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Persistent Luminescence in Non-Eu2+-Doped Compounds: A Review

Koen Van den Eeckhout, Dirk Poelman, Philippe Smet

Materials · 2013 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/ma6072789

Abstract

During the past few decades, the research on persistent luminescent materials has focused mainly on Eu2+-doped compounds. However, the yearly number of publications on non-Eu2+-based materials has also increased steadily. By now, the number of known persistent phosphors has increased to over 200, of which over 80% are not based on Eu2+, but rather, on intrinsic host defects, transition metals (manganese, chromium, copper, etc.) or trivalent rare earths (cerium, terbium, dysprosium, etc.). In this review, we present an overview of these non-Eu2+-based persistent luminescent materials and their afterglow properties. We also take a closer look at some remaining challenges, such as the excitability with visible light and the possibility of energy transfer between multiple luminescent centers. Finally, we summarize the necessary elements for a complete description of a persistent luminescent material, in order to allow a more objective comparison of these phosphors.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 26, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

In most luminescent materials, the decay of the light emission lasts no longer than a few milliseconds after the end of the excitation. On the contrary, persistent phosphors can continue emitting light for minutes or hours. This phenomenon is used in safety signage, dials and displays and decoration, but also in less obvious applications, such as night-vision surveillance or in vivo medical imaging.

Since the discovery of SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ in 1996, many researchers and publications on persistent luminescent materials have focused on divalent europium as the activating ion. An overview of these materials has been presented in an earlier issue of this journal. However, the number of publications on non-Eu2+-doped compounds has also seen a steady increase during the past 15 years (Figure 1). In this way, the number of materials where persistent luminescence has been observed has grown continuously over time. By now, over 200 combinations of host materials and activating ions have been described, of which less than 20% is based on divalent europium. In this review article, we will present an overview of the non-Eu2+-doped persistent luminescent compounds and their properties.

The research on non-Eu2+-based persistent luminescent materials is mainly driven by the lack of efficient red persistent phosphors. The broadband emission of Eu2+ is strongly dependent on the host material, more precisely, on the nephelauxetic effect (or the centroid shift) and the strength of the crystal field acting on the ion. The combination of both effects leads to the so-called red shift, and the value depends strongly on the composition of the host compound and the local coordination of the europium dopant ion. It is quite common to obtain a blue or green afterglow using oxide hosts, but it is much more difficult to find a suitable host material with sufficient red shift, in order to obtain red (persistent) luminescence. Although there are a number of red emitting Eu2+-doped persistent phosphors, such as CaS:Eu and Ca2Si5N8:Eu, the choice is limited and the host lattices are chemically unstable or difficult to prepare. This is especially unfortunate, since red afterglow phosphors are strongly desired for several applications, such as safety signage, paints and, more recently, also, as tracer particles for in vivo medical imaging. Therefore, many research groups have focused on different luminescent ions in order to obtain an efficient red-emitting persistent phosphor.

The most obvious and popular choice for long-wavelength luminescence is Mn2+, known for its typical yellow-to-red emission in octahedral sites. In several compounds, an energy transfer from Eu2+ to Mn2+ has been observed, leading to a red afterglow color originating from Mn2+, but with a long afterglow time defined by Eu2+. Not only red-emitting activators are being explored. Other common choices are the different trivalent rare earth ions such as Ce3+ and Tb3+. An interesting case is Dy3+, which shows a white emission color, due to three different emissions around 480, 575 and 665 nm. Such a white emission is very difficult to obtain with only Eu2+ doping. Unfortunately, these ions often require a short (UV) excitation wavelength, making it impossible to charge these persistent phosphors using visible light. Finally, several compounds are known to exhibit an afterglow without the addition of (Co) dopants, purely based on the intrinsic luminescence of the host material.

Until 1996, the majority of persistent luminescent applications was based on ZnS doped with copper and cobalt. This material emits a greenish broad-band spectrum centered around 540 nm (Figure 2), which remains visible for several hours after the end of the excitation. However, the afterglow of this material is relatively weak, and it was common to add small amounts of radioactive tritium or promethium in order to sustain the luminescence. Since 1996, this ZnS-based phosphor has been rendered obsolete by Eu2+-doped strontium and calcium aluminates exhibiting a much brighter and long-lasting afterglow. Nevertheless, the research into non-Eu2+-doped persistent phosphors has continuously increased in the background. An extensive list of these phosphors is presented in the following section. The most important ones (with the largest number of publications) to mention at this point are CaTiO3:Pr3+ (red), Y2O2S:Eu3+, Ti4+, Mg2+ (red) and CaS:Bi3+ (blue).

2. Known Compounds

This section provides an overview of the compounds where persistent luminescence, not based on divalent europium, has been reported. For every combination of host compound and activator, relevant references are indicated in the last column. In the case of energy transfer between two different dopants or luminescent centers, both the sensitizer and the activator are indicated. We use the symbol “>>” for efficient energy transfer and “>” for partial energy transfer, as derived from the emission spectra. For clarity, the materials are divided into four groups: silicates, non-silicate oxides, non-oxides and glasses. If a property was not mentioned explicitly in the text of the reference, but inferred from it or from a figure, it is put between parentheses.

Only materials with an afterglow longer than a few seconds were taken into account, since only in this case, the effect can be termed persistent luminescence. Some publications on phosphors, often using trivalent rare earth elements as dopants, claim to describe persistent luminescence, but only show an effective decay time on the order of milliseconds. In these cases, probably only the intrinsic decay of the forbidden transition within the rare earth ion is observed. Hence, these compounds and publications are deliberately not included in the tables.

The afterglow durations were taken directly from the mentioned references. However, not all of these were measured in a single, clearly defined way. The most common criterion is the visibility by the naked, dark-adapted eye. Only a few authors use the threshold value of 0.32 mcd/m2 (which is about 100 times the sensitivity of the human eye and a value often used in the safety signage industry). In some of the references, e.g.,, the afterglow duration was defined as the time the afterglow was measurable with an IR-sensitive camera (in the case of near-IR emission, one could resort to radiometric units). Therefore, the afterglow durations are only noted in the tables as an indication, for a detailed comparison, we refer to the mentioned references.

Furthermore, the exact excitation conditions (wavelength, duration) are not always clear, although 254 nm is a common excitation wavelength. For details on the excitation conditions, we refer to the mentioned references.

2.1. Silicates

Similarly, as in Eu2+-doped compounds, the silicates are used as the host crystal for a large part of the non-Eu2+-based persistent phosphors (Table 1). Especially, the alkaline earth aluminum and magnesium silicates have been studied extensively. Some of the longest afterglow times (>5 h) have been observed in rare-earth doped CdSiO3, although the role of host and self-trapped exciton (STE) luminescence remains the subject of discussion in this compound.

2.2. Other Oxides

The oxides make up the majority of persistent luminescent compounds, but compared to the Eu2+-based materials, many more host compositions (also those in which Eu2+ cannot be stabilized) have been explored (Table 2). Besides the aluminates, also the stannates, titanates and germanates show some interesting properties. The longest afterglow durations have been reached in Ce3+-doped CaAl4O7, CaAl2O4, SrAl2O4 and BaAl2O4, all with a blue emission color. An exceptional case is the near-IR afterglow of Cr3+ in LiGa5O8 and Zn3Ga2Ge2O10 reported by Pan et al., which could be used for night-vision surveillance or in vivo bio-imaging. Allix et al. found that the latter compound is a variant of the solid solution, Zn1+xGa2−2xGexO4:Cr3+, for x = 0.5. They report even better afterglow properties for the composition with x = 0.1.

Pan et al. mention an afterglow of over 360 h (several weeks), but it should be noted that there is no agreed definition of the afterglow duration for wavelengths that cannot be detected by the human eye. This makes it difficult to compare the various reported afterglow durations.

2.3. Other Compounds

The sulfides (Table 3) have the longest recorded history of all persistent luminescent compounds. In fact, the famous Bologna Stone, discovered by Vincenzo Casciarolo in 1602, consisted mainly of copper-doped BaS. Nowadays, the use of ZnS: Cu has much decreased in favor of SrAl2O4:Eu, Dy. The focus has mainly shifted to the oxysulfides, especially Y2O2S:Eu3+, Ti4+, Mg2+, which is currently one of the best red-emitting persistent phosphors. Nevertheless, its afterglow intensity is much weaker than the Eu2+-doped aluminates or silicates. An interesting case of persistent luminescence is observed in undoped BCNO, where the emission wavelength can be shifted from blue to orange purely by changing the preparation conditions.

2.4. Glasses

A final group of persistent luminescent compounds are the glasses (Table 4). Although it is sometimes difficult to accurately infer the composition of these glasses from the publications, some clear trends can be observed. Especially, the calcium aluminum silicate and zinc boron silicate glasses have a long afterglow of more than one hour.

3. General Remarks

It is very difficult to draw general conclusions from the above tables. One of the most interesting activators is Cr3+, which is not commonly used, but shows some excellent afterglow properties as a red/near-IR luminescent center. This might be especially useful for in vivo medical imaging applications. Unfortunately, even though the excitation spectrum of Cr3+ for steady-state luminescence extends to about 650 nm, it is very difficult to fill the traps, which are necessary to obtain afterglow, using visible light (about 40 times less efficient compared to UV light) (Figure 3).

3.1. Excitation Difficulties

From Figure 3, it is immediately clear that the steady-state excitation spectrum and afterglow excitation spectrum are not always the same. In many persistent luminescent materials, it is much easier to fill traps using higher energy photons (i.e., using shorter excitation wavelengths). This implies that direct bandgap excitation is much more efficient to fill the traps than excitation of the luminescent centers. Even more problematic, the latter type of excitation might require a certain thermal activation barrier to be surpassed before traps can be filled, making the use of visible light even less favorable. Of course, it is also possible to fill the traps directly through tunneling from the activating ions, which does not require short wavelength excitation, but is clearly less efficient. These different trapping processes are shown on an energy level diagram in Figure 4.

This effect appears to be even more profound in non-Eu2+-based persistent phosphors, where, in general, only UV light is able to effectively fill the traps in the material. This implies that the role of the host compound is much larger than in Eu2+-based materials. While it has been shown that in Eu2+-based persistent phosphors, the activator is a main source of trapped electrons, in non-Eu2+-based compounds, the trapped charge carriers are created mainly after band gap excitation. The luminescent center is subsequently excited by energy transferred from the traps when the trapped electron and hole recombine. The same phenomenon is illustrated by the fact that the afterglow duration is influenced much more by the host compound than by the actual luminescent center. Indeed, by looking at the tables presented in Section 2, it is not uncommon to see certain host compounds with very similar afterglow durations irrespective of the activator being, e.g., Pr3+, Sm3+ or Tb3+.

The fact that UV excitation is required for efficient trap filling is especially unfortunate for persistent phosphors based on Dy3+. This could be an excellent activator for white persistent luminescence, e.g., in paints, signage and displays. However, since indoor lighting contains little to no UV wavelengths (especially with the advent of LED lighting), these compounds are not suited for practical indoor applications.

3.2. Energy Transfer

In several persistent luminescent compounds, energy transfer has been reported. Two types of energy transfer can be distinguished in this case. The first type is the transfer of excitation energy between a sensitizer and an activator. However, we are more interested in the second type, where energy is transferred during the afterglow phase, after the end of the excitation. When the first activating ion recombines, instead of emitting a photon, it can transfer this recombination energy to a second activating ion. This makes it possible to see or extend the afterglow emission from activators that usually have little to no persistent luminescent properties. If the energy transfer is very efficient, only emission from the second activator, receiving the recombination energy, can be observed. In the other case, luminescence from both kinds of activators can be seen simultaneously in the afterglow spectrum.

It is not always immediately clear if energy transfer is present or not. The afterglow spectrum can consist of the emission of two different kinds of activators, even when no energy is transferred between them. It is therefore necessary to carefully inspect the decay behavior of both kinds of activators. If the decay rates of both are the same, this indicates that one of them is transferring its recombination energy to the other. If no energy transfer is present, it is likely that both kinds of activators will have a (slightly) different decay behavior, and the shape of the afterglow spectrum might change over time.

4. Tools for an Accurate Description of a Persistent Luminescent Material

There is no standard way to describe the properties of a given persistent luminescent material. The multitude of parameters, the uncertainties about the underlying mechanism and the lack of clear definitions make an accurate and complete description or comparison nearly impossible. Ideally, there are certain elements and experiments that should always be addressed in a publication on persistent phosphors. This allows for an easier interpretation of experimental results and simplifies the comparison between different persistent luminescent materials.

The emission and excitation spectrum during fluorescence should be given, in order to know which activators are taking part in the luminescent process. When multiple peaks or bands are present in the excitation or emission spectrum, the corresponding emission and excitation spectra for each peak should be measured. Ideally, an excitation-emission mapping is provided, offering a complete overview of the emission spectrum for every possible excitation wavelength. This can also unveil the presence of energy transfer during the excitation or emission process.

Not only the steady-state emission spectrum during excitation, but also the afterglow emission spectrum should be shown, since these can differ drastically from each other. In this way, it is clear which activators are taking part in the persistent luminescence and which don’t. If the afterglow emission spectrum changes over time, it might be valuable to show the spectrum at different time intervals after the excitation. For applications, it might be useful to mention both the fluorescence and the afterglow color. If multiple luminescent centers are present, a thermoluminescence (TL) experiment, where the emission spectrum is measured (TL-emission mapping, Figure 5), provides information about which traps are connected to which luminescent centers. For example, a certain activator might only emit at higher temperatures, indicating that it is only connected to deeper traps in the material.

If any TL measurements are made, it is advisable to perform an entire series instead of a single experiment, by varying a single parameter and keeping the other parameters constant. These parameters include the duration of the excitation, the excitation intensity, the heating rate and the delay between excitation and the start of the TL experiment (fading time). A TL-excitation mapping (Figure 6)—where the TL experiment is repeated for various excitation wavelengths—is especially useful, since it directly provides information on the trap filling probability of different wavelengths; i.e., it shows which excitation wavelengths are suitable for inducing persistent luminescence. This can then be compared to the steady-state excitation spectrum to see which processes occur during fluorescence and during trap filling.

A further study of the trapping system can be done by performing TL experiments after excitation at different temperatures or by partial thermal emptying of the sample traps before the experiment. In this way, the depth of the various traps can be obtained or the presence of a trap depth distribution can be revealed. Indeed, if such a distribution is present, exciting at higher temperatures or partial thermal cleaning will lead to only deeper traps being filled and shallower traps being emptied. Therefore, the estimated trap depth obtained from a TL experiment will become continuously deeper for higher excitation temperatures, which proves the existence of the trap depth distribution. Under the right conditions, it is even possible to derive the shape of this distribution (Gaussian, uniform, exponential, etc.).

For further study of the defects, one can also turn to electron paramagnetic/spin resonance (EPR/ESR), which provides more information on the structural properties of the defects.

Finally, it is important to clearly state the exact experimental conditions, such as the dopant and codopant concentrations and the excitation wavelength and duration. If the duration of the afterglow decay is given, information should be given on how this was determined. According to DIN 67510-1, the sample should be excited for five minutes by 1000 lx light of an unfiltered Xe arc lamp. However, the emission spectrum of a Xe lamp is very broad and contains UV, visible, as well as infrared light. This makes it hard to draw conclusions on the excitability, based on such a measurement. It does not give a good prediction of how the persistent luminescent material will behave when excited by artificial light or sunlight. It might be more interesting to excite with monochromatic light at different wavelength and compare the afterglow in each situation.

The afterglow intensity decay should be measured in cd/m2, and the afterglow duration should be the time between the end of the excitation and the moment when the afterglow intensity drops below 0.32 mcd/m2, a value commonly used by the safety signage industry (about 100-times the sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye). In this way, it would be very simple and straightforward to compare the performance of different persistent luminescent materials. However, this definition is not applicable for UV- or NIR-emitting persistent phosphors, where the luminous emission is zero by default and no clear definition exists for the afterglow duration. In that case, one can resort to radiometric units.

Furthermore, such absolute measurements of the afterglow decay could provide important information on the absolute concentration of activators, defects and trapped charge carriers.

5. Conclusions and Perspectives

A lot of research is going on in the field of non-Eu2+ persistent luminescent materials, and numerous material-dopant combinations have been and are being developed. However, up to now, the best Eu2+-based persistent phosphors are still without competition in terms of absolute luminance and afterglow time, apart from certain Cr3+-doped phosphors. Since the process of persistent luminescence is based on a delicate interplay between energy levels of dopants and co-dopants, intrinsic defects and energy bands of the host lattice and the possible physical proximity of dopants and co-dopants, small changes in composition, material purity and crystallinity and dopant concentration can have a strong effect on the afterglow properties. Most probably, the optimum material properties, especially the total amount of stored energy, have not been achieved yet, and most likely, some of the persistent phosphors listed in the tables of this review still have to show their real potential to shine.

While Eu2+-doped persistent phosphors are still unrivalled for blue and green emission, the use of other dopants allows one to extend the wavelength range that can be covered with persistent luminescence. Probably, the potential applications, especially in the red and near-infrared range, will be a driving force into further research and developments of new non-Eu2+-based materials.

In order to be able to compare experimental research obtained by different research groups on identical or different phosphor compositions, there is an urgent need for a more standardized way of measuring and defining persistent phosphor properties. The standard for measuring light output in cd/m2 is questionable, since the eye sensitivity shifts to shorter wavelengths at lower light levels. In addition, the standard way of exciting persistent phosphors, using an unfiltered Xe-arc, containing large amounts of short wavelength ultraviolet radiation, is not a realistic approach and cannot be compared to solar or artificial indoor illumination. Finally, a new standard is needed for quantifying the performance of ultraviolet or infrared emitters: since the eye sensitivity is zero at these wavelengths, photopic units cannot be used and performance should be quoted in radiometric units or numbers of photons.

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    Gong Y., Xu X.H., Zeng W., Wu C.J., Wang Y.H. Ce3+, Mn2+ Co-Doped Red-Light Long-Lasting Phosphor: BaMg2Si2O7 Through Energy Transfer. Phys. Proced. 2012;29:86-90.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.696

  39. 39.

    Abe S., Uematsu K., Toda K., Sato M. Luminescent Properties of Red Long Persistence Phosphors, BaMg2Si2O7:Eu2+, Mn2+. J. Alloys Compd. 2006;408:911-914.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.03.092

  40. 40.

    Aitasalo T., Hietikko A., Hreniak D., Hölsä J., Lastusaari M., Niittykoski J., Stręk W. Luminescence Properties of BaMg2Si2O7:Eu2+, Mn2+. J. Alloys Compd. 2008;451:229-231.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.04.169

  41. 41.

    Ye S., Zhang J., Zhang X., Lu S., Ren X., Wang X.J. Mn2+ Activated Red Phosphorescence in BaMg2Si2O7:Mn2+, Eu2+, Dy3+ Through Persistent Energy Transfer. J. Appl. Phys. 2007;101:063545:1-063545:3.

    Not in our library

  42. 42.

    Ye S., Zhang J., Zhang X., Wang X. Mn2+ Activated Red Long Persistent Phosphors in BaMg2Si2O7. J. Lumin. 2007;122–123:914-916.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.01.325

  43. 43.

    Lin L., Zhao Z., Zhang W., Zheng Z., Yin M. Photo-Luminescence Properties and Thermo-Luminescence Curve Analysis of a New White Long-Lasting Phosphor:Ca2MgSi2O7:Dy3+. J. Rare Earths. 2009;27:749-752.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1002-0721(08)60328-2

  44. 44.

    Liu B., Kong L., Shi C. White-Light Long-Lasting Phosphor Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+. J. Lumin. 2007;122–123:121-124.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.01.117

  45. 45.

    Gong Y., Wang Y., Xu X., Li Y., Xin S., Shi L. The Persistent Energy Transfer of Eu2+ and Mn2+ and the Thermoluminescence Properties of Long-Lasting Phosphor Sr3MgSi2O8:Eu2+, Mn2+, Dy3+. Opt. Mater. 2011;33:1781-1785.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2011.06.015

  46. 46.

    Xu X., Wang Y., Zeng W., Gong Y., Liu B. Luminescent Properties of the Multicolor Afterglow Phosphors Ca3SnSi2O9:Re3+ (Re = Pr, Tb, Sm). J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2011;94:3632-3635.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04820.x

  47. 47.

    Wei R.P., Ju Z.H., Ma J.X., Zhang D., Zang Z.P., Liu W.S. A Novel White Afterglow Phosphorescent Phosphor Ca3SnSi2O9:Dy3+. J. Alloys Compd. 2009;486:L17-L20.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.07.017

  48. 48.

    Lecointre A., Viana B., LeMasne Q., Bessière A., Chanéac C., Gourier D. Red Long-Lasting Luminescence in Clinoenstatite. J. Lumin. 2009;129:1527-1530.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.04.067

  49. 49.

    Lei B.F., Liu Y.L., Ye Z.R., Shi C.S. A Novel White Light Emitting Long-Lasting Phosphor. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2004;15:335-338.

    Not in our library

  50. 50.

    Liu Y.L., Lei B., Shi C.H. Luminescent Properties of a White Afterglow Phosphor CdSiO3:Dy3+. Chem. Mater. 2005;17:2108-2113.

    Not in our library10.1021/cm0496422

  51. 51.

    Qu X., Cao L., Liu W., Su G., Wang P. Luminescence Properties of CdSiO3:Mn2+, RE3+ (RE = Sm, Dy, Eu) Phosphors. J. Alloys Compd. 2009;487:387-390.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.07.127

  52. 52.

    Kuang J., Liu Y., Lei B. Effect of RE3+ as a Co-Dopant in Long-Lasting Phosphorescence CdSiO3:Mn2+ (RE = Y, La, Gd, Lu). J. Lumin. 2006;118:33-38.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.06.005

  53. 53.

    Lei B., Liu Y., Ye Z., Shi C. Luminescence Properties of CdSiO3:Mn2+ Phosphor. J. Lumin. 2004;109:215-219.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2004.02.010

  54. 54.

    Qu X., Cao L., Liu W., Su G., Xu C., Wang P. Preparation and Properties of CdSiO3:Mn2+, Dy3+ Phosphor. J. Alloys Compd. 2010;494:196-198.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.10.158

  55. 55.

    Qu X.F., Cao L.X., Liu W., Su G. Sol-Gel Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of CdSiO3: Mn2+, Eu3+ Phosphor. J. Alloys Compd. 2012;533:83-87.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.01.110

  56. 56.

    Qu X., Cao L., Liu W., Su G. Preparation and Properties of CdSiO3:Mn2+, Tb3+ Phosphor. Ceram. Int. 2012;38:1765-1769.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.05.143

  57. 57.

    Kuang J., Liu Y. Luminescence Properties of a Pb2+ Activated Long-Afterglow Phosphor. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006;153:G245-G247.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.2163780

  58. 58.

    Kuang J., Liu Y. Observation of Energy Transfer from Host to Rare Earth Ions in Pr3+-Doped CdSiO3 Long-Lasting Phosphor. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006;424:58-62.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cplett.2006.04.033

  59. 59.

    Lei B., Liu Y., Liu J., Ye Z., Shi C. Pink Light Emitting Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Sm3+-Doped CdSiO3. J. Solid State Chem. 2004;177:1333-1337.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jssc.2003.11.006

  60. 60.

    Rodrigues L.C.V., Brito H.F., Hölsä J., Stefani R., Felinto M.C.F.C., Lastusaari M., Laamanen T., Nunes L.A.O. Discovery of the Persistent Luminescence Mechanism of CdSiO3:Tb3+. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2012;116:11232-11240.

    Not in our library10.1021/jp212021k

  61. 61.

    Dorenbos P., Vaneijk C.W.E., Bos A.J.J., Melcher C.L. Afterglow and Thermoluminescence Properties of Lu2SiO5:Ce Scintillation Crystals. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 1994;6:4167-4180.

    Not in our library10.1088/0953-8984/6/22/016

  62. 62.

    Yamaga M., Ohsumi Y., Nakayama T., Han T.P.J. Persistent Phosphorescence in Ce-Doped Lu2SiO5. Opt. Mater. Express. 2012;2:413-419.

    Not in our library10.1364/ome.2.000413

  63. 63.

    Lin L., Shi C., Wang Z., Zhang W., Yin M. A Kinetics Model of Red Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in MgSiO3:Eu2+, Dy3+, Mn2+. J. Alloys Compd. 2008;466:546-550.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.11.093

  64. 64.

    Lin L., Yin M., Shi C., Zhang W. Luminescence Properties of A New Red Long-Lasting Phosphor:Mg2SiO4:Dy3+, Mn2+. J. Alloys Compd. 2008;455:327-330.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.01.059

  65. 65.

    Kuang J., Liu Y., Zhang J. White-Light-Emitting Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Dy3+-Doped SrSiO3. J. Solid State Chem. 2006;179:266-269.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jssc.2005.10.025

  66. 66.

    Kuang J., Liu Y. White-Emitting Long-Lasting Phosphor Sr2SiO4:Dy3+. Chem. Lett. 2005;34:598-599.

    Not in our library10.1246/cl.2005.598

  67. 67.

    Lin H., Xu A.X., Chen G.L., Zheng Z.S., Lin H., Chen B.S., Huang L.F., Guo H.X., Xu Y. Synthesis of a New Red Long Persistent Phosphor Sr2ZnSi2O7:Eu3+, Lu3+ via Sol-Gel Method and Investigation of Its Luminescence. Adv. Mater. Res. 2012;393–395:362-365.

    Not in our library

  68. 68.

    Avouris P., Morgan T.N. A Tunneling Model for the Decay of Luminescence in Inorganic Phosphors: The Case of Zn2SiO4:Mn. J. Chem. Phys. 1981;74:4347-4355.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.441677

  69. 69.

    Garlick G.F.J., Gibson A.F. The Electron Trap Mechanism of Luminescence in Sulphide and Silicate Phosphors. Proc. Phys. Soc. 1948;60:574-590.

    Not in our library10.1088/0959-5309/60/6/308

  70. 70.

    Iwasaki K., Takahashi Y., Masai H., Fujiwara T. Blue Photoluminescence, Greenish-Blue Afterglow and Their Ti-Concentration Dependence in Rare Earth-Free Bazirite-Type BaZr1−xTixSi3O9. Opt. Express. 2009;17:18054-18062.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.17.018054

  71. 71.

    Takahashi Y., Masai H., Fujiwara T., Kitamura K., Inoue S. Afterglow in Synthetic Bazirite, BaZrSi3O9. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 2008;116:357-360.

    Not in our library10.2109/jcersj2.116.357

  72. 72.

    Bessière A., Jacquart S., Priolkar K., Lecointre A., Viana B., Gourier D. ZnGa2O4:Cr3+: A New Red Long-Lasting Phosphor with High Brightness. Opt. Express. 2011;19:10131-10137.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.19.010131

  73. 73.

    Allix M., Chenu S., Véron E., Poumeyrol T., Kouadri-Boudjelthia E.A., Alahraché S., Porcher F., Massiot D., Fayon F. Considerable Improvement of Long-Persistent Luminescence in Germanium and Tin Substituted ZnGa2O4. Chem. Mater. 2013;25:1600-1606.

    Not in our library10.1021/cm304101n

  74. 74.

    Jia D., Wang X.J., van der Kolk E., Yen W.M. Site Dependent Thermoluminescence of Long Persistent Phosphorescence of BaAl2O4:Ce3+. Opt. Commun. 2002;204:247-251.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0030-4018(02)01300-7

  75. 75.

    Jia D., Meltzer R.S., Yen W.M., Jia W., Wang X. Green Phosphorescence of CaAl2O4:Tb3+, Ce3+ Through Persistence Energy Transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002;80:1535:1-1535:3.

    Not in our library

  76. 76.

    Jia D., Wang X.J., Jia W., Yen W.M. Persistent Energy Transfer in CaAl2O4:Tb3+, Ce3+. J. Appl. Phys. 2003;93:148-152.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.1525860

  77. 77.

    Jia D., Yen W.M. Trapping Mechanism Associated with Electron Delocalization and Tunneling of CaAl2O4:Ce3+, a Persistent Phosphor. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003;150:H61-H65.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.1553792

  78. 78.

    Liu B., Shi C., Qi Z. Potential White-Light Long-Lasting Phosphor:Dy3+-Doped Aluminate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005;86:191111:1-191111:3.

    Not in our library

  79. 79.

    Xu X., Wang Y., Li Y., Gong Y. Energy Transfer Between Eu2+ and Mn2+ in Long-Afterglow Phosphor CaAl2O4:Eu2+, Nd3+, and Mn2+. J. Appl. Phys. 2009;105:083502:1-083502:4.

    Not in our library

  80. 80.

    Jia D., Wang X.J., Yen W.M. Electron Traps in Tb3+-Doped CaAl2O4. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002;363:241-244.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0009-2614(02)01170-3

  81. 81.

    Jia D., Yen W.M. Enhanced VK3+ Center Afterglow in MgAl2O4 by Doping with Ce3+. J. Lumin. 2003;101:115-121.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-2313(02)00394-0

  82. 82.

    Lorincz A., Puma M., James F.J., Crawford J.H.J. Thermally Stimulated Processes Involving Defects in Y− and X− Irradiated Spinel (MgAl2O4). J. Appl. Phys. 1982;53:927-932.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.330562

  83. 83.

    Nakagawa H., Ebisu K., Zhang M., Kitaura M. Luminescence Properties and Afterglow in Spinel Crystals Doped with Trivalent Tb Ions. J. Lumin. 2003;102–103:590-596.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-2313(02)00593-8

  84. 84.

    Jia D. Relocalization of Ce3+ 5d Electrons from Host Conduction Band. J. Lumin. 2006;117:170-178.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.05.008

  85. 85.

    Jia D., Wang X.j., Jia W., Yen W.M. Trapping Processes of 5d Electrons in Ce3+ Doped SrAl2O4. J. Lumin. 2007;122–123:311-314.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.01.154

  86. 86.

    Xu X., Wang Y., Yu X., Li Y., Gong Y. Investigation of Ce-Mn Energy Transfer in SrAl2O4: Ce3+, Mn2+. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2011;94:160-163.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04061.x

  87. 87.

    Yu N., Liu F., Li X., Pan Z. Near Infrared Long-Persistent Phosphorescence in SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+, Er3+ Phosphors Based on Persistent Energy Transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009;95:231110:1-231110:3.

    Not in our library

  88. 88.

    Teng Y., Zhou J., Ma Z., Smedskjaer M.M., Qiu J. Persistent Near Infrared Phosphorescence from Rare Earth Ions Co-Doped Strontium Aluminate Phosphors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011;158:K17-K19.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.3518767

  89. 89.

    Sharma S.K., Pitale S.S., Manzar Malik M., Dubey R.N., Qureshi M.S. Luminescence Studies on the Blue-Green Emitting Sr4Al14O25:Ce3+ Phosphor Synthesized Through Solution Combustion route. J. Lumin. 2009;129:140-147.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2008.09.002

  90. 90.

    Luitel H.N., Watari T., Torikai T., Yada M. Luminescent Properties of Cr3+ Doped Sr4Al14O25:Eu/Dy Blue-Green and Red Phosphor. Opt. Mater. 2009;31:1200-1204.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2008.12.010

  91. 91.

    Zhong R., Zhang J., Zhang X., Lu S., Wang X.J. Red Phosphorescence in Sr4Al14O25:Cr3+, Eu2+, Dy3+ Through Persistent Energy Transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006;88:201916:1-201916:3.

    Not in our library

  92. 92.

    Zhong R., Zhang J., Zhang X., Lu S., Wang X.J. Energy Transfer and Red Phosphorescence in Strontium Aluminates Co-Doped with Cr3+, Eu2+ and Dy3+. J. Lumin. 2006;119–120:327-331.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.01.001

  93. 93.

    Zhang S., Pang R., Li C., Su Q. Green Photoluminescence, But Blue Afterglow of Tb3+ Activated Sr4Al14O25. J. Lumin. 2010;130:2223-2225.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.06.024

  94. 94.

    Mu Z.F., Wang Y.H., Hu Y.H., Wu H.Y., Deng L.Y., Xie W., Fu C.J., Liao C.X. The Afterglow and Thermoluminescence Properties of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+. Acta Phys. Sin. 2011;60:182-187.

    Not in our library

  95. 95.

    Zhang S., Li C., Pang R., Jiang L., Shi L., Su Q. Long-Lasting Phosphorescence Study on Y3Al5O12 Doped with Different Concentrations of Ce3+. J. Rare Earths. 2011;29:426-430.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1002-0721(10)60473-5

  96. 96.

    Mu Z., Hu Y., Wang Y., Wu H., Fu C., Kang F. The Structure and Luminescence Properties of Long Afterglow Phosphor Y3−xMnxAl5−xSixO12. J. Lumin. 2011;131:676-681.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.11.016

  97. 97.

    Zhang S., Li C., Pang R., Jiang L., Shi L., Su Q. Energy Transfer and Excitation Wavelength Dependent Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Pr3+ Activated Y3Al5O12. J. Lumin. 2011;131:2730-2734.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.07.001

  98. 98.

    Fu J. Orange and Red Emitting Long-Lasting Phosphors MO:Eu3+ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba). Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2000;3:350-351.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.1391146

  99. 99.

    Fu J. Orange-and violet-emitting long-lasting phosphors. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2002;85:255-257.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00075.x

  100. 100.

    Kuang J.Y., Liu Y.L., Zhang J.X., Yuan D.S., Huang L.H., Rong J.H. Long-Lasting Phosphorescence of Tb3+ Doped MO (M = Ca,Sr). Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2005;21:1383-1385.

    Not in our library

  101. 101.

    Lu Y.Y., Liu F., Gu Z., Pan Z. Long-Lasting Near-Infrared Persistent Luminescence from β-Ga2O3:Cr3+ Nanowire Assemblies. J. Lumin. 2011;131:2784-2787.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.07.007

  102. 102.

    Pejakovic D.A. Studies of the Phosphorescence of Polycrystalline Hafnia. J. Lumin. 2010;130:1048-1054.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.01.023

  103. 103.

    Wiatrowska A., Zych E., Kepinski L. Monoclinic HfO2:Eu X-Ray Phosphor. Radiat. Meas. 2010;45:493-496.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.12.017

  104. 104.

    Zych E., Trojan-Piegza J. Anomalous Activity of Eu3+ in S6 Site of Lu2O3 in Persistent Luminescence. J. Lumin. 2007;122–123:335-338.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.01.167

  105. 105.

    Chen S., Yang Y., Zhou G., Wu Y., Liu P., Zhang F., Wang S., Trojan-Piegza J., Zych E. Characterization of Afterglow-Related Spectroscopic Effects in Vacuum Sintered Tb3+, Sr2+ Co-Doped Lu2O3 Ceramics. Opt. Mater. 2012;35:240-243.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2012.08.001

  106. 106.

    Trojan-Piegza J., Niittykoski J., Hölsä J., Zych E. Thermoluminescence and Kinetics of Persistent Luminescence of Vacuum-Sintered Tb3+-Doped and Tb3+, Ca2+-Codoped Lu2O3 Materials. Chem. Mater. 2008;20:2252-2261.

    Not in our library10.1021/cm703060c

  107. 107.

    Zych E., Trojan-Piegza J., Hreniak D., Strek W. Properties of Tb-Doped Vacuum-Sintered Lu2O3 Storage Phosphor. J. Appl. Phys. 2003;94:1318-1324.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.1587891

  108. 108.

    Trojan-Piegza J., Zych E., Hölsä J., Niittykoski J. Spectroscopic Properties of Persistent Luminescence Phosphors: Lu2O3:Tb3+, M2+ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba). J. Phys. Chem. C. 2009;113:20493-20498.

    Not in our library10.1021/jp906127k

  109. 109.

    Zhang J., Ma X., Qin Q., Shi L., Sun J., Zhou M., Liu B., Wang Y. The Synthesis and Sfterglow Luminescence Properties of a Novel Red Afterglow Phosphor:SnO2:Sm3+, Zr4+. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2012;136:320-324.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.08.033

  110. 110.

    Lin Y., Nan C.W., Cai N., Zhou X., Wang H., Chen D. Anomalous Afterglow from Y2O3-Based Phosphor. J. Alloys Compd. 2003;361:92-95.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0925-8388(03)00432-8

  111. 111.

    Xie W., Wang Y.H., Hu Y.H., Luo L., Wu H.Y., Deng L.Y. Preparation and Red Long-Afterglow Luminescence of Y2O3:Eu, Dy. Acta Phys. Sin. 2010;59:3344-3349.

    Not in our library

  112. 112.

    Zhang J., Pan F., Hao W., Wang T. Effect of MgO Doping on the Luminescent Properties of ZnO. Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 2006;129:93-95.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mseb.2005.12.028

  113. 113.

    Zhang J., Zhang Z., Wang T. A New Luminescent Phenomenon of ZnO Due to the Precipitate Trapping Effect of MgO. Chem. Mater. 2004;16:768-770.

    Not in our library10.1021/cm034685o

  114. 114.

    Zhao Z., Wang Y. The Synthesis and Afterglow Luminescence Properties of a Novel Red Afterglow Phosphor:ZrO2:Sm3+, Sn4+. J. Lumin. 2012;132:2842-2846.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2012.05.038

  115. 115.

    Carvalho J.M., Rodrigues L.C.V., Hölsä J., Lastusaari M., Nunes L.A.O., Felinto M.C.F.C., Malta O.L., Brito H.F. Influence of Titanium and Lutetium on the Persistent Luminescence of ZrO2. Opt. Mater. Express. 2012;2:331-340.

    Not in our library10.1364/ome.2.000331

  116. 116.

    Cong Y., Li B., Lei B., Li W. Long Lasting Phosphorescent Properties of Ti Doped ZrO2. J. Lumin. 2007;126:822-826.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.12.002

  117. 117.

    Cong Y., Li B., Wang X.J., Lei B., Li W. Synthesis and Optical Property Studies of Nanocrystalline ZrO2:Ti Long-Lasting Phosphors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2008;155:K195-K198.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.2971023

  118. 118.

    Liu Y.H., Li B., Cong Y. Synthesis and Optical Property Studies of Long-Lasting Phosphor ZrO2:Ti Electrospinning Fibers. Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. 2010;30:887-891.

    Not in our library

  119. 119.

    Wang Z., Zhang J., Zheng G., Liu Y., Zhao Y. The Unusual Variations of Photoluminescence and Afterglow Properties in Monoclinic ZrO2 by Annealing. J. Lumin. 2012;132:2817-2821.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2012.05.039

  120. 120.

    Xu X., Wang Y., Zeng W., Gong Y. Luminescence and Storage Properties of Sm-Doped Alkaline-Earth Atannates. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011;158:J305-J309.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.3617886

  121. 121.

    Zhang J., Hu R., Qin Q., Wang D., Liu B., Wen Y., Zhou M., Wang Y. The Origin of Two Quenching Concentrations and Unusual Afterglow Behaviors of Ba2SnO4:Sm3+ Phosphor. J. Lumin. 2012;132:2590-2594.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2012.05.027

  122. 122.

    Gao X., Zhang Z., Wang C., Xu J., Ju Z., An Y., Liu W. The Persistent Energy Transfer and Effect of Oxygen Vacancies on Red Long-Persistent Phosphorescence Phosphors Ca2SnO4:Gd3+, Eu3+. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011;158:J405-J408.

    Not in our library10.1149/2.062112jes

  123. 123.

    Lei B.F., Man S.Q., Liu Y.L., Yue S. Luminescence Properties of Ca2SnO4:Eu3+ Red-Light Emitting Afterglow Phosphor. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2010;26:1259-1263.

    Not in our library

  124. 124.

    Ju Z.H., Wei R.P., Zheng J.R., Gao X.P., Zhang S.H., Liu W.S. Synthesis and Phosphorescence Mechanism of a Reddish Orange Emissive Long Afterglow Phosphor Sm3+-Doped Ca2SnO4. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011;98:121906:1-121906:3.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.3567511

  125. 125.

    Ju Z.H., Zhang S.H., Gao X.P., Tang X.L., Liu W.S. Reddish Orange Long Afterglow Phosphor Ca2SnO4:Sm3+ Prepared by Sol-Gel Method. J. Alloys Compd. 2011;509:8082-8087.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.05.050

  126. 126.

    Lei B., Zhang H., Mai W., Yue S., Liu Y., Man S.Q. Luminescent Properties of Orange-Emitting Long-Lasting Phosphorescence Phosphor Ca2SnO4:Sm3+. Solid State Sci. 2011;13:525-528.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2010.12.019

  127. 127.

    Jin Y., Hu Y., Chen L., Wang X., Ju G., Mu Z. Luminescent Properties of Tb3+-Doped Ca2SnO4 Phosphor. J. Lumin. 2013;138:83-88.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2013.01.023

  128. 128.

    Jiachi Z., Minghui Y., Qingsong Q., Hongliang Z., Meijiao Z., Xuhui X., Yuhua W. The Persistent Luminescence and Up Conversion Photostimulated Luminescence Properties of Nondoped Mg2SnO4 Material. J. Appl. Phys. 2010;108:123518:1-123518:7.

    Not in our library

  129. 129.

    Zhang J., Qin Q., Yu M., Zhou M., Wang Y. The photoluminescence, Afterglow and Up Conversion Photostimulated Luminescence of Eu3+ Doped Mg2SnO4 Phosphors. J. Lumin. 2012;132:23-26.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.07.022

  130. 130.

    Zhang J.C., Qin Q.S., Yu M.H., Zhou H.L., Zhou M.J. Photoluminescence and Persistent Luminescence Properties of Non-Doped and Ti4+-Doped Mg2SnO4 Phosphors. Chin. Phys. B. 2011;20:094211:1-094211:5.

    Not in our library

  131. 131.

    Lei B., Li B., Wang X., Li W. Green Emitting Long Lasting Phosphorescence (LLP) Properties of Mg2SnO4:Mn2+ Phosphor. J. Lumin. 2006;118:173-178.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.08.010

  132. 132.

    Wang Z.L., Zheng G.S., Wang S.Q., Qin Q.S., Zhou H.L., Zhang J.C. The Luminescence Properties of a Novel Electron Trapped Material Sr2SnO4:Sb3+ for Optical Storage. Acta Phys. Sin. 2012;61:127805:1-127805:6.

    Not in our library

  133. 133.

    Lei B.F., Yue S., Zhang Y.Z., Liu Y.L. Luminescence Properties of Sr2SnO4:Sm3+ Afterglow Phosphor. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2010;27.

    Not in our library10.1088/0256-307x/27/3/037201

  134. 134.

    Xu X., Wang Y., Gong Y., Zeng W., Li Y. Effect of Oxygen Vacancies on the Red Phosphorescence of Sr2SnO4:Sm3+ Phosphor. Opt. Express. 2010;18:16989-16994.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.18.016989

  135. 135.

    Yu X., Xu X., Qiu J. Enhanced Long Persistence of Sr2SnO4:Sm3+ Red Phosphor by Co-Doping with Dy3+. Mater. Res. Bull. 2011;46:627-629.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.materresbull.2010.12.028

  136. 136.

    Qin Q.S., Ma X.L., Shao Y., Yang X.Y., Sheng H.F., Yang J.Z., Yin Y., Zhang J.C. Synthesis and Infrared Up-Conversion Photostimulated Luminescence Properties of a Novel Optical Storage Material Sr2SnO4:Tb3+, Li+. Acta Phys. Sin. 2012;61:097804.

    Not in our library

  137. 137.

    Lei B., Li B., Zhang H., Zhang L., Cong Y., Li W. Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Cube-Structured CaSnO3/RE3+ (RE = Pr and Tb) Long-Lasting Phosphors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007;154:H623-H630.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.2734775

  138. 138.

    Lei B., Li B., Zhang H., Li W. Preparation and Luminescence Properties of CaSnO3:Sm3+ Phosphor Emitting in the Reddish Orange Region. Opt. Mater. 2007;29:1491-1494.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2006.07.011

  139. 139.

    Liang Z., Zhang J., Sun J., Li X., Cheng L., Zhong H., Fu S., Tian Y., Chen B. Enhancement of Green Long Lasting Phosphorescence in CaSnO3:Tb3+ by Addition of Alkali Ions. Phys. B Condens. Matter. 2013;412:36-40.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.physb.2012.12.013

  140. 140.

    Liu Z., Liu Y. Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of a New Green Afterglow Phosphor CaSnO3:Tb. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2005;93:129-132.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.02.032

  141. 141.

    Lei B., Man S.Q., Liu Y., Yue S. Luminescence Properties of Sm3+-Doped Sr3Sn2O7 Phosphor. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2010;124:912-915.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.08.032

  142. 142.

    Bessière A., Benhamou R.A., Wallez G., Lecointre A., Viana B. Site Occupancy and Mechanisms of Thermally Stimulated Luminescence in Ca9Ln(PO4)7 (Ln = lanthanide). Acta Mater. 2012;60:6641-6649.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actamat.2012.08.034

  143. 143.

    Bessière A., Lecointre A., Benhamou R.A., Suard E., Wallez G., Viana B. How to Induce Red Persistent Luminescence in Biocompatible Ca3(PO4)2. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2013;1:1252-1259.

    Not in our library10.1039/c2tc00138a

  144. 144.

    Lecointre A., Ait benhamou R., Bessiére A., Wallez G., Elaatmani M., Viana B. Red Long-Lasting Phosphorescence (LLP) in β-TCP type Ca9.5Mn(PO4)7 Compounds. Opt. Mater. 2011;34:376-380.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2011.05.020

  145. 145.

    Wang X., Du F., Wei D., Huang Y., Seo H.J. A New Long-Lasting Phosphor Zr4+ and Eu3+ Co-Doped SrMg2(PO4)2. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2011;158:171-175.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.snb.2011.05.061

  146. 146.

    Jeong J., Jayasimhadri M., Lee H.S., Jang K., Yi S.S., Jeong J.H., Kim C. Photoluminescence and Phosphorescence Properties of Sr1−xZn2−y(PO4)2:Eu2+x, Mn2+y Phosphor for UV-Based White-LEDs. Phys. B Condens. Matter. 2009;404:2016-2019.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.physb.2009.03.038

  147. 147.

    Peng Z., Xu Z., Luo C., Yu J., Zhang G. Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of a Novel Bluish-White Afterglow Phosphor, b-Zn3(PO4)2:Hf4+. Lumin. 2008;23:14-16.

    Not in our library10.1002/bio.1009

  148. 148.

    Song Y.H., Zou H.F., Gan S.C., Deng Y.F., Hong G.Y., Meng J. Phase Conversion and Spectral Properties of Long Lasting Phosphor Zn3(PO4)2:Mn2+, Ga3+. J. Mater. Sci. 2007;42:4899-4904.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10853-006-0598-2

  149. 149.

    Wang J., Su Q., Wang S.B. A Novel Red Long Lasting Phosphorescent (LLP) Material β-Zn3(PO4)2:Mn2+, Sm3+. Mater. Res. Bull. 2005;40:590-598.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.materresbull.2005.01.011

  150. 150.

    Wang J., Wang S., Su Q. The Role of Excess Zn2+ Ions in Improvement of Red Long Lasting Phosphorescence (LLP) Performance of β-Zn3(PO4)2:Mn Phosphor. J. Solid State Chem. 2004;177:895-900.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jssc.2003.09.027

  151. 151.

    Wang J., Wang S.B., Su Q. Synthesis, Photoluminescence and Thermostimulated-Luminescence Properties of Novel Red Long-Lasting Phosphorescent Materials β-Zn3(PO4)2:Mn2+, M3+ (M = Al and Ga). J. Mater. Chem. 2004;14:2569-2574.

    Not in our library10.1039/b401685h

  152. 152.

    Wang J., Su Q., Wang S.B. Blue and Red Long Lasting Phosphorescence (LLP) in β-Zn3(PO4)2:Mn2+, Zr4+. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2005;66:1171-1176.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jpcs.2005.03.006

  153. 153.

    Lecointre A., Bessière A., Bos A.J.J., Dorenbos P., Viana B., Jacquart S. Designing a Red Persistent Luminescence Phosphor: The Example of YPO4:Pr3+, Ln3+ (Ln = Nd, Er, Ho, Dy). J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011;115:4217-4227.

    Not in our library10.1021/jp108038v

  154. 154.

    Zhang X.Y., Cheng G., Mi X.Y., Xiao Z.Y., Jiang W.W., Hu J.J. Preparation and Long Persistence Red Luminescence of M0.2Ca0.8TiO3:Pr3+ (M = Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Zn2+). J. Rare Earths. 2004;22:137-139.

    Not in our library

  155. 155.

    Boutinaud P., Sarakha L., Cavalli E., Bettinelli M., Dorenbos P., Mahiou R. About Red Afterglow in Pr3+ Doped Titanate Perovskites. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2009;42:045106:1-045106:7.

    Not in our library10.1088/0022-3727/42/4/045106

  156. 156.

    Jia W., Jia D., Rodriguez T., Evans D.R., Meltzer R.S., Yen W.M. UV Excitation and Trapping Centers in CaTiO3:Pr3+. J. Lumin. 2006;119–120:13-18.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.12.067

  157. 157.

    Pan Y.X., Su Q., Xu H.F., Chen T.H., Ge W.K., Yang C.L., Wu M.M. Synthesis and Red Luminescence of Pr3+-Doped CaTiO3 Nanophosphor from Polymer Precursor. J. Solid State Chem. 2003;174:69-73.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-4596(03)00175-0

  158. 158.

    Zhang X., Zhang J., Nie Z., Wang M., Ren X., Wang X.j. Enhanced Red Phosphorescence in Nanosized CaTiO3:Pr3+ Phosphors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007;90:151911-151913.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.2722205

  159. 159.

    Zhang X., Zhang J., Zhang X., Chen L., Lu S., Wang X.J. Enhancement of Red Fluorescence and Afterglow in CaTiO3:Pr3+ by Addition of Lu2O3. J. Lumin. 2007;122–123:958-960.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.01.337

  160. 160.

    Haranath D., Khan A.F., Chander H. Bright Red Luminescence and Energy Transfer of Pr3+-Doped (Ca, Zn) TiO3 Phosphor for Long Decay Applications. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2006;39:4956-4960.

    Not in our library10.1088/0022-3727/39/23/009

  161. 161.

    Wanjun T., Donghua C. Photoluminescent Properties of (Ca,Zn)TiO3:Pr, B Particles Synthesized by the Peroxide-Based Route Method. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2007;90:3156-3159.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01929.x

  162. 162.

    Yuan X., Shi X., Shen M., Wang W., Fang L., Zheng F., Wu X. Luminescent Properties of Pr3+ Doped (Ca, Zn)TiO3: Powders and Films. J. Alloys Compd. 2009;485:831-836.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.06.102

  163. 163.

    Lian S.X., Qi Y., Rong C.Y., Yu L.P., Zhu A.L., Yin D.L., Liu S.B. Effectively Leveraging Solar Energy Through Persistent Dual Red Phosphorescence: Preparation, Characterization, and Density Functional Theory Study of Ca2Zn4Ti16O38:Pr3+. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2010;114:7196-7204.

    Not in our library10.1021/jp911885c

  164. 164.

    Qi Y., Lian S.X., Yu L.P., Zhou W., Yin D.L. Synthesis and Red Persistent Properties of Phosphor Ca2Zn4Ti16O38:Pr3+, Na+. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2009;25:218-222.

    Not in our library

  165. 165.

    Chu M.H., Jiang D.P., Zhao C.J., Li B. Long-Lasting Phosphorescence Properties of Pyrochlore La2Ti2O7:Pr3+ Phosphor. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2010;27:047203:1-047203:4.

    Not in our library

  166. 166.

    Blasse G., Grabmaier B.C., Ostertag M. The Afterglow Mechanism of Chromium-Doped Gadolinium Gallium garnet. J. Alloys Compd. 1993;200:17-18.

    Not in our library10.1016/0925-8388(93)90464-x

  167. 167.

    Kostyk L., Luchechko A., Zakharko Y., Tsvetkova O., Kukliński B. Cr-Related Centers in Gd3Ga5O12 Polycrystals. J. Lumin. 2009;129:312-316.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2008.10.011

  168. 168.

    Matsui H., Xu C.N., Akiyama M., Watanabe T. Strong Mechanoluminescence from UV-Irradiated Spinels of ZnGa2O4:Mn and MgGa2O4:Mn. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2000;39:6582-6586.

    Not in our library10.1143/jjap.39.6582

  169. 169.

    Zhuang Y., Ueda J., Tanabe S. Photochromism and White Long-Lasting Persistent Luminescence in Bi3+-Doped ZnGa2O4 Ceramics. Opt. Mater. Express. 2012;2:1378-1383.

    Not in our library10.1364/ome.2.001378

  170. 170.

    Uheda K., Maruyama T., Takizawa H., Endo T. Synthesis and Long-Period Phosphorescence of ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ Spinel. J. Alloys Compd. 1997;262–263:60-64.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0925-8388(97)00329-0

  171. 171.

    Che G., Li X., Liu C., Wang H., Liu Y., Xu Z. Long-Lasting Phosphorescence Properties of Mn2+-Doped Cd2Ge7O16 Orange Light-Emitting Phosphor. Physica Status Solidi A. 2008;205:194-198.

    Not in our library10.1002/pssa.200723050

  172. 172.

    Yi S.J., Liu Y.L., Zhang J.X., Yuan D.S. Long Phosphorescence Persistence Property of Cd2Ge7O16:Pb2+. Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 2004;25:1400-1402.

    Not in our library

  173. 173.

    Cong Y., Li B., Yue S., Zhang L., Li W., Wang X.J. Enhanced Red Phosphorescence in MgGeO3:Mn2+ by Addition of Yb3+ Ions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009;156:H272-H275.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.3077570

  174. 174.

    Iwasaki M., Kim D.N., Tanaka K., Murata T., Morinaga K. Red Phosphorescence Properties of Mn Ions in MgO-GeO2 Compounds. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2003;4:137-142.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1468-6996(03)00025-1

  175. 175.

    Sun Z.X. Enhanced Green-Light-Emitting Afterglow in Zn2GeO4: Mn2+ Phosphor by Yb3+ Codoping. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2012;28:1229-1233.

    Not in our library

  176. 176.

    Che G.B., Liu C.B., Wang Q.W., Xu Z.L. White-Light-Emission Afterglow Phosphor CaZnGe2O6:Dy3+. Chem. Lett. 2008;37:136-137.

    Not in our library10.1246/cl.2008.136

  177. 177.

    Che G., Liu C., Li X., Xu Z., Liu Y., Wang H. Luminescence Properties of a New Mn2+-Activated Red Long-Afterglow Phosphor. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2008;69:2091-2095.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jpcs.2008.03.006

  178. 178.

    Liu C., Che G., Xu Z., Wang Q. Luminescence Properties of a Tb3+ Activated Long-Afterglow Phosphor. J. Alloys Compd. 2009;474:250-253.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.06.055

  179. 179.

    Woo B.K., Luo Z., Li Y., Singh S.P., Joly A.G., Hossu M., Liu Z., Chen W. Luminescence Enhancement of CaZnGe2O6:Tb3+ Afterglow Phosphors Synthesized Using ZnO Nanopowders. Opt. Mater. 2011;33:1283-1290.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2011.03.001

  180. 180.

    Liu Z., Liu Y. Afterglow Energy Transfer in Cd3Al2Ge3O12:Dy. Phys. Stat. Sol. A. 2005;202:1814-1817.

    Not in our library10.1002/pssa.200420034

  181. 181.

    Jia D., Lewis L.A., Wang X.J. Cr3+-Doped Lanthanum Gallogermanate Phosphors with Long Persistent IR Emission. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2010;13:J32-J34.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.3294520

  182. 182.

    Yan W., Liu F., Lu Y.Y., Wang X.J., Yin M., Pan Z. Near Infrared Long-Persistent Phosphorescence in La3Ga5GeO14:Cr3+ Phosphor. Opt. Express. 2010;18:20215-20221.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.18.020215

  183. 183.

    Kang F.W., Hu Y.H., Wu H.Y., Ju G.F. Red Afterglow Properties of Eu3+ in CaMoO4 Phosphor. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2011;28:107201:1-107201:10.

    Not in our library

  184. 184.

    Boutinaud P., Sarakha L., Mahiou R. NaNbO3:Pr3+: A New Red Phosphor Showing Persistent Luminescence. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2009;21:025901:1-025901:2.

    Not in our library10.1088/0953-8984/21/2/025901

  185. 185.

    Takayama T., Katsumata T., Komuro S., Morikawa T. Growth and Characteristics of a New Long Afterglow Phosphorescent Yttrium Tantalate Crystal. J. Cryst. Growth. 2005;275:e2013-e2017.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.11.313

  186. 186.

    Wu H., Hu Y., Kang F., Li N., Ju G., Mu Z., Yang Z. Luminescent Properties of Praseodymium in CaWO4 Matrix. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2012;95:3214-3219.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05297.x

  187. 187.

    Kang F., Hu Y., Chen L., Wang X., Mu Z., Wu H., Ju G. Eu3+ Doped CaWO4: A Potential Red Long Afterglow Phosphor. Appl. Phys. B. 2012;107:833-837.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00340-012-4957-1

  188. 188.

    Liu Z.W., Liu Y.L., Yuan D.S., Zhang J.X., Rong J.H., Huang L.H. Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Eu3+-Doped CaWO4. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2004;20:1433-1436.

    Not in our library

  189. 189.

    Wu H.Y., Hu Y.H., Kang F.W., Li N.N. Enhancement on Afterglow Properties of Eu3+ by Ti4+, Mg2+ Incorporation in CaWO4 Matrix. J. Mater. Res. 2012;27:959-964.

    Not in our library

  190. 190.

    Kang F., Hu Y., Wu H., Mu Z., Ju G., Fu C., Li N. Luminescence and Red Long Afterglow Investigation of Eu3+-Sm3+ Co-Doped CaWO4 Phosphor. J. Lumin. 2012;132:887-894.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.11.022

  191. 191.

    Wu H., Hu Y., Kang F., Chen L., Wang X., Ju G., Mu Z. Observation on Long Afterglow of Tb3+ in CaWO4. Mater. Res. Bull. 2011;46:2489-2493.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.materresbull.2011.08.022

  192. 192.

    Moon C., Nishi M., Miura K., Hirao K. Blue Long-Lasting Phosphorescence of Ti-Doped BaZrO3 Perovskites. J. Lumin. 2009;129:817-819.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.03.002

  193. 193.

    Sun D., Li D., Zhu Z., Xiao J., Tao Z., Liu W. Photoluminescence Properties of Europium and Titanium Co-Doped BaZrO3 Phosphors Powders Synthesized by the Solid-State Reaction Method. Opt. Mater. 2012;34:1890-1896.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2012.05.024

  194. 194.

    Harvey E.N. A History of Luminescence from the Earliest Times Until 1900. 1957.

    Not in our library

  195. 195.

    Lastusaari M., Laamanen T., Malkamäki M., Eskola K.O., Kotlov A., Carlson S., Welter E., Brito H.F., Bettinelli M., Jungner H., Hölsä J. The Bologna Stone: History’s First Persistent Luminescent Material. Eur. J. Mineral. 2012;24:885-890.

    Not in our library10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2224

  196. 196.

    Poelman D., Avci N., Smet P.F. Measured Luminance and Visual Appearance of Multi-Color Persistent Phosphors. Opt. Express. 2009;17:358-364.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.17.000358

  197. 197.

    Garlick G.F.J., Mason D.E. Electron Traps and Infrared Stimulation of Phosphors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1949;96:90-113.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.2776775

  198. 198.

    Lawangar R.D., Shalgaonkar C.S., Pawar S.H., Narlikar A.V. Thermally Stimulated Luminescence of CaS: Bi, Pd Phosphors. Solid State Commun. 1972;10:1241-1246.

    Not in our library10.1016/0038-1098(72)90952-0

  199. 199.

    Pawar S.H., Narlikar A.V. Mechanism of Luminescence in CaS: Bi Phosphor. Mater. Res. Bull. 1976;11:821-826.

    Not in our library10.1016/0025-5408(76)90121-5

  200. 200.

    Jia D., Meltzer R.S., Yen W.M. Ce3+ Energy Levels Relative to the Band Structure in CaS: Evidence from Photoionization and Electron Trapping. J. Lumin. 2002;99:1-6.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-2313(02)00326-5

  201. 201.

    Paulose P.I., Joseph J., Rudra Warrier M.K., Jose G., Unnikrishnan N.V. Relaxation Kinetics of Sm:Ce-Doped CaS Phosphors. J. Lumin. 2007;127:583-588.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2007.03.006

  202. 202.

    Jia D., Zhu J., Wu B. Improvement of Persistent Phosphorescence of Ca0.9Sr0.1S:Bi3+ by Codoping Tm3+. J. Lumin. 2000;91:59-65.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-2313(00)00208-8

  203. 203.

    Pitale S.S., Sharma S.K., Dubey R.N., Qureshi M.S., Malik M.M. TL and PL Studies on Defect-Assisted Green Luminescence from Doped Strontium Sulfide Phosphor. J. Lumin. 2008;128:1587-1594.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2008.03.002

  204. 204.

    Clabau F., Rocquefelte X., Le Mercier T., Deniard P., Jobic S., Whangbo M.H. Formulation of Phosphorescence Mechanisms in Inorganic Solids Based on a New Model of Defect Conglomeration. Chem. Mater. 2006;18:3212-3220.

    Not in our library10.1021/cm052728q

  205. 205.

    Ma L., Chen W. Enhancement of Afterglow in ZnS: Cu, Co Water-Soluble Nanoparticles by Aging. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011;115:8940-8944.

    Not in our library10.1021/jp2011155

  206. 206.

    Lei B., Liu Y., Zhang J., Meng J., Man S., Tan S. Persistent Luminescence in Rare Earth Ion-Doped Gadolinium Oxysulfide Phosphors. J. Alloys Compd. 2010;495:247-253.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.141

  207. 207.

    Zhang J.W., Liu Y.L., Zhang J.X., Yuan D.S., Rong J.H., Huang L.H. Long Afterglow Property and Mechanism on Gd2O2S:Ti. Rare Metal. Mater. Eng. 2006;35:766-769.

    Not in our library

  208. 208.

    Zhang J., Liu Y.L., Man S.Q. Afterglow Phenomenon in Erbium and Titanium Codoped Gd2O2S Phosphors. J. Lumin. 2006;117:141-146.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.05.001

  209. 209.

    Hang T., Liu Q., Mao D., Chang C. Long Lasting Behavior of Gd2O2S:Eu3+ Phosphor Synthesized by Hydrothermal Routine. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2008;107:142-147.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.064

  210. 210.

    Mao S., Liu Q., Gu M., Mao D., Chang C. Long Lasting Phosphorescence of Gd2O2S:Eu, Ti, Mg Nanorods via a Hydrothermal Routine. J. Alloys Compd. 2008;465:367-374.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.10.119

  211. 211.

    Liu G., Zhang Q., Wang H., Li Y. A Reddish La2O2S-Based Long-Afterglow Phosphor with Effective Absorption in the Visible Light Region. Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 2012;177:316-320.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mseb.2011.12.045

  212. 212.

    Kang C.C., Liu R.S., Chang J.C., Lee B.J. Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of a New Yellowish-Orange Afterglow Phosphor Y2O2S:Ti, Mg. Chem. Mater. 2003;15:3966-3968.

    Not in our library10.1021/cm0344212

  213. 213.

    Liu C.B., Che G.B. Observation of Enhanced Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Y2O2S:RE3+ (RE = Lu, Gd) Phosphors. Physica Status Solidi A. 2006;203:558-564.

    Not in our library10.1002/pssa.200521220

  214. 214.

    Wang L., Zhang L., Huang Y., Jia D., Lu J. Effects of Gd3+ and Lu3+ Co-Doping on the Long Afterglow Properties of Yellowish-Orange Phosphor Y2O2S:Ti4+, Mg2+. J. Lumin. 2009;129:1032-1035.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.04.016

  215. 215.

    Zhang P., Hong Z., Wang M., Fang X., Qian G., Wang Z. Luminescence Characterization of a New Long Afterglow Phosphor of Single Ti-Doped Y2O2S. J. Lumin. 2005;113:89-93.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2004.08.056

  216. 216.

    Zhang P.Y., Wang M.Q., Hong Z.L., Fang X.P., Qian G.D., Wang Z.Y. A New Yellow Long Lasting Phosphor Y2O2S:Ti. J. Rare Earths. 2004;22:75-78.

    Not in our library

  217. 217.

    Wang X., Zhang Z., Tang Z., Lin Y. Characterization and Properties of a Red and Orange Y2O2S-Based Long Afterglow Phosphor. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2003;80:1-5.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0254-0584(02)00097-4

  218. 218.

    Wang Y.H., Wang Z.L. Characterization of Y2O2S:Eu3+, Mg2+, Ti4+ Long-Lasting Phosphor Synthesized by Flux Method. J. Rare Earths. 2006;24:25-28.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1002-0721(06)60059-8

  219. 219.

    Yuan S., Yang Y., Fang B., Chen G. Effects of Doping Ions on Afterglow Properties of Y2O2S:Eu Phosphors. Opt. Mater. 2007;30:535-538.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2006.06.024

  220. 220.

    Zhang J.Y., Zhang Z.T., Tang Z.L., Wang T.M. A New Method to Synthesize Long Afterglow Red Phosphor. Ceram. Int. 2004;30:225-228.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0272-8842(03)00093-2

  221. 221.

    Lei B., Liu Y., Tang G., Ye Z., Shi C. Spectra and Long-Lasting Properties of Sm3+-Doped Yttrium Oxysulfide Phosphor. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2004;87:227-232.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.06.002

  222. 222.

    Lei B.F., Liu Y.L., Tang G.B., Ye Z.R., Shi C.S. A New Orange-Red Long-Lasting Phosphor Material Y2O2S:Sm3+. Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 2003;24:208-210.

    Not in our library

  223. 223.

    Yao K., Wang M., Liu S., Zhang L., Li W. Effects of Host Doping on Spectral and Long-Lasting Properties of Sm3+-Doped Y2O2S. J. Rare Earths. 2006;24:524-528.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1002-0721(06)60156-7

  224. 224.

    Liu B., Shi C., Qi Z. White-Light Long-Lasting Phosphorescence from Tb3+-Activated Y2O2S Phosphor. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2006;67:1674-1677.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.02.019

  225. 225.

    Hölsä J., Laamanen T., Lastusaari M., Malkamäki M., Niittykoski J., Zych E. Effect of Mg2+ and TiIV Doping on the Luminescence of Y2O2S:Eu3+. Opt. Mater. 2009;31:1791-1793.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.optmat.2009.01.018

  226. 226.

    Hong Z., Zhang P., Fan X., Wang M. Eu3+ Red Long Afterglow in Y2O2S:Ti, Eu Phosphor Through Afterglow Energy Transfer. J. Lumin. 2007;124:127-132.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.02.008

  227. 227.

    Lei B.F., Liu Y.L., Tang G.B., Ye Z.R., Shi C.S. Unusual Afterglow Properties of Tm3+ Doped Yttrium Oxysulfide. Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 2003;24:782-784.

    Not in our library

  228. 228.

    Liu X., Qiao Y., Dong G., Ye S., Zhu B., Zhuang Y., Qiu J. BCNO-Based Long-Persistent Phosphor. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009;156:P81-P84.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.3082399

  229. 229.

    Wang W.N., Ogi T., Kaihatsu Y., Iskandar F., Okuyama K. Novel Rare-Earth-Free Tunable-Color-Emitting BCNO Phosphors. J. Mater. Chem. 2011;21:5183-5189.

    Not in our library10.1039/c0jm02215b

  230. 230.

    Ju G., Hu Y., Chen L., Wang X. Persistent Luminescence and Its Mechanism of Ba5(PO4)3Cl:Ce3+, Eu2+. J. Appl. Phys. 2012;111:113508:1-113508:6.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.4723646

  231. 231.

    Zhang J.S., Zhong H.Y., Sun J.S., Cheng L.H., Li X.P., Chen B.J. Reddish Orange Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in KY3F10:Sm3+ for X-Ray or Cathode Ray Tubes. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2012;29.

    Not in our library10.1088/0256-307x/29/1/017101

  232. 232.

    Uheda K., Takizawa H., Endo T., Miura C., Shimomura Y., Kijima N., Shimada M. Photo- and Thermo-Luminescence of Zinc Silicon Nitride Doped with Divalent Manganese. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 2001;20:1753-1755.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1012563812625

  233. 233.

    Qiu J., Miura K., Inouye H., Kondo Y., Mitsuyu T., Hirao K. Femtosecond Laser-Induced Three-Dimensional Bright and Long-Lasting Phosphorescence Inside Calcium Aluminosilicate Glasses Doped with Rare Earth Ions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998;73:1763-1765.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.122274

  234. 234.

    Kinoshita T., Hosono H. Materials Design and Example of Long Lasting Phosphorescent Glasses Utilizing Electron Trapped Centers. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 2000;274:257-263.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3093(00)00217-9

  235. 235.

    Hosono H., Kinoshita T., Kawazoe H., Yamazaki M., Yamamoto Y., Sawanobori N. Long Lasting Phosphorescence Properties of Tb3+-Activated Reduced Calcium Aluminate Glasses. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 1998;10:9541-9547.

    Not in our library10.1088/0953-8984/10/42/019

  236. 236.

    Kinoshita T., Yamazaki M. Long Lasting Phosphorescence and Photostimulated Luminescence in Tb-Ion-Activated Reduced Calcium. J. Appl. Phys. 1999;86:3729-3733.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.371243

  237. 237.

    Qiu J., Wada N., Ogura F., Kojima K., Hirao K. Structural Relaxation and Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Sol-Gel-Derived GeO2 Glass After Ultraviolet Light Irradiation. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2002;14:2561-2567.

    Not in our library

  238. 238.

    Wada N., Ogura F., Yamamoto K., Kojima K. White Luminescence and Afterglow in Germanium Oxide Glasses Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method. Glass Technol. 2005;46:163-170.

    Not in our library

  239. 239.

    Qiu J., Gaeta A.L., Hirao K. Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Oxygen-Deficient Ge-Doped Silica Glasses at Room Temperature. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001;333:236-241.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01362-2

  240. 240.

    Qiu J., Kondo Y., Miura K., Mitsuyu T., Hirao K. Infrared Femtosecond Laser Induced Visible Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Mn2+-Doped Sodium Borate Glasses. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1999;38:L649-L651.

    Not in our library10.1143/jjap.38.l649

  241. 241.

    Yamazaki M., Kojima K. Long-Lasting Afterglow in Tb3+-Doped SiO2-Ga2O3-CaO-Na2O Glasses and Its Sensitization by Yb3+. Solid State Commun. 2004;130:637-639.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ssc.2004.02.042

  242. 242.

    Qiu J., Miyauchi K., Kawamoto Y., Kitamura N., Qiu J., Hirao K. Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Sn2+-Cu2+ Codoped Silicate Glass and Its High-Pressure Treatment Effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002;81:394-396.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.1493664

  243. 243.

    Zhang L., Li C., Su Q. Long Lasting Phosphorescence in Eu2+ and Ce3+ Co-Doped Strontium Borate Glasses. J. Rare Earths. 2006;24:196-198.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1002-0721(07)60358-5

  244. 244.

    Sanada T., Seto H., Morimoto Y., Yamamoto K., Wada N., Kojima K. Luminescence and Long-Lasting Afterglow in Mn2+ and Eu3+ Co-Doped ZnO–GeO2 Glasses and Glass Ceramics Prepared by Sol-Gel Method. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2010;56:82-86.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10971-010-2278-6

  245. 245.

    Takahashi Y., Ando M., Ihara R., Fujiwara T. Green-Emissive Mn-Activated Nanocrystallized Glass with Willemite-Type Zn2GeO4. Opt. Mater. Express. 2011;1:372-378.

    Not in our library10.1364/ome.1.000372

  246. 246.

    Jiang X.W., Qiu J.R., Zeng H.D., Zhu C.S. Femtosecond Laser-Induced Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Pr3+-Doped ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 Glass. Chin. Phys. 2003;12:1386-1389.

    Not in our library10.1088/1009-1963/12/12/009

  247. 247.

    Wang Z.Y., Zhang F.A., Guo X.R., Wang Y.H., Fan X.P., Qian G.D. Study on Long-Lasting Phosphorescent Mechanism of Tb3+ Doped ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 Glass. J. Zhejiang Univ. 2006;40:1454-1457.

    Not in our library

  248. 248.

    Yamazaki M., Yamamoto Y., Nagahama S., Sawanobori N., Mizuguchi M., Hosono H. Long Luminescent Glass:Tb3+-Activated ZnO-B2O-SiO2 Glass. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 1998;241:71-73.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00775-3

  249. 249.

    Li C., Su Q., Wang S. Multi-Color Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Mn2+-Doped ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 Glass-Ceramics. Mater. Res. Bull. 2002;37:1443-1449.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0025-5408(02)00787-0

  250. 250.

    Li C., Yu Y., Wang S., Su Q. Photo-Stimulated Long-Lasting Phosphorescence in Mn2+-Doped Zinc Borosilicate Glasses. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 2003;321:191-196.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3093(03)00231-x

  251. 251.

    Li C., Su Q. Action of Co-Dopant in Electron-Trapping Materials: The Case of Sm3+ in Mn2+-Activated Zinc Borosilicate Glasses. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004;85:2190-2192.

    Not in our library10.1063/1.1797562

  252. 252.

    Li C., Su Q. Effect of Samarium on Mn Activated Zinc Borosilicate Storage Glasses. J. Rare Earths. 2006;24:506-508.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1002-0721(06)60152-x

  253. 253.

    Li C., Wang J., Liang H., Su Q. Near Infrared Long Lasting Emission of Yb3+ and Its Influence on the Optical Storage Ability of Mn2+-Activated Zinc Borosilicate Glasses. J. Appl. Phys. 2007;101:113304:1-113304:4.

    Not in our library

  254. 254.

    Lin G., Dong G., Tan D., Liu X., Zhang Q., Chen D., Qiu J., Zhao Q., Xu Z. Long Lasting Phosphorescence in Oxygen-Deficient Zinc-Boron-Germanosilicate Glass-Ceramics. J. Alloys Compd. 2010;504:177-180.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.05.080

  255. 255.

    Smet P.F., Van den Eeckhout K., Bos A.J.J., van der Kolk E., Dorenbos P. Temperature and Wavelength Dependent Trap Filling in M2Si5N8:Eu (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) Persistent Phosphors. J. Lumin. 2012;132:682-689.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.10.022

  256. 256.

    Korthout K., Van den Eeckhout K., Botterman J., Nikitenko S., Poelman D., Smet P.F. Luminescence and X-Ray Absorption Measurements of Persistent SrAl2O4: Eu, Dy Powders: Evidence for Valence State Changes. Phys. Rev. B. 2011;84:085140:1-085140:7.

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevb.84.085140

  257. 257.

    Smet P.F., Parmentier A.B., Poelman D. Selecting Conversion Phosphors for White-Light Emitting Diodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011;158:R37-R54.

    Not in our library10.1149/1.3568524

  258. 258.

    Bos A.J.J., van Duijvenvoorde R.M., van der Kolk E., Drozdowski W., Dorenbos P. Thermoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy: A Versatile Technique to Study Persistent Luminescence Phosphors. J. Lumin. 2011;131:1465-1471.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.03.033

  259. 259.

    Van den Eeckhout K., Bos A.J.J., Poelman D., Smet P.F. Revealing Trap Depth Distributions in Persistent Phosphors. Phys. Rev. B. 2013;87:045126:1-045126:11.

    Not in our library10.1103/physrevb.87.045126

  260. 260.

    Chen R., McKeever S.W.S. Section 2.4.3, Continua; Trap Distributions. Theory of Thermoluminescence and Related Phenomena. 1997.

    Not in our library

  261. 261.

    Takeyama T., Nakamura T., Takahashi N., Ohta M. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies on the Defects Formed in the Dy(III)-Doped SrAl2O4. Solid State Sci. 2004;6:345-348.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2004.02.001

  262. 262.

    Poelman D., Smet P.F. Photometry in the Dark: Time Dependent Visibility of Low Intensity Light Sources. Opt. Express. 2010;18:26293-26299.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.18.026293

  263. 263.

    Poelman D., Smet P.F. Photometry in the Dark: Time Dependent Visibility of Low Intensity Light Sources: Erratum. Opt. Express. 2011;19:18808-18809.

    Not in our library10.1364/oe.19.018808

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