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Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Targeting Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment

Andrea Angeli, Fabrizio Carta, Alessio Nocentini and 12 more

Metabolites · 2020 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/metabo10100412

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment is crucial for the growth of cancer cells, triggering particular biochemical and physiological changes, which frequently influence the outcome of anticancer therapies. The biochemical rationale behind many of these phenomena resides in the activation of transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and 2 (HIF-1/2). In turn, the HIF pathway activates a number of genes including those involved in glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, and pH regulation. Several carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, such as CA IX and XII, actively participate in these processes and were validated as antitumor/antimetastatic drug targets. Here, we review the field of CA inhibitors (CAIs), which selectively inhibit the cancer-associated CA isoforms. Particular focus was on the identification of lead compounds and various inhibitor classes, and the measurement of CA inhibitory on-/off-target effects. In addition, the preclinical data that resulted in the identification of SLC-0111, a sulfonamide in Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment of hypoxic, advanced solid tumors, are detailed.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 23, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

The microenvironment of tumor cells is different from that of normal cells and plays a crucial role in shaping the behavior of tumors, which, in turn, frequently influences treatment outcomes as well as treatment strategies. Many decades ago, Warburg recognized this phenomenon, which later became known as the “Warburg effect” and constitutes a hallmark of many cancers: these cells are hypoxic, more acidic than normal, and possess a dysregulated glucose (and not only glucose) metabolism. In the last 20 years, it became obvious that the orchestrators of all these phenomena are transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and 2 (HIF-1/2). The understanding of the intricate biochemical and physiological processes by which HIF-1/2 sense tumor oxygen levels and regulate genes involved in metabolism (such as the glucose transporters), pH regulation (such as monocarboxylate transporters, MCTs; and carbonic anhydrases, CAs), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) led to the award of the 2019 medicine Nobel prize to three scientists who contributed significantly to the field, Kaelin, Ratcliffe, and Semenza. Their crucial discoveries and those from many other laboratories established the basis for exploiting the tumor microenvironment abnormalities for developing a new generation of antitumor therapies and drugs, which should specifically target tumor cells without relevant toxicity to normal cells and tissues.

As a result of HIF-1/2 activation, two of the proteins that were identified to be highly overexpressed in many tumor types were the CA isoforms, CA IX and XII. CAs are a superfamily of metalloenzymes present in all kingdoms of life that catalyze the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and protons. There are 15 CA isoforms that are known in humans (h); i.e., hCA I - hCA XIV, including two V-type isoforms, hCA VA and hCA VB). The field of CAs and their inhibitors were recently reviewed and will not be discussed in detail here. Briefly, the X-ray crystal structures are available for the two tumor-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII, as well as for many other members of the human CA family. Such structures of the enzymes alone and in complex with many types of inhibitors have been highly relevant for the design of compounds with a range of applications, not only in the anticancer field but also in the renal, central nervous system, ophthalmologic, obesity, and other medical fields. Furthermore, recently, CA inhibitors were shown to be of potential use in the management of cerebral ischemia, neuropathic pain, and arthritis, which are conditions for which this class of pharmacologic agents was previously considered inappropriate. However, the attentive search for novel classes of compounds with efficacy and selectivity for the different isoforms involved in these quite diverse conditions resulted in proof of concept studies, which have suggested that all catalytically active hCA isoforms may be considered interesting drug targets.

2.1. Sulfonamides and Other Classes of CA inhibitors (CAIs): Selectivity for Tumor-Associated vs. Cytosolic Isoforms

hCA IX was discovered in 1994 by Pastorekova’s group and hCA XII in 1998 by Türeci et al.. Both isoforms were shown to be extracellular, multi-domain proteins, with the enzyme active site situated outside the cell. Years later, with the demonstration that both enzymes are activated through the HIF-1/2 pathway, a reason for this localization became obvious: both enzymes, together with a range of other proteins that will be not discussed here, are involved in the pH regulation and metabolism of the cancer cell. Both enzymes possess significant catalytic activity for the CO2 hydration reaction.

The hypothesis that interfering with the activity of such proteins may have anticancer effects was proposed by Pouysségur in 2006, but no selective inhibitors for cancer-associated CAs or other proteins involved in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment (MCTs, bicarbonate transporters, or Na+/H+-exchangers, etc.) were available at that time. Thus, a program for developing CA IX/XII selective compounds was initiated in some of our (CT Supuran and S Dedhar) laboratories. Acetazolamide 1 (Figure 1), the classical sulfonamide inhibitor, was the starting point. Indeed, primary sulfonamides such as acetazolamide were known for decades to potently inhibit CAs, as they bind as anions (RSO2NH−) to the metal ion in the enzyme active site, as shown in a classical crystallographic study from Liljas’ group. However, acetazolamide is a non-selective CAI, which potently inhibits most human CA isoforms and is, thus, not an appropriate compound for designing isoform-selective compounds. The tail approach was thus employed for developing CA IX/XII-selective inhibitors. The idea is very simple: attach moieties that may induce the desired properties (e.g., enhanced hydrosolubility) to scaffolds of simple sulfonamides (e.g., sulfanilamide, metanilamide, and their derivatives; 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide, etc.) that may lead to interactions with the external part of the CA isoforms active site, which is the region at the entrance of the cavity that is more diverse than the active site residues between the 12 catalytically active human isoforms. Detailed kinetic and crystallographic studies were performed on a large number of derivatives (more than 10,000 sulfonamides were synthesized and investigated in our laboratories). This research demonstrated that it was possible to design CAIs selective for the various isoforms by tailoring the dimensions (length, bulkiness, etc.) as well as the chemical nature of the various tails. For example, the fluorescein-derivatized sulfonamides 2 and 3 were only mildly selective for CA IX vs. CA II, but they were highly useful for understanding the role of CA IX in tumor pH regulation. In contrast, the ureido-substituted sulfonamides 4 and 5 were members of a congeneric series in which many CA IX/XII selective inhibitors were discovered, and their selectivity for the tumor-associated vs. the cytosolic isoforms was explained by detailed X-ray crystallographic data. Another highly interesting approach was reported by Neri’s group, who designed DNA-encoded libraries of sulfonamides and identified highly potent in vitro CA IX inhibitors in a series of very interesting papers.

Thus, by 2009–2010, sulfonamide CAIs targeting CA IX with high specificity were available, which fostered renewed interest in targeting not only primary tumors but also metastases. However, in parallel with these studies mentioned above, the last decade also brought important developments in the discovery of non-sulfonamide CAIs. The first highly relevant new class of CAIs is represented by the coumarins. The coumarins were shown to act as “prodrug inhibitors”: they undergo CA-mediated hydrolysis of the lactone ring (as in the compounds 6 and 7 of Figure 1), which generates the de facto inhibitor, belonging to the 2-hydroxycinnamic acid class of compounds. Extensive kinetic, crystallographic, and synthetic efforts led to a thorough understanding of this innovative inhibition mechanism. In fact, the 2-hydroxycinnamic acids formed by coumarin hydrolysis do not interact with the catalytic metal ion but instead bind at the entrance of the active site cavity, in a highly variable region of the different CA isoforms, which explains the very isoform-selective inhibitory effects of many representatives of this class of CAIs. Furthermore, this new CA inhibitory class inspired the discovery of many other chemotypes, such as the sulfocoumarins and the homosulfocoumarins by Zalubovskis group, the homocoumarins, the thiocoumarins by Ferraroni et al., etc.

By comparing the sulfur-based, carbon-based, and phosphorus-based zinc-binding groups, a range of novel classes of inhibitors that interact with the zinc ion were reported, including phosphonamidates, dithiocarbamates, monothiocarbamates, xanthates and trithiocarbonates, selenols, carboxylates and hydroxamates, benzoxaboroles, as well as carbamates. Additional inhibitors that have been developed exhibit a different inhibition mechanism: they anchor to the zinc-coordinated water molecule. Polyamines, such as spermine and its derivatives, and the simple phenol and many of its derivatives together with polyphenols inhibit CAs in this way. This inhibition mechanism is also shared by the sulfocoumarins, as demonstrated by Zalubovskis group by using kinetic and crystallographic studies. However, probably, one of the strangest CA inhibition mechanism is the one reported by De Simone’s and Carradori’s group for a benzoic acid derivative that binds outside the active site cavity.

2.2. Measurement of Inhibition Efficacy

All these inhibitors discussed above and many others that are not mentioned here have been profiled for their inhibition of many CA isoforms by using a stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay, which was originally reported in 1971 by Khalifah and validated by others as a rapid method for determining the enzyme kinetics and inhibitory constants of various classes of compounds against different CAs. In a recent paper by Jonsson and Liljas, some inhibition data from several papers from the Supuran group were considered. Jonsson and Liljas queried the enzyme and substrate concentrations that were used in some experiments. Many of the early stopped-flow assay papers cited above, which are not from Supuran’s group but from several well-established laboratories, provided exactly the same level of information. That is, the range of CO2 concentrations at which the experiments were performed was reported, without detailing enzyme concentrations. On the contrary, in many of our papers, the enzyme concentrations are reported either for the CO2 hydrase or esterase assays, and they range between 3.5 and 14 nM. The vast majority of the analyses performed by Jonsson and Liljas are based on supplementary information that was reported in six of our papers (two of the other papers that they considered in the analysis contained CA inhibitory data obtained from a completely different laboratory). The presumed lack of precision results from erroneously typed concentrations for the enzymes in one of the analyzed paper’s supplementary information. That is, a concentration of 10−7 M was erroneously written, which is, in fact, the stock solution of enzyme and not the enzyme concentration at which the measurements were performed. As mentioned above, in most of our experiments, we work at enzyme concentrations ranging from 3.5 and 14 nM, and sometimes even lower when exceedingly strong inhibitors are analyzed. Jonsson and Liljas also raised a query about the enzyme inhibition curves from the supplementary information of another paper. For these figures, the uncatalyzed reaction was not subtracted in the curves plotted in the supplementary figures, but those values were automatically subtracted when the IC50 was calculated due to the use of the algorithm in the computer software that is used for the stopped-flow instrument. Despite these minor errors (now corrected through submission of errata), the inhibitory constants (Kis) determined by the University of Florence stopped-flow kinetic measurements of CA enzyme inhibition have been validated by native mass spectrometry (MS) measurements performed in another laboratory on a number of sulfonamides, which gave results in excellent agreement with the kinetic inhibition data. Dissociation constants (Kds) were obtained from native mass spectrometry measurements of buffered aqueous solutions containing hCA I and hCA II with acetazolamide, ethoxzolamide, brinzolamide, furosemide, dichlorophenamide, and indapamide, which are well known CAIs. Kd values were obtained by either measuring individual ligand–protein interactions in single experiments or simultaneously in competition experiments (Table 1). Kd values are equivalent to Ki values for inhibitors that bind at the site of the substrate, which is the case for sulfonamide CAIs. The agreement between the native MS measurements and those for the stopped-flow kinetic assay was excellent. For example, the measured Kd values of all nanomolar inhibitors were within 30% of the Ki values obtained by stopped-flow kinetic experiments. Moreover, Kd values obtained by native MS for the micromolar inhibitors were within 50% of the Ki values. More recently, native MS was used to measure the Kd values of 15 perfluoroalkyl substances with either carboxylate, sulfate, or sulfonamide zinc-binding groups to hCA I and hCA II. The 30 measured Kd values obtained from native MS measurements were also in excellent agreement with the corresponding Ki measurements (data not shown here). In fact, the Kd values were within 37% of the Ki values. The native MS approach to measuring Kd values has also been validated for ligand–DNA interactions compared to other well-established biophysical methods (isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry).

Overall, these native MS data strongly support that Ki values can be obtained using the stopped-flow kinetic method for a range of different types of CAIs with sufficient accuracy for drug discovery and development applications.

2.3. Drug Design Studies Using SLC-0111 as Lead Compound

Compound 5, SLC-0111, possesses a variable affinity for the diverse hCA isoforms and selective inhibitory action toward tumor expressed CA isoforms IX and XII over the off-target ubiquitous hCA I and hCA II. Compound 5 is characterized by the presence of the ureido functionality as a linker between the benzenesulfonamide fragment and the tail of the inhibitor. By means of X-ray crystallography on SLC-0111, it was demonstrated that the reason for the isoform selectivity is the ureido linker, which allows great flexibility to the CAI “tails” that may adopt a range of conformations and participate in different interactions within the enzyme active site. Such different favorable/unfavorable contacts between the inhibitor tail and the enzyme active site lead to different inhibition profiles for the entire class of sulfonamides to which SLC-0111 belongs. The different tail orientations allow the specific interactions between the inhibitor tail and amino acid residues at the entrance of the active site cavity, which is the most variable region in the various α-CA isoforms with medicinal chemistry applications, such as, for example, CA I, II, IX, and XII. SLC-0111 binds selectively to hCA IX coordinating through the SO2NH− moiety (the deprotonated form of sulfonamide group) to the positively charged Zn(II) ion in the CA active site. In addition, a second strong contact with the Zn(II) ion involves oxygen of the sulfonamide. In contrast, these interactions are either weak or absent in the case of the hCA II isoform. The large difference in the electrostatic interactions accounts for the selectivity of the ligand to hCA IX. It was suggested that the potency of SLC-0111 against isoform IX is due to the hydrophobic contacts, whereas the selectivity is due to the electrostatic interactions, by means of computational approaches.

As a front-runner selective inhibitor for the tumor-associated isoform CA IX, and being currently in Phase Ib/II clinical trials, SLC-0111 has been utilized as a lead CAI for the development of novel promising small molecules with selective inhibitory activity toward CA IX, and with good druggability and lead-likeness characters. Several drug design approaches have been utilized to develop a range of new SLC-0111 analogs. The following subsection will present an overview of most of these drug design approaches.

2.3.1. Modification of the SLC-0111 Benzenesulfonamide Moiety

In 2012, Gieling et al. developed new sulfamate-based SLC-0111 analogs via replacement of the sulfamoyl zinc-binding group (ZBG) in SLC-0111 with the sulfamate functionality (Compound 8, Figure 2). The reported sulfamate derivatives in this study displayed selective CA IX/XII inhibition, as well as inhibited migration and spreading of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. One of these sulfamate-based CAIs efficiently inhibited the development of MDA-MB-231 metastases in the lung without signs of toxicity.

In another study, Carta et al. reported new SLC-0111 regioisomers (Compound 9, Figure 2). The obtained results revealed that shifting of the sulfamoyl ZBG in SLC-0111 from the para- to meta-position elicited a decrease in the effectiveness toward hCA IX with significant improvement of the inhibitory action against hCA II, which was detrimental to the selectivity profile for this regioisomer.

On the other hand, Bozdag et al. reported the design and synthesis of new SLC-0111 congeners incorporating a 2-aminophenol-4-sulfonamide moiety to control the tail flexibility, (Compound 10, Figure 2). The phenolic OH was able to establish an intra-molecular five-membered ring with the ureido NH group, which may provoke a C2-N’rotational restriction leading to a 20-fold enhanced hCA II/hCA IX selectivity ratio in comparison to SLC-0111.

2.3.2. Modification of the SLC-0111 Ureido Linker

Akocak and co-workers adopted a bioisosteric replacement approach in order to replace the SLC-0111 ureido linker with a cyanoguanidine (Compound 11, Figure 3) or 1,3-triazene (Compound 12, Figure 3) linker. The developed N,N′-diaryl cyanoguanidines and 1,3-diaryltriazenes in both studies emerged as selective hCA II inhibitors.

The discovery of other SLC-0111 analogs was continued through two new studies that described the synthesis of novel sets of thioureido and selenoureido CAIs. In these studies, the SLC-0111 ureido oxygen was replaced with a sulfur or selenium atom (Compound 13, Figure 3). The inhibition profile for both thioureido and selenoureido SLC-0111 congeners showed a loss of selectivity for the inhibition of the cancer-associated cytosolic hCA isoforms. Moreover, Eldehna et al., in 2019, developed a series of 3/4-(3-aryl-3-oxopropenyl)aminobenzenesulfonamide derivatives as novel SLC-0111 enaminone analogs (Compound 14, Figure 3). All the reported enaminones exhibited good selectivity toward hCA IX over hCA I and II. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) outcomes highlighted the significance of the incorporation of a bulkier aryl tail such as the 2-naphthyl ring.

In order to manipulate the flexibility of the SLC-0111 ureido linker, the urea linker outer nitrogen atom was incorporated into a piperazine ring to produce rigidified SLC-0111 analogs (Compound 15, Figure 3). The rigid congeners displayed a reduction of CA IX/CA II selectivity, although some nanomolar CA IX inhibitors were obtained.

Furthermore, to better understand the importance of a rigid heterocyclic scaffold, the piperazine ring was substituted with piperidine (Compound 16, Figure 3). In this compound series, a hydrazinocarbonyl-ureido moiety was introduced for the tail of the inhibitors. The NH group of the hydrazide moiety may provide a supplementary H-bond donator, which can better interact with the aminoacidic residues in the hydrophilic region of the active site. Depending on the substitution pattern at the piperidino ring, several hydrazidoureidobenzensulfonamides inhibited CA IX at low nanomolar concentrations.

2.3.3. Modification of the SLC-0111 Tail

The replacement of the 4-fluorophenyl tail with a 3-nitrophenyl group afforded low nanomolar CA IX/XII inhibitor with good selectivity for the transmembrane over the cytosolic isoforms (Compound 4, Figure 1). The same SLC-0111 analog significantly inhibited the formation of metastases by the highly aggressive 4T1 mammary tumor cells. Furthermore, novel SLC-0111 congeners were synthesized either via grafting different substituents within the phenyl tail, rather than p-fluoro (Compound 17, Figure 4) or via replacement of the 4-fluorophenyl moiety with polycyclic tails (Compound 18, Figure 4). On the other hand, replacement of the 4-fluorophenyl tail of SLC-0111 with 4-arylthiazole (Compound 19, Figure 4) and 5-arylthiadiazole (Compound 20, Figure 4) successfully improved the inhibitory activity toward hCA IX. Unfortunately, the most active thiadiazole analogs showed a decrease of the hCA IX/II selectivity as compared to SLC-0111. Another recent study has utilized the bioisosteric replacement approach to design and synthesize new SLC-0111 analogs featuring 3-methylthiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole moiety as a tail that connected to the zinc-anchoring benzenesulfonamide moiety via a ureido linker (Compound 21, Figure 4). Thereafter, the ureido linker was either elongated (Compound 22, Figure 4) or replaced by an enaminone linker (Compound 23, Figure 4). The results obtained from the stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay elucidated that three compounds possessed single-digit nanomolar CA IX inhibitory action with good selectivity profile toward hCA IX over hCA I and II. Moreover, these compounds exerted effective anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities toward breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. It is worth noting that the molecular docking analysis disclosed that thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole moiety is a good bioisoster for the SLC-0111 phenyl tail due to its ability to establish many hydrophobic interactions within the hCA IX and XII active sites, as well as involving the sp2 nitrogen of the tricyclic ring in hydrogen bonding. The fluorine atom from SLC-0111 was also replaced by metal-complexing polycyclic amines, which coordinate positron-emitting (PET) metal ions (e.g., 111In and 90Y) for PET imaging.

2.3.4. Development of SLC-0111 Hybrids

In 2016, Eldehna et al. has utilized a hybrid pharmacophore approach to merge the pharmacophoric elements of the isatin, a privileged scaffold in cancer drug discovery, and SLC-0111 in a single chemical framework to develop a new series of novel isatins-SLC-0111 hybrids (Compound 24, Figure 5). Whilst most of the prepared hybrids exerted excellent inhibition for hCA XII in the sub- to low-nanomolar range, they weakly inhibited hCA IX. Thereafter, a structural extension approach has been exploited through N-alkylation and N-benzylation of the isatin moiety in order to enhance the hydrophobic interactions of the tail within the CA IX binding site, with the prime goal of improving the activity and selectivity toward the CA IX isoform (Compound 25, Figure 5). As planned, an improvement of hCA IX inhibitory activity for the hybrids, in comparison to N-unsubstituted counterparts (Compound 24), was achieved. Furthermore, one of the developed N-substituted isatin-SLC-0111 hybrids showed potent VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity and good anti-proliferative action toward breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, it disrupted the MDA-MB-231 cell cycle via alteration of the Sub-G1 phase and arrest of G2-M stage, as well as, it resulted in a significant increase in the percent of Annexin V positive apoptotic cells.

3. In Vivo Studies, Preclinical and Clinical Trials of CA IX/XII Inhibitors

Overall, the methodology used to determine the inhibitory constants for the various compounds determined in the papers discussed above, and validated by independent technologies (see above), represent bona fide, accurate data, which in no way compromise the development of CA IX and CA XII-specific inhibitors for validation in preclinical cancer models and in clinical trials, based on the vast biological literature demonstrating CA IX/CA XII as promising cancer therapeutic targets in hypoxic solid tumors.

The compounds from which SLC-0111, the lead clinical CA IX/CA XII inhibitor, was derived (5 in Figure 1), were identified by the Supuran group. These ureidobenzene sulfonamide compounds were then assessed for “druggability” criteria, including ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) analysis, from which SLC-0111 was selected for further in vitro and in vivo analysis in appropriate cancer models. The evaluation of CA IX/CA XII inhibitors as anticancer compounds takes a different path from the development of other cytotoxic anticancer drugs. This is because the targets, CA IX/CA XII are only expressed within the hypoxic niches of solid tumors and may represent a minor portion of the total tumor cell population. However, these hypoxic cells have the properties for self-renewal, migration/invasion, and survival in an acidic tumor microenvironment and significantly contribute to resistance to chemo-, radiation, and immunotherapies. Thus, CA IX/CA XII inhibitors are not likely to have a major effect on tumor growth and metastasis by themselves as mono-therapeutics but need to be used in combination with chemo-, radiation-, and immunotherapies to eliminate resistant populations and for maximum durable suppression of tumor growth and metastasis.

Indeed, the extensive preclinical models carried out by several independent groups with the lead CA IX/XII inhibitors, including SLC-0111, have demonstrated that the use of such inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy agents, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy is highly important and desirable for sustained therapeutic response. The extensive studies reported in these and other papers, utilizing multiple in-depth in vivo models, provided solid positive preclinical data to warrant the initiation of Phase 1 clinical trials in 2014, of which a Phase 1 safety trial with SLC-0111 (as a monotherapeutic agent), has been completed and a Phase 1b trial is currently underway to evaluate SLC-0111 in combination with gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients whose tumors are CA IX positive (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03450018).

A multitude of other combination therapy studies has been performed with CA IX inhibitors, including SLC-0111, in combination with proton pump inhibitors, antimetabolites, cisplatin, APE1-Ref-1 inhibitors, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. All these studies showed a synergistic effect between the CAI and the second antitumor agent, as well as the lack of endothelial toxicity.

Other groups also used SLC-0111 in various biomedical studies in which selective inhibition of some CA isoforms was needed. These include the effects on prostate cancer cells of SLC-0111 alone or in combination with daunorubicin, radiobiological effects of CA IX inhibition in human breast cancer cells, microvascular endothelial cell pH regulation, glycolysis and migration suppression in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, and the involvement of CA isoforms in mitochondrial biogenesis and in the control of lactate production in human Sertoli cells. All these studies confirm the usefulness of this clinical candidate in tumors and other biomedical conditions.

4. Conclusions

The tumor microenvironment is critical in cancer cell growth and can substantially influence the outcome of anticancer interventions. Transcription factors, such as HIF-1/2, can activate a number of key genes including those involved in tumor pH regulation. The human carbonic anhydrase isoforms CA IX and XII have active roles in regulating the extracellular pH in cancers including in advanced solid metastatic tumors. As a result of careful preclinical studies involving X-ray crystallography and the screening of tens of thousands of potential inhibitors by use of a functional kinetic enzyme inhibition assay based on stopped-flow kinetic measurements, key lead compounds for CA IX and XII, including the sulfonamide CA inhibitor SLC-0111, have been discovered, developed, and validated. The results from the stopped-flow kinetic enzyme inhibition assay are in excellent agreement with: (i) orthogonal native mass spectrometry measurements that can be used to directly measure protein–ligand interactions and (ii) kinetic inhibition measurements that do not involve a stopped-flow apparatus. Thus, the stopped-flow kinetic method has been used to screen tens of thousands of potential CA inhibitors with sufficiently high accuracy for drug discovery and development applications. Based on the vast literature demonstrating the development and validation of specific CA IX and CA XII inhibitors, including in preclinical cancer models and in clinical trials, these two enzymes are promising cancer therapeutic targets in advanced, hypoxic solid tumors. We anticipate that the use of selective CA IX/XII inhibitors, such as SLC-0111, will be beneficial in combination with chemo-, radiation-, and immunotherapies to eliminate resistant cancer cell populations and for maximum durable suppression of tumor growth and metastasis.

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    Not in our library10.1038/nrd2467

  21. 21.

    Alterio V., Di Fiore A., D’Ambrosio K., Supuran C.T., De Simone G. Multiple binding modes of inhibitors to carbonic anhydrases: How to design specific drugs targeting 15 different isoforms? Chem. Rev. 2012;112:4421-4468.

    Not in our library10.1021/cr200176r

  22. 22.

    Supuran C.T. Structure and function of carbonic anhydrases. Biochem. J. 2016;473:2023-2032.

    Not in our library10.1042/bcj20160115

  23. 23.
    Carbonic Anhydrases and Metabolism · 2018
    No notice
  24. 24.
    Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition and the Management of Hypoxic Tumors · 2017
    No notice
  25. 25.

    Alterio V., Hilvo M., Di Fiore A., Supuran C.T., Pan P., Parkkila S., Scaloni A., Pastorek J., Pastorekova S., Pedone C., et al. Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the tumor-associated human carbonic anhydrase IX. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:16233-16238.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0908301106

  26. 26.

    Whittington D.A., Waheed A., Ulmasov B., Shah G.N., Grubb J.H., Sly W.S., Christianson D.W. Crystal structure of the dimeric extracellular domain of human carbonic anhydrase XII, a bitopic membrane protein overexpressed in certain cancer tumor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001;98:9545-9550.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.161301298

  27. 27.

    Di Fiore A., Truppo E., Supuran C.T., Alterio V., Dathan N., Bootorabi F., Parkkila S., Monti S.M., De Simone G. Crystal structure of the C183S/C217S mutant of human CA VII in complex with acetazolamide. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010;20:5023-5026.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.051

  28. 28.

    Di Fiore A., Monti S.M., Hilvo M., Parkkila S., Romano V., Scaloni A., Pedone C., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T., De Simone G. Crystal structure of human carbonic anhydrase XIII and its complex with the inhibitor acetazolamide. Proteins. 2009;74:164-175.

    Not in our library10.1002/prot.22144

  29. 29.

    Alterio V., Pan P., Parkkila S., Buonanno M., Supuran C.T., Monti S.M., De Simone G. The structural comparison between membrane-associated human carbonic anhydrases provides insights into drug design of selective inhibitors. Biopolymers. 2014;101:769-778.

    Not in our library10.1002/bip.22456

  30. 30.

    Pilka E.S., Kochan G., Oppermann U., Yue W.W. Crystal structure of the secretory isozyme of mammalian carbonic anhydrases CA VI: Implications for biological assembly and inhibitor development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012;419:485-489.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.038

  31. 31.

    Supuran C.T. Advances in structure-based drug discovery of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2017;12:61-88.

    Not in our library10.1080/17460441.2017.1253677

  32. 32.

    Carta F., Supuran C.T. Diuretics with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action: A patent and literature review (2005–2013). Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2013;23:681-691.

    Not in our library10.1517/13543776.2013.780598

  33. 33.

    Nocentini A., Supuran C.T. Advances in the structural annotation of human carbonic anhydrases and impact on future drug discovery. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2019;14:1175-1197.

    Not in our library10.1080/17460441.2019.1651289

  34. 34.

    Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their potential in a range of therapeutic areas. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2018;28:709-712.

    Not in our library10.1080/13543776.2018.1523897

  35. 35.

    Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T., Carta F. Antiobesity carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A literature and patent review. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2013;23:725-735.

    Not in our library10.1517/13543776.2013.790957

  36. 36.

    Supuran C.T. Applications of carbonic anhydrases inhibitors in renal and central nervous system diseases. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2018;28:713-721.

    Not in our library10.1080/13543776.2018.1519023

  37. 37.

    Supuran C.T., Altamimi A.S.A., Carta F. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition and the management of glaucoma: A literature and patent review 2013–2019. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2019;29:781-792.

    Not in our library10.1080/13543776.2019.1679117

  38. 38.

    Supuran C.T. The management of glaucoma and macular degeneration. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2019;29:745-747.

    Not in our library10.1080/13543776.2019.1674285

  39. 39.

    Supuran C.T. How many carbonic anhydrase inhibition mechanisms exist? J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2016;31:345-360.

    Not in our library10.3109/14756366.2015.1122001

  40. 40.

    Di Cesare Mannelli L., Micheli L., Carta F., Cozzi A., Ghelardini C., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition for the management of cerebral ischemia: In vivo evaluation of sulfonamide and coumarin inhibitors. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2016;31:894-899.

    Not in our library10.3109/14756366.2015.1113407

  41. 41.

    Carta F., Di Cesare Mannelli L., Pinard M., Ghelardini C., Scozzafava A., McKenna R., Supuran C.T. A class of sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with neuropathic pain modulating effects. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2015;23:1828-1840.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.027

  42. 42.

    Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition and the management of neuropathic pain. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2016;16:961-968.

    Not in our library10.1080/14737175.2016.1193009

  43. 43.

    Margheri F., Ceruso M., Carta F., Laurenzana A., Maggi L., Lazzeri S., Simonini G., Annunziato F., Del Rosso M., Supuran C.T., et al. Overexpression of the transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII in the inflamed synovium. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2016;31:60-63.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2016.1217857

  44. 44.

    Bua S., Di Cesare Mannelli L., Vullo D., Ghelardini C., Bartolucci G., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T., Carta F. Design and Synthesis of Novel Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Hybrids (NSAIDs-CAIs) for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J. Med. Chem. 2017;60:1159-1170.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01607

  45. 45.

    Pastorek J., Pastoreková S., Callebaut I., Mornon J.P., Zelník V., Opavský R., Zatovicová M., Liao S., Portetelle D., Stanbridge E.J. Cloning and characterization of MN, a human tumor-associated protein with a domain homologous to carbonic anhydrase and a putative helix-loop-helix DNA binding segment. Oncogene. 1994;9:2877-2888.

    Not in our library

  46. 46.

    Türeci O., Sahin U., Vollmar E., Siemer S., Göttert E., Seitz G., Parkkila A.K., Shah G.N., Grubb J.H., Pfreundschuh M., et al. Human carbonic anhydrase XII: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a carbonic anhydrase gene that is overexpressed in some renal cell cancers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998;95:7608-7613.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.95.13.7608

  47. 47.

    Svastová E., Hulíková A., Rafajová M., Zatovicová M., Gibadulinová A., Casini A., Cecchi A., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T., Pastorek J., et al. Hypoxia activates the capacity of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase IX to acidify extracellular pH. FEBS Lett. 2004;577:439-445.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.043

  48. 48.

    Cecchi A., Hulikova A., Pastorek J., Pastoreková S., Scozzafava A., Winum J.Y., Montero J.L., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Design of fluorescent sulfonamides as probes of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase IX that inhibit isozyme IX-mediated acidification of hypoxic tumors. J. Med. Chem. 2005;48:4834-4841.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm0501073

  49. 49.

    Swietach P., Wigfield S., Cobden P., Supuran C.T., Harris A.L., Vaughan-Jones R.D. Tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase 9 spatially coordinates intracellular pH in three-dimensional multicellular growths. J. Biol. Chem. 2008;283:20473-20483.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m801330200

  50. 50.

    Swietach P., Patiar S., Supuran C.T., Harris A.L., Vaughan-Jones R.D. The role of carbonic anhydrase 9 in regulating extracellular and intracellular pH in three-dimensional tumor cell growths. J. Biol. Chem. 2009;284:20299-20310.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m109.006478

  51. 51.

    Lou Y., McDonald P.C., Oloumi A., Chia S., Ostlund C., Ahmadi A., Kyle A., Auf dem Keller U., Leung S., Huntsman D., et al. Targeting tumor hypoxia: Suppression of breast tumor growth and metastasis by novel carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors. Cancer Res. 2011;71:3364-3376.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4261

  52. 52.

    Pacchiano F., Carta F., McDonald P.C., Lou Y., Vullo D., Scozzafava A., Dedhar S., Supuran C.T. Ureido-substituted benzenesulfonamides potently inhibit carbonic anhydrase IX and show antimetastatic activity in a model of breast cancer metastasis. J. Med. Chem. 2011;54:1896-1902.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm101541x

  53. 53.

    Touisni N., Maresca A., McDonald P.C., Lou Y., Scozzafava A., Dedhar S., Winum J.Y., Supuran C.T. Glycosyl coumarin carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors strongly attenuate the growth of primary breast tumors. J. Med. Chem. 2011;54:8271-8277.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm200983e

  54. 54.

    Supuran C.T. Acetazolamide for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2015;15:851-856.

    Not in our library10.1586/14737175.2015.1066675

  55. 55.

    Supuran C.T. Drug interaction considerations in the therapeutic use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2016;12:423-431.

    Not in our library10.1517/17425255.2016.1154534

  56. 56.

    Carta F., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Sulfonamides (RSO2NH2): A patent review 2008–2012. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2012;22:747-758.

    Not in our library10.1517/13543776.2012.698264

  57. 57.

    Scozzafava A., Carta F., Supuran C.T. Secondary and tertiary sulfonamides: A patent review (2008–2012). Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2013;23:203-213.

    Not in our library10.1517/13543776.2013.742065

  58. 58.

    Monti S.M., Supuran C.T., De Simone G. Anticancer carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A patent review (2008–2013). Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2013;23:737-749.

    Not in our library10.1517/13543776.2013.798648

  59. 59.

    Eriksson A.E., Kylsten P.M., Jones T.A., Liljas A. Crystallographic studies of inhibitor binding sites in human carbonic anhydrase II: A pentacoordinated binding of the SCN-ion to the zinc at high pH. Proteins. 1988;4:283-293.

    Not in our library10.1002/prot.340040407

  60. 60.

    Scozzafava A., Menabuoni L., Mincione F., Briganti F., Mincione G., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Synthesis of water-soluble, topically effective, intraocular pressure-lowering aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing cationic or anionic moieties: Is the tail more important than the ring? J. Med. Chem. 1999;42:2641-2650.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm9900523

  61. 61.

    Supuran C.T. Exploring the multiple binding modes of inhibitors to carbonic anhydrases for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2020;15:671-686.

    Not in our library10.1080/17460441.2020.1743676

  62. 62.

    D’Ascenzio M., Secci D., Carradori S., Zara S., Guglielmi P., Cirilli R., Pierini M., Poli G., Tuccinardi T., Angeli A., et al. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, HPLC enantioseparation, and docking studies of saccharin/isoxazole and saccharin/isoxazoline derivatives as selective carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 2020;63:2470-2488.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01434

  63. 63.

    Güzel O., Temperini C., Innocenti A., Scozzafava A., Salman A., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: Kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008;18:152-158.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.110

  64. 64.

    Biswas S., Aggarwal M., Güzel Ö., Scozzafava A., McKenna R., Supuran C.T. Conformational variability of different sulfonamide inhibitors with thienyl-acetamido moieties attributes to differential binding in the active site of cytosolic human carbonic anhydrase isoforms. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011;19:3732-3738.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.006

  65. 65.

    Wagner J., Avvaru B.S., Robbins A.H., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T., McKenna R. Coumarinyl-substituted sulfonamides strongly inhibit several human carbonic anhydrase isoforms: Solution and crystallographic investigations. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010;18:4873-4878.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.028

  66. 66.

    Avvaru B.S., Wagner J.M., Maresca A., Scozzafava A., Robbins A.H., Supuran C.T., McKenna R. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The X-ray crystal structure of human isoform II in adduct with an adamantyl analogue of acetazolamide resides in a less utilized binding pocket than most hydrophobic inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010;20:4376-4381.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.082

  67. 67.

    Carta F., Garaj V., Maresca A., Wagner J., Avvaru B.S., Robbins A.H., Scozzafava A., McKenna R., Supuran C.T. Sulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine moieties selectively and potently inhibit carbonic anhydrase transmembrane isoforms IX, XII and XIV over cytosolic isoforms I and II: Solution and X-ray crystallographic studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011;19:3105-3119.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.005

  68. 68.

    Carta F., Birkmann A., Pfaff T., Buschmann H., Schwab W., Zimmermann H., Maresca A., Supuran C.T. Lead Development of Thiazolylsulfonamides with Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitory Action. J. Med. Chem. 2017;60:3154-3164.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00183

  69. 69.

    Alterio V., Vitale R.M., Monti S.M., Pedone C., Scozzafava A., Cecchi A., De Simone G., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: X-ray and molecular modeling study for the interaction of a fluorescent antitumor sulfonamide with isozyme II and IX. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006;128:8329-8335.

    Not in our library10.1021/ja061574s

  70. 70.

    Pacchiano F., Aggarwal M., Avvaru B.S., Robbins A.H., Scozzafava A., McKenna R., Supuran C.T. Selective hydrophobic pocket binding observed within the carbonic anhydrase II active site accommodate different 4-substituted-ureido-benzenesulfonamides and correlate to inhibitor potency. Chem. Commun. 2010;46:8371-8373.

    Not in our library10.1039/c0cc02707c

  71. 71.

    Mboge M.Y., Mahon B.P., Lamas N., Socorro L., Carta F., Supuran C.T., Frost S.C., McKenna R. Structure activity study of carbonic anhydrase IX: Selective inhibition with ureido-substituted benzenesulfonamides. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017;132:184-191.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.026

  72. 72.

    Ahlskog J.K., Dumelin C.E., Trüssel S., Mårlind J., Neri D. In vivo targeting of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases using acetazolamide derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2009;19:4851-4856.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.022

  73. 73.

    Buller F., Steiner M., Frey K., Mircsof D., Scheuermann J., Kalisch M., Buhlmann P., Supuran C.T., Neri D. Selection of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitors from One Million DNA-Encoded Compounds. ACS Chem. Biol. 2011;6:336-344.

    Not in our library10.1021/cb1003477

  74. 74.

    Krall N., Pretto F., Mattarella M., Müller C., Neri D. A 99mTc-Labeled Ligand of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Selectively Targets Renal Cell Carcinoma in vivo. J. Nucl. Med. 2016;57:943-949.

    Not in our library10.2967/jnumed.115.170514

  75. 75.

    Krall N., Pretto F., Decurtins W., Bernardes G.J.L., Supuran C.T., Neri D. A small-molecule drug conjugate for the treatment of carbonic anhydrase IX expressing tumors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014;53:4231-4235.

    Not in our library10.1002/anie.201310709

  76. 76.

    Favalli N., Biendl S., Hartmann M., Piazzi J., Sladojevich F., Gräslund S., Brown P.J., Näreoja K., Schüler H., Scheuermann J., et al. A DNA-encoded library of chemical compounds based on common scaffolding structures reveals the impact of ligand geometry on protein recognition. ChemMedChem. 2018;13:1303-1307.

    Not in our library10.1002/cmdc.201800193

  77. 77.

    Scheuermann J., Neri D. Dual-pharmacophore DNA-encoded chemical libraries. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2015;26:99-103.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.02.021

  78. 78.

    Ebbesen P., Pettersen E.O., Gorr T.A., Jobst G., Williams K., Kieninger J., Wenger R.H., Pastorekova S., Dubois L., Lambin P., et al. Taking advantage of tumor cell adaptations to hypoxia for developing new tumor markers and treatment strategies. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2009;24:1-39.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756360902784425

  79. 79.

    Pettersen E.O., Ebbesen P., Gieling R.G., Williams K.J., Dubois L., Lambin P., Ward C., Meehan J., Kunkler I.H., Langdon S.P., et al. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: The METOXIA consortium. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2015;30:689-721.

    Not in our library10.3109/14756366.2014.966704

  80. 80.

    Supuran C.T., Alterio V., Di Fiore A., D’Ambrosio K., Carta F., Monti S.M., De Simone G. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX targets primary tumors, metastases, and cancer stem cells: Three for the price of one. Med. Res. Rev. 2018;38:1799-1836.

    Not in our library10.1002/med.21497

  81. 81.
    Recent Developments in Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX for Cancer Therapeutics · 2012
    No notice
  82. 82.

    Maresca A., Temperini C., Vu H., Pham N.B., Poulsen S.A., Scozzafava A., Quinn R.J., Supuran C.T. Non-zinc mediated inhibition of carbonic anhydrases: Coumarins are a new class of suicide inhibitors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009;131:3057-3062.

    Not in our library10.1021/ja809683v

  83. 83.

    Maresca A., Temperini C., Pochet L., Masereel B., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Deciphering the mechanism of carbonic anhydrase inhibition with coumarins and thiocoumarins. J. Med. Chem. 2010;53:335-344.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm901287j

  84. 84.

    Temperini C., Innocenti A., Scozzafava A., Parkkila S., Supuran C.T. The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: The antiepileptic lacosamide as an example. J. Med. Chem. 2010;53:850-854.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm901524f

  85. 85.

    Supuran C.T. Coumarin carbonic anhydrase inhibitors from natural sources. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2020;35:1462-1470.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2020.1788009

  86. 86.

    Tars K., Vullo D., Kazaks A., Leitans J., Lends A., Grandane A., Zalubovskis R., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Sulfocoumarins (1,2-benzoxathiine-2,2-dioxides): A class of potent and isoform-selective inhibitors of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases. J. Med. Chem. 2013;56:293-300.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm301625s

  87. 87.

    Grandane A., Tanc M., Žalubovskis R., Supuran C.T. Synthesis of 6-aryl-substituted sulfocoumarins and investigation of their carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2015;23:1430-1436.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.023

  88. 88.

    Pustenko A., Stepanovs D., Žalubovskis R., Vullo D., Kazaks A., Leitans J., Tars K., Supuran C.T. 3H-1,2-benzoxathiepine 2,2-dioxides: A new class of isoform-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2017;32:767-775.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2017.1316720

  89. 89.

    Grandane A., Nocentini A., Werner T., Zalubovskis R., Supuran C.T. Benzoxepinones: A new isoform-selective class of tumor associated carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2020;28:115496.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115496

  90. 90.

    Ferraroni M., Carta F., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Thioxocoumarins show an alternative carbonic anhydrase inhibition mechanism compared to coumarins. J. Med. Chem. 2016;59:462-473.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01720

  91. 91.

    Supuran C.T. Carbon- versus sulphur-based zinc binding groups for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors? J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2018;33:485-495.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2018.1428572

  92. 92.

    Nocentini A., Gratteri P., Supuran C.T. Phosphorus versus sulfur: Discovery of benzenephosphonamidates as versatile sulfonamide-mimic chemotypes acting as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chemistry. 2019;25:1188-1192.

    Not in our library10.1002/chem.201805039

  93. 93.

    Carta F., Aggarwal M., Maresca A., Scozzafava A., McKenna R., Supuran C.T. Dithiocarbamates: A new class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Crystallographic and kinetic investigations. Chem. Commun. 2012;48:1868-1870.

    Not in our library10.1039/c2cc16395k

  94. 94.

    Vullo D., Durante M., Di Leva F.S., Cosconati S., Masini E., Scozzafava A., Novellino E., Supuran C.T., Carta F. Monothiocarbamates strongly inhibit carbonic anhydrases in vitro and possess intraocular pressure lowering activity in an animal model of glaucoma. J. Med. Chem. 2016;59:5857-5867.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00462

  95. 95.

    Carta F., Akdemir A., Scozzafava A., Masini E., Supuran C.T. Xanthates and trithiocarbonates strongly inhibit carbonic anhydrases and show antiglaucoma effects in vivo. J. Med. Chem. 2013;56:4691-4700.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm400414j

  96. 96.

    Angeli A., Tanini D., Nocentini A., Capperucci A., Ferraroni M., Gratteri P., Supuran C.T. Selenols: A new class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chem. Commun. 2019;55:648-651.

    Not in our library10.1039/c8cc08562e

  97. 97.

    Tanini D., Capperucci A., Ferraroni M., Carta F., Angeli A., Supuran C.T. Direct and straightforward access to substituted alkyl selenols as novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020;185:111811.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111811

  98. 98.

    Langella E., D’Ambrosio K., D’Ascenzio M., Carradori S., Monti S.M., Supuran C.T., De Simone G. A Combined crystallographic and theoretical study explains the capability of carboxylic acids to adopt multiple binding modes in the active site of carbonic anhydrases. Chemistry. 2016;22:97-100.

    Not in our library10.1002/chem.201503748

  99. 99.

    Di Fiore A., Maresca A., Supuran C.T., De Simone G. Hydroxamate represents a versatile zinc binding group for the development of new carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chem. Commun. 2012;48:8838-8840.

    Not in our library10.1039/c2cc34275h

  100. 100.

    Alterio V., Cadoni R., Esposito D., Vullo D., Fiore A.D., Monti S.M., Caporale A., Ruvo M., Sechi M., Dumy P., et al. Benzoxaborole as a new chemotype for carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Chem. Commun. 2016;52:11983-11986.

    Not in our library10.1039/c6cc06399c

  101. 101.

    Langella E., Alterio V., D’Ambrosio K., Cadoni R., Winum J.Y., Supuran C.T., Monti S.M., De Simone G., Di Fiore A. Exploring benzoxaborole derivatives as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A structural and computational analysis reveals their conformational variability as a tool to increase Enzyme selectivity. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2019;34:1498-1505.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2019.1653291

  102. 102.

    Nocentini A., Supuran C.T., Winum J.Y. Benzoxaborole compounds for therapeutic uses: A patent review (2010–2018). Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2018;28:493-504.

    Not in our library10.1080/13543776.2018.1473379

  103. 103.

    De Simone G., Angeli A., Bozdag M., Supuran C.T., Winum J.Y., Monti S.M., Alterio V. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrases by a substrate analog: Benzyl carbamate directly coordinates the catalytic zinc ion mimicking bicarbonate binding. Chem. Commun. 2018;54:10312-10315.

    Not in our library10.1039/c8cc05755a

  104. 104.

    Carta F., Temperini C., Innocenti A., Scozzafava A., Kaila K., Supuran C.T. Polyamines inhibit carbonic anhydrases by anchoring to the zinc-coordinated water molecule. J. Med. Chem. 2010;53:5511-5522.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm1003667

  105. 105.

    Nair S.K., Ludwig P.A., Christianson D.W. Two-site binding of phenol in the active site of human carbonic anhydrase II: Structural implications for substrate association. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994;116:3659-3660.

    Not in our library10.1021/ja00087a086

  106. 106.

    Innocenti A., Vullo D., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interactions of phenols with the 12 catalytically active mammalian isoforms (CA I–XIV). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008;18:1583-1587.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.077

  107. 107.

    Innocenti A., Vullo D., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of mammalian isoforms I–XIV with a series of substituted phenols including paracetamol and salicylic acid. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008;16:7424-7428.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.013

  108. 108.

    Bayram E., Senturk M., Kufrevioglu O.I., Supuran C.T. In vitro effects of salicylic acid derivatives on human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isozymes I and II. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008;16:9101-9105.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.028

  109. 109.

    Nocentini A., Bonardi A., Gratteri P., Cerra B., Gioiello A., Supuran C.T. Steroids interfere with human carbonic anhydrase activity by using alternative binding mechanisms. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2018;33:1453-1459.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2018.1512597

  110. 110.

    Karioti A., Carta F., Supuran C.T. Phenols and polyphenols as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Molecules. 2016;21:1649.

    Not in our library10.3390/molecules21121649

  111. 111.

    D’Ambrosio K., Carradori S., Monti S.M., Buonanno M., Secci D., Vullo D., Supuran C.T., De Simone G. Out of the active site binding pocket for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chem. Commun. 2015;51:302-305.

    Not in our library10.1039/c4cc07320g

  112. 112.

    Khalifah R.G. The carbon dioxide hydration activity of carbonic anhydrase. I. Stop-flow kinetic studies on the native human isoenzymes B and C. J. Biol. Chem. 1971;246:2561-2573.

    Not in our library

  113. 113.

    Hoffmann K.M., Samardzic D., van den Heever K., Rowlett R.S. Co(II)-substituted Haemophilus influenzae β-carbonic anhydrase: Spectral evidence for allosteric regulation by pH and bicarbonate ion. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2011;511:80-87.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.abb.2011.04.013

  114. 114.

    Rowlett R.S., Tu C., Murray P.S., Chamberlin J.E. Examination of the role of Gln-158 in the mechanism of CO2 hydration catalyzed by beta-carbonic anhydrase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2004;425:25-32.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.abb.2004.02.033

  115. 115.

    Ghannam A.F., Tsen W., Rowlett R.S. Activation parameters for the carbonic anhydrase II-catalyzed hydration of CO2. J. Biol. Chem. 1986;261:1164-1169.

    Not in our library

  116. 116.

    Rowlett R.S., Gargiulo N.J., Santoli F.A., Jackson J.M., Corbett A.H. Activation and inhibition of bovine carbonic anhydrase III by dianions. J. Biol. Chem. 1991;266:933-941.

    Not in our library

  117. 117.

    Tu C., Rowlett R.S., Tripp B.C., Ferry J.G., Silverman D.N. Chemical rescue of proton transfer in catalysis by carbonic anhydrases in the beta- and gamma-class. Biochemistry. 2002;41:15429-15435.

    Not in our library10.1021/bi026831u

  118. 118.

    Elder I., Han S., Tu C., Steele H., Laipis P.J., Viola R.E., Silverman D.N. Activation of carbonic anhydrase II by active-site incorporation of histidine analogs. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2004;421:283-289.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.abb.2003.11.006

  119. 119.

    Jonsson B.H., Liljas A. Perspectives on the Classical Enzym. Carbonic Anhydrase and the Search for Inhibitors. Biophys. J. 2020;119:1275-1280.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bpj.2020.08.020

  120. 120.

    Akocak S., Alam M.R., Shabana A.M., Sanku R.K., Vullo D., Thompson H., Swenson E.R., Supuran C.T., Ilies M.A. PEGylated Bis-Sulfonamide Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Can Efficiently Control the Growth of Several Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Expressing Carcinomas. J. Med. Chem. 2016;59:5077-5088.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00492

  121. 121.

    Supuran C.T., Scozzafava A., Ilies M.A., Iorga B., Cristea T., Briganti F., Chiraleu F., Banciu M.D. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors—Part 53? Synthesis of substituted-pyridinium derivatives of aromatic sulfonamides: The first non-polymeric membrane-impermeable inhibitors with selectivity for isozyme IV. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 1998;33:577-594.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80017-2

  122. 122.

    Loughrey B.T., Williams M.L., Healy P.C., Innocenti A., Vullo D., Supuran C.T., Parsons P.G., Poulsen S.A. Novel organometallic cationic ruthenium(II) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl benzenesulfonamide complexes targeted to inhibit carbonic anhydrase. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2009;14:935-945.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00775-009-0506-8

  123. 123.

    Mujumdar P., Teruya K., Tonissen K.F., Vullo D., Supuran C.T., Peat T.S., Poulsen S.A. An Unusual Natural Product Primary Sulfonamide: Synthesis, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition, and Protein X-ray Structures of Psammaplin C. J. Med. Chem. 2016;59:5462-5470.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00443

  124. 124.

    Wilkinson B.L., Bornaghi L.F., Houston T.A., Innocenti A., Vullo D., Supuran C.T., Poulsen S.A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Inhibition of isozymes I, II, and IX with triazole-linked O-glycosides of benzene sulfonamides. J. Med. Chem. 2007;50:1651-1657.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm061320h

  125. 125.

    Lopez M., Vu H., Wang C.K., Wolf M.G., Groenhof G., Innocenti A., Supuran C.T., Poulsen S.A. Promiscuity of carbonic anhydrase II. Unexpected ester hydrolysis of carbohydrate-based sulfamate inhibitors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011;133:18452-18462.

    Not in our library10.1021/ja207855c

  126. 126.

    Mahon B.P., Lomelino C.L., Ladwig J., Rankin G.M., Driscoll J.M., Salguero A.L., Pinard M.A., Vullo D., Supuran C.T., Poulsen S.A., et al. Mapping Selective Inhibition of the Cancer-Related Carbonic Anhydrase IX Using Structure-Activity Relationships of Glucosyl-Based Sulfamates. J. Med. Chem. 2015;58:6630-6638.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00845

  127. 127.

    La Regina G., Coluccia A., Famiglini V., Pelliccia S., Monti L., Vullo D., Nuti E., Alterio V., De Simone G., Monti S.M., et al. Discovery of 1,1′-Biphenyl-4-sulfonamides as a New Class of Potent and Selective Carbonic Anhydrase XIV Inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 2015;58:8564-8572.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01144

  128. 128.

    Moi D., Nocentini A., Deplano A., Balboni G., Supuran C.T., Onnis V. Structure-activity relationship with pyrazoline-based aromatic sulfamates as carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2019;182:111638.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111638

  129. 129.

    De Luca L., Mancuso F., Ferro S., Buemi M.R., Angeli A., Del Prete S., Capasso C., Supuran C.T., Gitto R. Inhibitory effects and structural insights for a novel series of coumarin-based compounds that selectively target human CA IX and CA XII carbonic anhydrases. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2018;143:276-282.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.061

  130. 130.

    Nguyen G.T.H., Tran T.N., Podgorski M.N., Bell S.G., Supuran C.T., Donald W.A. Nanoscale ion emitters in native mass spectrometry for measuring ligand-protein binding affinities. ACS Cent. Sci. 2019;5:308-318.

    Not in our library10.1021/acscentsci.8b00787

  131. 131.

    Nguyen G.T.H., Nocentini A., Angeli A., Gratteri P., Supuran C.T., Donald W.A. Perfluoroalkyl substances of significant environmental concern can strongly inhibit human carbonic anhydrase isozymes. Anal. Chem. 2020;92:4614-4622.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00163

  132. 132.

    Nguyen G.T.H., Leung W.Y., Tran T.N., Wang H., Murray V., Donald W.A. mechanism for the binding of netropsin to hairpin DNA revealed using nanoscale ion emitters in native mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2020;92:1130-1137.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04209

  133. 133.

    Garaj V., Puccetti L., Fasolis G., Winum J.-Y., Montero J.-L., Scozzafava A., Vullo D., Innocenti A., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Novel sulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine moieties as inhibitors of the cytosolic and tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II and IX. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005;15:3102-3108.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.056

  134. 134.

    Conroy C.W., Maren T.H. The effect of temperature on the binding of sulfonamides to carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I, II, and IV. Mol. Pharmacol. 1995;48:486-491.

    Not in our library

  135. 135.

    Kohler K., Hillebrecht A., Wischeler J.S., Innocenti A., Heine A., Supuran C.T., Klebe G. Saccharin inhibits carbonic anhydrases: Possible explanation for its unpleasant metallic aftertaste. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007;46:7697-7699.

    Not in our library10.1002/anie.200701189

  136. 136.

    Temperini C., Cecchi A., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Comparison of chlorthalidone and indapamide X-ray crystal structures in adducts with isozyme II: When three water molecules and the keto-enol tautomerism make the difference. J. Med. Chem. 2009;52:322-328.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm801386n

  137. 137.

    Temperini C., Cecchi A., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide −isozyme II adduct. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008;18:2567-2573.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.051

  138. 138.

    Aggarwal M., Kondeti B., McKenna R. Insights towards sulfonamide drug specificity in α-carbonic anhydrases. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013;21:1526-1533.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.019

  139. 139.

    De Simone G., Alterio V., Supuran C.T. Exploiting the hydrophobic and hydrophilic binding sites for designing carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2013;8:793-810.

    Not in our library10.1517/17460441.2013.795145

  140. 140.

    Briganti F., Pierattelli R., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Part 37. Novel classes of isozyme I and II inhibitors and their mechanism of action. Kinetic and spectroscopic investigations on native and cobalt-substituted enzymes. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 1996;31:1001-1010.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0223-5234(97)86179-x

  141. 141.

    Supuran C.T. Structure-based drug discovery of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2012;27:759-772.

    Not in our library10.3109/14756366.2012.672983

  142. 142.

    Supuran C.T. Carbonic anhydrases: From biomedical applications of the inhibitors and activators to biotechnological use for CO2 capture. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2013;28:229-230.

    Not in our library10.3109/14756366.2013.761876

  143. 143.

    Chahal V., Nirwan S., Kakkar R. A comparative study of the binding modes of SLC-0111 and its analogues in the hCA II and hCA IX active sites using QM/MM, molecular docking, MM-GBSA and MD approaches. Biophys. Chem. 2020;265:106439.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106439

  144. 144.

    Gieling R.G., Babur M., Mamnani L., Burrows N., Telfer B.A., Carta F., Winum J.Y., Scozzafava A., Supuran C.T., Williams K.J. Antimetastatic effect of sulfamate carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors in breast carcinoma xenografts. J. Med. Chem. 2012;14:5591-5600.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm300529u

  145. 145.

    Carta F., Vullo D., Osman S.M., AlOthman Z., Supuran C.T. Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase inhibition of a series of SLC-0111 analogs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2017;25:2569-2576.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.027

  146. 146.

    Bozdag M., Carta F., Ceruso M., Ferraroni F., McDonald P.C., Dedhar S., Supuran C.T. Discovery of 4-hydroxy-3-(3-(phenylureido)benzenesulfonamides as SLC-0111 analogues for the treatment of hypoxic tumors overexpressing carbonic anhydrase IX. J. Med. Chem. 2018;61:6328-6338.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00770

  147. 147.

    Akocak S., Lolak N., Bua S., Turel I., Supuran C.T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N,N′-diaryl cyanoguanidines acting as potent and selective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors. Bioorg. Chem. 2018;77:245-251.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.022

  148. 148.

    Lolak N., Akocak S., Bua S., Koca M., Supuran C.T. Design and synthesis of novel 1,3-diaryltriazene-substituted sulfonamides as potent and selective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors. Bioorg. Chem. 2018;77:542-547.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.015

  149. 149.

    Lomelino C.L., Mahon B.P., Carta F., Supuran C.T., McKenna R. Kinetic and X-ray crystallographic investigations on carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII of a thioureido analog of SLC-0111. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2016;24:976-981.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.019

  150. 150.

    Angeli A., Tanini D., Peat T.S., Di L., Mannelli C., Bartolucci G., Capperucci A., Ghelardini C., Supuran C.T., Carta F. Discovery of new selenoureido analogues of 4-(4-fluorophenylureido) benzenesulfonamide as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2017;8:963-968.

    Not in our library10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00280

  151. 151.

    Eldehna W.M., Abo-Ashour M.F., Berrino E., Vullo D., Ghabbour H.A., Al-Rashood S.T., Hassan G.S., Alkahtani H.M., Almehizia A.A., Alharbi A., et al. SLC-0111 enaminone analogs, 3/4-(3-aryl-3-oxopropenyl) aminobenzenesulfonamides, as novel selective subnanomolar inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform IX. Bioorg. Chem. 2019;83:549-558.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.014

  152. 152.

    Congiu C., Onnis V., Deplano A., Balboni G., Dedeoglu N., Supuran C.T. Synthesis of sulfonamides incorporating piperazinyl-ureido moieties and their carbonic anhydrase I, II, IX and XII inhibitory activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2015;25:3850-3853.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.060

  153. 153.

    Moi D., Nocentini A., Deplano A., Osman S.M., Al Othman Z.A., Piras V., Balboni G., Supuran C.T., Onnis V. Appliance of the piperidinyl-hydrazidoureido linker to benzenesulfonamide compounds: Synthesis, in vitro and in silico evaluation of potent carbonic anhydrase II, IX and XII inhibitors. Bioorg. Chem. 2020;98:103728.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103728

  154. 154.

    Abo-Ashour M.F., Eldehn W.M., Nocentini A., Ibrahim H.S., Bua S., Abdel-Aziz H.A., Abou S.M., Supuran C.T. Novel synthesized SLC-0111 thiazole and thiadiazole analogues: Determination of their carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg. Chem. 2019;87:794-802.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.04.002

  155. 155.

    Alkhaldi A.A.M., Al-Sanea M.M., Nocentini A., Eldehna W.M., Elsayed Z.M., Bonardi A., Abo-Ashour M.F., El-Damasy A.K., Abdel-Maksoud M.S., Al-Warhi T., et al. 3-Methylthiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole-benzenesulfonamide conjugates as novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors endowed with anticancer activity: Design, synthesis, biological and molecular modeling studies. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020;207:112745.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112745

  156. 156.

    Iikuni S., Ono M., Watanabe H., Shimizu Y., Sano K., Saji H. Cancer radiotheranostics targeting carbonic anhydrase-IX with 111In- and 90Y-labeled ureidosulfonamide scaffold for SPECT imaging and radionuclide-based therapy. Theranostics. 2018;8:2992-3006.

    Not in our library10.7150/thno.20982

  157. 157.

    Eldehna W.M., Fares M., Ceruso M., Ghabbour H.A., Abou-Seri S.M., Abdel- Aziz H.A., El Ella D.A., Supuran C.T. Amido/ureidosubstituted benzenesulfonamides-isatin conjugates as low nanomolar/subnanomolar inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform XII. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016;110:259-266.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.030

  158. 158.

    Eldehna W.M., Abo-Ashour M.F., Nocentini A., El-Haggar R.S., Bua S., Bonardi A., Al-Rashood S.T., Hassan G.S., Gratteri P., Abdel-Aziz H.A., et al. Enhancement of the tail hydrophobic interactions within the carbonic anhydrase IX active site via structural extension: Design and synthesis of novel N-substituted isatins-SLC-0111 hybrids as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and antitumor agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016;162:147-160.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.068

  159. 159.

    Lock F.E., McDonald P.C., Lou Y., Serrano I., Chafe S.C., Ostlund C., Aparicio S., Winum J.Y., Supuran C.T., Dedhar S. Targeting carbonic anhydrase IX depletes breast cancer stem cells within the hypoxic niche. Oncogene. 2013;32:5210-5219.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2012.550

  160. 160.

    Kreuzer M., Banerjee A., Birts C.N., Darley M., Tavassoli A., Ivan M., Blaydes J.P. Glycolysis, via NADH-dependent dimerisation of CtBPs, regulates hypoxia-induced expression of CAIX and stem-like breast cancer cell survival. FEBS Lett. 2020.

    Not in our library10.1002/1873-3468.13874

  161. 161.

    Gibadulinova A., Bullova P., Strnad H., Pohlodek K., Jurkovicova D., Takacova M., Pastorekova S., Svastova E. 1CAIX-Mediated control of LIN28/let-7 axis contributes to metabolic adaptation of breast cancer cells to hypoxia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:4299.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms21124299

  162. 162.

    Swayampakula M., McDonald P.C., Vallejo M., Coyaud E., Chafe S.C., Westerback A., Venkateswaran G., Shankar J., Gao G., Laurent E.M.N., et al. The interactome of metabolic Enzyme carbonic anhydrase IX reveals novel roles in tumor cell migration and invadopodia/MMP14-mediated invasion. Oncogene. 2017;36:6244-6261.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2017.219

  163. 163.

    Lee S.H., Griffiths J.R. How and Why Are Cancers Acidic? Carbonic Anhydrase IX and the Homeostatic Control of Tumour Extracellular pH. Cancers. 2020;12:1616.

    Not in our library10.3390/cancers12061616

  164. 164.

    Ciccone V., Filippelli A., Angeli A., Supuran C.T., Morbidelli L. Pharmacological Inhibition of CA-IX impairs tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:2983.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms21082983

  165. 165.
    The role of carbonic anhydrase IX in cancer development: links to hypoxia, acidosis, and beyond · 2019
    No notice
  166. 166.

    Lee S.H., McIntyre D., Honess D., Hulikova A., Pacheco-Torres J., Cerdán S., Swietach P., Harris A.L., Griffiths J.R. Carbonic anhydrase IX is a pH-stat that sets an acidic tumour extracellular pH in vivo. Br. J. Cancer. 2018;119:622-630.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41416-018-0216-5

  167. 167.

    McDonald P.C., Chafe S.C., Brown W.S., Saberi S., Swayampakula M., Venkateswaran G., Nemirovsky O., Gillespie J.A., Karasinska J.M., Kalloger S.E., et al. Regulation of pH by carbonic anhydrase 9 mediates survival of pancreatic cancer cells with activated KRAS in response to hypoxia. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:823-837.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2019.05.004

  168. 168.
    Systems analysis of intracellular pH vulnerabilities for cancer therapy · 2018
    No notice
  169. 169.

    Boyd N.H., Walker K., Fried J., Hackney J.R., McDonald P.C., Benavides G.A., Spina R., Audia A., Scott S.E., Libby C.J., et al. Addition of carbonic anhydrase 9 inhibitor SLC-0111 to temozolomide treatment delays glioblastoma growth in vivo. JCI Insight. 2017;2:e92928.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci.insight.92928

  170. 170.

    Iessi E., Logozzi M., Mizzoni D., Di Raimo R., Supuran C.T., Fais S. Rethinking the Combination of Proton Exchanger Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Metabolites. 2018;8:2.

    Not in our library10.3390/metabo8010002

  171. 171.

    McDonald P.C., Swayampakula M., Dedhar S. Coordinated Regulation of Metabolic Transporters and Migration/Invasion by Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Metabolites. 2018;8:20.

    Not in our library10.3390/metabo8010020

  172. 172.

    Chafe S.C., McDonald P.C., Saberi S., Nemirovsky O., Venkateswaran G., Burugu S., Gao D., Delaidelli A., Kyle A.H., Baker J.H.E., et al. Targeting hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase ix enhances immune-checkpoint blockade locally and systemically. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2019;7:1064-1078.

    Not in our library10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0657

  173. 173.

    Damgaci S., Ibrahim-Hashim A., Enriquez-Navas P.M., Pilon-Thomas S., Guvenis A., Gillies R.J. Hypoxia and acidosis: Immune suppressors and therapeutic targets. Immunology. 2018;154:354-362.

    Not in our library10.1111/imm.12917

  174. 174.

    Kuchuk O., Tuccitto A., Citterio D., Huber V., Camisaschi C., Milione M., Vergani B., Villa A., Alison M.R., Carradori S., et al. pH regulators to target the tumor immune microenvironment in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1445452.

    Not in our library10.1080/2162402x.2018.1445452

  175. 175.

    Ward C., Meehan J., Gray M., Kunkler I.H., Langdon S.P., Argyle D.J. Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX), Cancer, and Radiation Responsiveness. Metabolites. 2018;8:13.

    Not in our library10.3390/metabo8010013

  176. 176.

    Doyen J., Parks S.K., Marcié S., Pouysségur J., Chiche J. Knock-down of hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrases IX and XII radiosensitizes tumor cells by increasing intracellular acidosis. Front. Oncol. 2013;2:199.

    Not in our library10.3389/fonc.2012.00199

  177. 177.

    McDonald P.C., Chia S., Bedard P.L., Chu Q., Lyle M., Tang L., Singh M., Zhang Z., Supuran C.T., Renouf D.J., et al. A Phase 1 Study of SLC-0111, a novel inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase ix, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020;43:484-490.

    Not in our library10.1097/coc.0000000000000691

  178. 178.

    Federici C., Lugini L., Marino M.L., Carta F., Iessi E., Azzarito T., Supuran C.T., Fais S. Lansoprazole and carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors sinergize against human melanoma cells. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2016;31:119-125.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2016.1177525

  179. 179.

    Andreucci E., Peppicelli S., Carta F., Brisotto G., Biscontin E., Ruzzolini J., Bianchini F., Biagioni A., Supuran C.T., Calorini L. Carbonic anhydrase IX inhibition affects viability of cancer cells adapted to extracellular acidosis. J. Mol. Med. 2017;95:1341-1353.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00109-017-1590-9

  180. 180.

    Bryant J.L., Gieling R.G., Meredith S.L., Allen T.J., Walker L., Telfer B.A., Supuran C.T., Williams K.J., White A. Novel carbonic anhydrase IX-targeted therapy enhances the anti-tumour effects of cisplatin in small cell lung cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2018;142:191-201.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.31042

  181. 181.

    Logsdon D.P., Grimard M., Luo M., Shahda S., Jiang Y., Tong Y., Yu Z., Zyromski N., Schipani E., Carta F., et al. Regulation of HIF1α under Hypoxia by APE1/Ref-1 Impacts CA9 expression: Dual targeting in patient-derived 3D pancreatic cancer models. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2016;15:2722-2732.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0253

  182. 182.

    Peppicelli S., Andreucci E., Ruzzolini J., Bianchini F., Nediani C., Supuran C.T., Calorini L. The Carbonic Anhydrase IX inhibitor SLC-0111 as emerging agent against the mesenchymal stem cell-derived pro-survival effects on melanoma cells. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2020;35:1185-1193.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2020.1764549

  183. 183.

    Genah S., Angeli A., Supuran C.T., Morbidelli L. Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase IX inhibitors on human endothelial cell survival. Pharmacol. Res. 2020;159:104964.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104964

  184. 184.

    Riemann A., Güttler A., Haupt V., Wichmann H., Reime S., Bache M., Vordermark D., Thews O. Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase IX by Ureidosulfonamide Inhibitor U104 reduces prostate cancer cell growth, but does not modulate daunorubicin or cisplatin cytotoxicity. Oncol. Res. 2018;26:191-200.

    Not in our library10.3727/096504017x14965111926391

  185. 185.

    Güttler A., Theuerkorn K., Riemann A., Wichmann H., Kessler J., Thews O., Bache M., Vordermark D. Cellular and radiobiological effects of carbonic anhydrase IX in human breast cancer cells. Oncol. Rep. 2019;41:2585-2594.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2019.7001

  186. 186.

    Lee J.Y., Alexeyev M., Kozhukhar N., Pastukh V., White R., Stevens T. Carbonic anhydrase IX is a critical determinant of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell pH regulation and angiogenesis during acidosis. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2018;315:L41-L51.

    Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00446.2017

  187. 187.

    Lee J.Y., Onanyan M., Garrison I., White R., Crook M., Alexeyev M.F., Kozhukhar N., Pastukh V., Swenson E.R., Supuran C.T., et al. Extrinsic acidosis suppresses glycolysis and migration while increasing network formation in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2019;317:L188-L201.

    Not in our library10.1152/ajplung.00544.2018

  188. 188.

    Bernardino R.L., Dias T.R., Moreira B.P., Cunha M., Barros A., Oliveira E., Sousa M., Alves M.G., Oliveira P.F. Carbonic anhydrases are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and control the production of lactate by human Sertoli cells. FEBS J. 2019;286:1393-1406.

    Not in our library10.1111/febs.14779

  189. 189.

    D’Ambrosio K., Carradori S., Cesa S., Angeli A., Monti S.M., Supuran C.T., De Simone G. Catechols: A new class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chem. Commun. 2020.

    Not in our library10.1039/d0cc05172a

  190. 190.

    Abdelrahman M.A., Ibrahim H.S., Nocentini A., Eldehna W.M., Bonardi A., Abdel-Aziz H.A., Gratteri P., Abou-Seri S.M., Supuran C.T. Novel 3-substituted coumarins as selective human carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors: Synthesis, biological and molecular dynamics analysis. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020;209:112897.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112897

  191. 191.

    Guglielmi P., Rotondi G., Secci D., Angeli A., Chimenti P., Nocentini A., Bonardi A., Gratteri P., Carradori S., Supuran C.T. Novel insights on saccharin- and acesulfame-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Design, synthesis, modelling investigations and biological activity evaluation. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2020;35:1891-1905.

    Not in our library10.1080/14756366.2020.1828401

  192. 192.

    Bouzina A., Berredjem M., Nocentini A., Bua S., Bouaziz Z., Jose J., Le Borgne M., Marminon C., Gratteri P., Supuran C.T. Ninhydrins inhibit carbonic anhydrases directly binding to the metal ion. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020;209:112875.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112875

  193. 193.

    Mishra C.B., Tiwari M., Supuran C.T. Progress in the development of human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their pharmacological applications: Where are we today? Med. Res. Rev. 2020;40:2485-2565.

    Not in our library10.1002/med.21713

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