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Gut Bacteria and Hydrogen Sulfide: The New Old Players in Circulatory System Homeostasis

Lenka Tomasova, Piotr Konopelski, Marcin Ufnal

Molecules · 2016 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/molecules21111558

Abstract

Accumulating evidence suggests that gut bacteria play a role in homeostasis of the circulatory system in mammals. First, gut bacteria may affect the nervous control of the circulatory system via the sensory fibres of the enteric nervous system. Second, gut bacteria-derived metabolites may cross the gut-blood barrier and target blood vessels, the heart and other organs involved in the regulation of the circulatory system. A number of studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important biological mediator in the circulatory system. Thus far, research has focused on the effects of H2S enzymatically produced by cardiovascular tissues. However, some recent evidence indicates that H2S released in the colon may also contribute to the control of arterial blood pressure. Incidentally, sulfate-reducing bacteria are ubiquitous in mammalian colon, and H2S is just one among a number of molecules produced by the gut flora. Other gut bacteria-derived compounds that may affect the circulatory system include methane, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, trimethylamine or indole. In this paper, we review studies that imply a role of gut microbiota and their metabolites, such as H2S, in circulatory system homeostasis.

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    Blackler R.W., Motta J.P., Manko A., Workentine M., Bercik P., Surette M.G., Wallace J.L. Hydrogen sulphide protects against NSAID-enteropathy through modulation of bile and the microbiota. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2015;172:992-1004.

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    Nagpure B.V., Bian J.S. Interaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with Nitric Oxide in the Cardiovascular System. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016;2016:6904327.

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    Meng G., Ma Y., Xie L., Ferro A., Ji Y. Emerging role of hydrogen sulfide in hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2015;172:5501-5511.

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    Yu X.H., Cui L.B., Wu K., Zheng X.L., Cayabyab F.S., Chen Z.W., Tang C.K. Hydrogen sulfide as a potent cardiovascular protective agent. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2014;437:78-87.

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    Martelli A., Testai L., Marino A., Breschi M.C., Da Settimo F., Calderone V. Hydrogen sulphide: Biopharmacological roles in the cardiovascular system and pharmaceutical perspectives. Curr. Med. Chem. 2012;19:3325-3336.

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    Ufnal M., Sikora M. The role of brain gaseous transmitters in the regulation of the circulatory system. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2011;12:1322-1333.

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    Sonobe T., Haouzi P. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the heart following acute administration: Methodological and physiological conciderations. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2016.

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    Sikora M., Drapala A., Ufnal M. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide causes different hemodynamic effects in normotensive and hypertensive rats via neurogenic mechanisms. Pharmacol. Rep. 2014;66:751-758.

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    Szabo C. Roles of hydrogen sulfide in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2012;17:68-80.

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    Wallace J.L., Wang R. Hydrogen sulfide-based therapeutics: Exploiting a unique but ubiquitous gasotransmitter. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2015;14:329-345.

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    Cortese-Krott M.M., Kuhnle G.G.C., Dyson A., Fernandez B.O., Grman M., DuMond J.F., Barrow M.P., McLeod G., Nakagawa H., Ondrias K., et al. Key bioactive reaction products of the NO/H2S interaction are S/N-hybrid species, polysulfides, and nitroxyl. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015;112:E4651-E4660.

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    Berenyiova A., Grman M., Mijuskovic A., Stasko A., Misak A., Nagy P., Ondriasova E., Cacanyiova S., Brezova V., Feelisch M. The reaction products of sulfide and S-nitrosoglutathione are potent vasorelaxants. Nitric Oxide. 2015;46:123-130.

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    Doel J.J., Benjamin N., Hector M.P., Rogers M., Allaker R.P. Evaluation of bacterial nitrate reduction in the human oral cavity. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 2005;113:14-19.

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    Lundberg J.O., Weitzberg E., Cole J.A., Benjamin N. Nitrate, bacteria and human health. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004;2:593-602.

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    Sobko T., Reinders C.I., Jansson E.Å., Norin E., Midtvedt T., Lundberg J.O. Gastrointestinal bacteria generate nitric oxide from nitrate and nitrite. Nitric. Oxide. 2005;13:272-278.

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    Silaghi-Dumitrescu R., Kim Y.N., Viswanathan R., Kurtz D.M. A flavo-diiron protein from Desulfovibrio vulgaris with oxidase and nitric oxide reductase activities. Evidence for an in vivo nitric oxide scavenging function. Biochemistry. 2005;44:3572-3579.

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    Stanek A., Gadowska-Cicha A., Gawron K., Wielkoszyński T., Adamek B., Cieślar G., Wiczkowski A., Sieroń A. Role of nitric oxide in physiology and pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2008;8:1549-1560.

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    Lundberg J.O., Weitzberg E. Biology of nitrogen oxides in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 2013;62:616-629.

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    Farrugia G., Szurszewski J.H. Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as signaling molecules in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology. 2014;147:303-313.

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    Bohlen H.G. Nitric oxide and the cardiovascular system. Compr. Physiol. 2015;5:803-828.

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    Lei J., Vodovotz Y., Tzeng E., Billiar T.R. Nitric oxide, a protective molecule in the cardiovascular system. Nitric Oxide. 2013;35:175-185.

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    Dias R.G., Negrão C.E., Krieger M.H. Nitric oxide and the cardiovascular system: Cell activation, vascular reactivity and genetic variant. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 2011;96:68-75.

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    Çengel A., Şahinarslan A. Nitric oxide and cardiovascular system. Anadolu Kardiyol. Derg. 2006;6:364-368.

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    Briskey D., Tucker P.S., Johnson D.W., Coombes J.S. Microbiota and the nitrogen cycle: Implications in the development and progression of CVD and CKD. Nitric Oxide. 2016;57:64-70.

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    Nitrate Reduction to Nitrite, Nitric Oxide and Ammonia by Gut Bacteria under Physiological Conditions · 2015
    Corrected
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    Regan J.M., Harrington G.W., Noguera D.R. Ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacterial communities in a pilot-scale chloraminated drinking water distribution system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002;68:73-81.

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    Heiss C., Lauer T., Dejam A., Kleinbongard P., Hamada S., Rassaf T., Matern S., Feelisch M., Kelm M. Plasma nitroso compounds are decreased in patients with endothelial dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006;47:573-579.

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    Frea S., Bovolo V., Pidello S., Canavosio F.G., Botta M., Bergerone S., Gaita F. Clinical and prognostic role of ammonia in advanced decompensated heart failure the cardio-abdominal syndrome? Int. J. Cardiol. 2015;195:53-60.

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    Medeiros W.M., Carvalho A.C., Peres P., De Luca F.A., Gun C. The dysfunction of ammonia in heart failure increases with an increase in the intensity of resistance exercise, even with the use of appropriate drug therapy. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2014;21:135-144.

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    Monteiro M., Séneca J., Magalhães C. The history of aerobic ammonia oxidizers: From the first discoveries to today. J. Microbiol. 2014;52:537-547.

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    Bełtowski J., Jamroz A., Borkowska E. Heme oxygenase and carbon monoxide in the physiology and pathology of the cardiovascular system. Postepy. Hig. Med. Dosw. 2004;58:83-99.

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    Durante W., Johnson F.K., Johnson R.A. Role of carbon monoxide in cardiovascular function. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2006;10:672-686.

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    Maharshak N., Ryu H.S., Fan T.J., Onyiah J.C., Schulz S., Otterbein S.L., Wong R., Hansen J.J., Otterbein L.E., Carroll I.M., Plevy S.E. Escherichia coli heme oxygenase modulates host innate immune responses. Microbiol. Immunol. 2015;59:452-465.

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    Onyiah J.C., Sheikh S.Z., Maharshak N., Steinbach E.C., Russo S.M., Kobayashi T., Mackey L.C., Hansen J.J., Moeser A.J., Rawls J.F., Borst L.B., Otterbein L.E., Plevy S.E. Carbon monoxide and heme oxygenase-1 prevent intestinal inflammation in mice by promoting bacterial clearance. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:789-798.

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    Garcia J.L., Patel B.K.C., Ollivier B. Taxonomic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of methanogenic Archaea. Anaerobe. 2000;6:205-226.

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    Liu Y., Whitman W.B. Metabolic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of the methanogenic archaea. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008;1125:171-189.

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    Ferry J.G. Enzymology of one-carbon metabolism in methanogenic pathways. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1999;23:13-38.

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    Whiticar M.J., Faber E., Schoell M. Biogenic methane formation in marine and freshwater environments: CO2 reduction vs. acetate fermentation-Isotope evidence. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1986;50:693-709.

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    McKay L.F., Holbrook W.P., Eastwood M.A. Methane and hydrogen production by human intestinal anaerobic bacteria. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. B. 1982;90:257-260.

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    Christl S.U., Gibson G.R., Cummings J.H. Role of dietary sulphate in the regulation of methanogenesis in the human large intestine. Gut. 1992;33:1234-1238.

    Not in our library10.1136/gut.33.9.1234

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    Roccarina D., Lauritano E.C., Gabrielli M., Franceschi F., Ojetti V., Gasbarrini A. The role of methane in intestinal diseases. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1250-1256.

    Not in our library10.1038/ajg.2009.744

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    Boros M., Tuboly E., Mészáros A., Amann A. The role of methane in mammalian physiology-Is it a gasotransmitter? J. Breath Res. 2015;9:014001.

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    Levitt M.D., Furne J.K., Kuskowski M., Ruddy J. Stability of human methanogenic flora over 35 years and a review of insights obtained from breath methane measurements. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006;4:123-129.

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    McKay L.F., Eastwood M.A., Brydon W.G. Methane excretion in man-A study of breath, flatus, and faeces. Gut. 1985;26:69-74.

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    Furnari M., Savarino E., Bruzzone L., Moscatelli A., Gemignani L., Gianini E.G., Zentilin P., Dulbecco P., Savarino V. Reassessment of the role of methane production between irritable bowel syndrome and functional constipation. J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis. 2012;21:157-163.

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    Bratten J.R., Spanier J., Jones M.P. Lactulose breath testing does not discriminate patients with irritable bowel syndrome from healthy controls. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2008;103:958-963.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01785.x

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    Lee K.M., Paik C.N., Chung W.C., Yang J.M., Choi M.G. Breath methane positivity is more common and higher in patients with objectively proven delayed transit constipation. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013;25:726-732.

    Not in our library10.1097/meg.0b013e32835eb916

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    Pimentel M., Lin H.C., Enayati P., Van Den Burg B., Lee H.R., Chen J.H., Park S., Kong Y., Conklin J. Methane, a gas produced by enteric bacteria, slows intestinal transit and augments small intestinal contractile activity. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2006;290:G1089-G1095.

    Not in our library10.1152/ajpgi.00574.2004

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    Jahng J., Jung I.S., Choi E.J., Conklin J.L., Park H. The effects of methane and hydrogen gases produced by enteric bacteria on ileal motility and colonic transit time. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2012;24:185-192.

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    Pimentel M., Kong Y., Park S. IBS Subjects with Methane on Lactulose Breath Test Have Lower Postprandial Serotonin Levels Than Subjects with Hydrogen. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2004;49:84-87.

    Not in our library10.1023/b:ddas.0000011607.24171.c0

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    Liu Y., Luo H.S., Liang C.B., Tan W., Xia H., Xu W.J. Effects of methane on proximal colon motility of rats and ion channel mechanisms. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2013;93:459-463.

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    Mathur R., Kim G., Morales W., Sung J., Rooks E., Pokkunuri V., Weitsman S., Barlow G.M., Chang C., Pimentel M. Intestinal Methanobrevibacter smithii but not total bacteria is related to diet-induced weight gain in rats. Obesity. 2013;21:748-754.

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    Mathur R., Amichai M., Chua K.S., Mirocha J., Barlow G.M., Pimentel M. Methane and hydrogen positivity on breath test is associated with greater body mass index and body fat. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013;98:E698-E702.

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    Romano K.A., Vivas E.I., Amador-Noguez D., Rey F.E. Intestinal microbiota composition modulates choline bioavailability from diet and accumulation of the proatherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide. mBio. 2015;6:e02481.

    Not in our library10.1128/mbio.02481-14

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    Koeth R.A., Wang Z., Levison B.S., Buffa J.A., Org E., Sheehy B.T., Britt E.B., Fu X., Wu Y., Li L., et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat. Med. 2013;19:576-585.

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    Ufnal M., Jazwiec R., Dadlez M., Drapala A., Sikora M., Skrzypecki J. Trimethylamine-N-oxide: A carnitine-derived metabolite that prolongs the hypertensive effect of angiotensin II in rats. Can. J. Cardiol. 2014;30:1700-1705.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cjca.2014.09.010

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    Fukami K., Yamagishi S.I., Sakai K., Kaida Y., Yokoro M., Ueda S., Wada Y., Takeuchi M., Shimizu M., Yamazaki H., Okuda S. Oral l-carnitine supplementation increases trimethylamine-N-oxide but reduces markers of vascular injury in hemodialysis patients. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2015;65:289-295.

    Not in our library10.1097/fjc.0000000000000197

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    Lee J.H., Lee J. Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2010;34:426-444.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x

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    DeMoss R.D., Moser K. Tryptophanase in diverse bacterial species. J. Bacteriol. 1969;98:167-171.

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    Smith E.A., Macfarlane G.T. Formation of phenolic and indolic compounds by anaerobic bacteria in the human large intestine. Microbial. Ecol. 1997;33:180-188.

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    Darkoh C., Chappell C., Gonzales C., Okhuysen P. A rapid and specific method for the detection of indole in complex biological samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015;81:8093-8097.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.02787-15

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    Kim J., Park W. Indole: A signaling molecule or a mere metabolic byproduct that alters bacterial physiology at a high concentration? J. Microbiol. 2015;53:421-428.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12275-015-5273-3

  154. 154.

    Atoh K., Itoh H., Haneda M. Serum indoxyl sulfate levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy: Relation to renal function. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2009;83:220-226.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.diabres.2008.09.053

  155. 155.

    Yoshikawa D., Ishii H., Suzuki S., Takeshita K., Kumagai S., Hayashi M., Niwa T., Izawa H., Murohara T. Plasma Indoxyl sulfate and estimated Glomerular filtration rate-Association with long-term clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ. J. 2014;78:2477-2482.

    Not in our library10.1253/circj.cj-14-0401

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    Barreto F.C., Barreto D.V., Liabeuf S., Meert N., Glorieux G., Temmar M., Choukroun G., Vanholder R., Massy Z.A. Serum indoxyl sulfate is associated with vascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009;4:1551-1558.

    Not in our library10.2215/cjn.03980609

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    Wu I.W., Hsu K.H., Lee C.C., Sun C.Y., Hsu H.J., Tsai C.J., Tzen C.Y., Wang Y.C., Lin C.Y., Wu M.S. P-cresyl sulphate and indoxyl sulphate predict progression of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2011;26:938-947.

    Not in our library10.1093/ndt/gfq580

  158. 158.
    Chronic Kidney Disease-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis Is Ameliorated by Reducing Circulating Levels of a Non-Dialysable Uremic Toxin, Indoxyl Sulfate · 2012
    No notice
  159. 159.

    Miyazaki T., Aoyama I., Ise M., Seo H., Niwa T. An oral sorbent reduces overload of indoxyl sulphate and gene expression of TGF-β1 in uraemic rat kidneys. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2000;15:1773-1781.

    Not in our library10.1093/ndt/15.11.1773

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    Lekawanvijit S., Adrahtas A., Kelly D.J., Kompa A.R., Wang B.H., Krum H. Does indoxyl sulfate, a uraemic toxin, have direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes? Eur. Heart J. 2010;31:1771-1779.

    Not in our library10.1093/eurheartj/ehp574

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    Bansal T., Alaniz R.C., Wood T.K., Jayaraman A. The bacterial signal indole increases epithelial-cell tight-junction resistance and attenuates indicators of inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2010;107:228-233.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0906112107

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    Zelante T., Iannitti R., Cunha C., DeLuca A., Giovannini G., Pieraccini G., Zecchi R., D’Angelo C., Massi-Benedetti C., Fallarino F., Carvalho A., Puccetti P., Romani L. Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22. Immunity. 2013;39:372-385.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.003

  163. 163.

    Richardson A.J., McKain N., Wallace R.J. Ammonia production by human faecal bacteria, and the enumeration, isolation and characterization of bacteria capable of growth on peptides and amino acids. BMC Microbiol. 2013;13.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2180-13-6

  164. 164.

    Zhang Q., Meng Z. The inotropic effects of ammonia on isolated perfused rat hearts and the mechanisms involved. J. Exp. Biol. 2011;214:4048-4054.

    Not in our library10.1242/jeb.055947

  165. 165.

    Perry B.G., Pritchard H.J., Barnes M.J. Cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and strength responses to acute ammonia inhalation. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2016;116:583-592.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00421-015-3313-7

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