Improvement of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry to Detect Large Non-Linear Displacements with the 2 π Ambiguity by a Non-Parametric Approach

Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) is commonly applied to monitor surface displacements with millimetric precision. However, this technique still has trouble estimating non-linear displacements because the algorithm is designed for the slow and linear displacements. Additionally, there is a variety of non-linear displacement types, and finding an appropriate displacement model for PSI is still assumed to be a fairly large task. In this paper, the conventional PSI technique is extended using a non-parametric non-linear approach (NN-PSI), and the performance of the extended method is investigated by simulations and actual observation data processing with TerraSAR-X. In the simulation, non-linear displacements are modeled by the magnitudes and periods of the displacement, and the evaluation of NN-PSI is conducted. According to the simulation results, the maximum magnitude of the displacement that can be estimated by NN-PSI is two and a half times the magnitude of the SAR sensor&#8217;s wavelength (2.5<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>&#955;</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> that is roughly equivalent to 8 cm for X-band, 14 cm for C-band, and 60 cm for L-band), and the period of the displacement is about three months. However, this displacement cannot be reconstructed by the conventional PSI due to the limitation, known as the 2<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>&#960;</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> displacement ambiguity. The result of the observation data processing shows that a large displacement with the 2<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>&#960;</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> ambiguity can be estimated by NN-PSI as the simulation results show, but the conventional PSI cannot reconstruct it. In addition, a different approach, Small BAseline Subset (SBAS), is applied to the same data to ensure the accuracy of results, and the correlation between NN-PSI and SBAS is 0.95, while that between the conventional PSI and SBAS is &#8722;0.66. It is concluded that NN-PSI enables the reconstruction of non-linear displacements by the non-parametric approach and the expansion of applications to measure surface displacements that could not be measured due to the limitations of the traditional PSI methods.

Abstract licence: CC BY

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