No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 20, 2026.

Plant Secondary Metabolites Produced in Response to Abiotic Stresses Has Potential Application in Pharmaceutical Product Development

Karma Yeshi, Darren Crayn, Edita Ritmejerytė and 1 more

Molecules · 2022 · Review · CC BY

Abstract

Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are vital for human health and constitute the skeletal framework of many pharmaceutical drugs. Indeed, more than 25% of the existing drugs belong to PSMs. One of the continuing challenges for drug discovery and pharmaceutical industries is gaining access to natural products, including medicinal plants. This bottleneck is heightened for endangered species prohibited for large sample collection, even if they show biological hits. While cultivating the pharmaceutically interesting plant species may be a solution, it is not always possible to grow the organism outside its natural habitat. Plants affected by abiotic stress present a potential alternative source for drug discovery. In order to overcome abiotic environmental stressors, plants may mount a defense response by producing a diversity of PSMs to avoid cells and tissue damage. Plants either synthesize new chemicals or increase the concentration (in most instances) of existing chemicals, including the prominent bioactive lead compounds morphine, camptothecin, catharanthine, epicatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, resveratrol, and kaempferol. Most PSMs produced under various abiotic stress conditions are plant defense chemicals and are functionally anti-inflammatory and antioxidative. The major PSM groups are terpenoids, followed by alkaloids and phenolic compounds. We have searched the literature on plants affected by abiotic stress (primarily studied in the simulated growth conditions) and their PSMs (including pharmacological activities) from PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE Ovid, Google Scholar, Databases, and journal websites. We used search keywords: “stress-affected plants,” “plant secondary metabolites, “abiotic stress,” “climatic influence,” “pharmacological activities,” “bioactive compounds,” “drug discovery,” and “medicinal plants” and retrieved published literature between 1973 to 2021. This review provides an overview of variation in bioactive phytochemical production in plants under various abiotic stress and their potential in the biodiscovery of therapeutic drugs. We excluded studies on the effects of biotic stress on PSMs.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 20, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

1Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are small molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Unlike primary metabolites, which are the main drivers of essential life functions, including cell formation, PSMs are neither necessary for primary life functions nor possess high-energy bonds. However, PSMs play essential secondary physiological and biochemical functions that ensure plant fitness and survival, particularly concerning their interactions with the environment and coping with biotic and abiotic stress. These factors, especially abiotic stressors (nutrient deficiencies, seasons, salinity, wounding, drought, light, UV radiation, temperature, greenhouse gases, and climate changes), cause significant perturbations in chemotypes and levels of PSMs production. For example, plants produce more terpenoids when exposed to high temperatures, and UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation induces tree foliage to produce more phenolic acids and flavonoids as protective pigments. Phenolics and flavonoids are well-known for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Similarly, the production of antioxidative compounds such as glutathione, g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), terpenoids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) increases under elevated O3.

2PSMs are vital for human health and form many pharmaceutical drugs’ backbone. Indeed, more than 25% of the existing drugs belong to PSMs. The most popular PSMs-derived drugs are morphine (isolated from Papaver somniferum), digitoxin (isolated from Digitalis purpurea), taxol (isolated from Taxus baccata), artemisinin (isolated from Artemisia annua) and quinine (isolated from Cinchona officinalis), vinblastine and vincristine (isolated from Catharanthus roseus); and aspirin (first isolated as salicylic acid from Filipendula ulmaria). Since plants exposed to various abiotic stress conditions produce many PSMs in higher concentrations as their coping mechanism, it presents opportunities for natural product researchers and pharmaceutical companies to explore the biochemical responses of plants to climatic stress for developing many novel therapeutics. However, there is no comprehensive literature review examining the scope of plants affected by abiotic stresses for drug discovery.

3Therefore, this scoping review examines recent advances related to PSMs in plants affected by abiotic stress/or abiotic growth factors, their roles as protective phytochemicals, and their potential for novel drug lead compounds. Although primary metabolites such as carbohydrates and peptides are also known to play roles in the plant’s defense response, our review focuses on selected classes of PSMs, including flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and cyanogenic glycosides. We have collected published information on plants affected by abiotic stresses (primarily studied in the simulated growth conditions) and their PSMs (including pharmacological activities) from PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE Ovid, Google Scholar, Databases, and journal websites using the following keywords: “stress-affected plants,” “plant secondary metabolites,” “bioactive compounds,” “abiotic stress,” “climatic influence,” “pharmacological activities,” “drug discovery,” and “medicinal plants.” We have retrieved published literature between 1973 to 2021 (only related to PSMs produced under ex situ growth conditions), analysed the content, and presented the information in the form of figures and tables. The chemical structures were drawn by using ChewDraw Professional software, and each structure was cross-checked for their correctness using ChemSpider and HMDB databases. We excluded studies on the effects of biotic stress on PSMs.

2. Plant Secondary Metabolites and Their Biological Roles

4Generally, all plants produce secondary metabolites for defense, attraction, communication, and mediating stress. For example, plants produce VOCs as defense molecules, and they are known to function as antimicrobial and insect repellent agents. More than 200,000 PSMs have been identified, and with more than 391,000 plant species known worldwide, there is space for more discoveries. Some PSMs are specific to certain related plant taxa, and their concentrations can vary between populations and individual plants with plant ontogeny and tissue type. These PSM variations can be due to genetic variability, but their concentrations are affected by environmental abiotic factors (growth conditions) such as those expected to intensify with climate change (e.g., heat stress, drought, UV radiation, and O3), and herbivore and pathogen attacks. Based on a biosynthetic pathway and chemical structure, PSMs have broadly been categorized into three major groups: (i) terpenoids (plant volatiles, sterols, carotenoids, saponins, and glycosides), (ii) phenolic compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignin, lignans, coumarins, stilbenes, and tannins), and (iii) nitrogen-containing compounds (alkaloids, glucosinolates, and cyanogenic glycosides).

2.1. Terpenoids

5Terpenoids or isoprenoids are one of the most structurally diverse naturally occurring PSMs, with the main skeleton consisting of five-carbon isopentyl units, called 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, or isoprene. Terpenes contain only isoprene units, while terpenoids have additional functional groups, such as ketone or heterocyclic and hydroxyl rings. Based on structural construction, terpenoids can be considered as two types, aliphatic (e.g., geraniol) and cyclic (e.g., limonene) terpenoids. Since terpenoids contain many isoprene units, they are divided into various groups, as described below (Figure 1):Monoterpenoids—two isoprene units (C-10 carbon atoms,)—e.g., linalool;Sesquiterpenoids—three isoprene units (C-15 carbon atoms)—e.g., β-caryophyllene;Diterpenoids—four isoprene units (C-20 carbon atoms)—e.g., abietic acid;Sesterterpenoids—five isoprene units (C-25 carbon atoms)—e.g., ophiobolin A;Triterpenoids—six isoprene units (C-30 carbon atoms)—e.g., ganoderic acid;Tetraterpenoids—eight isoprene units (C-40 carbon atoms)—e.g., α-carotene;Polyterpenoids—more than eight isoprene units (>C-40 carbon atoms)—e.g., trans-1,4-polyisoprene.

6Monoterpenoids—two isoprene units (C-10 carbon atoms,)—e.g., linalool;

7Sesquiterpenoids—three isoprene units (C-15 carbon atoms)—e.g., β-caryophyllene;

8Diterpenoids—four isoprene units (C-20 carbon atoms)—e.g., abietic acid;

9Sesterterpenoids—five isoprene units (C-25 carbon atoms)—e.g., ophiobolin A;

10Triterpenoids—six isoprene units (C-30 carbon atoms)—e.g., ganoderic acid;

11Tetraterpenoids—eight isoprene units (C-40 carbon atoms)—e.g., α-carotene;

12Polyterpenoids—more than eight isoprene units (>C-40 carbon atoms)—e.g., trans-1,4-polyisoprene.

13Terpenoids are formed from the mevalonate pathway inside cytosol or the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway inside the plastid. The biosynthetic precursors of terpenoids include geranyl diphosphate (GPP) for monoterpenes; farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) for sesquiterpenes; and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) for diterpenes. An in-depth discussion on terpenoids’ biosynthetic pathway and structural diversity is covered by Aharoni et al. (2005) and Song et al. (2014) in their review. More than 30,000 terpenes have been reported to date. They are mostly phytohormones (e.g., gibberellins), photosynthetic pigments (e.g., phytol, carotenoids such as α-carotene and β-carotene), and carriers (e.g., ubiquinone, plastoquinone) in the electron chain transport systems. The role of terpenoids is to protect plants directly (e.g., releasing phytoalexins after pathogen attacks) or indirectly by producing mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to attract carnivores of their herbivores. Phytoalexins are antimicrobial compounds produced after microbes’ challenge plants, and it is reviewed in-depth by González-Lamothe et al.. VOCs include terpenoids (isoprene or hemiterpenoids and monoterpenoids), alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, esters, ethers, and acids. VOCs are involved in plant-plant or plant-insect interactions, but some terpenoids act as lipid-soluble antioxidants inducing resistance to stress.

14Several terpenoids have shown defensive roles against biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Dahham et al. (2015) and Porres-Martínez et al. (2016) reported antioxidant activities of terpenes (sesquiterpene b-caryophyllene, and monoterpenes 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, respectively), suggesting their function in overcoming abiotic-induced oxidative stress. Terpenoids are also reported to protect plants from photodamage and oxidative stress by supporting photorespiration. Carotenoids are the best-known terpenoids involved in photoprotection. Other examples of defensive terpenes in plants are triterpene glycosides (or saponins) such as α-tomatine in the fruits and leaves of tomatoes and avenacin in oat (Avena sativa) roots. Avenacin and α-tomatine are important pre-formed antimicrobial compounds, commonly referred to as phytoanticipins, and they have defensive roles against microbial attacks. Saponins are another group of compounds under terpenoids with triterpenes or steroidal aglycones linked to one or more sugar chains, but some saponins such as steroidal glycoalkaloids have a nitrogen atom in their aglycone chemical structure. Similarl to many other PSMs, the amount and distribution of saponins in plants are influenced by season, biotic and abiotic stresses, and plant developmental stage. For example, maximum saponin production in Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér. and Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto occurs during fruit and tuber development to prevent fruit loss and enable seed maturation. Under stress conditions, saponin levels in plants increase through jasmonate and salicylate signaling pathways.

2.2. Phenolic Compounds

15More than 8000 phenolic compounds are reported from plants, of which half of them are flavonoids (approximately 4000–4500 compounds) such as aglycone, glycosides, and methylated derivatives. Phenolics exhibit diverse structures from single aromatic rings (e.g., in phloroglucinol, gentisic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and vanillin) to complex polymeric structures such as in lignins (e.g., coniferyl alcohol), coumarins (e.g., scopoletin), phenolic quinones (e.g., juglone), tannins (e.g., ellagic acid), and flavonoids. Among phenolic group compounds, flavonoids are the most abundant, and stilbenes and lignans are less common.

16Flavonoids are a diverse secondary metabolite group with a wide array of functions, including protection against stress. Flavonoids comprise seven sub-groups (Figure 2) (flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavonoids, flavan-3-ols or catechins, and anthocyanins) based on the C-ring carbon to which B-ring is attached, and also based on the degree of oxidation and unsaturation of their C-ring. Flavones contain a double bond between positions 2 and 3 and a ketone functional group in position 4 of the C-ring. In comparison, flavonols have a hydroxy group at position 3 of the C-ring and are sometimes glycosylated. Unlike flavones, flavonones are saturated with a double bond between positions 2 and 3 of the C-ring. Flavan-3-ols have a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C-ring, but there is no double bond between positions 2 and 3. Although the metabolic role of phenolics is not well-defined, their protective functions in plants are attributed to their ability to scavenge free radicals and filter harmful UV radiations. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid (hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives) are some of the best-known UV-B attenuators in plants. Flavonoids help plants adjust to extreme heat and cold through increasing accumulation. When Schulz et al. (2016) analyzed the expression of flavonoids in 20 mutants of two different Arabidopsis thaliana accessions (Col-0 and Ler) in response to freezing and cold acclimation (14 days at 4 °C), 19 mutants, which are gene-knock outs, did not exhibit flavonoid biosynthesis, with an exception to pap1-D mutant. A similar observation of increasing concentrations in flavonoids (anthocyanins and flavonols) was also reported by Pastore et al. (2017) in grapevine berries, but tannins did not show any changes. The role of flavonoids in UV protection is also supported by Bieza and Lois’ work, in which they have isolated an Arabidopsis mutant tolerant to high levels of UV-B radiations. Such protective flavonoids are reported more in plants thriving in colder climates at higher elevations and semi-arid environments. Flavonoid-based plant pigments, such as anthocyanins synthesized in the last step of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway under UV stress upon acylation, can absorb UV radiation and scavenge ROS. If not kept under control, ROS can cause direct damage to plants through the oxidation of essential biomolecules, leading to the accumulation of more ROS and ultimately programmed cell death.

17Flavonoids such as quercetin can chelate transition metals (for example, Fe), consequently inhibiting Fenton reaction (conversion of H2O2 to toxic OH• radical), thereby creating a robust antioxidative environment in the plants. Phenolics are also known to play a strategic role in reproduction as frugivore attractants that promote seed dispersal (e.g., anthocyanidins and anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside).

2.3.1. Alkaloids

18Alkaloids are the major group of plant defense molecules that contain a nitrogen atom(s) derived from the decarboxylation of amino acids and are known to occur in 20% of plant species. There are seven types of alkaloids based on their amino acid precursors (Figure 3). Tropane, pyrrolidine, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids are derived from ornithine amino acid precursors; benzylisoquinoline from tyrosine amino acid precursors; indolequinoline from tryptophane amino acid precursors; and quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloids from lysine amino acid precursors. Alkaloids are widely distributed among plant lineages and are particularly abundant in angiosperms. Individual plant species may contain fewer than five to more than 30 alkaloids (e.g., 74 alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus, 54 in Strychnos toxifera, and 39 in Rauwolfia serpentina). Generally, a plant family produces only one type of alkaloid, although a few families such as Solanaceae and Rutaceae accumulate a broad spectrum of alkaloids. For example, Duboisia myoporoides R.Br. contains both a tropane alkaloid (hyoscine) and a pyridine alkaloid (nicotine). More than 20,000 alkaloids have been isolated, of which about 600 are known to be bioactive, but the exact physiological or metabolic role of alkaloids in plants remains poorly understood. Alkaloids are best known for their defensive role as insect-herbivore deterrents owing to their characteristic bitter taste. Thus, according to Levin, most alkaloid-bearing plants are found in the tropics, where intensive herbivore pressure is present. Defensive or toxic alkaloids in plants may be produced either by the plants themselves or by their symbiotic partners. For example, the symbiotic endophyte Epichloe coenophiala in tall fescue grass [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh, syn. Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.), and Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) produces insecticidal alkaloids, lolines, and ergot, which cause ‘fescue toxicosis’ in grazing animals. Alkaloid biosynthesis in plants is genetically controlled, but environmental factors such as light (UV), temperature, moisture, and soil nutrients also influence the type and rate of alkaloid production.

2.3.2. Cyanogenic Glycosides and Glucosinolates

19Other N-containing defense compound groups include cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates. These two groups are also derived from amino acid precursors and are significantly less diverse in their structure, with over a hundred compounds known from each group. Cyanogenic glycosides are reported in more than 2500 plant species, including ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, while glucosinolates have been reported only in the order Capparales and in the genus Drypetes of the Euphorbiaceae. According to Vetter and Gleadow and Moller, some of the widely distributed cyanogenic glycosides in the plant kingdom are linamarin and lotaustralin (in Compositae, Linaceae, Fabaceae, Papaveraceae, and Euphorbiaceae); prunasin (in Myrtaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rosaceae, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Myoporaceae); and dhurrin (in Poaceae and Euphorbiaceae) (Figure 4). Important food crops such as apple (Malus domestica), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), cassava (Manihot esculenta), cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are known to contain cyanogenic glycosides. Cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates are generally higher in young leaves and reproductive tissues. They are toxic in higher concentrations, but in response to the low light, some plants such as tropical Prunus turneriana tend to accumulate more cyanogenic glycosides in older leaves. Although cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates in plants also respond to climatic stress such as drought and increased temperatures, they are not discussed in the following sections of this review.

3. Factors Influencing PSMs Production in Plants

20Vickers et al. have proposed two hypothetical mechanisms by which plants may respond to multiple external stressors: membrane stabilization and direct antioxidative scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under stressful conditions and to attract pollinators. Under oxidative stress, plants either directly catalyze ROS to less harmful compounds using enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase or mediate enzymatic regeneration of antioxidants (e.g., monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase). Non-volatile isoprenoids such as tocopherols, zeaxanthin, and carnosic acid can scavenge ROS directly by reactions through hydroxyl radicals. Interestingly, rising global temperatures and other environmental variables such as atmospheric O3 concentration and UV-B radiation are known to increase plant stress and, therefore, enhance or limit PSMs production as means to cope with such stressors. VOC emissions from plants are triggered by wounding and tri-trophic interactions (plant-herbivorous-carnivorous arthropods) and they are influenced by various environmental factors, including temperature, light, moisture, and pollutants. Individual stress has a selective influence on PSMs production, either by inducing or inhibiting the compound biosynthesis or emission based on stress conditions in plants (Figure 5). While PSMs have diverse functions in plants, their production also depends on multiple factors. The effects of abiotic stress on PSMs production are given in Table 1.

3.1. Effects of Heat Stress on PSMs

21Warming causes the accumulation of terpenoids, which usually have protective functions in mitigating environment-induced oxidative stress in plants. For instance, tomato (S. lycopersicum) grown under heat stress (at 46 °C) emits higher levels of monoterpenes such as α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, 2-carene, α-phellandrene, δ-3-carene (car-3-ene), α-terpinene, limonene, β-phellandrene, (E)-β-ocimene, and terpinolene; and also sesquiterpenes such as δ-elemene, β-elemene, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene (Table 1) compared to controls. In contrast, Nogués et al. observed decreased emission of terpenes in Citrus monspeliensis grown under laboratory conditions at 35 °C; instead, increased assimilation of water-soluble antioxidant ascorbate indicates a shift from terpene-mediated to ascorbate-mediated ROS scavenging mechanism. Moreover, when C. monspeliensis was grown in the field, total terpene emission was higher during winter than in summer. These contrasting findings suggest that terpene emissions under heat conditions could be species-specific and vary seasonally. Additionally, free fatty acids released by membrane phospholipase in response to heat (and cold) form lipoxygenase (LOX) products via lipoxygenase pathway, out of which C6 compounds (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenal are most common. Wounded plants also release these two compounds within a few minutes. Notably, (E)-2-hexenal acts as a chemical signal inducing the expression of stress-related transcription factors such as HSFA2 (heat stress transcription factor A-2) and MBF1c (multiprotein-bridging factor 1c). Heat stress may cause the melting of cuticular lipids, thus increasing cuticular permeability, and extreme temperatures may rupture terpene-containing-glandular trichomes, releasing the contents into the air. After exposure to cold and heat stresses, favorable pH conditions inside plastids favor increased terpene synthesis (Figure 5).

22Under simulated environmental conditions, heat stress damages membranes (e.g., thylakoid membrane) and disintegrates membrane protein complexes (e.g., photosystem II), consequently decreasing the rate of photosynthesis. Plants counteract such damage through sustained synthesis and emission of terpenes. Korankye et al. proposed that plants produce more terpenes under stressful conditions by diverting carbon to a non-mevalonate pathway, which otherwise could have been used in photosynthesis. Monoterpenes such as 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, linalyl acetate, limonene, sabinene, myrcene, α-terpinen, β-ocimene, α-terpinolene, and γ-terpinene are most produced following decreased photosynthesis in plants. Non-targeted PSMs profiling in tomatoes revealed higher concentrations of α-tocopherol and plastoquinone under 38 °C compared to lower temperatures (20 and 10 °C). Taken together with other studies, this suggests that these compounds function as electron carriers and facilitate photosynthesis in addition to their anti-oxidative functions. The photosynthetic rate also decreases under the increasing temperature as in Pueraria lobata [Willd.] Ohwi., and Quercus spp. when isoprene synthesis (non-mevalonate pathway) was inhibited with fosmidomycin. They suggest that isoprene improves thermotolerance in plants and helps photosynthetic apparatus recover after experiencing heat shock (i.e., temperature > 40 °C). Studies suggest that plants tolerant to sunlight-induced heat flecks, O3, and ROS produce more isoprene than non-tolerant species. However, not all plants seem to produce isoprenoid compounds, but it varies among different plant species. For instance, when grown at 30 °C, Salix phylicifolia L. emitted isoprene, whereas Betula nana L. and Cassiope tetragona (L) D.Don emitted monoterpenes such as (Z)-2-hexenal, hexenyl butyrate, hexenyl acetate, and 3-hexenyl-methyl butanoate. Heat stress also enhances the production of water-soluble antioxidants (e.g., ascorbate and glutathione) as well as lipid-soluble antioxidants (e.g., tocopherols) that scavenge increasing ROS. For example, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Var. Amalia, after receiving heat shock at 45 °C for three hours, has been shown to produce more ascorbate and glutathione than its wild thermotolerant type Nagcarlang control under the same conditions. Heat stress also affects flavonoids production as sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) responds to high temperatures by producing flavonoids.

3.2. Effects of Cold Stress on PSMs

23Cold stress or low-temperature stress is either chilling (<20 °C) or freezing (<0 °C) temperature, and they adversely affect plants’ growth and development. Plants growing in sub-tropical and tropical areas are more sensitive to cold stress than temperate species. Cold stress tolerance in plants is achieved through selective expression of stress-defensive genes, which is reviewed by Chinnusamy et al.. For instance, Jeon et al. investigated transcripts and metabolites in six-day-old tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum) after cold exposure (at 4 °C, for various periods), observing upregulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic transcripts and significant accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, both antioxidative (Table 1). When two varieties of grapevine Vitis vinifera L. (cold tolerant – Maerchal Foch, and cold-sensitive – Kiszmisz Luczistyj) were exposed to 10/7 °C day/night cycle for 14 h photoperiod at 180–200 μm/(m2s) irradiance, the cold-tolerant variety had higher total phenolic compound content when assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent. Subsequently, when they tested the antioxidant capacities of leaf extracts from two varieties by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, leaves from cold-tolerant varieties yielded better activity.

24Another exciting example of the role of PSMs in plants under cold stress is the medicinal plant, Indian ginseng (Withania somnifera L.), which is the primary source of biologically active withanolides. Mir et al. studied the accumulation of withanolides in response to cold stress in two genotypes of W. somnifera (AGB002―wild genotype and AGB025―cultivated genotype). After subjecting these two genotypes to chilling temperature (4 °C, for a maximum of seven days), bioactive compounds such as withanolide A in the roots and withaferin A in leaves were detected in both genotypes, suggesting the involvement of withanolides in cold tolerance. Moreover, the wild genotype showed a higher accumulation of marker withanolides than the cultivated one, which could mean that plants may not produce relevant bioactive compounds when out of their natural habitat, which is discussed later.

25Glucosylated terpenoids (e.g., some sesquiterpenes) are another group of PSM involved in cold stress tolerance. Zhao et al. reported the accumulation of glucosylated sesquiterpene and nerolidol glucoside (i.e., catalyzed by plant glycosyltransferase, UGT91Q2) in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) in response to cold stress (freezing temperature, −5 °C, for 4 h). The accumulation of nerolidol glucoside was directly proportional to the expression level of UGT91Q2, indicating that cold stress induces glycosylation in tea. Moreover, the ROS-scavenging ability of nerolidol glucoside was significantly higher than nerolidol, thus increasing cold tolerance in tea.

3.3. Effects of Drought Stress on PSMs

26Climate change is expected to alter precipitation patterns and results in drought stress (water deficit) in some plants. Drought stress is considered major abiotic stress that impedes metabolism and leads to changes in plants at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, metabolic, and transcriptional levels. ROS formation is one drought stress effect, which damages cellular components, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Accumulation of flavonoids such as flavonols and anthocyanins is essential in protecting against abiotic stresses, including drought stress, but the mechanism of action is poorly understood. For example, concentrations of antioxidant flavonols epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate increase in the leaves of Cistus clusii under drought stress, reaching a maximum after 30 days of exposure. However, the efficacy of photosystem II (PSII) and lipid peroxidation remained unchanged. Under drought stress, PSII in the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) also remained unaffected. Nakabayashi et al. also obtained a similar result (increasing flavonols and anthocyanins) under drought stress in the aerial parts of Arabidopsis thaliana (wild type, Col-0) and confirmed that overaccumulation of flavonoids is key to drought tolerance. There was also a drastic increase in the concentrations of glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and cyanidin along with drought stress marker metabolites (proline, raffinose, and galactinol). Excessive accumulation of anthocyanins protects plants against drought stress, and anthocyanins are thought to be more robust antioxidants due to their higher level of hydroxylation. A few other studies have reported similar observations, i.e., increased accumulation of anthocyanins in plants under drought. Drought stress in Amaranthus tricolor genotype VA3 increased concentrations of at least 16 phenolic compounds, including six hydroxybenzoic acids, seven hydroxycinnamic acids, three flavonoids, and a new phenolic acid, trans-cinnamic acid (Table 1). In tea plants, fulvic acid is the primary driver of tolerance against drought stress by enhancing ascorbate and glutathione metabolism and promoting flavonoids biosynthesis. More examples and patterns of biochemical changes induced by drought stress in plants are given in Table 1.

3.4. Effects of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation on PSMs

27Plants respond to excessive ultraviolet radiation (UV) both morphologically and physiologically. UV radiation is known to trigger a wide range of responses in plant cells, mainly by UV-B (280–320 nm) and less by UV-A (315–400 nm). Plants’ response to UV stress depends on their perception, signal transduction mechanism, and influence of gene expression. Other environmental factors also influence response to UV-B stress in plants as UV radiation indirectly damages the photosynthetic apparatus by generating ROS. Thus, plants have developed a mechanism to protect against UV radiation and allow photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to reach mesophyll and palisade tissues in order to enable photosynthesis. Synthesizing UV-absorbing flavonoids is one mechanism to mitigate photoinhibition and photooxidative damage by either reducing UV penetration or quenching ROS. Flavonoids can absorb radiation in the UV region of the spectrum; thus, these compounds are responsible for filtering UV light in plants. Unlike other lights of different wavelengths, UV-B radiation can damage DNA and chloroplasts, particularly photosystem II (PSII) and modify or inhibit gene expression due to its high energy, and they are absorbed by a wide range of molecules. When Stapleton and Walbot investigated DNA damage in maize plants exposed to UV-C or UV-B radiation at a dose of 6000 J/m2, maize plants with flavonoids, primarily anthocyanins, suffered less DNA damage than maize plants deficient in flavonoids. Flavonoids with a catechol group in their B-ring skeleton (e.g., quercetin derivatives) are best known to protect photosynthetic tissues from such oxidative damage. Moreover, exposure to excess UV-B radiation causes increased synthesis of stronger antioxidants such as dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids (e.g., quercetin and luteolin glycosides) (Figure 5) and less effective antioxidant flavonoids such as kaempferol or apigenin glycosides. As a response to UV irradiation, the concentrations of quercetin flavonoids increase in Brassica napus and Fagopyrum esculentum. The concentration of antioxidative flavonoids increased in Kalanchoe pinnata when exposed to UV-B radiation compared to ordinary white light. When Del Valle et al. investigated the effects of UV radiation in Silene littorea, UV exposure increased the concentrations of protective phenolic compounds but affected its reproductive efficacy. UV-B radiation modifies gene expression, but their underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood, unlike other phytochrome and blue/or UV-A. Herrlich et al. attribute plant response to UV-B stress mainly to damage caused to cell membranes and DNA. The multiple roles of flavonoids, including photoprotection and the effects of stress on flavonoid biosynthesis, are reviewed elsewhere.

3.5. Effects of Ozone on PSMs

28Ozone (O3) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) acts as a greenhouse gas and is phototoxic to plants. It is usually produced by reactions between primary pollutants (such as carbon oxides, sulphur oxides, nitric oxides, and hydrocarbons) catalyzed by sunlight. Although O3 is neither a free radical nor a ROS, its strong oxidizing properties enable it to react with biomacromolecules, including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Generally, O3 enters through stomata and damages leaf tissues, mainly in the upper (adaxial) layers resulting in chlorosis and lesions. Physiologically, exposure to O3 impairs stomatal function (dysfunction of transpiration and water use efficiency) and reproductive development, CO2 assimilation, and subsequently photosynthetic activity. In snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), exposure to an ambient concentration of O3 (≤150 ppb, 1 h) [along with water stress (≤15%)] induces sluggishness in stomatal closure, subsequently causing more significant loss of leaf surface water.

29In addition to changes in plant physiological functions, O3 triggers pathways responsible for producing defensive molecules, such as flavonoids. When Mao et al. exposed soybean leaves to elevated O3 (110 ± 10 nmol mol−1 for 8 h daily, for 54 days), the concentrations of rutin, quercetin, and total flavonoids increased significantly. Ozone also enhances the activity of enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Plants fumigated with O3 show increased activities of phenylalanine-ammonium lyase (PAL), and chalcone synthase (CHS) enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways and subsequently produce protective compounds that can scavenge ROS. The general phenylpropanoid pathway and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are outlined in Figure 6 below. These pathways, in turn, contribute significantly towards plant defense response by producing protective phenolic compounds such as condensed tannins and flavonoids that can scavenge ROS. For instance, when Arabidopsis thaliana is exposed to O3 (300 ppb daily for 6 h), PAL mRNA levels increase 3-fold compared to their control plants. Similarly, O3 treatment (200 nL/L for 10 h) increases both PAL and CHS activities resulting in a 2-fold increase of total leaf furanocoumarins and flavone glycosides in parsley (Petroselinum crispum). Lignin deposition in O3 exposed leaves is also linked to increased PAL activity, whereas in sage (Salvia officinalis), both PAL and PPO (phenol oxidase) activities were suppressed after 24 h exposure to O3. However, rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) activity is accompanied by the increased transcription level of genes (e.g., RAS) encoding biosynthesis enzymes, suggesting that the sage plant mediates oxidative damage through synthesizing phenolic compounds.

30Studies have shown that plant chemical responses to O3 exposure variably depend on the O3 concentration. Ozone alone enhances the production of phenolic compounds more significantly than in response to the increased CO2 concentration, while the combination of these two factors resulted in higher diterpenes, but not mono- and sesquiterpene, synthesis in plants. However, some experiments showed contrasting results from O3 fumigation. Leaves of Ginkgo biloba, upon fumigation with an elevated level of O3, increased the concentrations of terpenes (Table 1), but phenolics decreased. Ozone also enhances the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) in plant tissues; for instance, in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum), emission of SA-derived methyl salicylate increases upon exposure to O3. In Arabidopsis, SA accumulation is necessary for forming O3-induced mRNAs, such as PAL and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PAR1) transcripts. Nevertheless, some plants (such as tobacco plants) do not require SA accumulation to form PAL transcripts. These examples suggest that O3 induces at least two signaling pathways, the SA-dependent pathway associated with pathogen defense response and the SA-independent pathway in the protective response to O3.

31Isoprene in tree foliage is known to protect foliage from oxidative stress. For instance, when Loreto et al. applied isoprene (2–3 ppm) exogenously to tobacco and birch leaves fumigated with O3 (300 ppb), photosynthesis was consistent throughout the treatment period with the less accumulation of ROS compared to their fosmidomycin-treated control (showed more ROS accumulation and decreased rate of photosynthesis). Moreover, after three days of O3 treatment, they observed that areas of leaves treated with isoprene were intact, suggesting that isoprene protects photosynthetic tissues and stabilizes the thylakoid membrane. Isoprene protects photosynthesis in those plants exposed to acute thermal and O3 stress through antioxidative action (quench H2O2) and preventing membrane lipid peroxidation. For instance, leaves of Phragmites australis for which their endogenous isoprene production was inhibited by applying fosmidomycin become more sensitive to O3 stress than isoprene-producing leaves.

32Exposure to high O3 concentration causes VOC emission, but at chronic O3 level, it modifies compositions of BVOCs, consequently affecting tri-trophic interactions and weakening plants’ response to arthropod attack. During such situations, isoprenoids (mainly hemiterpenes, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) are synthesized by plants to tolerate O3-induced damages. Hemiterpene is an example of an isoprenoid released in the leaves, as it can protect photosynthetic apparatus and scavenge O3 by-products and ROS due to its antioxidative activity. The effect of O3 on alkaloid biosynthesis remains less elucidated, but polyamines in plants, which is an important alkaloid precursor, are correlated to O3 tolerance. Polyamines in plants possess a wide array of physiological functions in addition their involvement in response to both abiotic and biotic stresses.

4. Reported Pharmacological Properties of PSMs Present in Plants Affected by Ex Situ Abiotic Stresses

33Plant protective secondary metabolites are diverse in structure and biological properties, and they have been continuously exploited for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic uses (Figure 7). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds are predominant among secondary metabolites produced in response to climatic/or abiotic stress (Table 1). Flavonoids confer protection against inflammation, allergy, and bacterial infections. Flavonols (or 3-hydroxy flavones), one of the main subclass of flavonoids, are apparent antioxidants in stressed plants, and they are known to prevent nuclear DNA damage by free radicals like H2O2. Flavonols are polyaromatic secondary metabolites with three rings, and many of them are bioactive. Many flavonoids possess antiviral properties. For instance, the hydroxy (OH) group in the ring-C of flavonols makes them more effective against herpes simplex virus type I than flavones. Fisetin is another example of an active flavonoid produced by plants under oxidative stress, preventing membrane lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and protein carbonylation. Fisetin showed numerous biological activities such as protection against cell death from oxidative stress, growth, and maintenance of nerve cells (primary cortical neurons from a rat). Fisetin suppresses many inflammatory pathways, including Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-kB) pathway, helping prevent cancerous growth. Similarly, Hussain et al. also observed the protective effect of fisetin against smoke-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat lungs. Plant UV filters, kaempferol, and quercetin are a few other examples of bioactive flavonoids. Kaempferol is an anti-inflammatory, chemo-protective, and cardio-protective. Polyphenolic resveratrol is one of the essential stilbene phytoalexin produced by a plant’s defense mechanism, and it possesses antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-estrogenic properties. The immunoinhibitory compound, calycopterin isolated from the medicinal plant Dracocephalum kotschyi, was elevated upon UV irradiation in Gnaphalium luteo-album. Tanshinones are other examples of bioactive phenols. In response to severe drought stress, their concentration in the Salvia miltiorrhiza increases, including tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA by 182% and 322%, respectively, compared to 148% under the moderate drought stress. Tanshinones are known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.

34Nitrogen-containing compounds, alkaloids, are another group of secondary metabolites widely produced in plants for defense, and they are known to exhibit diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, and anticancer activities. The fungistatic activity of α-tomatine (Solanum and Lycopersicon species) in Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici (tomato wilt) was the first bioactive alkaloid reported in 1945 by Irving et al.. Alkaloids and their precursors accumulate more in plants when exposed to various stress factors. For example, Catharanthus roseus, when exposed to UV-B radiation, synthesizes more indole alkaloids and precursors of vinblastine and vincristine increase in hairy roots. These alkaloids inhibit cell mitosis by destroying microtubules of the mitotic apparatus, blocking cancer cell division. Bioactive alkaloids accumulate in response to high temperature, drought, and UV-B stresses (Table 1). Indole alkaloid vindoline from Catharanthus roseus (which increases in response to UV-B) showed anti-diabetic (reduces fasting blood glucose level) and anti-inflammatory (reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF- α and IL-6) properties.

35The number of structurally determined specialized plant terpenes exceeds 105, including >12,000 diterpenoids. Plant terpenoids are diverse and have been a valuable source of medicinal discoveries because terpenoids are natural NF-kB signaling inhibitors with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Examples include monoterpenes (e.g., (−)-menthol and cannabinoids); sesquiterpenes (e.g., artemisinin and thapsigargin); diterpenes (e.g., paclitaxel and ingenol mebutate) and triterpenes found in floral and vegetative parts; triterpenoids; and carotenoids (e.g., steroidal alkaloids, cardenolides, and bixin) (Figure 7). Other compounds are partially derived from a terpene precursor, such as monoterpenoid alkaloids (e.g., strychnine), which are synthesized in part from secologanin (Figure 7), a member of the widespread class of iridoid monoterpenes.

5. Biodiscovery Potential of Plants Growing under Ex-Situ Abiotic Stresses

36Natural products, including PSMs, have been a significant source of medicines. According to Newman and Cragg, between 1981 and 2010, 1073 small molecules (mol. wt. < 1000 Da) were approved as new chemical entities, out of which more than half were from natural products. An additional 321 small molecules were reported in another review published in September 2019. According to Butler et al., in their review covering natural products-derived drugs between 2008–2013, 25 drugs were launched since 2008, and additional 31 compounds were in the last stage clinical trial (phase III). According to the database on www.clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 5 September 2021), four compounds have advanced to phase-IV clinical trial, sixteen have completed phase-III, nine have not yet completed phase-III, and two compounds have been withdrawn. The four compounds that have advanced to clinical trial phase-IV are oritavancin (anti-bacterial), ipragliflozin, tofoglifozin (anti-diabetic, type II diabetes), and vorapaxar (anti-thrombotic). Recently, pharmaceutical industries and researchers have renewed their interest in PSMs due to advancements in cutting-edge technology, including various chromatography and high-resolution spectroscopy tools and omics platforms.

37Interestingly, not many PSMs were subjected to clinical trials. The reasons are varied. One of the continuing challenges for drug discovery from plant sources is obtaining enough sample extracts and compounds for testing in vitro and in vivo disease models. This bottleneck is heightened for species in the IUCN red list of threatened or endangered species prohibited for large sample collection, even if they show biological hits. While cultivating pharmaceutically interesting plant species may be a solution, it is not always possible to culture the organism outside its natural habitat. Even when possible, relevant natural products may not be produced outside their natural habitat. Alternatively, plants affected by climate change could be a potential source of novel drug leads, considering the vast diversity of phytochemicals produced by them in response to various abiotic stress conditions (Table 1).

38Climate change rapidly and severely affects plant ecosystems; for instance, mountaintop ecosystems are sensitive to small shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns. Several studies on the mountaintops of the Asia-Pacific region, Oceania, and Europe have reported accelerated plant ecological responses, including distribution, ecophysiology, and interaction with other organisms due to climatic changes. In overcoming climate change-induced/or abiotic stress and finding an optimal climate niche, plants produce diverse PSMs, which could be of pharmaceutical interest. For example, the synthesis of plant terpenoids increases under heat, cold, and O3 stress, and the yield of many biologically active compounds also increases in plants grown in simulated environments of various abiotic stress conditions (Table 1). Abiotic stresses elicit bioactive compound synthesis, such as phenylpropanoids biosynthesis (mainly through shikimate pathway), causing an accumulation of compounds with defense or signaling functions (e.g., phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids). Similarly, it is reported that drought stress increases the concentration of camptothecin (anticancer alkaloid) in Camptotheca acuminata and morphine (analgesic) concentrations in Papaver somniferum. The increased accumulation of PSMs in response to stress indicates that there may be novel bioactive alkaloid(s) in climate change-affected plants awaiting discovery. Abiotic stress factors under conditioned environment can potentially improve the yield of bioactive compounds in plants.

6. Conclusions

39Plants constantly interact with the environment, and climate change has already impacted their diversity, growth, and survival. In order to minimize the impact of various climate change-related stresses (such as warming due to increased greenhouse gas emission, drought, cold, ozone-layer depletion, and harmful UV-radiation), plants produce diverse defense secondary metabolites, mainly phenolic and nitrogen-containing compounds. The biosynthesis of defense compounds in plants (including medicinal plants) is often upregulated, and these compounds are associated with various pharmacological properties, suggesting that plants affected by climate change may be a rich resource for drug discovery. However, most of these studies were conducted in simulated/or artificial environments. Thus, it would be interesting if more such studies (defense compounds produced by plants in response to climatic stress and their bioactivity) could be conducted by using plant samples from their natural habitats that are already challenged by the various climatic stresses.

40It is difficult to access various natural products bound by legislation and societal restrictions, including plants, for drug discovery research, particularly plants associated with indigenous knowledge. This limitation remains a considerable challenge for those working with medicinal plants. Other wild plants exposed to various climatic/or abiotic stresses would be an alternative option for drug discovery researchers. Another obstacle in the drug discovery process is obtaining adequate compounds for further biological tests (both in vitro and in vivo). Bioactive compounds increase their concentration in plants exposed to stress, for example, withanolides in Indian ginseng (Withania somnifera) increases in response to cold stress. Culturing plant tissues of interest at a large scale under a conditioned environment using various abiotic stresses can potentially improve the yield of bioactive compounds from plants. Thus, plant tissue culture would be another platform for researchers and pharmaceutical industries to upscale the production of valuable phytochemicals under duress of climate change factors.

References 279

1.
Kessler A., Kalske A. Plant secondary metabolite diversity and species interactions. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2018;49:115-138.
Not in our library10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062406
2.
Sallas L., Luomala E.M., Utriainen J., Kainulainen P., Holopainen J.K. Contrasting effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on rubisco activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, needle ultrastructure and secondary metabolites in conifer seedlings. Tree Physiol. 2003;23:97-108.
Not in our library10.1093/treephys/23.2.97
3.
Julkunen-Tiitto R., Nenadis N., Neugart S., Robson M., Agati G., Vepsäläinen J., Zipoli G., Nybakken L., Winkler B., Jansen M.A.K. Assessing the response of plant flavonoids to UV radiation: An overview of appropriate techniques. Phytochem. Rev. 2014;14:273-297.
Not in our library10.1007/s11101-014-9362-4
4.
Kaling M., Kanawati B., Ghirardo A., Albert A., Winkler J.B., Heller W., Barta C., Loreto F., Schmitt-Kopplin P., Schnitzler J.P. UV-B mediated metabolic rearrangements in poplar revealed by non-targeted metabolomics. Plant. Cell Environ. 2015;38:892-904.
Not in our library10.1111/pce.12348
5.
Hošek J., Šmejkal K., Miller R. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents. Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases. 2015;1-17.
Not in our library10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_19-1
6.
Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects: An Overview · 2018
No notice
7.
Yeshi K., Yangdon P., Kashyap S., Wangchuk P. Antioxidant activity and the polyphenolic and flavonoid contents of five high altitude medicinal plants used in Bhutanese sowa rigpa medicine. JBAPN. 2017;7:18-26.
Not in our library10.1080/22311866.2017.1287593
8.
Pinto D.M., Blande J.D., Souza S.R., Nerg A.M., Holopainen J.K. Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ozone (O3) polluted atmospheres: The ecological effects. J. Chem. Ecol. 2010;36:22-34.
Not in our library10.1007/s10886-009-9732-3
9.
Hamilton A.C. Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods. Biodivers. Conserv. 2004;13:1477-1517.
Not in our library10.1023/b:bioc.0000021333.23413.42
10.
Applequist W.L., Brinckmann J.A., Cunningham A.B., Hart R.E., Heinrich M., Katerere D.R., van Andel T. Scientists’ warning on climate change and medicinal plants. Planta Med. 2020;86:10-18.
Not in our library10.1055/a-1041-3406
11.
Roy S.K., Roy D.K. Use of medicinal plant and its vulnerability due to climate change in northern part of Bangladesh. Am. J. Plant. Sci. 2016;07:1782-1793.
Not in our library10.4236/ajps.2016.713166
12.
Gupta A., Singh P.P., Singh P., Singh K., Singh A.V., Singh S.K., Kumar A. Medicinal Plants Under Climate Change: Impacts on Pharmaceutical Properties of Plants. Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems. 2019;181-209.
Not in our library
13.
Carbohydrates in plant immunity and plant protection: roles and potential application as foliar sprays · 2014
No notice
14.
Lee S., Choi H., Suh S., Doo I.S., Oh K.Y., Choi E.J., Taylor A.S., Low P.S., Lee Y. Oligogalacturonic acid and chitosan reduce stomatal aperture by inducing the evolution of reactive oxygen species from guard cells of tomato and Commelina communis. Plant Physiol. 1999;121:147-152.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.121.1.147
15.
Albert M. Peptides as triggers of plant defence. J. Exp. Bot. 2013;64:5269-5279.
Not in our library10.1093/jxb/ert275
16.
Marmiroli N., Maestri E. Plant peptides in defense and signaling. Peptides. 2014;56:30-44.
Not in our library10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.013
17.
Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production · 2019
No notice
18.
Kesselmeier J., Staudt M. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): An overview on emission, physiology and ecology. J. Atmos. Chem. 1999;33:23-88.
Not in our library10.1023/a:1006127516791
19.
Neilson E.H., Goodger J.Q.D., Woodrow I.E., Møller B.L. Plant chemical defense: At what cost? Trends Plant Sci. 2013;18:250-258.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.001
20.
Willis K.J. State of the World’s Plants 2017.
Not in our library
21.
van Wyk B.E. The value of chemosystematics in clarifying relationships in the genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2003;31:875-884.
Not in our library10.1016/s0305-1978(03)00083-8
22.
Acamovic T., Brooker J.D. Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2005;64:403-412.
Not in our library10.1079/pns2005449
23.
Ritmejeryte E., Boughton B.A., Bayly M.J., Miller R.E. Unique and highly specific cyanogenic glycoside localization in stigmatic cells and pollen in the genus Lomatia (Proteaceae). Ann. Bot. 2020;126:387-400.
Not in our library10.1093/aob/mcaa038
24.
Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants · 2016
No notice
25.
Ryde I., Li T., Rieksta J., Dos Santos B.M., Neilson E.H.J., Gericke O., Jepsen J.U., Bork L.R.H., Holm H.S., Rinnan R. Seasonal and elevational variability in the induction of specialized compounds from mountain birch (Betula pubescens var. pumila) by winter moth larvae (Operophtera brumata). Tree Physiol. 2021;41:1019-1033.
Not in our library10.1093/treephys/tpab023
26.
Grainger T.N., Gilbert B. Multi-scale responses to warming in an experimental insect metacommunity. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2017;23:5151-5163.
Not in our library10.1111/gcb.13777
27.
Jogawat A., Yadav B., Chhaya, Lakra N., Singh A.K., Narayan O.P. Crosstalk between phytohormones and secondary metabolites in the drought stress tolerance of crop plants: A review. Physiol. Plant. 2021;172:1106-1132.
Not in our library10.1111/ppl.13328
28.
Li Y., Kong D., Fu Y., Sussman M.R., Wu H. The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant. Physiol. Biochem. 2020;148:80-89.
Not in our library10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.006
29.
Yadav B., Jogawat A., Rahman M.S., Narayan O.P. Secondary metabolites in the drought stress tolerance of crop plants: A review. Gene Reports. 2021;23:1-14.
Not in our library10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101040
30.
Jamwal K., Bhattacharya S., Puri S. Plant growth regulator mediated consequences of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants. 2018;9:26-38.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.12.003
31.
Aharoni A., Jongsma M.A., Bouwmeester H.J. Volatile science? Metabolic engineering of terpenoids in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2005;10:594-602.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tplants.2005.10.005
32.
Song M.C., Kim E.J., Kim E., Rathwell K., Nam S.J., Yoon Y.J. Microbial biosynthesis of medicinally important plant secondary metabolites. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2014;31:1497-1509.
Not in our library10.1039/c4np00057a
33.
Breitmaier E. Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones. 2006;1-223.
Not in our library
34.
Pichersky E., Gershenzon J. The formation and function of plant volatiles: Perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense. Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 2002;5:237-243.
Not in our library10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00251-0
35.
Kessler A., Baldwin I.T. Defensive function of herbivore-induced plant volatile emissions in nature. Science. 2001;291:2141-2144.
Not in our library10.1126/science.291.5511.2141
36.
Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications · 2014
No notice
37.
Plant Antimicrobial Agents and Their Effects on Plant and Human Pathogens · 2009
No notice
38.
Loreto F., Schnitzler J.P. Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs. Trends Plant. Sci. 2010;15:154-166.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.006
39.
The Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene from the Essential Oil of Aquilaria crassna · 2015
No notice
40.
Porres-Martinez M., Gonzalez-Burgos E., Carretero M.E., Gomez-Serranillos M.P. In vitro neuroprotective potential of the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and 1,8-cineole against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Z. Nat. C J. Biosci. 2016;71:191-199.
Not in our library10.1515/znc-2014-4135
41.
Blanch J.S., Peñuelas J., Sardans J., Llusià J. Drought, warming and soil fertilization effects on leaf volatile terpene concentrations in Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex. Acta. Physiol. Plant. 2009;31:207-218.
Not in our library10.1007/s11738-008-0221-z
42.
Bartwal A., Mall R., Lohani P., Guru S.K., Arora S. Role of secondary metabolites and brassinosteroids in plant defense against environmental stresses. J. Plant. Growth Regul. 2013;32:216-232.
Not in our library10.1007/s00344-012-9272-x
43.
Kozukue N., Han J.-S., Lee K.-R., Friedman M. Dehydrotomatine and alpha-tomatine content in tomato fruits and vegetative plant tissues. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004;52:2079-2083.
Not in our library10.1021/jf0306845
44.
Trojanowska M.R., Threlfall D.R. Regulation of saponin biosynthesis in primary roots of oat. Acta. Bot. Gall. 1999;146:101-104.
Not in our library10.1080/12538078.1999.10515805
45.
Moses T., Papadopoulou K.K., Osbourn A. Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2014;49:439-462.
Not in our library10.3109/10409238.2014.953628
46.
Friedman M. Potato glycoalkaloids and metabolites: Roles in the plants and in the diet. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006;54:8655-8681.
Not in our library10.1021/jf061471t
47.
Ndamba J., Lemmich E., Mølgaard P. Investigation of the diurnal, ontogenetic and seasonal variation in the molluscicidal saponin content of Phytolacca dodecandra aqueous berry extracts. Phytochemistry. 1994;35:95-99.
Not in our library10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90515-6
48.
Li J.T., Chen S.L., Liu S.C., Yang D.J. Effect of harvest time on saponins in Yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto). J. Food Drug Anal. 2009;17:116-122.
Not in our library
49.
Hayat M., Abbas M., Munir F. Potential of plant flavonoids in pharmaceutics and nutraceutics. J. Biomol. Biochem. 2017;1:12-17.
Not in our library
50.
Cheynier V., Comte G., Davies K.M., Lattanzio V., Martens S. Plant phenolics: Recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. Plant. Physiol. Biochem. 2013;72:1-20.
Not in our library10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.009
51.
Hussein R.A., El-Anssary A.A. Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants. Herbal Medicine. 2019;11-30.
Not in our library10.5772/intechopen.76139
52.
Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 2002;5:218-223.
Not in our library10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00256-x
53.
Flavonoids: an overview · 2016
No notice
54.
Agati G., Tattini M. Multiple functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection. New Phytol. 2010;186:786-793.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03269.x
55.
Takahashi A., Ohnishi T. The significance of the study about the biological effects of solar ultraviolet radiation using the exposed facility on the international space station. Biol. Sci. Space. 2004;18:255-260.
Not in our library10.2187/bss.18.255
56.
Harborne J.B., W’illiams C.A. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000;55:481-504.
Not in our library10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00235-1
57.
Samanta A., Das G., Das S. Roles of flavonoids in plants. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Tech. 2011;6:12-35.
Not in our library
58.
Flavonoids are determinants of freezing tolerance and cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana · 2016
No notice
59.
Pastore C., Dal Santo S., Zenoni S., Movahed N., Allegro G., Valentini G., Filippetti I., Tornielli G.B. Whole plant temperature manipulation affects flavonoid metabolism and the transcriptome of grapevine berries. Front. Plant. Sci. 2017;8:1-16.
Not in our library10.3389/fpls.2017.00929
60.
Bieza K., Lois r. An Arabidopsis mutant tolerant to lethal ultraviolet-B levels shows constitutively elevated accumulation of flavonoids and other phenolics. Plant. Physiol. 2001;126:1105-1115.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.126.3.1105
61.
Kabtni S., Sdouga D., Bettaib Rebey I., Save M., Trifi-Farah N., Fauconnier M.L., Marghali S. Influence of climate variation on phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of Medicago minima populations. Sci. Rep. 2020;10:1-15.
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-020-65160-4
62.
Tattini M., Landi M., Brunetti C., Giordano C., Remorini D., Gould K.S.e.a. Epidermal coumaroyl anthocyanins protect sweet basil against excess light stress: Multiple consequences of light attenuation. Physiol. Plant. 2014;152:585-598.
Not in our library10.1111/ppl.12201
63.
Bi X., Zhang J., Chen C., Zhang D., Li P., Ma F. Anthocyanin contributes more to hydrogen peroxide scavenging than other phenolics in apple peel. Food Chem. 2014;152:205-209.
Not in our library10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.088
64.
Apel K., Hirt H. Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 2004;55:373-399.
Not in our library10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701
65.
Leopoldini M., Russo N., Chiodo S., Toscano M. Iron chelation by the powerful antioxidant flavonoid quercetin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006;54:6343-6351.
Not in our library10.1021/jf060986h
66.
Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits · 2017
No notice
67.
Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties · 2010
No notice
68.
Kurek J., Kurek J. Alkaloids—Their importance in nature and for human life. Their Importance in Nature and for Human Life. 2019;1-7.
Not in our library10.5772/intechopen.73336
69.
Levin D.A. Alkaloids bearing plants: An ecogeographic perspective. Am. Nat. 1976;110:261-284.
Not in our library10.1086/283063
70.
Nowacki E., Waller G.R. A study on the origin and protective function of alkaloids in plants. Flora. 1973;162:108-117.
Not in our library10.1016/s0367-2530(17)31694-8
71.
Kitamura Y., Yamashita R., Miura H., Watanabe M. Phloem transport of tropane and pyridine alkaloids in Duboisia myoporoides. J. Plant. Physiol. 1993;142:635-637.
Not in our library10.1016/s0176-1617(11)80411-6
72.
Wangchuk P., Swamy M.K., Patra J.K., Rudramurthy G.R. Plant alkaloids: Classification, isolation and drug development. Medicinal Plants: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications. 2019;131-137.
Not in our library
73.
Saunders J.A., O’Neill N.R., Romeo J.T., Pelletier S.W. Alkaloids chemistry and feeding specificity of insect herbivores. Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives. 1992;151-196.
Not in our library
74.
Bastias D.A., Martinez-Ghersa M.A., Ballare C.L., Gundel P.E. Epichloe fungal endophytes and plant defenses: Not just alkaloids. Trends Plant. Sci. 2017;22:939-948.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.005
75.
Bastias D.A., Gianoli E., Gundel P.E. Fungal endophytes can eliminate the plant growth–defence trade- off. New Phytol. 2021;230:2105-2113.
Not in our library10.1111/nph.17335
76.
Warming reduces tall fescue abundance but stimulates toxic alkaloid concentrations in transition zone pastures of the U.S. · 2014
Not checked
77.
Waller G.R., Nowacki E.K. Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants. 1978;85-119.
Not in our library
78.
Vetter J. Plant cyanogenic glycosides. Toxicon. 2000;38:11-36.
Not in our library10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00128-2
79.
Halkier B.A., Gershenzon J. Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2006;57:303-333.
Not in our library10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105228
80.
Gleadow R.M., Moller B.L. Cyanogenic glycosides: Synthesis, physiology, and phenotypic plasticity. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2014;65:155-185.
Not in our library10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040027
81.
Nyirenda K.K., Erkekoglu P., Ogawa T. Toxicity potential of cyanogenic glycosides in edible plants. Medical Toxicology. 2020;1-19.
Not in our library10.5772/intechopen.91408
82.
Cho H.J., Do B.K., Shim S.M., Kwon H., Lee D.H., Nah A.H., Choi Y.J., Lee S.Y. Determination of cyanogenic compounds in edible plants by ion chromatography. Toxicol. Res. 2013;29:143-147.
Not in our library10.5487/tr.2013.29.2.143
83.
Gleadow R.M., Woodrow I.E. Temporal and spatial variation in cyanogenic glycosides in Eucalyptus cladocalyx. Tree Physiol. 2000;20:591-598.
Not in our library10.1093/treephys/20.9.591
84.
Miller R.E., Jensen R., Woodrow I.E. Frequency of cyanogenesis in tropical rainforests of far north Queensland, Australia. Ann. Bot. 2006;97:1017-1044.
Not in our library10.1093/aob/mcl048
85.
Hansen C.C., Sorensen M., Veiga T.A.M., Zibrandtsen J.F.S., Heskes A.M., Olsen C.E., Boughton B.A., Moller B.L., Neilson E.H.J. Reconfigured Cyanogenic Glucoside Biosynthesis in Eucalyptus cladocalyx Involves a Cytochrome P450 CYP706C55. Plant Physiol. 2018;178:1081-1095.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.18.00998
86.
Yulvianti M., Zidorn C. Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products. Molecules. 2021;26:719.
Not in our library10.3390/molecules26030719
87.
Vickers C.E., Gershenzon J., Lerdau M.T., Loreto F. A unified mechanism of action for volatile isoprenoids in plant abiotic stress. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2009;5:283-291.
Not in our library10.1038/nchembio.158
88.
Wright G.A., Schiestl F.P. The evolution of floral scent: The influence of olfactory learning by insect pollinators on the honest signalling of floral rewards. Funct. Ecol. 2009;23:841-851.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01627.x
89.
Munne-Bosch S., Falk J. New insights into the function of tocopherols in plants. Planta. 2004;218:323-326.
Not in our library10.1007/s00425-003-1126-0
90.
Munné-Bosch S., Alegre L. The function of tocopherols and tocotrienols in plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2010;21:31-57.
Not in our library10.1080/0735-260291044179
91.
Yeshi K., Wangchuk P., Mandal S.C., Nayak A.K., Dhara A.K. Essential oils and their bioactive molecules in healthcare. 1st ed. Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications. 2021;215-237.
Not in our library
92.
Peñuelas J., Llusià J. The complexity of factors driving volatile organic compound emissions by plants. Biol. Plant. 2001;44:481-487.
Not in our library10.1023/a:1013797129428
93.
Dudareva N., Negre F., Nagegowda D.A., Orlova I. Plant volatiles: Recent advances and future perspectives. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2006;25:417-440.
Not in our library10.1080/07352680600899973
94.
Janas K.M., Cvikrová M., Pałagiewicz A., Szafranska K., Posmyk M.M. Constitutive elevated accumulation of phenylpropanoids in soybean roots at low temperature. Plant Sci. 2002;163:369-373.
Not in our library10.1016/s0168-9452(02)00136-x
95.
Ono M., Takeshima M., Nishi A., Higuchi T., Nakano S. Genistein suppresses v-Src-driven proliferative activity by arresting the cell-cycle at G2/M through increasing p21 level in Src-activated human gallbladder carcinoma cells. Nutr. Cancer. 2020;1-9.
Not in our library10.1080/01635581.2020.1797835
96.
Choi E.J., Kim G.H. Antiproliferative activity of daidzein and genistein may be related to ERalpha/c-erbB-2 expression in human breast cancer cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 2013;7:781-784.
Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2013.1283
97.
Copolovici L., Kannaste A., Pazouki L., Niinemets U. Emissions of green leaf volatiles and terpenoids from Solanum lycopersicum are quantitatively related to the severity of cold and heat shock treatments. J. Plant. Physiol. 2012;169:664-672.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jplph.2011.12.019
98.
Dutta A., Sen J., Deswal R. Downregulation of terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic pathway by low temperature and cloning of a AP2 type C-repeat binding factor (CBF) from Catharanthus roseus (L). G. Don. Plant Cell Rep. 2007;26:1869-1878.
Not in our library10.1007/s00299-007-0383-y
99.
Goboza M., Aboua Y.G., Chegou N., Oguntibeju O.O. Vindoline effectively ameliorated diabetes-induced hepatotoxicity by docking oxidative stress, inflammation and hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetes-induced male Wistar rats. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019;112:1-11.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108638
100.
Kubo A., Lunde C.S., Kubo I. Indole and (E)-2-hexenal, phytochemical potentiators of polymyxins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1996;40:1438-1441.
Not in our library10.1128/aac.40.6.1438
101.
Wang X.-S., Yang W., Tao S.-J., Li K., Li M., Dong J.-H., Wang M.-W. The effect of delta-elemene on hela cell lines by apoptosis induction. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006;126:979-990.
Not in our library10.1248/yakushi.126.979
102.
Legault J., Pichette A. Potentiating effect of beta-caryophyllene on anticancer activity of alpha-humulene, isocaryophyllene and paclitaxel. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2007;59:1643-1647.
Not in our library10.1211/jpp.59.12.0005
103.
Dahham S.S., Tabana Y.M., Khadeer Ahamed M.B., Abdul Majid A.M.S. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of β-caryophyllene, evaluated by molecular imaging. Molecules Med. Chem. 2016;162:108-117.
Not in our library10.14800/mmc.1001
104.
Christie P.J., Alfenito M.R., Walbot V. Impact of low-temperature stress on general phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin pathways: Enhancement of transcript abundance and anthocyanin pigmentation in maize seedlings. Planta. 1994;194:541-549.
Not in our library10.1007/bf00714468
105.
Ku S.K., Yoon E.K., Lee W., Kwon S., Lee T., Bae J.S. Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of pelargonidin in vivo and in vitro. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2016;39:398-408.
Not in our library10.1007/s12272-016-0708-x
106.
Jeon J., Kim J.K., Wu Q., Park S.U. Effects of cold stress on transcripts and metabolites in tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Environ. Exp. Bot. 2018;155:488-496.
Not in our library10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.07.027
107.
Khoo H.E., Azlan A., Nurulhuda M.H., Ismail A., Abas F., Hamid M., Roowi S. Antioxidative and cardioprotective properties of anthocyanins from defatted dabai extracts. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013;2013:1-13.
Not in our library10.1155/2013/434057
108.
Mir B.A., Mir S.A., Khazir J., Tonfack L.B., Cowan D.A., Vyas D., Koul S. Cold stress affects antioxidative response and accumulation of medicinally important withanolides in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2015;74:1008-1016.
Not in our library10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.012
109.
Akhoon B.A., Pandey S., Tiwari S., Pandey R. Withanolide A offers neuroprotection, ameliorates stress resistance and prolongs the life expectancy of Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp. Gerontol. 2016;78:47-56.
Not in our library10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.004
110.
Withaferin A-Induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells Is Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species · 2011
No notice
111.
Zhao M., Zhang N., Gao T., Jin J., Jing T., Wang J., Wu Y., Wan X., Schwab W., Song C. Sesquiterpene glucosylation mediated by glucosyltransferase UGT91Q2 is involved in the modulation of cold stress tolerance in tea plants. New Phytol. 2020;226:362-372.
Not in our library10.1111/nph.16364
112.
Drought stress enhances nutritional and bioactive compounds, phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity of Amaranthus leafy vegetable · 2018
No notice
113.
Akojie F.O., Fung L.W. Antisickling activity of hydroxybenzoic acids in Cajanus cajan. Planta Med. 1992;58:317-320.
Not in our library10.1055/s-2006-961475
114.
Hernandez I., Alegre L., Munne-Bosch S. Enhanced oxidation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidin accumulation in water-stressed tea plants. Phytochemistry. 2006;67:1120-1126.
Not in our library10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.002
115.
Anitha S., Krishnan S., Senthilkumar K., Sasirekha V. Theoretical investigation on the structure and antioxidant activity of (+) catechin and (−) epicatechin—A comparative study. Mol. Phys. 2020;118:1-12.
Not in our library10.1080/00268976.2020.1745917
116.
Liu Z. Drought-induced in vivo synthesis of camptothecin in Camptotheca acuminata seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 2000;110:483-488.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-3054.2000.1100409.x
117.
Adams D.J., Dewhirst M.W., Flowers J.L., Gamcsik M.P., Colvin O.M., Manikumar G., Wani M.C., Wall M.E. Camptothecin analogues with enhanced antitumor activity at acidic pH. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2000;46:263-271.
Not in our library10.1007/s002800000157
118.
Effects of PEG-induced drought stress on regulation of indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus · 2017
Not checked
119.
Zhou X., Xu Z., Li A., Zhang Z., Xu S. Double-sides sticking mechanism of vinblastine interacting with alpha, beta-tubulin to get activity against cancer cells. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2019;37:4080-4091.
Not in our library10.1080/07391102.2018.1539412
120.
Hernandez I., Alegre L., Munne-Bosch S. Drought-induced changes in flavonoids and other low molecular weight antioxidants in Cistus clusii grown under Mediterranean field conditions. Tree Physiol. 2004;24:1303-1311.
Not in our library10.1093/treephys/24.11.1303
121.
Rao S.D., Pagidas K. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a natural polyphenol, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer Cclls. Anticancer Res. 2010;30:2519-2524.
Not in our library
122.
Falcinelli S.D., Shi M.C., Friedlander A.M., Chua J. Green tea and epigallocatechin-3-gallate are bactericidal against Bacillus anthracis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2017;364:1-8.
Not in our library10.1093/femsle/fnx127
123.
Kirakosyan A., Kaufman P., Warber S., Zick S., Aaronson K., Bolling S., Chul Chang S. Applied environmental stresses to enhance the levels of polyphenolics in leaves of hawthorn plants. Physiol. Plant. 2004;121:182-186.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-3054.2004.00332.x
124.
Sato Y., Itagaki S., Kurokawa T., Ogura J., Kobayashi M., Hirano T., Sugawara M., Iseki K. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Int. J. Pharm. 2011;403:136-138.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.09.035
125.
Xu J.Z., Yeung S.Y., Chang Q., Huang Y., Chen Z.Y. Comparison of antioxidant activity and bioavailability of tea epicatechins with their epimers. Br. J. Nutr. 2004;91:873-881.
Not in our library10.1079/bjn20041132
126.
Cho Y., Njiti V.N., Lightfoot D.A., Wood A.J. Trigonelline concentration in field-grown soybean in response to irrigation. Biol. Plant. 2003;46:405-410.
Not in our library10.1023/a:1024390522259
127.
Yoshinari O., Sato H., Igarashi K. Anti-diabetic effects of pumpkin and its components, trigonelline and nicotinic acid, on Goto-Kakizaki rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2009;73:1033-1041.
Not in our library10.1271/bbb.80805
128.
Nacif de Abreu I., Mazzafera P. Effect of water and temperature stress on the content of active constituents of Hypericum brasiliense Choisy. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2005;43:241-248.
Not in our library10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.01.020
129.
Bridi H., Dischkaln Stolz E., Maikon Corrêa de Barros F., Elingson da Silva Costa B., Guerini L., Maris Kuze Rates S., Lino von Poser G. Antinociceptive activity of phloroglucinol derivatives isolated from southern Brazilian Hypericum species. Chem. Biodivers. 2018;15:66-87.
Not in our library10.1002/cbdv.201800266
130.
Lin J.P., Yang J.S., Lin J.J., Lai K.C., Lu H.F., Ma C.Y., Sai-Chuen Wu R., Wu K.C., Chueh F.S., Gibson Wood W., et al. Rutin inhibits human leukemia tumor growth in a murine xenograft model in vivo. Environ. Toxicol. 2012;27:480-484.
Not in our library10.1002/tox.20662
131.
Zuco V., Supino R., Righetti S.C., Cleris L., Marchesi E., Gambacorti-Passerini C., Formelli F. Selective cytotoxicity of betulinic acid on tumor cell lines but not on normal cells. Cancer Lett. 2002;175:17-25.
Not in our library10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00718-2
132.
Christiansen J.L., Jornsgard B., Buskov S., Oslen C.E. Effect of drought stress on content and composition of seed alkaloids in narrow-leafed lupin, Lupinus angustifolius L. Eur. J. Agron. 1997;7:307-314.
Not in our library10.1016/s1161-0301(97)00017-8
133.
Szabó B., Tyihák E., Szabó G., Botz L. Mycotoxin and drought stress induced change of alkaloid content of Papaver somniferum plantlets. Acta. Bot. Hung. 2003;45:409-417.
Not in our library10.1556/abot.45.2003.3-4.15
134.
Stein C., Comisel K., Haimerl E., Yassouridis A., Lehrberger K., Herz A., Peter K. Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991;325:1123-1126.
Not in our library10.1056/nejm199110173251602
135.
Clark E., Plint A.C., Correll R., Gaboury I., Passi B. A randomized, controlled trial of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and codeine for acute pain relief in children with musculoskeletal trauma. Pediatrics. 2007;119:460-467.
Not in our library10.1542/peds.2006-1347
136.
Turtola S., Manninen A.M., Rikala R., Kainulainen P. Drought stress alters the concentration of wood terpenoids in Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings. J. Chem. Ecol. 2003;29:1981-1995.
Not in our library10.1023/a:1025674116183
137.
Ulusu N.N., Ercil D., Sakar M.K., Tezcan E.F. Abietic acid inhibits lipoxygenase activity. Phytother Res. 2002;16:88-90.
Not in our library10.1002/ptr.983
138.
Fernandez M.A., Tornos M.P., GarcIa M.D., de las Heras B., Villar A.M., Saenz M.T. Anti-inflammatory activity of abietic acid, a diterpene isolated from Pimenta racemosa var. grissea. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2001;53:867-872.
Not in our library10.1211/0022357011776027
139.
Liu H., Wang X., Wang D., Zou Z., Liang Z. Effect of drought stress on growth and ccumulation of active constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2011;33:84-88.
Not in our library10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.09.006
140.
Chen W., Lu Y., Chen G., Huang S. Molecular evidence of cryptotanshinone for treatment and prevention of human cancer. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2013;13:979-987.
Not in our library10.2174/18715206113139990115
141.
Adomako-Bonsu A.G., Chan S.L.F., Pratten M., Fry J.R. Antioxidant activity of rosmarinic acid and its principal metabolites in chemical and cellular systems: Importance of physico-chemical characteristics. Toxicol. In Vitro. 2017;40:248-255.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.016
142.
Sun Y., Zhu H., Wang J., Liu Z., Bi J. Isolation and purification of salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza by high-speed counter-current chromatography and comparison of their antioxidant activity. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2009;877:733-737.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.013
143.
Wang D.H., Du F., Liu H.Y., Liang Z.S. Drought stress increases iridoid glycosides biosynthesis in the roots of Scrophularia ningpoensis seedlings. J. Med. Plant. Res. 2010;4:2691-2699.
Not in our library
144.
Liu L., Cao X., Li T., Li X. Effects of catalpol on the activity of human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica. 2019;49:1289-1295.
Not in our library10.1080/00498254.2018.1558309
145.
Song M., Han M., Kim Kwon Y. Effect of aucubin on neural precursor cell survival during neuronal differentiation. Int. J. Neurosci. 2018;128:899-905.
Not in our library10.1080/00207454.2018.1435535
146.
Marquardt D., Williams J.A., Kucerka N., Atkinson J., Wassall S.R., Katsaras J., Harroun T.A. Tocopherol activity correlates with its location in a membrane: A new perspective on the antioxidant vitamin E. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2013;135:7523-7533.
Not in our library10.1021/ja312665r
147.
Kawata A., Murakami Y., Suzuki S., Fujisawa S. Anti-inflammatory activity of beta-carotene, lycopene and tri-n-butylborane, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species. In Vivo. 2018;32:255-264.
Not in our library10.21873/invivo.11232
148.
Rufino A.T., Ribeiro M., Judas F., Salgueiro L., Lopes M.C., Cavaleiro C., Mendes A.F. Anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective activity of (+)-alpha-pinene: Structural and enantiomeric selectivity. J. Nat. Prod. 2014;77:264-269.
Not in our library10.1021/np400828x
149.
Du Y., Luan J., Jiang R.P., Liu J., Ma Y. Myrcene exerts anti-asthmatic activity in neonatal rats via modulating the matrix remodeling. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2020;34:1-10.
Not in our library10.1177/2058738420954948
150.
Roberto D., Micucci P., Sebastian T., Graciela F., Anesini C. Antioxidant activity of limonene on normal murine lymphocytes: Relation to H2O2 modulation and cell proliferation. Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2010;106:38-44.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00467.x
151.
Fernandes E.S., Passos G.F., Medeiros R., da Cunha F.M., Ferreira J., Campos M.M., Pianowski L.F., Calixto J.B. Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds alpha-humulene and (-)-trans-caryophyllene isolated from the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007;569:228-236.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.059
152.
He X., Huang W., Chen W., Dong T., Liu C., Chen Z., Xu S., Ruan Y. Changes of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba in response to ozone fumigation. J. Environ. Sci. 2009;21:199-203.
Not in our library10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62251-2
153.
The neuroprotective mechanisms of ginkgolides and bilobalide in cerebral ischemic injury: a literature review · 2019
Not checked
154.
Ormrod D.P., Landry L.G., Coclin P.L. Short-term UV-B radiation and ozone exposure effects on aromatic secondary metabolite accumulation and shoot growth of flavonoid-deficient Arabidopsis mutants. Physiol. Plant. 1995;93:602-610.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb05106.x
155.
Olsson L.C., Veit M., Weissenbock G., Bornman J.F. Flavonoid response to UV-B radiation in Brassica napus. Phytochemistry. 1998;49:1021-1028.
Not in our library10.1016/s0031-9422(98)00062-4
156.
Gitz D.C., Liu L., McClure J.W. Phenolic metabolism, growth and UV-B tolerance in phenylalanine ammonia lyase inhibited red cabbage seedlings. Phytochemistry. 1998;49:377-386.
Not in our library10.1016/s0031-9422(98)00011-9
157.
Ramani S., Jayabaskaran C. Enhanced catharanthine and vindoline production in suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus by ultraviolet-B light. J. Mol. Signal. 2008;3:1-6.
Not in our library10.1186/1750-2187-3-9
158.
Ramani S., Chelliah J. UV-B-induced signaling events leading to enhanced-production of catharanthine in Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures. BMC Plant. Biol. 2007;7:1-17.
Not in our library10.1186/1471-2229-7-61
159.
Siddiqui M.J., Ismail Z., Aisha A.F.A., Abdul Majid A.M.S. Cytotoxic activity of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) crude extracts and pure compounds against human colorectal carcinoma cell line. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2010;6:43-47.
Not in our library10.3923/ijp.2010.43.47
160.
Wang J., Dudareva N., Bhakta S., Raguso R.A., Pichersky E. Floral scent production in Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae). II. Localization and developmental modulation of the enzyme SAM:(Iso)eugenol O-methyltransferase and phenylpropanoid emission. Plant. Physiol. 1997;114:213-221.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.114.1.213
161.
Campaniello D., Corbo M.R., Sinigaglia M. Antifungal activity of eugenol against Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium species. J. Food Prot. 2010;73:1124-1128.
Not in our library10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1124
162.
Lee Y.Y., Hung S.L., Pai S.F., Lee Y.H., Yang S.F. Eugenol suppressed the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory mediators in human macrophages. J. Endod. 2007;33:698-702.
Not in our library10.1016/j.joen.2007.02.010
163.
Regvar M., Bukovnik U., Likar M., Kreft I. UV-B radiation affects flavonoids and fungal colonisation in Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum. Open Life Sci. 2012;7:275-283.
Not in our library10.2478/s11535-012-0017-4
164.
Antioxidant Activity of Quercetin and Its Glucosides from Propolis: A Theoretical Study · 2017
No notice
165.
Sun H., Yin M., Hao D., Shen Y. Anti-Cancer Activity of Catechin against A549 Lung Carcinoma Cells by Induction of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitor p21 and Suppression of Cyclin E1 and P–AKT. Appl. Sci. 2020;10:2065.
Not in our library10.3390/app10062065
166.
Simos Y.V., Verginadis I.I., Toliopoulos I.K., Velalopoulou A.P., Karagounis I.V., Karkabounas S.C., Evangelou A.M. Effects of catechin and epicatechin on superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, in vivo. Redox. Rep. 2012;17:181-186.
Not in our library10.1179/1351000212y.0000000020
167.
Cuadra P., Harborne J.B., Waterman P.G. Increases in surface flavonols and photosynthetic pigments in Gnaphalium luteo-album in response to UV-B radiation. Phytochemistry. 1997;45:1377-1383.
Not in our library10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00183-0
168.
Faham N., Javidnia K., Bahmani M., Amirghofran Z. Calycopterin, an immunoinhibitory compound from the extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Phytother. Res. 2008;22:1154-1158.
Not in our library10.1002/ptr.2382
169.
Cuadra P., Harborne J.B. Changes in epicuticular flavonoids and photosynthetic pigments as a plant response to UV-B radiation. Z. Naturforsch. 1996;51c:671-680.
Not in our library10.1515/znc-1996-9-1012
170.
Reuber S., Bornman J.F., Weissenbock G. A flavonoid mutant of barley exhibits increased sensitivity to UV-B radiation in primary leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 1996;19:593-599.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00393.x
171.
Ra J.-E., Woo S.-Y., Jin H., Lee M.J., Kim H.Y., Ham H., Chung I.-M., Seo W.D. Evaluation of antihypertensive polyphenols of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings via their effects on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2020;63:1-9.
Not in our library10.1186/s13765-020-00519-9
172.
Guo Y., Liu Y., Zhang Z., Chen M., Zhang D., Tian C., Liu M., Jiang G. The antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of luteolin against Trueperella pyogenes. Infect. Drug Resist. 2020;13:1697-1711.
Not in our library10.2147/idr.s253363
173.
Markham K.R., Ryan K.G., Bloor S.J., Mitchell K.A. An increase in the luteolin-apigenin ratio in Marchantia polymorpha on UV-B enhancement. Phytochemistry. 1998;48:791-794.
Not in our library10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00875-3
174.
Skaltsa H., Verykokidou E., Harvala C., Karabourniotis G., Manetas Y. UV-B protective potential and flavonoid content of leaf hairs in Quercus ilex. Phytochemistry. 1994;37:987-990.
Not in our library10.1016/s0031-9422(00)89514-x
175.
Lee K.M., Lee K.W., Jung S.K., Lee E.J., Heo Y.S., Bode A.M., Lubet R.A., Lee H.J., Dong Z. Kaempferol inhibits UVB-induced COX-2 expression by suppressing Src kinase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2010;80:2042-2049.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.042
176.
Kadioglu O., Nass J., Saeed M.E.M., Schuler B., Efferth T. Kaempferol is an anti-inflammatory compound with activity towards NF-κB pathway proteins. Anticancer Res. 2015;35:2645-2650.
Not in our library
177.
Zu Y.G., Tang Z.H., Yu J.H., Liu S.G., Wang W., Guo X.R. Different responses of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin to heat shock in Camptotheca acuminata seedlings. Acta. Bot. Sin. 2003;45:809-814.
Not in our library
178.
Ping Y.-H., Lee H.-C., Lee J.-Y., Wu P.-H., Ho L.-K., Chi C.-W., Lu M.-F., Wang J.-J. Anticancer effects of low-dose 10-hydroxycamptothecin in human colon cancer. Oncol. Rep. 2006;15:1273-1279.
Not in our library10.3892/or.15.5.1273
179.
Rosenfeld H.J., Aaby K., Lea P. Influence of temperature and plant density on sensory quality and volatile terpenoids of carrot (Daucus carota L.) root. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2002;82:1384-1390.
Not in our library10.1002/jsfa.1200
180.
Helmig D., Ortega J., Duhl T., Tanner D., Guenther A., Harley P., Wiedinmyer C., Milford J., Sakulyanontvittaya T. Sesquiterpene emissions from pine trees-identifications, emission rates and flux estimates for the contiguous United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007;41:1545-1553.
Not in our library10.1021/es0618907
181.
Commisso M., Toffali K., Strazzer P., Stocchero M., Ceoldo S., Baldan B., Levi M., Guzzo F. Impact of phenylpropanoid compounds on heat stress tolerance in carrot cell cultures. Front. Plant Sci. 2016;7:1-16.
Not in our library10.3389/fpls.2016.01439
182.
Aydin E., Turkez H., Tasdemir S. Anticancer and antioxidant properties of terpinolene in rat brain cells. Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol. 2013;64:415-424.
Not in our library10.2478/10004-1254-64-2013-2365
183.
Shen Y., Song X., Li L., Sun J., Jaiswal Y., Huang J., Liu C., Yang W., Williams L., Zhang H., et al. Protective effects of p-coumaric acid against oxidant and hyperlipidemia-an in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019;111:579-587.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.074
184.
Spagnol C.M., Assis R.P., Brunetti I.L., Isaac V.L.B., Salgado H.R.N., Correa M.A. In vitro methods to determine the antioxidant activity of caffeic acid. Spectrochim Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2019;219:358-366.
Not in our library10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.025
185.
Hanson D.T., Sharkey T.D. Effect of growth conditions on isoprene emission and other thermotolerance-enhancing compounds. Plant Cell Environ. 2001;24:929-936.
Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00744.x
186.
Zhang J.H., Sun H.L., Chen S.Y., Zeng L., Wang T.T. Anti-fungal activity, mechanism studies on alpha-phellandrene and nonanal against Penicillium cyclopium. Bot. Stud. 2017;58:1-9.
Not in our library10.1186/s40529-017-0168-8
187.
Hadri A., Gomez del Rio M.A., Sanz J., Coloma A.G., Idaomar M., Ozonas B.R., Gonzalez J.B., Reus M.I.S. Cytotoxic activity of α-humulene and trans-caryophyllene from Salvia officinalis in animal and human tumor cells. An. R. Acad. Nac. Farm. 2010;76:343-356.
Not in our library
188.
Randriamampionona D., Diallo B., Rakotoniriana F., Rabemanantsoa C., Cheuk K., Corbisier A.M., Jaziri M. Comparative analysis of active constituents in Centella asiatica samples from Madagascar: Application for ex situ conservation and clonal propagation. Fitoterapia. 2007;78:482-489.
Not in our library10.1016/j.fitote.2007.03.016
189.
Sondari D., Harmami S.B., Ghozali M., Randy A., Amanda A., Irawan Y. Determination of the active asiaticoside content in Centella asiatica as anti-cellulite agent. Indones J. Cancer Chemoprev. 2011;2:222-227.
Not in our library10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev2iss2pp222-227
190.
Global Plant Stress Signaling: Reactive Oxygen Species at the Cross-Road · 2016
No notice
191.
Nogués I., Medori M., Calfapietra C. Limitations of monoterpene emissions and their antioxidant role in Cistus sp. under mild and severe treatments of drought and warming. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2015;119:76-86.
Not in our library10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.06.001
192.
Fall R., Karl T., Hansel A., Jordan A., Lindinger W. Volatile organic compounds emitted after leaf wounding: On-line analysis by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. J. Geophys. Res. 1999;104:15963-15974.
Not in our library10.1029/1999jd900144
193.
D’Auria J.C., Pichersky E., Schaub A., Hansel A., Gershenzon J. Characterization of a BAHD acyltransferase responsible for producing the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2007;49:194-207.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02946.x
194.
Yamauchi Y., Kunishima M., Mizutani M., Sugimoto Y. Reactive short-chain leaf volatiles act as powerful inducers of abiotic stress-related gene expression. Sci. Rep. 2015;5:1-8.
Not in our library10.1038/srep08030
195.
Gibbs A.G. Lipid melting and cuticular permeability: New insights into an old problem. J. Insect Physiol. 2002;48:391-400.
Not in our library10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00059-8
196.
Terpenes and Terpenoids in Plants: Interactions with Environment and Insects · 2020
No notice
197.
Korankye E.A., Lada R.R., Asiedu S., Caldwell C. Plant senescence: The role of volatile terpene compounds (VTCs). Am. J. Plant. Sci. 2017;8:3120-3139.
Not in our library10.4236/ajps.2017.812211
198.
Valifard M., Mohsenzadeh S., Kholdebarin B., Rowshan V., Niazi A., Moghadam A. Effect of salt stress on terpenoid biosynthesis in Salvia mirzayanii: From gene to metabolite. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 2018;94:389-399.
Not in our library10.1080/14620316.2018.1505443
199.
Spicher L., Glauser G., Kessler F. Lipid antioxidant and galactolipid remodeling under temperature stress in tomato plants. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1-12.
Not in our library10.3389/fpls.2016.00167
200.
Sakuragi Y., Maeda H., Dellapenna D., Bryant D.A. alpha-tocopherol plays a role in photosynthesis and macronutrient homeostasis of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that is independent of its antioxidant function. Plant Physiol. 2006;141:508-521.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.105.074765
201.
Havaux M. Plastoquinone in and beyond photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci. 2020;25:1252-1265.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tplants.2020.06.011
202.
Sharkey T.D., Chen X.Y., Yeh S. Isoprene increases thermotolerance of fosmidomycin-fed leaves. Plant Physiol. 2001;125:2001-2006.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.125.4.2001
203.
Sharkey T.D., Wiberley A.E., Donohue A.R. Isoprene emission from plants: Why and how. Ann. Bot. 2008;101:5-18.
Not in our library10.1093/aob/mcm240
204.
Loreto F., Velikova V. Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Plant Physiol. 2001;127:1781-1787.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.010497
205.
Rinnan R., Rinnan Å., Faubert P., Tiiva P., Holopainen J.K., Michelsen A. Few long-term effects of simulated climate change on volatile organic compound emissions and leaf chemistry of three subarctic dwarf shrubs. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2011;72:377-386.
Not in our library10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.11.006
206.
Harvaux M., Kloppstech K. The protective functions of carotenoid and flavonoid pigments against excess visible radiation at chilling temperature investigated in Arabidopsis npq and tt mutants. Planta. 2001;213:953-966.
Not in our library10.1007/s004250100572
207.
Camejo D., Jimenez A., Alarcon J.J., Torres W., Gomez J.M., Sevilla F. Changes in photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant activities following heat-shock treatment in tomato plants. Funct. Plant Biol. 2006;33:177-187.
Not in our library10.1071/fp05067
208.
Al-Huqail A., El-Dakak R.M., Sanad M.N., Badr R.H., Ibrahim M.M., Soliman D., Khan F. Effects of climate temperature and water stress on plant growth and accumulation of antioxidant compounds in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leafy vegetable. Scientifica. 2020;2020:1-12.
Not in our library10.1155/2020/3808909
209.
Thakur P., Nayyar H., Tuteja N., Singh G.S. Facing the Cold Stress by Plants in the Changing Environment: Sensing, Signaling, and Defending Mechanisms. Plant. Acclimation to Environmental Stress. 2013;29-69.
Not in our library
210.
Chinnusamy V., Zhu J., Zhu J.K. Cold stress regulation of gene expression in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2007;12:444-451.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tplants.2007.07.002
211.
Krol A., Amarowicz R., Weidner S. The effects of cold stress on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves. J. Plant Physiol. 2015;189:97-104.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jplph.2015.10.002
212.
Chaves M.M., Flexas J., Pinheiro C. Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: Regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Ann. Bot. 2009;103:551-560.
Not in our library10.1093/aob/mcn125
213.
Ahmed S., Griffin T.S., Kraner D., Schaffner M.K., Sharma D., Hazel M., Leitch A.R., Orians C.M., Han W., Stepp J.R., et al. Environmental Factors Variably Impact Tea Secondary Metabolites in the Context of Climate Change. Front. Plant. Sci. 2019;10:1-16.
Not in our library10.3389/fpls.2019.00939
214.
Dat J., Vandenabeele S., Vranova E., Van Montagu M., Inze D., Van Breusegem F. Dual action of the active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2000;57:779-795.
Not in our library10.1007/s000180050041
215.
Overmyer K., Brosche M., Kangasjarvi J. Reactive oxygen species and hormonal control of cell death. Trends Plant Sci. 2003;8:335-342.
Not in our library10.1016/s1360-1385(03)00135-3
216.
Nakabayashi R., Mori T., Saito K. Alternation of flavonoid accumulation under drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Signal. Behav. 2014;9:1-3.
Not in our library10.4161/psb.29518
217.
Rice-Evans C.A., Miller N.J., Paganga G. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends Plant. Sci. 1997;2:152-159.
Not in our library10.1016/s1360-1385(97)01018-2
218.
Massacci A., Nabiev S.M., Pietrosanti L., Nematov S.K., Chernikova T.N., Thor K., Leipner J. Response of the photosynthetic apparatus of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to the onset of drought stress under field conditions studied by gas-exchange analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2008;46:189-195.
Not in our library10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.006
219.
Nakabayashi R., Yonekura-Sakakibara K., Urano K., Suzuki M., Yamada Y., Nishizawa T., Matsuda F., Kojima M., Sakakibara H., Shinozaki K., et al. Enhancement of oxidative and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by overaccumulation of antioxidant flavonoids. Plant J. 2014;77:367-379.
Not in our library10.1111/tpj.12388
220.
Ma D., Sun D., Wang C., Li Y., Guo T. Expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes and accumulation of flavonoid in wheat leaves in response to drought stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2014;80:60-66.
Not in our library10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.024
221.
Von Wettberg E.J., Stanton M.L., Whittall J.B. How anthocyanin mutants respond to stress: The need to distinguish between stress tolerance and maximal vigour. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2010;12:457-476.
Not in our library
222.
Li X., Lv X., Wang X., Wang L., Zhang M., Ren M. Effects of abiotic stress on anthocyanin accumulation and grain weight in purple wheat. Crop. Pasture. Sci. 2018;69:1208-1214.
Not in our library10.1071/cp18341
223.
Sun J., Qiu C., Ding Y., Wang Y., Sun L., Fan K., Gai Z., Dong G., Wang J., Li X., et al. Fulvic acid ameliorates drought stress-induced damage in tea plants by regulating the ascorbate metabolism and flavonoids biosynthesis. BMC Genom. 2020;21:1-13.
Not in our library10.1186/s12864-020-06815-4
224.
Footprints of the Sun: Memory of UV and Light Stress in Plants · 2014
Not checked
225.
Del Valle J.C., Buide M.L., Whittall J.B., Valladares F., Narbona E. UV radiation increases phenolic compound protection but decreases reproduction in Silene littorea. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:1-18.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0231611
226.
Stapleton A.E., Walbot V. Flavonoids can protect maize DNA from the induction of ultraviolet radiation damage. Plant Physiol. 1994;105:881-889.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.105.3.881
227.
Jordan B.R. Molecular response of plant cells to UV-B stress. Funct. Plant Biol. 2002;29:909-916.
Not in our library10.1071/fp02062
228.
Agati G., Brunetti C., Di Ferdinando M., Ferrini F., Pollastri S., Tattini M. Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: New evidence, lessons from the past. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2013;72:35-45.
Not in our library10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014
229.
Tattini M., Gravano E., Pinelli P., Mullinacci N., Romani A. Flavonoids accumulate in leaves and glandular trichomes of phillyrea latifolia exposed to excess solar radiation. New Phytol. 2000;148:69-77.
Not in our library10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00743.x
230.
Tattini M., Galardi C., Pinelli P., Massai R., Remorini D., Agati G. Differential accumulation of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates in leaves of Ligustrum vulgare under excess light and drought stress. New Phytol. 2004;163:547-561.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01126.x
231.
Nascimento L., Leal-Costa M.V., Menezes E.A., Lopes V.R., Muzitano M.F., Costa S.S., Tavares E.S. Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on phenolic profile and flavonoid content of Kalanchoe pinnata. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2015;148:73-81.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.011
232.
Herrlich P., Blattner C., Knebel A., Bender K., Rahmsdorf H.F. Nuclear and non-nuclear targets of genotoxic agents in the induction of gene expression. Shared principles in yeast, rodents, man and plants. Biol. Chem. 1997;378:1217-1229.
Not in our library10.1515/bchm.1997.378.11.1217
233.
Lindroth R.L. Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3 on forests: Phytochemistry, trophic interactions, and ecosystem dynamics. J. Chem. Ecol. 2010;36:2-21.
Not in our library10.1007/s10886-009-9731-4
234.
Chemical Diversity and Defence Metabolism: How Plants Cope with Pathogens and Ozone Pollution · 2009
No notice
235.
Hoshika Y., Omasa K., Paoletti E. Both ozone exposure and soil water stress are able to induce stomatal sluggishness. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2013;88:19-23.
Not in our library10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.12.004
236.
Mao B., Yin H., Wang Y., Zhao T.H., Tian R.R., Wang W., Ye J.S. Combined effects of O3 and UV radiation on secondary metabolites and endogenous hormones of soybean leaves. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:1-16.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0183147
237.
Kangasj¨arvi J., Talvinen J., Utriaine M., Karjalainen R. Plant defence systems induced by ozone. Plant. Cell Environ. 1994;17:783-794.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00173.x
238.
Sharma Y.K., Davis K.R. Ozone-induced expression of stress-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1994;105:1089-1096.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.105.4.1089
239.
Eckey-Kaltenbach H.E., Ernst D., Heller W., Sandermann H. Biochemical plant response to ozone IV. Cross-induction of defensive pathways in parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) plants. Plant Physiol. 1994;104:67-74.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.104.1.67
240.
Martin-Tanguy J. Metabolism and function of polyamines in plants: Recent development (new approaches). Plant Growth Regul. 2001;34:135-148.
Not in our library10.1023/a:1013343106574
241.
Marchica A., Cotrozzi L., Detti R., Lorenzini G., Pellegrini E., Petersen M., Nali C. The biosynthesis of phenolic compounds is an integrated defence mechanism to prevent ozone injury in Salvia officinalis. Antioxidants. 2020;9:1274.
Not in our library10.3390/antiox9121274
242.
Peñuelas J., Staudt M. BVOCs and global change. Trends Plant Sci. 2010;15:133-144.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.005
243.
Valkama E., Koricheva J., Oksanen E. Effects of elevated O3, alone and in combination with elevated CO2, on tree leaf chemistry and insect herbivore performance: A meta-analysis. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2007;13:184-201.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01284.x
244.
Rao M.V., Davis K.R. The physiology of ozone-induced cell death. Planta. 2001;213:682-690.
Not in our library10.1007/s004250100618
245.
Heiden A.C., Hoffmann T., Kahl J., Kley D., Klockow D., Langebartels C., Mehlhorn H., Sandermann H., Schraudner M., Schuh G., et al. Emission of volatile organic compounds from ozone-exposed plants. Ecolog. Appl. 1999;9:1160-1167.
Not in our library10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1160:eovocf]2.0.co;2
246.
Langebartels C., Kerner K., Leonardi S., Schraudner M., Trost M., Heller W., Sandermann H. Biochemical plant resonses to ozone I: Differential induction of polyamine and ethylene biosynthesis in tobacco. Plant Physiol. 1991;9:882-889.
Not in our library10.1104/pp.95.3.882
247.
Piao M.J., Kim K.C., Chae S., Keum Y.S., Kim H.S., Hyun J.W. Protective effect of fisetin (3,7,3’,4’-tetrahydroxyflavone) against gamma-irradiation-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. Biomol. Ther. 2013;21:210-215.
Not in our library10.4062/biomolther.2013.017
248.
Maher P. A comparison of the neurotrophic activities of the flavonoid fisetin and some of its derivatives. Free Radic. Res. 2006;40:1105-1111.
Not in our library10.1080/10715760600672509
249.
Pinto D.M., Blande J.D., Nykanen R., WenXia D., Ner A.M., Holopainen J.K. Ozone degrades common herbivore-induced plant volatiles: Does this affect herbivore prey location by predators and parasitoids? J. Chem. Ecol. 2007;33:683-694.
Not in our library10.1007/s10886-007-9255-8
250.
Liu J.-H., Kitashiba H., Wang J., Ban Y., Moriguchi T. Polyamines and their ability to provide environmental stress tolerance to plants. Plant Biotechn. 2007;24:117-126.
Not in our library10.5511/plantbiotechnology.24.117
251.
Cragg G.M., Newman D.J. Natural products: A continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. BBA-GEN SUBJECTS. 2013;1830:3670-3695.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008
252.
Williams C.A., Grayer R.J. Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2004;12:539-573.
Not in our library10.1039/b311404j
253.
Melidou M., Riganakos K., Galaris D. Protection against nuclear DNA damage offered by flavonoids in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide: The role of iron chelation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2005;39:1591-1600.
Not in our library10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.009
254.
Selway J.T. Antiviral activity of flavones and flavans. Prog Clin. Biol. Res. 1986;213:521-536.
Not in our library
255.
Maher P. The flavonoid fisetin promotes nerve cell survival from trophic factor withdrawal by enhancement of proteasome activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophy. 2008;476:139-144.
Not in our library10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.023
256.
Gupta S.C., Kim J.H., Prasad S., Aggarwal B.B. Regulation of survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells through modulation of inflammatory pathways by nutraceuticals. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010;29:405-434.
Not in our library10.1007/s10555-010-9235-2
257.
Sung B., Pandey M.K., Aggarwal B.B. Fisetin, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 6, down-regulates nuclear factor-κB-regulated cell proliferation, antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products through the suppression of TAK-1 and receptor-interacting protein-regulated IκBα kinase activation. Mol. Pharmacol. 2007;71:1703-1714.
Not in our library10.1124/mol.107.034512
258.
Hussain T., Al-Attas O.S., Alamery S., Ahmed M., Odeibat H.A.M., Alrokayan S. The plant flavonoid, fisetin alleviates cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress, and inflammation in Wistar rat lungs. J. Food Biochem. 2019;43:1-11.
Not in our library10.1111/jfbc.12962
259.
Choi I.S., Choi E.Y., Jin J.Y., Park H.R., Choi J.I., Kim S.J. Kaempferol inhibits P. intermedia lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide through translational regulation in murine macrophages: Critical role of heme oxygenase-1-mediated ROS reduction. J. Periodontol. 2013;84:545-555.
Not in our library10.1902/jop.2012.120180
260.
Chen A.Y., Chen Y.C. A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention. Food Chem. 2013;138:2099-2107.
Not in our library10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.139
261.
Calderon-Montano J.M., Burgos-Moron E., Perez-Guerrero C., Lopez-Lazaro M. A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol. Mini. Rev. Med. Chem. 2011;11:298-344.
Not in our library10.2174/138955711795305335
262.
Kalantari H., Das D.K. Physiological effects of resveratrol. Biofactors. 2010;36:401-406.
Not in our library10.1002/biof.100
263.
Tanshinones, Critical Pharmacological Components in Salvia miltiorrhiza · 2019
No notice
264.
Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phythomedicines. Part I. Alkaloids · 2009
Not checked
265.
Binder B.Y.K., Peebles C.A.M., Shanks J.V., San K.-Y. The effects of UV-B stress on the production of terpenoid indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus hairy roots. Biotechnol. Prog. 2009;25:861-865.
Not in our library10.1002/btpr.97
266.
Wilson L., Creswell K.M., Chin D. The mechanism of action of vinblastine. Binding of [acetyl-3H]vinblastine to embryonic chick brain tubulin and tubulin from sea urchin sperm tail outer doublet microtubules. Biochemistry. 1975;14:5586-5592.
Not in our library10.1021/bi00697a008
267.
Zi J., Mafu S., Peters R.J. To gibberellins and beyond! surveying the evolution of (di) terpenoid metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2014;65:259-286.
Not in our library10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035705
268.
Salminen A., Lehtonen M., Suuronen T., Kaarniranta K., Huuskonen J. Terpenoids: Natural inhibitors of NF-kB signaling with anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2008;65:2979-2999.
Not in our library10.1007/s00018-008-8103-5
269.
Geu-Flores F., Sherden N.H., Courdavault V., Burlat V., Glenn W.S., Wu C., Nims E., Cui Y., O’Connor S.E. An alternative route to cyclic terpenes by reductive cyclization in iridoid biosynthesis. Nature. 2012;492:138-142.
Not in our library10.1038/nature11692
270.
Newman D.J., Cragg G.M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. J. Nat. Prod. 2012;75:311-335.
Not in our library10.1021/np200906s
271.
Newman D.J., Cragg G.M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. J. Nat. Prod. 2020;83:770-803.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285
272.
Butler M.S., Robertson A.A., Cooper M.A. Natural product and natural product derived drugs in clinical trials. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2014;31:1612-1661.
Not in our library10.1039/c4np00064a
273.
Atanasov A.G., Zotchev S.B., Dirsch V.M., International Natural Product Sciences T., Supuran C.T. Natural products in drug discovery: Advances and opportunities. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2021;20:200-216.
Not in our library10.1038/s41573-020-00114-z
274.
Zemp M., Hoelzle M., Haeberli W. Six decades of glacier mass balance observations—A review of the worldwide monitoring network. Ann. Glaciol. 2009;50:101-111.
Not in our library10.3189/172756409787769591
275.
Cazzolla Gatti R., Callaghan T., Velichevskaya A., Dudko A., Fabbio L., Battipaglia G., Liang J. Accelerating upward treeline shift in the Altai Mountains under last-century climate change. Sci. Rep. 2019;9:1-13.
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-019-44188-1
276.
Williams S.E., Bolitho E.E., Fox S. Climate change in Australian tropical rainforests: An impending environmental catastrophe. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2003;270:1887-1892.
Not in our library10.1098/rspb.2003.2464
277.
Steinbauer M.J., Grytnes J.A., Jurasinski G., Kulonen A., Lenoir J., Pauli H., Rixen C., Winkler M., Bardy-Durchhalter M., Barni E., et al. Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is linked to warming. Nature. 2018;556:231-234.
Not in our library10.1038/s41586-018-0005-6
278.
Toscano S., Trivellini A., Cocetta G., Bulgari R., Francini A., Romano D., Ferrante A. Effect of preharvest abiotic stresses on the accumulation of bioactive compounds in horticultural produce. Front. Plant. Sci. 2019;10:1-17.
Not in our library10.3389/fpls.2019.01212
279.
Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol. Plant. 2010;3:2-20.
Not in our library10.1093/mp/ssp106

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.