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P16INK4A—More Than a Senescence Marker

Hasan Safwan-Zaiter, Nicole Wagner, Kay-Dietrich Wagner

Life · 2022 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/life12091332

Abstract

Aging is a biological feature that is characterized by gradual degeneration of function in cells, tissues, organs, or an intact organism due to the accumulation of environmental factors and stresses with time. Several factors have been attributed to aging such as oxidative stress and augmented production or exposure to reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines production, telomere shortening, DNA damage, and, importantly, the deposit of senescent cells. These are irreversibly mitotically inactive, yet metabolically active cells. The reason underlying their senescence lies within the extrinsic and the intrinsic arms. The extrinsic arm is mainly characterized by the expression and the secretory profile known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The intrinsic arm results from the impact of several genes meant to regulate the cell cycle, such as tumor suppressor genes. P16INK4A is a tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator that has been linked to aging and senescence. Extensive research has revealed that p16 expression is significantly increased in senescent cells, as well as during natural aging or age-related pathologies. Based on this fact, p16 is considered as a specific biomarker for detecting senescent cells and aging. Other studies have found that p16 is not only a senescence marker, but also a protein with many functions outside of senescence and aging. In this paper, we discuss and shed light on several studies that show the different functions of p16 and provide insights in its role in several biological processes besides senescence and aging.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 22, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

1P16 is a tumor suppressor gene, which has been termed with several names such as the multiple tumor suppressor-1 (MTS-1), the inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4a (INK4A), or the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a (CDKN2A). The human p16 gene is located on the short arm of chromosome (9p21.3). The p16 transcript is composed of three exons which encode 156 amino acids. The use of an alternative reading frame generates the human p14Arf protein (p19Arf in mice).

2Since its discovery, p16 has grown a significant importance in the aging and cellular senescence domain. It has formed the bedrock for demonstrating aging and cellular senescence processes and their correlation with other tumor suppressors and cell cycle regulators such as p21 and p19ARF. Several studies have shown that p16 has a dramatically increased expression in a variety of tissues of old rodents, including the lungs, lymph nodes, adrenal gland, and uterus. Furthermore, removing p16-positive senescent cells delayed the occurrence and progression of age-related pathologies in mice in vivo, as well as prolonging the lifespan of premature and natural aging mice. All these combined made p16 a hallmark of aging and age-related diseases.

3Aging is the common risk factor for several diseases that contribute to a high rate of global morbidity and mortality. Different factors contribute to aging, including accumulated oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production, increased proinflammatory cytokine production, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. These molecular and biochemical mechanisms promote aging through accumulation of senescent cells in tissues. Whether these different stresses promote cellular senescence through a common pathway or distinct mechanisms remains an open question.

4Cellular senescence is an irreversible proliferative arrest caused by two major intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli in response to potentially oncogenic stress. It was first demonstrated in cell culture, when cells ceased growth after several passages, and it was termed the Hayflick’s limit. Microscopically, senescent cells are typically larger than normal cells of the same type, have a flattened shape, and occasionally have multiple nuclei. However, analyzing the expression profile of these cells revealed a number of senescence-related genes. The senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA β-gal) is a typical biomarker for the detection of senescence. P16 and p21 are also frequently associated with senescence. Moreover, the senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs), which are a mix of proinflammatory cytokines, proteases, and growth factors, are upregulated and secreted by senescent cells and are part of the extrinsic arm of cellular senescence. As no single reliable marker for the detection of senescence in vivo exists, the recent consensus from the International Cell Senescence Association (ICSA) requests at least a combination of more than two markers to identify a cell as senescent.

5P16 along with other tumor suppressors characterize the intrinsic arm of cellular senescence by forming two pathways. The p16–pRB where p16 acts as an upstream regulator of pRB and the p53–p21 where p21 is a downstream effector of p53. The major regulatory key of these pathways is the inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4/6 and CDK2 which then control cell cycle and implicate them in physiological processes dependent on cellular proliferation such as cancer, tissue regeneration, aging, and cellular senescence and development. As a result, p16 upregulation or baseline expression is not solely associated with aging and senescence, but it may simply reflect cell cycle inhibition as p16 upregulation is not always associated with increased SASP expression. In addition, p16 suppression restores proliferation and provokes senescence bypass associated with decreased SASP expression and promotes tumorigenesis.

6Recent studies have demonstrated an increased p16 expression after injury; p16 positive senescent cells are critical for tissue repair and wound healing. These cells aided in wound healing and tissue repair, but their removal resulted in delayed cutaneous wound closure. Additionally, p16 coexpression with laminin 5 was found indispensable for growth arrest of migratory keratinocyte during wound re-epithelialization. Similarly, fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) exhibited transient p16 upregulation in response to acute muscle injury (AMI). On the other hand, p16 regulates stem cell self-renewal processes in a variety of tissues, and its disruption may result in aging or tumor development. Moreover, induced liver damage in p16- and p53-deficient mice results in increased fibrosis. A recent study demonstrated a role of p16 as a potential therapeutic target for intervertebral disc damage. The level of p16 expression in intervertebral discs correlated with the severity of tissue damage in humans and mice. P16-deficient mice showed attenuated intervertebral disc degeneration in their model.

7In embryonic development, a potential role of p21 and of p19ARF has been unraveled, but little is known about p16. Its role in development requires further elucidation. Therefore, most of what we know about p16 is restricted to senescence, aging, and diseases. In this review, we discuss the effects of p16 in several tissues, as well as its potential role in embryonic development and liver physiology, which was recently demonstrated.

2. The P16 Gene

8The CDKN2A gene belongs to the INK4 genes family. CDKN2A encodes for p16Ink4A and p14ARF (p19Arf in mice), while CDKN2B encodes for p15Ink4B, CDKN2C for p18Ink4D, and CDKN2D for p19Ink4D. They share biological properties in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression. The p16INK4A structure consists of five exons E1β, E1α, E2, E2γ, and E3. Alternative splicing generates four different transcript variants including p16 (E1α, E2, and E3), p19Arf (E1β, E2, and E3), (the murine orthologue of the human p14ARF), in addition to p16γ and p12. Thus, the difference between p16 and p19ARF transcript variants lies within the alternative splicing of E1α versus E1β (Figure 1).

3. P16 Function and Regulation of Expression

9The cell cycle is a complex loop of events consisting of doubling the genetic material of the mother cell in the S phase, which is afterward accurately segregated into two identical daughter cells in the M phase. Once out of the quiescent G0 phase and prior to the S phase, the cell enters a critical preparatory gap phase termed G1. There, the cell fate hinges to decide at this restriction point whether to progress through the cycle. Generally, the driving forces of progression through the cell cycle are the regulatory cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs are activated by binding to their corresponding cyclins. Specifically, at the G1/S checkpoint, the progression through the cell cycle requires the cyclin D–CDK 4/6 assembly.

10P16 is a specific inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 and it mainly prevents cell transition from G1 to S phase and causes subsequent proliferation arrest by rendering retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in a hypophosphorylated state. In G0, pRB is unphosphorylated. At the beginning of G1, cyclin D-Cdk4/6 monophosphorylates pRB, which is bound to E2F transcription factors. When the cell passes the restriction point, cyclin E-Cdk2 hyperphosphorylates pRB, which dissociates from the E2F factors, which in turn translocate to the nucleus and activate transcription of S phase genes. However, in an alternative model proposed by Ahlander and Bosco, hypophosphorylated pRB binds E2F transcription factors on the chromatin, and recruits histone deacetylase (HDAC) and other chromatin-remodeling enzymes, which act all together to inhibit S-phase gene transcription and cell cycle progression. On the contrary, hyperphosphorylated pRB dissociates from E2F which in turn activates transcription and cell cycle progression. P16 binding to CDK 4/6 can directly inhibit their activities in addition to non-p16 CDK inhibitors such as p27 for further hypophosphorylation of pRB (Figure 2). This p16–pRB–E2F axis can also be enhanced through direct interaction of p16 with the gene-associated retinoid-IFN-induced mortality-19 (GRIM-19).

11Hereby, p16 expression seems to be credited to a feedback loop with pRB. In other words, pRB phosphorylation provokes E2F activation and induces p16 expression. Thus, p16 inhibits CDK 4/6 and increases hypophosphorylated pRB which tends to downregulate p16. P16 expression can be affected by epigenetic modification through promoter hypermethylation. PRC1 and PRC2 complexes are involved in this response and provoke heterochromatin formation and p16 suppression. The hypermethylation is mediated by the PRC2 core protein Ezh2. Ezh2 adds a trimethyl to H3K27 in an association with the polycomb protein Bmi-1, a member of the PRC1 complex. Bmi-1 dissociation from the suppression complex can restore p16 expression. In addition, as a major cause of cellular senescence and aging, both exogenous- and endogenous-induced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production resulted in upregulation of p16 expression in pathways that involve the extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1/2 and the stress-activated protein kinases p38.

12Furthermore, several studies have shown other mechanisms of p16 inhibition of the cell cycle independently from the pRB–E2F pathway. One in which p16 interacts with the CDK7 subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH to inhibit the phosphorylation of the carboxyl–terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of the RNA polymerase II, contributing to cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, it also inhibits the activities of the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1 and JNK3) which in turn blocks AP-1 activity and inhibits cell transformation.

13Moreover, the case of oncogene-induced senescence through elevated p16 expression was observed in primary cells with activated RAS or its downstream stream effectors Raf and MEK. More precisely, the Ets family members, Ets1 and Ets2, which are transcription factors activated by the RAS–Raf–MEK cascade, bind and activate the p16 promoter with 5- to 10-fold potentiation. Independently, RAS can also increase p16 expression, and induce cellular senescence by inducing the ectopic expression of the transcription factor HBP-1 or activation of the H3K27 histone demethylase JMJD3 and downregulation of Ezh2.

4. Role of p16 in Different Tissues and Organs: Cancer, Physiology, and Pathophysiology

14In several selected tissues and organs, including skin, bones, lungs, brain, heart, kidney, and liver, we intend to address the well-known function of p16 in senescence and aging, and discuss several functions of p16, which might be more related to its classical role as a cell cycle regulator. Multiple studies investigating p16 functions used the p16-INK-ATTACK, p16-3MR, p16-Cre, and Super-INK4A/ARF mice. The p16-INK-ATTACK transgene consists of a 2.6 kb p16 promoter construct controlling expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a FKBP–Casp8 “killing cassette”, which upon treatment with AP20187 induces apoptotic death of FKBP–Casp8 expressing cells. GFP expression in these animals increased significantly between 12 and 18 months of age. The p16-3MR transgene consists of a 50 kb p16 BAC clone containing the 3MR (trimodality reporter) fusion protein, with a synthetic Renilla luciferase (LUC), monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP), and truncated herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). HSV-TK allows the killing of positive cells by ganciclovir. A significant increase in luciferase activity was detected by 18 months of age. P16-Cre mice represent knock-in models in the endogenous p16 locus either as constitutively active Cre or Tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 versions. These mice were crossed with mTmG reporter of diphtheria toxin deleter strains. Some GFP-positive cells were detectable by 2 months of age and the number increased significantly at 12 months. The Super-Ink4a/Arf mouse strain carries an additional transgenic copy of the entire Ink4a/Arf locus. Recently, p21-CreERT2 and p21-INK-ATTACK mice were established. Data from these animals suggest that p16 and p21 mark different populations of senescent cells and have different functions. Additionally, the SASPs of p16 and p21 cells are functionally different. Most of the studies showed that elimination of the small number of senescent cells improves tissue health, but some studies also provided evidence for a physiological function of senescent cells and the SASP. As beneficial effects were observed in tissues where the p16-INK-ATTACK transgene is not expressed, p16 knockdown inhibits SASP factor expression, and very recently it has been shown that blood or plasma transfer from old to young mice induces senescence and aging features, it is likely that the SASP plays the most important role for the observed alterations. Studies related to p16 function in different organs are detailed below.

4.1. In the Skin

15The skin is the largest tissue in the human body. It serves as a physical barrier to both biological and nonbiological threats. Being exposed to the outside environment places the skin in direct contact with environmental hazards, making it extremely vulnerable. The skin is made up of two layers: the outer epidermis, which is divided into four sublayers with keratinocytes predominating in the spinous, granular, and cornfield sublayers, and pigment-producing melanocytes that confer photoprotection in the basal sublayer. The underlying dermis contains connective tissue with fibroblasts, collagen, and elastin as well as sebaceous and sweat glands and is connected to the epidermis by the dermal epidermal joint (DEJ). Skin aging is caused by both intrinsic (genetic, time, etc.) and extrinsic (pollution, UV exposure, sunlight, etc.) factors, and it has both biological and functional implications. Aged skin has thinner epidermis, dermis, and DEJ than younger skin, which is due to keratinocytes’ decreased proliferation and renewal ability.

16As major biomarkers of senescence, both the SA-β-gal and p16 determination has shown elevated expression upon in vitro exposure of fibroblasts and keratinocytes to UV light. Furthermore, telomere shortening, DNA damage, and UV exposure increased the activity of the p16/pRB and P19ARF/p53/P21 cascades, resulting in an accumulation of senescent cells and skin stem cell dysfunction and loss of regeneration capacity. An in vivo study, on the other hand, claimed that UV light exposure has accelerated cellular senescence by increasing p21 expression.

17In contrast to the previous results, the presence of p16 has been shown to play an important role in several biological processes that are beneficial to the skin. Starting with its tumor suppression function, p16 inactivation due to mutation or promoter methylation has been linked to a variety of cancers, including familial and sporadic melanoma. These studies identified 55 out of 60 melanoma cell lines that were dependent on complete or partial p16 aberration, implicating this pathway in the development of melanomas. Furthermore, the level of p16 expression could be used as a melanoma predictive and prognostic biomarker. In other words, lower p16 levels were associated with higher Ki67 expression as a proliferation marker, and metastatic melanoma lesions were associated with even lower p16 levels and predicted poor patient survival. Benign nevi had higher p16 levels than nonmetastatic melanoma, which had even higher p16 levels than metastatic melanoma. Furthermore, in primary mouse fibroblasts (PMFs), human melanocytes, and a human melanoma cell line (A375), the loss of p16 correlated with increased mitochondrial mass, attenuated respiration, and altered morphology associated with augmented superoxide production and higher cellular motility. Forced p16 expression restored mitochondrial homeostasis, dynamics, and motility in a CDK4/pRB independent pathway. Surprisingly, oxidative stress-induced p16 has attenuated ROS production in skin in vivo and in vitro. In addition, elevated intracellular ROS and DNA damage were obtained in p16-deficient cells. This was restored in skin fibroblasts transduced with p16 using lentivirus. These findings suggest a pRB-independent tumor suppression function of p16. As another mechanism, p16 has been found to transactivate the promoter of the tumor suppressor miRNAs, miRNA-141 and miRNA-146b-5p, in melanocyte through physical interaction with the transcription factor Sp1 and CDK4, via the p16 fourth ankyrin repeat. Mutation in this ankyrin repeat attenuated Sp1 binding and miRNA-141 and miRNA-146b-5p transactivation without affecting the expression level of Sp1. In addition, this p16–Sp1–CDK4 interaction and consequent miRNA-141 and miRNA-146b-5p transactivation has also been implicated in cellular response to UV-radiation-induced damage and apoptosis.

18P16 has been shown to be an important factor in wound healing. Endothelial cells and fibroblasts were identified as p16-positive cells at the site of injury in the p16-3MR mouse model a few days after injury. These transiently appearing senescent cells aimed to accelerate wound closure by inducing myofibroblast differentiation via platelet-derived growth factor AA secretion as part of the SASP. Elimination of these cells delayed the wound healing process. The matricellular protein CCN1 has been identified as a key player in the induction of fibroblast senescence at the wound healing margins. By inducing DNA damage and p53 activity, CCN1 induces oxidative stress and provokes p16 upregulation, which leads to fibroblast senescence and antifibrotic gene activation. Furthermore, coexpression and activation of the laminin 5/p16 response has been identified in migrating keratinocytes. The laminin 5/p16 response caused hypermotility and growth arrest in keratinocytes, leading to wound re-epithelialization. This pathway has also been identified in critical stage neoplastic progression as a tumor suppressing pathway. This might suggest a protective effect of the induced p16 upregulation upon the exposure of skin to UV radiation.

19Moreover, p16-orchestrated expression is required for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. More precisely, p16 repression by epigenetic regulators is indispensable for stem cells proliferation. On the contrary, its promoter epigenetic regulation and orchestrated expression level have been found crucial for keratinocyte differentiation beside many other differentiation genes. However, p16 seems not causal for terminal differentiation as it is expressed during early embryonic development, but still the balance between growth and differentiation requires a balanced expression of p16 and other cell cycle regulators. For instance, Id-1, Id-2, and Id-3 are repressors of p16 and are upregulated in dividing keratinocytes, whereas they become downregulated in differentiated cells. Activators of p16 transcription promoted keratinocyte differentiation via acting on epidermal differentiation complex genes. Therefore, unravelling the precise mechanism underlying p16 regulation of expression might provide a targeted approach which confers maintenance of epidermis regenerative capacity and avoids premature skin aging or cancer development (Figure 3 and Table 1).

4.2. In the Bones

20Two major types of cells are involved in maintaining skeletal homeostasis: osteoblasts, which are derived from osteoprogenitor cells and are in charge of bone growth, mineralization, and remodeling, and osteoclasts, which are descended from myeloid lineages and mediate bone resorption and breakdown. Osteocytes are the most prevalent long-lived cell type in bone matrix and are in charge of maintenance of bone mass. Skeletal aging is characterized by bone mass loss and is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis because it results from an increase in osteoclasts and a decrease in osteoblasts count. Cellular senescence has been linked to bone aging and the development of aging-related osteo-pathologies. More precisely, senescent osteocytes have been detected in aging bones with increased expression of p16.

21In contrast to osteocytes, senescent osteoblasts are characterized by increased expression of p21 only. Moreover, the selective elimination of p16-expressing cells using INK-ATTACK transgene resulted in increased bone mass in 20 months old mice. Furthermore, using the p16-3MR transgene, which is based on the elimination of P16-expressing cells upon treatment with ganciclovir (GCV), has effectively abrogated age-related increases in osteoclastogenesis of the myeloid lineage but had no effect on bone formation. This might indicate that p16, rather than direct targeting of senescent osteocytes, contributes to osteoclastogenic potential without major impact on age-related bone loss.

22However, other implications of p16 have been demonstrated in bone. P16 degradation by the ubiquitinated regulator UBE2S is an important step in the progression of prostate cancer bone metastasis. Furthermore, patients with p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma had a higher incidence of bone metastasis than p16-negative patients. Lower expression of p16 in osteosarcoma patients was correlated with reduced response to primary chemotherapy, which, therefore, shows the importance of p16 as a prognostic and predictive biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer and metastasis.

23Aside from p16 in cancer, although only p21-positive cells were able to prevent radiation-induced osteoporosis, p16 deletion inhibited oxidative stress, osteocyte senescence, and osteoclastic bone resorption, which led to osteogenesis and osteoblastic bone formation, indicating a promising mechanism to prevent estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Furthermore, p16 deletion promoted migration, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and chondrocytes. It also stimulated osteoblastogenesis and vascularization, which improved bone fracture healing. Consequently, p16 modification might offer a novel strategy for treating fractured bones in elderly patients (Figure 3 and Table 1).

4.3. In the Lungs

24Cellular senescence and aging have both been linked to increased lung damage and functional impairment. Growing evidence suggested aging as another determinant of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and showed higher prevalence of the disease in elderly. Similarly, even though there are no certain causes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), aging associated with cellular senescence and p16 overexpression has emerged as a main risk factor.

25Cigarette smoking (CS) is a major risk factor attributed to COPD. CS can alter cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, and promote oxidative stress, cause DNA damage, and trigger cellular senescence. Furthermore, mice exposed to chronic cigarette smoking at both young and old ages showed increased activation of the senescence marker beta-galactosidase as well as upregulation of p16 compared to their respective air-exposed controls. Older air-exposed mice had higher levels of beta-galactosidase and p16 than younger mice. Therefore, CS-induced senescence and natural-aging-associated senescence are both affected by the p16 pathway. This was confirmed in human COPD patients who had higher p16 expression compared to normal smokers and nonsmokers. Furthermore, after CS exposure, wild type mice had more senescent alveolar type II (AECII) epithelial cells than p16 knockout mice, which had normal pulmonary function. Moreover, p16 deletion has rescued the adverse effects induced by CS in the lungs via the insulin growth factor1 (IGF1)/Akt1 signaling pathway.

26However, p16 expression is a differentiation key between cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with pulmonary metastasis and pulmonary SCC. Immunohistochemistry of both cervical SCC without and with pulmonary metastasis has shown an intense staining of p16 in almost all cases studied. On the contrary, cases with pulmonary SCC demonstrated p16 expression in 7 out of 33 cases, 3 of which showed weak p16 staining. This implies the usefulness of p16 as a distinguishing marker between cervical SCC with lung metastasis and pulmonary SCC. Furthermore, the fact that aberrant p16 methylation occurs at early stages of lung cancer renders p16 an early diagnostic biomarker for monitoring and prevention. Moreover, p16 low expression and gene mutation were associated with early and late stage nonsmall cells lung carcinoma (NSCLC), respectively. As a result, it has been identified as a predictable prognostic factor in NSCLC, particularly at the early stage.

27On the other hand, p16 expression is not only linked with disease progression but also with lung protection. P16 loss was linked with poor survival after lung injury. In addition, p16 expression was found to be crucial for protection of lung epithelium against oncogenic stress and lung injury. Moreover, injured p16-positive mesenchymal cells enhanced epithelial progenitor proliferation, whereas deletion of p16 attenuated normal epithelial repair in the lungs. Furthermore, prevalent usefulness was demonstrated for p16 as a target for COPD therapy. Higher p16 expression was found in human COPD lungs compared to normal patients, and when CS induced impaired pulmonary function and augmented emphysema in WT mice, p16 knockout mice exhibited normal pulmonary function with reduced emphysema and increased alveolar progenitor proliferation (Figure 3 and Table 1).

4.4. In the Brain

28Aging-induced p16 overexpression and cellular senescence have been linked to decreased subventricular zone progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis of the olfactory bulb and to diminished multipotent progenitor cell frequency and self-renewal potency. Moreover, chronic accumulation of senescent cells and the resulting inflammation in the brain has been linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. In two out of five AD models, Dorigatti et al. found evidence of cellular senescence marked by a significant increase in p16, p21, and p53 expression, as well as increased SASPs expression and beta-galactosidase activity. Another study found that tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, are age-dependent and strongly associated with senescence induction and upregulation of p16 and p21. Nonetheless, astrocytes play an important role in neuronal homeostasis and functions, and, as we age, they undergo senescence in response to multiple stresses, resulting in impaired brain function. In a study to investigate the presence of senescent astrocytes in aging and Alzheimer’s disease, tissue from the brains of elderly people and Alzheimer’s patients was compared for p16 and SASPs expression with fetal tissue as a control. The findings revealed that aged brain tissue contains significantly more p16-positive astrocytes than fetal tissue. When compared to non-AD adults of the same age, AD brain tissue contains more p16-positive astrocytes.

29As previously discussed for other tumors, unsurprisingly, p16 homozygous deletion was found in both primary glioblastoma and their derived xenografts. In addition, p16-cdk4/cyclin D1-pRb pathway inactivation was found in the majority of glioblastomas. P16 loss was linked to significantly poor outcome in all glioma patients, which indicates a predictive prognostic usefulness of p16 in brain tumors. On the contrary, p16 null glioma cells demonstrated higher chemosensitivity to paclitaxel and topotecan compared to exogenous wild type p16 overexpression.

30P16 overexpression has been shown to exert a protective function of neurons against CDK overexpression-induced apoptosis. Moreover, increased expression of p16 and p21, induced by stress conditions, has protected female but not male astrocytes from transformation. In another promising strategy, the selective elimination of p16-positive senescent astrocytes diminished cognitive impairment induced by whole brain irradiation. Lastly, dihydromyricetin (DMY), through the downregulation of p16, p21, and p53, was able to inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and to attenuate brain aging and improve cognitive function in mice (Figure 3 and Table 1).

4.5. In the Heart

31Remarkable p16 expression and cellular senescence were found in cardiac chronological aging and heart failure. For example, elevated p16 expression and beta-galactosidase activity were found in cardiomyocytes gathered from Langendorff heart perfusion with aging. In addition to that, cardiac progenitor cells isolated from elderly (> 70 years old) people expressed high levels of p16 and SASPs, alongside shortened telomeres and increased SA-β-gal. Furthermore, remarkable telomere shortening and senescent-associated increased p16 expression were found in cardiomyocytes isolated from old rats compared to younger ones. Older patients with heart failure had higher p16 expression, which was associated with senescence and cell death, as well as shorter telomere length, when compared to healthy elderly people. This suggests that p16-induced senescence, telomere attrition, and cell death are features of heart failure in aging. Furthermore, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence in atherosclerotic plaques was marked by increased p16, p21, and p53 expression in addition to increased beta-galactosidase activity.

32The recovery of cardiac function and cardiac remodeling have been correlated with cardiac stem cell (CSCs) regeneration and differentiation ability. Cellular senescence has an impact on CSCs and cardiac function, which might provide a concept of therapies by targeting senescent cells for cardiac functional improvement and extended lifespan in elderly people. With aging, a significant portion of human CSCs become senescent with elevated expression of p16, SA-β-gal, and SASPs, which contribute to CSC senescence and impaired cardiac regeneration. However, INK-ATTAC or senolytic elimination of senescent CSCs reactivated resident CSCs and increased cardiomyocyte proliferation reflecting the importance of p16-positive senescent CSCs as therapeutic approach for cardiac functional improvement. P16-positive cells that accumulate during adulthood have a negative impact on lifespan and promote age-dependent changes in the heart. The removal of p16-positive cells delayed age-related heart deterioration. Thus, the therapeutic removal of these cells may be an appealing approach to extend healthy lifespan.

33On the contrary to the previous studies, the existence of p16 high cells detected in p16-CreERT2-tdTomato mouse model, was found indispensable for health span, and their elimination has induced cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, p16 overexpression has been detected in the infarction zone after myocardial infarction. The increased expression of p16 was associated with protected cardiac function and plays an important role for cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (Figure 3 and Table 1).

4.6. In the Kidney

34Several studies have linked p16 induction and subsequent cellular senescence to renal aging, diseases, and allograft rejection. Age-dependent p16 upregulation in cortical tubular and interstitial cells was observed in humans. In addition, p16 and p27 expression were higher in the glomeruli, tubules, and interstitial cells of rejected grafts compared to normal kidneys. Whether this reflects senescence as the underlying mechanism for chronic allograft rejection as suggested or might correspond to reduced proliferation and repair or to an increased immune reaction remains to be determined. In line with this, in human kidney specimens ranging from 8 weeks to 88 years of age, p16 induction was negatively correlated with the proliferation marker Ki-67, which is in agreement with the role of p16 as a cell cycle inhibitor. Levels of p16 in glomerular and interstitial cells were significantly higher in kidneys with glomerular disease than in normal aged kidneys and kidneys with tubular interstitial nephritis. P16 expression was higher in kidneys with proteinuria, with fibrosis, or interstitial inflammation. Whether this increased P16 expression is cause or consequence of glomerular disease remains an open question. Similarly, increased p16 expression was observed in kidneys of hypertensive animals and patients and kidneys with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Blood pressure lowering reduced p16 expression, which argues against a close relation between P16 and irreversible senescence in this model. Increased p16 expression has been reported in acute kidney injury (AKI) and in acute tubular necrosis (ATN). P16 deletion ameliorated ATN and improved kidney function in animal models. Similarly, p16 deletion in Bmi-1-deficient mice rescued kidney aging features including function and structure, ameliorated tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition of renal interstitial fibroblasts (Figure 3 and Table 1).

4.7. In the Liver

35Although the majority of liver functions appear to be preserved with age, evidence of aging and cellular senescence associated with liver functional decline, reduced regenerative capacity, and diseases are well-documented. P16 expression was higher in elderly hepatectomy patients compared to younger ones, and the increased p16 expression was associated with decreased liver regeneration. This is in agreement with the attenuated proliferative response of hepatocytes in old rat liver compared to young animals. P16 upregulation was observed in liver tissue and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) in an aged rat model compared to young animals. The p16 CreERT2 tdTomato mouse model also demonstrated that p16 high cells were detectable in the liver, and that they were enriched with aging. The majority of the P16-positive liver cells found were vascular endothelial, and their removal caused steatohepatitis and perivascular tissue fibrosis. This is compatible with higher p16 expression level of liver endothelial cells compared to nonendothelial cells demonstrated in our recent study.

36With respect to liver metabolism, the extra copy of p16 carried by the “Super-INK4A/ARF” mouse model prevented the development of glucose intolerance with aging. Instead, increased activation of insulin receptors and high insulin sensitivity were obtained. This reveals a protective role of INK4A/ARF locus against age-induced insulin resistance, whereas increased insulin secretion, attenuated insulin sensitivity, and reduced hepatic insulin clearance were observed upon loss of function mutation of the Cdkn2a gene. On the contrary, p16 deficiency improved fasting-activated glucose production in the liver, via the activation of PKA-CREB-PGC1α. Altogether, these studies show the importance of p16 in glucose homeostasis. However, p16 has not been only implicated in glucose but also in fat metabolism. P16 has been found to regulate fasting-induced fatty acid oxidation and lipid droplet accumulation in the liver in vivo and in vitro. In addition, p16 deficiency was correlated with increased expression of fatty acids catabolism genes in primary hepatocytes. Furthermore, p16-positive senescent cell accumulation has been correlated with hepatic fat deposition and steatosis. Elimination of these cells in the INK-ATTAC mouse model or senolytics treatment (dasatinib plus quercetin) attenuated liver fibrosis. However, the feedback loop between lipid accumulation and increased p16 expression remains intriguing. Senescence in hepatocytes triggered fat accumulation, while high fat diet provoked significantly elevated p16 expression. A possible mechanism could be that due to high fat diet and with aging, increased p16 induces senescent cell accumulation in the liver which in turn impairs lipid metabolism and provokes liver fibrosis. Therefore, p16-positive senescent cells might be a promising target for liver fibrosis therapy. On the other hand, elimination of p16-positive cells also provokes liver fibrosis. In primary sclerosing cholangitis, p16 downregulation demonstrated a protective effect against biliary damage and fibrosis. However, its upregulation was required for the regulation of reactive oxygen species in hepatic stellate cells and modulation of liver fibrosis.

37Nonetheless, several studies have also described p16 functions in liver cancers. P16 hypermethylation and consequent p16 inactivation has a pivotal role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Wong et al. reported aberrantly methylated p16 in the plasma of liver cancer patients, suggesting the usefulness of these circulating liver-cancer-methylated DNA for the monitoring of tumors. Therefore, all this information combined suggests that p16 regulation and meticulously unravelling the molecular mechanisms regulating p16 expression in liver physiology and liver pathologies require further elucidation and could unveil novel therapeutic strategies for maintaining normal liver function and extending lifespan (Figure 3 and Table 1).

5. The Role of p16 in Development

38The role of p16 and cellular senescence in embryonic development is still controversial, which was reviewed recently. Earlier studies reported p21 expression during embryonic development, but p16 and p19ARF were not detected. Cellular senescence has been described as a normal developmental mechanism, and senescent cells were observed in distinct locations and time windows in the developing embryo through beta-galactosidase staining. However, only p21 expression together with other senescence markers were detected, but p16 and p19ARF were undetectable. Additionally, in an attempt to study cellular senescence in rat kidney with aging, negative p16 expression was reported in young rats. On the other hand, in embryonic mice, p19ARF-induced senescence has been associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Furthermore, p19ARF expression has been implicated in nervous system development. Interestingly, mice deficient for p16 and p19ARF exhibited cataract formation as developmental defects in the eye. Moreover, p16 expression was observed in embryonic and postnatal rat brain and embryonic mouse motor neurons.

39Although several studies could not detect p16 expression in embryonic life, the authors, however, did not exclude expression of p16, but the absence of detection might have been due to technical limitations. Therefore, we used highly sensitive RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry methods in our recent study conducted in mice at embryonic (E10-E18), postnatal (P1-P21), adult (3 months), and old (16–18 months) ages to investigate p16 expression in the brain, heart, kidney, and liver. P16 RNA and protein expression level were assessed, beside p19ARF and p21 RNA expression. Our results demonstrated a dramatic increase of p16 expression at RNA and protein level in old mice compared to younger ages, which is in agreement with other studies describing p16 as an aging marker. Less pronounced upregulation of p19ARF and p21 in old mice compared to p16 was obtained. Nevertheless, the assessment of Il-6, Mmp-9, Tgf-β1, and Vegfa expression as SASP factors has also shown an increased expression of the four genes with aging in all investigated organs. Interestingly, at embryonic and postnatal ages, our results revealed a relatively high and dynamic expression of p16 with a constant increase in all organs in a matter of days, whereas p19ARF and p21 expression levels showed less remarkable variations (Table 1). In addition, SASPs mRNA expression showed a baseline level and did not correlate with p16 at embryonic stages implying that p16 expression during development does not necessarily refer to cellular senescence. Afterwards, our immunohistochemistry results indicated strong vascular signal of p16 expression in adult and old tissue. Therefore, we intended to conduct a comparative p16 expression assessment between endothelial and nonendothelial in all organs studied from adult and old mice. Surprisingly, q RT-PCR and Western blot revealed significantly higher p16 in old liver endothelial cells compared to liver parenchymal cells, which is also in agreement with what was detected in the p16-CreERT-tdTomato mouse model.

40These results suggest dynamic p16 expression and a potential role in embryonic development. A p16-knockout model or the p16 ablator mouse strains for phenotype observations might be a promising strategy for unveiling the role of p16 in development. In addition, p16 is specifically upregulated in endothelial cells in the liver of aged animals, suggesting a selective role of p16 in endothelial cells of the liver. Therefore, further elucidation of the p16 mechanism in development and liver physiology is required.

6. Conclusions

41Most of the different roles and pathological conditions described above are in general agreement with the basic function of p16 as a negative regulator of the cell cycle. Elevated P16 expression in cells during development coincides with the beginning of differentiation. For this, lower proliferation is a prerequisite. Additionally, tumor suppression is a logical consequence of cell cycle inhibition. Senescence in old age with dramatically increased p16 expression could be viewed as an extreme case of cell cycle inhibition. In many preclinical models, removal of senescent cells or modification of the SASP showed beneficial effects, and first clinical trials with senolytics are promising (reviewed in). Nevertheless, different p16 ablator mouse models also showed opposite effects on health span. Thus, it would be highly interesting to directly compare the SASPs of these different models, which might open the way to target the divergent SASP factors for improved health outcome in old people. Finally, the high p16 expression, especially in endothelial cells in old age, and the fact that elimination of these p16high cells causes liver damage needs further functional elucidation.

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90.
Obesity-Induced Cellular Senescence Drives Anxiety and Impairs Neurogenesis · 2019
Corrected
91.
Length‐independent telomere damage drives post‐mitotic cardiomyocyte senescence · 2019
No notice
92.
Aged‐senescent cells contribute to impaired heart regeneration · 2019
No notice
93.
Whole‐body senescent cell clearance alleviates age‐related brain inflammation and cognitive impairment in mice · 2021
No notice
94.
Cohen C., Le Goff O., Soysouvanh F., Vasseur F., Tanou M., Nguyen C., Amrouche L., Le Guen J., Saltel-Fulero O., Meunier T., et al. Glomerular endothelial cell senescence drives age-related kidney disease through PAI-1. EMBO Mol. Med. 2021;13:e14146.
Not in our library10.15252/emmm.202114146
95.
Systemic clearance of p16 INK4a ‐positive senescent cells mitigates age‐associated intervertebral disc degeneration · 2019
No notice
96.
Jeon O.H., Kim C., Laberge R.-M., Demaria M., Rathod S., Vasserot A.P., Chung J.W., Kim D.H., Poon Y., David N., et al. Local clearance of senescent cells attenuates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and creates a pro-regenerative environment. Nat. Med. 2017;23:775-781.
Not in our library10.1038/nm.4324
97.
Jeon O.H., Mehdipour M., Gil T.-H., Kang M., Aguirre N.W., Robinson Z.R., Kato C., Etienne J., Lee H.G., Alimirah F., et al. Systemic induction of senescence in young mice after single heterochronic blood exchange. Nat. Metab. 2022;4:995-1006.
Not in our library10.1038/s42255-022-00609-6
98.
Blanpain C., Fuchs E. Epidermal Stem Cells of the Skin. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2006;22:339-373.
Not in our library10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010305.104357
99.
Kligman A.M. Perspectives and Problems in Cutaneous Gerontology. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1979;73:39-46.
Not in our library10.1111/1523-1747.ep12532758
100.
Montagna W., Carlisle K. Structural Changes in Aging Human Skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1979;73:47-53.
Not in our library10.1111/1523-1747.ep12532761
101.
Mimeault M., Batra S.K. Recent advances on skin-resident stem/progenitor cell functions in skin regeneration, aging and cancers and novel anti-aging and cancer therapies. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2010;14:116-134.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00885.x
102.
Debacq-Chainiaux F., Borlon C., Pascal T., Royer V., Eliaers F., Ninane N., Carrard G., Friguet B., de Longueville F., Boffe S., et al. Repeated exposure of human skin fibroblasts to UVB at subcytotoxic level triggers premature senescence through the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. J. Cell Sci. 2005;118:743-758.
Not in our library10.1242/jcs.01651
103.
Lewis D.A., Yi Q., Travers J.B., Spandau D.F. UVB-induced Senescence in Human Keratinocytes Requires a Functional Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor and p53. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2008;19:1346-1353.
Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e07-10-1041
104.
McCart E.A., Thangapazham R.L., Lombardini E.D., Mog S.R., Panganiban R.A.M., Dickson K.M., Mansur R.A., Nagy V., Kim S.-Y., Selwyn R., et al. Accelerated senescence in skin in a murine model of radiation-induced multi-organ injury. J. Radiat. Res. 2017;58:636-646.
Not in our library10.1093/jrr/rrx008
105.
Nobori T., Miura K., Wu D.J., Lois A., Takabayashi K., Carson D.A. Deletions of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 inhibitor gene in multiple human cancers. Nature. 1994;368:753-756.
Not in our library10.1038/368753a0
106.
Scholes A.G., Liloglou T., Maloney P., Hagan S., Nunn J., Hiscott P., Damato B.E., Grierson I., Field J.K. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3, 9, 13, and 17, including the retinoblastoma locus, in uveal melanoma. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2001;42:2472-2477.
Not in our library
107.
Castellano M., Pollock P.M., Walters M.K., Sparrow L.E., Down L.M., Gabrielli B.G., Parsons P.G., Hayward N.K. CDKN2A/p16 is inactivated in most melanoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 1997;57:4868-4875.
Not in our library
108.
Funk J.O., Schiller P.I., Barrett M.T., Wong D.J., Kind P., Sander C.A. p16INK4a expression is frequently decreased and associated with 9p21 loss of heterozygosity in sporadic melanoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 1998;25:291-296.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0560.1998.tb01748.x
109.
Straume O., Sviland L., Akslen L.A. Loss of nuclear p16 protein expression correlates with increased tumor cell proliferation (Ki-67) and poor prognosis in patients with vertical growth phase melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2000;6:1845-1853.
Not in our library
110.
Mihic-Probst D., Mnich C.D., Oberholzer P.A., Seifert B., Sasse B., Moch H., Dummer R. p16 expression in primary malignant melanoma is associated with prognosis and lymph node status. Int. J. Cancer. 2006;118:2262-2268.
Not in our library10.1002/ijc.21608
111.
Tyagi E., Liu B., Li C., Liu T., Rutter J., Grossman D. Loss of p16INK4A stimulates aberrant mitochondrial biogenesis through a CDK4/Rb-independent pathway. Oncotarget. 2017;8:55848-55862.
Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.19862
112.
Al-Khalaf H.H., Mohideen P., Nallar S.C., Kalvakolanu D.V., Aboussekhra A. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a physically interacts with transcription factor Sp1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 to transactivate microRNA-141 and microRNA-146b-5p spontaneously and in response to ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage. J. Biol. Chem. 2013;288:35511-35525.
Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m113.512640
113.
Jun J.-I., Lau L.F. The matricellular protein CCN1 induces fibroblast senescence and restricts fibrosis in cutaneous wound healing. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010;12:676-685.
Not in our library10.1038/ncb2070
114.
Pavey S., Conroy S., Russell T., Gabrielli B. Ultraviolet Radiation Induces p16CDKN2A Expression in Human Skin1. Cancer Res. 1999;59:4185-4189.
Not in our library
115.
Adam R.C., Fuchs E. The Yin and Yang of Chromatin Dynamics In Stem Cell Fate Selection. Trends Genet. 2016;32:89-100.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tig.2015.11.002
116.
Perdigoto C.N., Valdes V.J., Bardot E.S., Ezhkova E. Epigenetic regulation of epidermal differentiation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2014;4:a015263.
Not in our library10.1101/cshperspect.a015263
117.
Botchkarev V.A., Gdula M.R., Mardaryev A.N., Sharov A.A., Fessing M.Y. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in keratinocytes. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2012;132:2505-2521.
Not in our library10.1038/jid.2012.182
118.
Eckert R.L., Adhikary G., Rorke E.A., Chew Y.C., Balasubramanian S. Polycomb group proteins are key regulators of keratinocyte function. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2011;131:295-301.
Not in our library10.1038/jid.2010.318
119.
Avgustinova A., Benitah S.A. Epigenetic control of adult stem cell function. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2016;17:643-658.
Not in our library10.1038/nrm.2016.76
120.
Safwan-Zaiter H., Wagner N., Michiels J.-F., Wagner K.-D. Dynamic Spatiotemporal Expression Pattern of the Senescence-Associated Factor p16Ink4a in Development and Aging. Cells. 2022;11:541.
Not in our library10.3390/cells11030541
121.
Langlands K., Down G.A., Kealey T. Id proteins are dynamically expressed in normal epidermis and dysregulated in squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2000;60:5929-5933.
Not in our library
122.
Chen X., Wang Z., Duan N., Zhu G., Schwarz E.M., Xie C. Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions. Connect. Tissue Res. 2018;59:99-107.
Not in our library10.1080/03008207.2017.1290085
123.
Jilka R.L., O’Brien C.A. The Role of Osteocytes in Age-Related Bone Loss. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 2016;14:16-25.
Not in our library10.1007/s11914-016-0297-0
124.
Almeida M., Han L., Martin-Millan M., Plotkin L.I., Stewart S.A., Roberson P.K., Kousteni S., O’Brien C.A., Bellido T., Parfitt A.M., et al. Skeletal involution by age-associated oxidative stress and its acceleration by loss of sex steroids. J. Biol. Chem. 2007;282:27285-27297.
Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m702810200
125.
Glatt V., Canalis E., Stadmeyer L., Bouxsein M.L. Age-related changes in trabecular architecture differ in female and male C57BL/6J mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2007;22:1197-1207.
Not in our library10.1359/jbmr.070507
126.
Piemontese M., Almeida M., Robling A.G., Kim H.-N., Xiong J., Thostenson J.D., Weinstein R.S., Manolagas S.C., O’Brien C.A., Jilka R.L. Old age causes de novo intracortical bone remodeling and porosity in mice. JCI Insight. 2017;2:93771.
Not in our library10.1172/jci.insight.93771
127.
Ucer S., Iyer S., Kim H.-N., Han L., Rutlen C., Allison K., Thostenson J.D., de Cabo R., Jilka R.L., O’Brien C., et al. The Effects of Aging and Sex Steroid Deficiency on the Murine Skeleton Are Independent and Mechanistically Distinct. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2017;32:560-574.
Not in our library10.1002/jbmr.3014
128.
Marie P.J. Bone Cell Senescence: Mechanisms and Perspectives. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2014;29:1311-1321.
Not in our library10.1002/jbmr.2190
129.
Baron R., Kneissel M. WNT signaling in bone homeostasis and disease: From human mutations to treatments. Nat. Med. 2013;19:179-192.
Not in our library10.1038/nm.3074
130.
Farr J.N., Fraser D.G., Wang H., Jaehn K., Ogrodnik M.B., Weivoda M.M., Drake M.T., Tchkonia T., LeBrasseur N.K., Kirkland J.L., et al. Identification of Senescent Cells in the Bone Microenvironment. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2016;31:1920-1929.
Not in our library10.1002/jbmr.2892
131.
DNA damage and senescence in osteoprogenitors expressing Osx1 may cause their decrease with age · 2017
No notice
132.
Farr J.N., Xu M., Weivoda M.M., Monroe D.G., Fraser D.G., Onken J.L., Negley B.A., Sfeir J.G., Ogrodnik M.B., Hachfeld C.M., et al. Targeting cellular senescence prevents age-related bone loss in mice. Nat. Med. 2017;23:1072-1079.
Not in our library10.1038/nm.4385
133.
Kim H.-N., Chang J., Iyer S., Han L., Campisi J., Manolagas S.C., Zhou D., Almeida M. Elimination of senescent osteoclast progenitors has no effect on the age-associated loss of bone mass in mice. Aging Cell. 2019;18:e12923.
Not in our library10.1111/acel.12923
134.
Peng S., Chen X., Huang C., Yang C., Situ M., Zhou Q., Ling Y., Huang H., Huang M., Zhang Y., et al. UBE2S as a novel ubiquitinated regulator of p16 and β-catenin to promote bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2022;18:3528-3543.
Not in our library10.7150/ijbs.72629
135.
Harris A.S., Thomas R.G., Passant C.D. Do patients with p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma get more bone metastasis than p16-negative patients? J. Laryngol. Otol. 2018;132:429-433.
Not in our library10.1017/s0022215118000051
136.
Righi A., Gambarotti M., Sbaraglia M., Sisto A., Ferrari S., Dei Tos A.P., Picci P. p16 expression as a prognostic and predictive marker in high-grade localized osteosarcoma of the extremities: An analysis of 357 cases. Hum. Pathol. 2016;58:15-23.
Not in our library10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.023
137.
Li J., Karim M.A., Che H., Geng Q., Miao D. Deletion of p16 prevents estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and osteocyte senescence. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2020;12:672-683.
Not in our library
138.
Ding Q., Liu H., Liu L., Ma C., Qin H., Wei Y., Ren Y. Deletion of p16 accelerates fracture healing in geriatric mice. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2021;13:11107.
Not in our library
139.
Mercado N., Ito K., Barnes P.J. Accelerated ageing of the lung in COPD: New concepts. Thorax. 2015;70:482-489.
Not in our library10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206084
140.
Fukuchi Y. The aging lung and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Similarity and difference. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2009;6:570-572.
Not in our library10.1513/pats.200909-099rm
141.
John-Schuster G., Günter S., Hager K., Conlon T.M., Eickelberg O., Yildirim A.Ö. Inflammaging increases susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced COPD. Oncotarget. 2016;7:30068-30083.
Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.4027
142.
Meiners S., Eickelberg O., Königshoff M. Hallmarks of the ageing lung. Eur. Respir. J. 2015;45:807-827.
Not in our library10.1183/09031936.00186914
143.
Selman M., Buendía-Roldán I., Pardo A. Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Rev. Investig. Clin. 2016;68:75-83.
Not in our library
144.
Senescence in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Between Aging and Exposure · 2020
Not checked
145.
Kheradmand F., You R., Hee Gu B., Corry D.B. Cigarette Smoke and DNA Cleavage Promote Lung Inflammation and Emphysema. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 2017;128:222-233.
Not in our library
146.
Nyunoya T., Monick M.M., Klingelhutz A.L., Glaser H., Cagley J.R., Brown C.O., Matsumoto E., Aykin-Burns N., Spitz D.R., Oshima J., et al. Cigarette Smoke Induces Cellular Senescence via Werner’s Syndrome Protein Down-regulation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009;179:279-287.
Not in our library10.1164/rccm.200802-320oc
147.
Nyunoya T., Monick M.M., Klingelhutz A., Yarovinsky T.O., Cagley J.R., Hunninghake G.W. Cigarette Smoke Induces Cellular Senescence. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2006;35:681-688.
Not in our library10.1165/rcmb.2006-0169oc
148.
Rashid K., Sundar I.K., Gerloff J., Li D., Rahman I. Lung cellular senescence is independent of aging in a mouse model of COPD/emphysema. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:9023.
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-018-27209-3
149.
Cottage C.T., Peterson N., Kearley J., Berlin A., Xiong X., Huntley A., Zhao W., Brown C., Migneault A., Zerrouki K., et al. Targeting p16-induced senescence prevents cigarette smoke-induced emphysema by promoting IGF1/Akt1 signaling in mice. Commun. Biol. 2019;2:307.
Not in our library10.1038/s42003-019-0532-1
150.
Wang C.-W., Wu T.-I., Yu C.-T., Wu Y.-C., Teng Y.-H., Chin S.-Y., Lai C.-H., Chen T.-C. Usefulness of p16 for differentiating primary pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma from cervical squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the lung. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2009;131:715-722.
Not in our library10.1309/ajcptpbc6v5kuitm
151.
Belinsky S.A., Nikula K.J., Palmisano W.A., Michels R., Saccomanno G., Gabrielson E., Baylin S.B., Herman J.G. Aberrant methylation of p16(INK4a) is an early event in lung cancer and a potential biomarker for early diagnosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998;95:11891-11896.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.95.20.11891
152.
Okamoto A., Hussain S.P., Hagiwara K., Spillare E.A., Rusin M.R., Demetrick D.J., Serrano M., Hannon G.J., Shiseki M., Zariwala M., et al. Mutations in the p16INK4/MTS1/CDKN2, p15INK4B/MTS2, and p18 Genes in Primary and Metastatic Lung Cancer1. Cancer Res. 1995;55:1448-1451.
Not in our library
153.
Tong J., Sun X., Cheng H., Zhao D., Ma J., Zhen Q., Cao Y., Zhu H., Bai J. Expression of p16 in non-small cell lung cancer and its prognostic significance: A meta-analysis of published literatures. Lung Cancer. 2011;74:155-163.
Not in our library10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.04.019
154.
p16 Regulation of Lung Epithelial Cell Growth, Repair after Injury and Transformation—ProQuest.
Not in our library
155.
De Mochel N.R., Cheong K.N., Cassandras M., Wang C., Krasilnikov M., Matatia P., Molofsky A., Campisi J., Peng T. Sentinel p16INK4a+ cells in the basement membrane form a reparative niche in the lung 2020. bioRxiv. 2020.
Not in our library10.1101/2020.06.10.142893
156.
Molofsky A.V., Slutsky S.G., Joseph N.M., He S., Pardal R., Krishnamurthy J., Sharpless N.E., Morrison S.J. Increasing p16INK4a expression decreases forebrain progenitors and neurogenesis during ageing. Nature. 2006;443:448-452.
Not in our library10.1038/nature05091
157.
Immune Clearance of Senescent Cells to Combat Ageing and Chronic Diseases · 2020
No notice
158.
Lok K., Zhao H., Shen H., Wang Z., Gao X., Zhao W., Yin M. Characterization of the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease in senescence accelerated background. Neurosci. Lett. 2013;557:84-89.
Not in our library10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.051
159.
Dorigatti A.O., Riordan R., Yu Z., Ross G., Wang R., Reynolds-Lallement N., Magnusson K., Galvan V., Perez V.I. Brain cellular senescence in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. GeroScience. 2022;44:1157-1168.
Not in our library10.1007/s11357-022-00531-5
160.
Tau protein aggregation is associated with cellular senescence in the brain · 2018
No notice
161.
Ramsden M., Kotilinek L., Forster C., Paulson J., McGowan E., SantaCruz K., Guimaraes A., Yue M., Lewis J., Carlson G., et al. Age-Dependent Neurofibrillary Tangle Formation, Neuron Loss, and Memory Impairment in a Mouse Model of Human Tauopathy (P301L). J. Neurosci. 2005;25:10637-10647.
Not in our library10.1523/jneurosci.3279-05.2005
162.
Mv S., Hv V. Astrocytes: Biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:7-35.
Not in our library10.1007/s00401-009-0619-8
163.
Halassa M.M., Fellin T., Haydon P.G. Tripartite synapses: Roles for astrocytic purines in the control of synaptic physiology and behavior. Neuropharmacology. 2009;57:343-346.
Not in our library10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.031
164.
Pertusa M., García-Matas S., Rodriguez-Farre E., Sanfeliu C., Cristòfol R. Astrocytes aged in vitro show a decreased neuroprotective capacity. J. Neurochem. 2007;101:794-805.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04369.x
165.
Astrocyte senescence: Evidence and significance · 2019
No notice
166.
Astrocyte Senescence as a Component of Alzheimer’s Disease · 2012
No notice
167.
Jen J., Harper J.W., Bigner S.H., Bigner D.D., Papadopoulos N., Markowitz S., Willson J.K.V., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Deletion of p16 and p15 Genes in Brain Tumors1. Cancer Res. 1994;54:6353-6358.
Not in our library
168.
Ueki K., Ono Y., Henson J.W., Efird J.T., von Deimling A., Louis D.N. CDKN2/p16 or RB Alterations Occur in the Majority of Glioblastomas and Are Inversely Correlated1. Cancer Res. 1996;56:150-153.
Not in our library
169.
Park J.W., Kang J., Lim K.Y., Kim H., Kim S.-I., Won J.K., Park C.-K., Park S.-H. The prognostic significance of p16 expression pattern in diffuse gliomas. J. Pathol. Transl. Med. 2021;55:102-111.
Not in our library10.4132/jptm.2020.10.22
170.
Fueyo J., Gomez-Manzano C., Puduvalli V.K., Martin-Duque P., Perez-Soler R., Levin V.A., Yung W.K., Kyritsis A.P. Adenovirus-mediated p16 transfer to glioma cells induces G1 arrest and protects from paclitaxel and topotecan: Implications for therapy. Int. J. Oncol. 1998;12:665-674.
Not in our library10.3892/ijo.12.3.665
171.
Kranenburg O., van der Eb A.J., Zantema A. Cyclin D1 is an essential mediator of apoptotic neuronal cell death. EMBO J. 1996;15:46-54.
Not in our library10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00332.x
172.
Kfoury N., Sun T., Yu K., Rockwell N., Tinkum K.L., Qi Z., Warrington N.M., McDonald P., Roy A., Weir S.J., et al. Cooperative p16 and p21 action protects female astrocytes from transformation. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 2018;6:12.
Not in our library10.1186/s40478-018-0513-5
173.
Yabluchanskiy A., Tarantini S., Balasubramanian P., Kiss T., Csipo T., Fülöp G.A., Lipecz A., Ahire C., DelFavero J., Nyul-Toth A., et al. Pharmacological or genetic depletion of senescent astrocytes prevents whole brain irradiation–induced impairment of neurovascular coupling responses protecting cognitive function in mice. GeroScience. 2020;42:409-428.
Not in our library10.1007/s11357-020-00154-8
174.
Qian J., Wang X., Cao J., Zhang W., Lu C., Chen X. Dihydromyricetin attenuates D-galactose-induced brain aging of mice via inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neurosci. Lett. 2021;756:135963.
Not in our library10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135963
175.
Torella D., Rota M., Nurzynska D., Musso E., Monsen A., Shiraishi I., Zias E., Walsh K., Rosenzweig A., Sussman M.A., et al. Cardiac stem cell and myocyte aging, heart failure, and insulin-like growth factor-1 overexpression. Circ. Res. 2004;94:514-524.
Not in our library10.1161/01.res.0000117306.10142.50
176.
Chimenti C., Kajstura J., Torella D., Urbanek K., Heleniak H., Colussi C., Di Meglio F., Nadal-Ginard B., Frustaci A., Leri A., et al. Senescence and Death of Primitive Cells and Myocytes Lead to Premature Cardiac Aging and Heart Failure. Circ. Res. 2003;93:604-613.
Not in our library10.1161/01.res.0000093985.76901.af
177.
Kajstura J., Pertoldi B., Leri A., Beltrami C.-A., Deptala A., Darzynkiewicz Z., Anversa P. Telomere Shortening Is an in Vivo Marker of Myocyte Replication and Aging. Am. J. Pathol. 2000;156:813-819.
Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64949-8
178.
Matthews C., Gorenne I., Scott S., Figg N., Kirkpatrick P., Ritchie A., Goddard M., Bennett M. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Undergo Telomere-Based Senescence in Human Atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 2006;99:156-164.
Not in our library10.1161/01.res.0000233315.38086.bc
179.
Cianflone E., Torella M., Biamonte F., De Angelis A., Urbanek K., Costanzo F.S., Rota M., Ellison-Hughes G.M., Torella D. Targeting Cardiac Stem Cell Senescence to Treat Cardiac Aging and Disease. Cells. 2020;9:1558.
Not in our library10.3390/cells9061558
180.
Epstein J.A. A Time to Press Reset and Regenerate Cardiac Stem Cell Biology. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4:95-96.
Not in our library10.1001/jamacardio.2018.4435
181.
Shi J., Sun J., Liu L., Shan T., Meng H., Yang T., Wang S., Wei T., Chen B., Ma Y., et al. P16ink4a overexpression ameliorates cardiac remodeling of mouse following myocardial infarction via CDK4/pRb pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2022;595:62-68.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.077
182.
Joosten S.A., van Ham V., Nolan C.E., Borrias M.C., Jardine A.G., Shiels P.G., van Kooten C., Paul L.C. Telomere Shortening and Cellular Senescence in a Model of Chronic Renal Allograft Rejection. Am. J. Pathol. 2003;162:1305-1312.
Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63926-0
183.
Chkhotua A.B., Gabusi E., Altimari A., D’Errico A., Yakubovich M., Vienken J., Stefoni S., Chieco P., Yussim A., Grigioni W.F. Increased expression of p16(INK4a) and p27(Kip1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes in aging human kidney and chronic allograft nephropathy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1303-1313.
Not in our library10.1016/s0272-6386(03)00363-9
184.
Melk A., Schmidt B.M.W., Vongwiwatana A., Rayner D.C., Halloran P.F. Increased Expression of Senescence-Associated Cell Cycle Inhibitor p16INK4a in Deteriorating Renal Transplants and Diseased Native Kidney. Am. J. Transplant. 2005;5:1375-1382.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00846.x
185.
Melk A., Schmidt B.M.W., Takeuchi O., Sawitzki B., Rayner D.C., Halloran P.F. Expression of p16INK4a and other cell cycle regulator and senescence associated genes in aging human kidney. Kidney Int. 2004;65:510-520.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00438.x
186.
Sis B., Tasanarong A., Khoshjou F., Dadras F., Solez K., Halloran P.F. Accelerated expression of senescence associated cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4A in kidneys with glomerular disease. Kidney Int. 2007;71:218-226.
Not in our library10.1038/sj.ki.5002039
187.
Westhoff J.H., Hilgers K.F., Steinbach M.P., Hartner A., Klanke B., Amann K., Melk A. Hypertension induces somatic cellular senescence in rats and humans by induction of cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4a. Hypertension. 2008;52:123-129.
Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.099432
188.
Liu J., Yang J.-R., Chen X.-M., Cai G.-Y., Lin L.-R., He Y.-N. Impact of ER stress-regulated ATF4/p16 signaling on the premature senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells in diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. 2015;308:C621-C630.
Not in our library10.1152/ajpcell.00096.2014
189.
Gu X., Peng C.-Y., Lin S.-Y., Qin Z.-Y., Liang J.-L., Chen H.-J., Hou C.-X., Wang R., Du Y.-Q., Jin J.-L., et al. P16INK4a played a critical role in exacerbating acute tubular necrosis in acute kidney injury. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2019;11:3850-3861.
Not in our library
190.
Jin J., Tao J., Gu X., Yu Z., Wang R., Zuo G., Li Q., Lv X., Miao D. P16 INK4a Deletion Ameliorated Renal Tubulointerstitial Injury in a Stress-induced Premature Senescence Model of Bmi-1 Deficiency. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:7502.
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-017-06868-8
191.
Baiocchi L., Glaser S., Francis H., Kennedy L., Felli E., Alpini G., Gracia-Sancho J. Impact of Aging on Liver Cells and Liver Disease: Focus on the Biliary and Vascular Compartments. Hepatol. Commun. 2021;5:1125-1137.
Not in our library10.1002/hep4.1725
192.
Kim H., Kisseleva T., Brenner D.A. Aging and liver disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2015;31:184-191.
Not in our library10.1097/mog.0000000000000176
193.
Aravinthan A.D., Alexander G.J.M. Senescence in chronic liver disease: Is the future in aging? J. Hepatol. 2016;65:825-834.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.030
194.
Zhu C., Ikemoto T., Utsunomiya T., Yamada S., Morine Y., Imura S., Arakawa Y., Takasu C., Ishikawa D., Shimada M. Senescence-related genes possibly responsible for poor liver regeneration after hepatectomy in elderly patients. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014;29:1102-1108.
Not in our library10.1111/jgh.12468
195.
Sawada N. Hepatocytes from old rats retain responsiveness of c-myc expression to EGF in primary culture but do not enter S phase. Exp. Cell Res. 1989;181:584-588.
Not in our library10.1016/0014-4827(89)90115-8
196.
Effects of aging on liver microcirculatory function and sinusoidal phenotype · 2018
No notice
197.
Omori S., Wang T.-W., Johmura Y., Kanai T., Nakano Y., Kido T., Susaki E.A., Nakajima T., Shichino S., Ueha S., et al. Generation of a p16 Reporter Mouse and Its Use to Characterize and Target p16high Cells In Vivo. Cell Metab. 2020;32:814-828e6.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cmet.2020.09.006
198.
González-Navarro H., Vinué Á., Sanz M.J., Delgado M., Pozo M.A., Serrano M., Burks D.J., Andrés V. Increased dosage of Ink4/Arf protects against glucose intolerance and insulin resistance associated with aging. Aging Cell. 2013;12:102-111.
Not in our library10.1111/acel.12023
199.
Pal A., Potjer T.P., Thomsen S.K., Ng H.J., Barrett A., Scharfmann R., James T.J., Bishop D.T., Karpe F., Godsland I.F., et al. Loss-of-Function Mutations in the Cell-Cycle Control Gene CDKN2A Impact on Glucose Homeostasis in Humans. Diabetes. 2016;65:527-533.
Not in our library10.2337/db15-0602
200.
Bantubungi K., Hannou S.-A., Caron-Houde S., Vallez E., Baron M., Lucas A., Bouchaert E., Paumelle R., Tailleux A., Staels B. Cdkn2a/p16Ink4a regulates fasting-induced hepatic gluconeogenesis through the PKA-CREB-PGC1α pathway. Diabetes. 2014;63:3199-3209.
Not in our library10.2337/db13-1921
201.
Deleye Y., Cotte A.K., Hannou S.A., Hennuyer N., Bernard L., Derudas B., Caron S., Legry V., Vallez E., Dorchies E., et al. CDKN2A/p16INK4a suppresses hepatic fatty acid oxidation through the AMPKα2-SIRT1-PPARα signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 2020;295:17310-17322.
Not in our library10.1074/jbc.ra120.012543
202.
Zhang X., Xu G.B., Zhou D., Pan Y.-X. High-fat diet modifies expression of hepatic cellular senescence gene p16(INK4a) through chromatin modifications in adult male rats. Genes Nutr. 2018;13:6.
Not in our library10.1186/s12263-018-0595-5
203.
Kyritsi K., Francis H., Zhou T., Ceci L., Wu N., Yang Z., Meng F., Chen L., Baiocchi L., Kundu D., et al. Downregulation of p16 Decreases Biliary Damage and Liver Fibrosis in the Mdr2−/− Mouse Model of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Gene Expr. 2020;20:89-103.
Not in our library10.3727/105221620x15889714507961
204.
Lv F., Li N., Kong M., Wu J., Fan Z., Miao D., Xu Y., Ye Q., Wang Y. CDKN2a/p16 Antagonizes Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis by Modulating ROS Levels. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020;8:176.
Not in our library10.3389/fcell.2020.00176
205.
Zang J.-J., Xie F., Xu J.-F., Qin Y.-Y., Shen R.-X., Yang J.-M., He J. P16 gene hypermethylation and hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2011;17:3043-3048.
Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v17.i25.3043
206.
Wong I.H.N., Dennis Lo Y.M., Zhang J., Liew C.-T., Ng M.H.L., Wong N., Lai P.B.S., Lau W.Y., Hjelm N.M., Johnson P.J. Detection of Aberrant p16 Methylation in the Plasma and Serum of Liver Cancer Patients1. Cancer Res. 1999;59:71-73.
Not in our library
207.
The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis · 2022
No notice
208.
Vasey D.B., Roland Wolf C., Brown K., Whitelaw C.B.A. Spatial p21 expression profile in the mid-term mouse embryo. Transgenic Res. 2011;20:23-28.
Not in our library10.1007/s11248-010-9385-6
209.
Melk A., Kittikowit W., Sandhu I., Halloran K.M., Grimm P., Schmidt B.M.W., Halloran P.F. Cell senescence in rat kidneys in vivo increases with growth and age despite lack of telomere shortening. Kidney Int. 2003;63:2134-2143.
Not in our library10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00032.x
210.
Rhinn M., Zapata-Bodalo I., Klein A., Plassat J.-L., Knauer-Meyer T., Keyes W.M. Aberrant induction of p19Arf-mediated cellular senescence contributes to neurodevelopmental defects. PLoS Biol. 2022;20:e3001664.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pbio.3001664
211.
Cheong C., Sung Y.H., Lee J., Choi Y.S., Song J., Kee C., Lee H.-W. Role of INK4a locus in normal eye development and cataract genesis. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2006;127:633-638.
Not in our library10.1016/j.mad.2006.02.010
212.
Nacher V., Carretero A., Navarro M., Ayuso E., Ramos D., Luppo M., Rodríguez A., Mendes L., Herrero-Fresneda I., Ruberte J. Endothelial Cell Transduction in Primary Cultures from Regressing Mesonephros. Cells Tissues Organs. 2010;191:84-95.
Not in our library10.1159/000231478
213.
Programmed Cell Senescence in the Mouse Developing Spinal Cord and Notochord · 2021
Not checked
214.
Wagner N., Ninkov M., Vukolic A., Cubukcuoglu Deniz G., Rassoulzadegan M., Michiels J.-F., Wagner K.-D. Implications of the Wilms’ Tumor Suppressor Wt1 in Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22:94346.
Not in our library10.3390/ijms22094346
215.
Wagner K.-D., El Maï M., Ladomery M., Belali T., Leccia N., Michiels J.-F., Wagner N. Altered VEGF Splicing Isoform Balance in Tumor Endothelium Involves Activation of Splicing Factors Srpk1 and Srsf1 by the Wilms’ Tumor Suppressor Wt1. Cells. 2019;8:41.
Not in our library10.3390/cells8010041
216.
El Maï M., Wagner K.-D., Michiels J.-F., Ambrosetti D., Borderie A., Destree S., Renault V., Djerbi N., Giraud-Panis M.-J., Gilson E., et al. The Telomeric Protein TRF2 Regulates Angiogenesis by Binding and Activating the PDGFRβ Promoter. Cell Rep. 2014;9:1047-1060.
Not in our library10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.038
217.
Wagner K.-D., Cherfils-Vicini J., Hosen N., Hohenstein P., Gilson E., Hastie N.D., Michiels J.-F., Wagner N. The Wilms’ tumour suppressor Wt1 is a major regulator of tumour angiogenesis and progression. Nat. Commun. 2014;5:5852.
Not in our library10.1038/ncomms6852
218.
Wagner N., Morrison H., Pagnotta S., Michiels J.-F., Schwab Y., Tryggvason K., Schedl A., Wagner K.-D. The podocyte protein nephrin is required for cardiac vessel formation. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011;20:2182-2194.
Not in our library10.1093/hmg/ddr106
219.
Dimri G.P. The search for biomarkers of aging: Next stop INK4a/ARF locus. Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ. 2004;2004:pe40.
Not in our library10.1126/sageke.2004.44.pe40
220.
Sharpless N.E., Sherr C.J. Forging a signature of in vivo senescence. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2015;15:397-408.
Not in our library10.1038/nrc3960
221.
González-Gualda E., Baker A.G., Fruk L., Muñoz-Espín D. A guide to assessing cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo. FEBS J. 2021;288:56-80.
Not in our library10.1111/febs.15570
222.
A proteomic atlas of senescence-associated secretomes for aging biomarker development · 2020
No notice
223.
Frescas D., Hall B.M., Strom E., Virtuoso L.P., Gupta M., Gleiberman A.S., Rydkina E., Balan V., Vujcic S., Chernova O.B., et al. Murine mesenchymal cells that express elevated levels of the CDK inhibitor p16(Ink4a) in vivo are not necessarily senescent. Cell Cycle. 2017;16:1526-1533.
Not in our library10.1080/15384101.2017.1339850
224.
Wissler Gerdes E.O., Misra A., Netto J.M.E., Tchkonia T., Kirkland J.L. Strategies for late phase preclinical and early clinical trials of senolytics. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2021;200:111591.
Not in our library10.1016/j.mad.2021.111591
225.
Chaib S., Tchkonia T., Kirkland J.L. Cellular senescence and senolytics: The path to the clinic. Nat. Med. 2022;28:1556-1568.
Not in our library10.1038/s41591-022-01923-y

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