J. Sudden cardiac arrest in long distance races: Considering the full context. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015;65:407-408.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.055

206. 206.

     Piasecki M., Ireland A., Coulson J., Stashuk D.W., Hamilton-Wright A., Swiecicka A., Rutter M.K., McPhee J.S., Jones D.A. Motor unit number estimates and neuromuscular transmission in the tibialis anterior of master athletes: Evidence that athletic older people are not spared from age-related motor unit remodeling. Physiol. Rep. 2016;4.

     Not in our library10.14814/phy2.12987

207. 207.

     Moreira N.B., Mazzardo O., Vagetti G.C., De Oliveira V., De Campos W. Quality of life perception of basketball master athletes: Association with physical activity level and sports injuries. J. Sports Sci. 2016;34:988-996.

     Not in our library10.1080/02640414.2015.1082615

208. 208.

     Haigh E.A.P., Bogucki O.E., Sigmon S.T., Blazer D.G. Depression Among Older Adults: A 20-Year Update on Five Common Myths and Misconceptions. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2018;26:107-122.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jagp.2017.06.011

209. 209.
     Hippocampal and Cerebral Blood Flow After Exercise Cessation in Master Athletes · 2016

     Not checked
210. 210.

     Lazarus N.R., Harridge S.D.R. Declining performance of master athletes: Silhouettes of the trajectory of healthy human ageing? J. Physiol. 2017;595:2941-2948.

     Not in our library10.1113/jp272443

Cited by papers we hold 2

• The impact of sports participation on mental health and social outcomes in adults: a systematic review and the ‘Mental Health through Sport’ conceptual model · 2023
  No notice
• The Impact of Physical Activity and Sport on Mental Health · 2020
  Not checked

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