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The Multifaceted Roles of STAT3 Signaling in the Progression of Prostate Cancer

Jennifer Bishop, Daksh Thaper, Amina Zoubeidi

Cancers · 2014 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/cancers6020829

Abstract

The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 governs essential functions of epithelial and hematopoietic cells that are often dysregulated in cancer. While the role for STAT3 in promoting the progression of many solid and hematopoietic malignancies is well established, this review will focus on the importance of STAT3 in prostate cancer progression to the incurable metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Indeed, STAT3 integrates different signaling pathways involved in the reactivation of androgen receptor pathway, stem like cells and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition that drive progression to mCRPC. As equally important, STAT3 regulates interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment as well as immune cell activation. This makes it a major factor in facilitating prostate cancer escape from detection of the immune response, promoting an immunosuppressive environment that allows growth and metastasis. Based on the multifaceted nature of STAT3 signaling in the progression to mCRPC, the promise of STAT3 as a therapeutic target to prevent prostate cancer progression and the variety of STAT3 inhibitors used in cancer therapies is discussed.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 26, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 plays an indispensable role in the progression of a wide variety of cancers. Activation of STAT3 downstream of cell surface receptors for cytokines and growth factors, by oncogenes or by chemical carcinogens in the microenvironment of many tumor types drives their transformation, survival, proliferation, invasion and dissemination. This is mediated by phosphorylation of latent cytoplasmic STAT3 on specific residues (Y705, Ser727) by a variety of tyrosine and serine kinases leading to its dimerization and nuclear translocation, where it acts as a transcription factor for a plethora of genes governing the malignant properties of the tumor cell. STAT3 is a critical mediator of differentiation, activation, migration and inflammatory capacity of immune cells and stromal cells that create the microenvironment supporting tumor cell growth (Figure 1). Importantly, there are strong feed forward mechanisms between the factors able to activate STAT3 and what genes STAT3 itself activates, intrinsically in tumor cells themselves as well as in the hematopoietic and stromal compartments, explaining perhaps the constitutive or at least hyperactivation of STAT3 in almost all cancers and highlighting its role as a bona fide oncogene.

Overviews on the importance of STAT3 signaling and targeting it with potential therapies for cancer in general have been the subject of recent reviews. However, the breadth and scope of STAT3 regulatory networks that drive the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) have not been addressed recently. In PCa, STAT3 plays a unique role; it acts as a key signaling conduit that allows activation of the androgen receptor (AR), a central driver of PCa cell survival and proliferation, by alternative mechanisms than through AR binding to its primary ligand, testosterone. These mechanisms include the IL-6 cytokine pathway as well as other oncogenic and molecular chaperone pathways known to drive the re-activation of the AR in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), including AKT/PI3K/PTEN, MAPK, EGFR and heat shock proteins (Hsps). As well, STAT3 controls PCa cell fate and interaction with the microenvironment; it plays roles in the maintenance of cancer stem cell (CSC) populations, the switch between epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes that precede metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, as well as both tumor cell and stromal cell mediated immunosuppression. In this review, we will discuss the multifunctional role of STAT3 in PCa progression and drug resistance as well as its potential as a therapeutic target in this disease.

2. STAT3 Signaling

STAT 3 belongs to the STAT family of highly conserved proteins that originally were identified in the acute phase response. Abbreviation for the Latin word for “immediately”, the STAT family of proteins is unique in that they control the fastest signaling pathway linking extracellular signals to a transcriptional response. STAT3 activation is most commonly associated with the binding of inflammatory cytokines or growth factors in the IL-6 and IL-10 family (G-CSF, CNTF, Oncostatin M, IL5-6, IL10-11, IL12, IL19-21 IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28) to their cognate receptors on the cell surface. Downstream of the activated cytokine receptor, STAT3 must be phosphorylated at two sites, tyrosine 705 and serine 727 for full activation. Janus associated kinases (JAK) typically phosphorylate STAT3 on Y705, leading to its dimerization through the SH2 domain to opposing STAT3 monomers. However, Y705 can also be phosphorylated by other Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK) directly including EGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR and IGFR, as well as non-receptor tyrosine kinases like Src-family kinases (Src, Lyn, Fyn, etc.) and Abl. Phosphorylation of Serine 727 by serine/threonine kinases like p38MAPK, ERK, JNK, PKC and mTOR is required for optimal activity, allowing for Improtin α5 mediated nuclear transport of the STAT3 dimer. Once in the nucleus, the DNA binding domain of each STAT3 monomer binds to an 8–10 nucleotide GAS (Gamma activated sequence) or ISRE (IFN-stimulated response element) to initiate gene transcription. Interestingly, crystal structures of STAT3 bound to DNA indicate that dimers can exist without SH2 binding, indicating that non-phosphorylated STAT3 can dimerize to induce gene transcription, a feature which is unique to STAT3 in the STAT family.

Importantly, the specificity, duration and inhibition of STAT3 dependent gene transcription is tightly regulated. Because STAT3 signals downstream of so many extracellular cytokines and growth factors and it is activated by so many intracellular kinases, multiple levels of control dictate the specificity of which genes are transcribed in a STAT3 dependent manner, depending on the stimulus. For example, multiple co-activators like CBPp300, APE1 and NCOA cooperate with STAT3 in specific conditions to control gene transcription. Moreover, the duration of STAT3 induced transcription is very tightly regulated. Even under constitutive cytokine signaling, STAT3 phosphorylation peaks between 15–60 min. These phosphorylation events are tightly controlled by many different protein families, including protein tyrosine phosphatases, protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS), proteasomal degradation and most importantly the family of suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins (SOCS). This regulation of phosphorylation events by SOCS family members combined with the number of STAT3 binding sequences present in the promoter region of a gene that dictate the strength of STAT3 mediated gene induction. This mechanism explains the contrasting effects of STAT3 mediated IL-6 vs. IL-10 gene transcription; the transient nature of IL-6 signaling is controlled by rapid SOCS3 inhibition of the gp130 subunit of the IL-6 receptor. This limits the duration that the STAT3 dimer is functional within the nucleus, allowing pro-inflammatory genes with multiple response elements to be transcribed. By contrast, the lack of a SOCS3 binding site in the IL-10 receptor prolongs STAT3 activation, allowing more time for STAT3 dimers to bind to anti-inflammatory genes that have only single STAT3 response elements. In cases where unphosphorylated STAT3 dimers bind DNA, the altered dimer structure binds different response elements than the typical GAS and IRSE, allowing for transcription of varying genes. For example, Yu et al. found that unphosphorylated-STAT3, through direct interaction with p65 of nuclear factor (NF)-κβ, serves as a suppressor and inhibits the ability of NF-κβ to induce the iNOS promoter in mesangial cells.

3. STAT3 in Oncogenic Signaling in PCa

Growth and maintenance of normal prostate epithelium and primary prostate cancer tumors is fueled by androgen activation of the AR present in prostate cells. This reliance on AR signaling makes androgen depravation therapy (ADT) an effective way to limit prostate cancer tumor growth; initially tumors respond well to anti-androgen therapy, dramatically shrinking in size and patients see a reduction in cancer symptoms. However, tumor recurrence within 3 years of ADT occurs in 80% of patients, and tumor regrowth combined with a rise in the AR dependent production of circulating prostate specific antigen (PSA), marks the progression to CRPC. Continued dependence on AR signaling is a hallmark of CRPC and there are multiple mechanisms by which the AR can be re-activated in castration conditions, including hyperactivation of oncogenic signaling pathways, intratumoral production of androgen, ligand independent AR activation due to AR mutation or splice variants and increased expression of molecular chaperones and the AR itself. Any combination of these AR activating changes in CRPC tumors makes them hypersensitive to androgen and tumor growth resumes as in androgen dependent conditions. While significant advancements in therapy have prolonged progression to CRPC, it still remains an incurable form of PCa.

Hyper-activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways drives progression of PCa to CRPC. For example, the most frequently deleted tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer is phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN), which is a negative regulator of the PIK3/Akt survival pathway. As a result of PTEN loss, constitutive activation of AKT and its downstream signaling targets can lead to activation of the AR in CRPC. Indeed there is areciprocal feedback loop whereby PI3K inhibition activates the AR and vice versa in the absence of PTEN. Importantly, there is a close interplay between STAT3 and the PTEN/PI3k/AKT pathway. For example, in mice heterozygous for PTEN, development of adenocarcinoma is accelerated by the constitutive activation of STAT3. PTEN+/−STAT3C mice not only show increased phosphorylation of STAT3 but also AKT, which augment the growth rate of spontaneous tumors arising in these mice. Highlighting the importance of feed forward mechanisms present in the tumor microenvironment mediated by a the synergy between STAT3 and PTEN loss is recent data from the Witte lab, showing that IL-6 and oncostatin M increase STAT3 signaling leading to the development of aggressive adenocarcinoma of the prostate in mouse models of PTEN loss or constitutive AKT expression. Moreover, STAT3 is a direct transcriptional repressor of p53 and loss of p53 in combination with PTEN drives the progression of lethal CRPC.

In addition to the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, STAT3 also functions up or downstream of a number of other oncogenes important for PCa progression. For example, STAT3 is required for the activation of proto-oncogenes that protect PCa cells from apoptosis, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-3. Interestingly, STAT3 is also a critical component downstream of the y box binding protein YB-1 in Her2 driven breast cancer as well as renal cancer. YB-1 protects breast cancer cells from apoptosis via activation of AKT/mTOR and phosphorylation of STAT3 at serine 727 and in renal cancer YB1 stabilizes STAT3 and YB-1/STAT3 signaling mediate resistance to interferon a therapy. These data have important implications for PCa, as YB-1 has been shown to be activated downstream of AKT and can activate the AR in CRPC. It suggests that STAT3 may be a central signaling node downstream of a number of oncogenes, including both AKT and YB-1 that can lead to AR reactivation as well as support PCa cell survival.

4. STAT3 as a Modulator of Androgen Receptor in PCa

External signals from cytokines and growth factors can trigger oncogenic signaling cascades that modulate AR activity. In particular, IL-6, the prototypical JAK/STAT3 signaling cytokine, can modulate activity and expression of the AR. It is no surprise therefore that increased IL-6 levels in PCa patients has been associated with decreased survival, increased metastasis and related morbidity. However, even though IL-6 seems to be associated with tumor progression, its relationship with the AR is convoluted and IL-6/STAT3 can have both pro and anti-proliferative effects on tumor cells as that depends on AR status of PCa cells well as activity/crosstalk from other pathways. For example short-term IL-6 treatment of the PCa cell line LNCaP activates STAT3 and AR downstream genes such as PSA, due to direct interaction between STAT3 residues 234–558 and the NTD of the Androgen Receptor. Similarly, in pancreatic cancer cells treated with IL-6 there is increased phosphorylation of STAT3, which is required for AR transcriptional activity. Interestingly, IL-6 mediated activation of STAT3 and AR is also associated with inhibition of cell growth and differentiation of LNCaP cells to a neuroendocrine phenotype. By contrast, long-term treatment of cells with IL-6 greatly reduces AR expression but at the same time, IL-6 loses its growth inhibitory effect and the cell line shows more activity in the MAPK pathway rather than IL-6 induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Other studies have also determined that activation of STAT3 is an underlying mechanism for IL-6 induced growth inhibition, as IL-6 treated cells expressing dominant negative STAT3 show no signs of a growth inhibitory effect. Independently, Lin et al. showed that IL-6 receptor can cooperate with ErbB2 (Her2/Neu) to activate the MAPK pathway with short-term IL-6 treatment and promote AR activity. This interaction could also explain the previously mentioned increased proliferation caused with long-term IL-6 treatment’s activation of the MAPK pathway once AR expression is reduced.

The link between IL-6 and STAT3 signaling to AR activity is further underscored by the importance of this signaling pathway in the development of anti-androgen resistance. Autocrine IL-6 signaling in PCa cells induces the constitutive activation of STAT3, enhancing recruitment of the AR to the PSA promoter and rendering these cells resistant to the new generation anti-androgen Enzalutamide, which can be reversed by treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor. In addition, the feed forward loop that exists between IL-6, the NF-κβ pathway and STAT3 may also determine anti-androgen resistance. For example, both paracrine and autocrine IL-6 signaling activates NF-κβ in cancer cells, and there is substantial crosstalk between NF-κβ and STAT3, leading to their positive or negative regulation. The significant overlap between tumor prosurvival and proliferative genes activated by STAT3 and NF-κβ, is not surprising based on data showing that STAT3 maintains the acetylation and nuclear retention of the NF-ΚΒ transcriptional subunit RelA in Du145 PCa cells as well as hematopoietic cells. Importantly, like in autocrine IL-6 expressing cells, recent work has shown that overexpression of NF-κβ in LNCaP cells confers resistance to Enzalutamide and Enzalutamide treatment greatly increases NF-κβ expression. This resistance was associated with the NF-κβ dependent expression of AR splice variants which exhibit ligand independent activation of AR. Although this study did not directly show the link between IL-6 and NF-κβ activation, others in PCa have shown these pathways are intrinsically linked and the importance of NF-κβ in PCa is widely accepted. Taken together, these results suggest that while STAT3 activity may be associated with reduced PCa cell proliferation, STAT3 mediated signaling is an important component of the progression to CRPC and the development of anti-androgen resistance downstream of multiple pathways that are present in the PCa tumor environment.

5. STAT3 as a Mediator or PCa Tumor Cell Phenotypic Plasticity: CSCs and EMT

While re-activation of the AR is undoubtedly the hallmark of progression to CRPC, it is also clear that the ability of PCa tumor cells to retain some degree of phenotypic plasticity, or the ability to change into a variety of aggressive tumor cell types, such as cancer stem cells or cells that have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), is also a critical component of advanced disease. CSC theory postulates that transformed progenitor cells drive continued expansion of tumors with invasive and metastatic propensity. CSCs have been found in many cancers, including prostate, and prostate cancer (PCa) patients with tumors harboring an embryonic stem cell signature have poor survival outcome with tumors that are significantly more likely to metastasize. Because CSCs from prostate show resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, it may be that the selective pressure of drugs used during CRPC treatment also cause PCa cells to acquire features of stem cells, leading to treatment resistance. Indeed, the frequency of PCa cells with stem markers increase in after castration in mice and CSC marker expression increases in basal PCa cells after ADT. In addition to their intrinsic resistance to treatment and self-renewal properties, CSCs may promote treatment resistance through their ability to undergo EMT. EMT, a normally embryonic developmental program in which epithelial cells assume a mesenchymal phenotype during gastrulation and organogenesis, is activated by multiple signals in the tumor microenvironment, is regulated by many oncogenic signaling pathways and transcription factors, and is required for tumor metastasis. Indeed, expression of mesenchymal markers is associated with invasiveness of PCa cell lines and with high Gleason score and tumor metastasis in patients undergoing ADT.

Emerging evidence suggests that STAT3 plays critical roles in maintaining CSCs and promoting EMT in PCa as well as head and neck, hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma and breast cancers. This is not surprising as a large body of work has shown the importance of STAT3 in embryonic stem cell differentiation in cooperation with other central regulators of pluripotency, including Oct4 and Sox family transcription factors as well as LIF. Importantly, it there is an inverse relationship between AR expression and/or activity and the CSC phenotype in PCa cells and downregulation of AR increases STAT3 signaling which is required for CSC maintenance in Du145 and TRAMP C2 PCa cells. In human prostate tumor tissues, elevated cancer stem-like cell markers coincide with those cells exhibiting high STAT3 activity and low AR expression. Moreover, treatment of Du145 PCa that are positive for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a marker of CSCs which express high levels of phosphorylated STAT3 with the potent and specific STAT3 inhibitor galiellalactone, reduces frequency of ALDH+ cells and induces apoptosis of Du145-ALDH+ cells. Increased STAT3 signaling has also been observed in breast cancer ALDH+ stem cell populations and targeted inhibition of STAT3 reduces the tumorogenic capacity of this stem population. Moreover, targeting STAT3 transcriptional activity using parthenolide, induces cell death in tumor initiating cells isolated from a number of PCa cell lines and prevents their growth in vivo.

The requirement for STAT3 in CSC maintenance in PCa is intrinsically linked to its role as a critical component of IL-6 signaling. The importance of the IL-6/STAT3 axis has been linked to supporting CSC populations in a variety of cancers, including hepatocellular, breast, head and neck cancers and glioblastoma. In PCa, STAT3 activation associated with decreased AR expression is mediated through increased production of IL-6 and treating mice with soluble IL-6 receptor fusion protein significantly reduces CSC number and xenograft tumor growth. Moreover, stem-like cells from patients with advanced PCa secrete high levels of IL-6 compared to normal prostate stem cells, and these cells express high levels of the IL-6 receptor and pSTAT3. In this study, they showed that inhibition of either IL-6 signaling using neutralizing antibody or a STAT3 inhibitor prevented the clonogenic potential of CSCs isolated from patients with high grade disease. Moreover, IL-6/STAT3 signaling downstream of reactive oxygen species generation was found to be required for PCa spheroid formation.

Interestingly, this requirement for IL-6 signaling, in PCa CSCs may underlie the observation that there is significant overlap or fluctuation between a CSC and EMT-like phenotype in may PCa cell lines. Indeed, many reports in PCa as well as other cancers have shown a correlation between expression of EMT and CSC markers within the same cells. For example, after androgen deprivation, both EMT and CSC populations increase in mouse prostates and PCa cells and PCa cells induced to an EMT phenotype, or CSCs isolated from PCa cell lines, strongly upregulate transcription factors expressed by CSCs or markers of EMT, respectively, and are highly tumorigenic in mice. IL-6/STAT3 signaling may be a bridge between these phenotypes, as it has been identified as a driver of EMT in PCa that requires STAT3. Importantly however, new evidence suggests that IL-6 is not the only factor that can drive STAT3 dependent EMT in PCa. For example, CCL2-dependent STAT3 activation leads to EMT and inhibiting CCL2 prevents PCa cell line migration and invasion and in vivo xenograft growth better than AR targeting alone. Interestingly this mechanism occurs in cells with siRNA inhibition of the AR, further underscoring an inverse relationship between AR activity and the CSC/EMT phenotype. In addition, ROS induction by EGF stimulation of PCa cells leads to transcriptional regulation of EMT via the E-Cadherin repressor Twist, which requires the phosphorylation of STAT3 and its subsequent activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1α. TGF-β1 can also stimulate STAT3 phosphorylation and HIF-1α expression in PCa, leading to STAT3 and HIF-1α mediated Twist expression and increased invasiveness.

6. STAT3 and the Tumor Microenvironment in PCa

Despite the numerous cell intrinsic pathways that endow tumor cells with their remarkable propensity for unrestricted growth, survival and dissemination, the interaction of cancer with their host and the microenvironment tumors create for themselves play equally important roles in the progression of disease. This is of course true for PCa, and newly emerging roles of the stromal cells, immune cells and secreted factors that mediate the interactions between these cell types and the tumor in the pre-metastatic and metastatic niches are being uncovered at a rapid rate.

6.1. STAT3 in Angiogenesis

Tumor mediated angiogenesis is a hallmark of solid tumors; they require the formation of new blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients that support their growth and survival. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is the most important inducer of tumor mediated angiogenesis and STAT3 is a direct transcriptional activator of VEGF. It is no surprise therefore, that inhibition of STAT3 reduces angiogenesis by reducing VEGF expression and therefore VEGF receptor activity in multiple models of cancer. Reciprocally, in breast, skin, pancreatic, cervical, head and neck carcinoma and prostate cancer cell lines expression of constitutively active STAT3 up-regulates VEGF expression and tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, in PCa, the intersection of STAT3 and the AR also has important implications for VEGF expression, as there are AR binding sites in the promoter of VEGF, further controlling its transcription. The expression of STAT3 also correlates with another highly potent angiogenic factor called basic-Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) both tumor-derived myeloid cell lines, lung cancer cell lines as well as lung cancer patient samples. This correlation was proven functionally when experiments knocking down STAT3 reduced expression of bFGF. The importance of STAT3 as a central signaling node in PCa downstream of bFGF and VEGF is further underscored by recent work showing that delivery of endostatin, a non-specific inhibitor of FGF and VEGF angiogenesis and STAT3 siRNA using an attenuated Salmonella vector inhibited PCa xenograft growth in vivo. Interestingly, VEGF is also a target gene of the AR and its expression is dependent on STAT3 activity. Like in PCa, VEGF expression is important for hepatocellular carcinoma progression, which is often associated with hepatitis C viral infection, and HCV infection induces STAT3 and AR dependent VEGF expression.

As mentioned above, STAT3 also activates transcription of HIF-1α, which in itself is a transcriptional activator of VEGF, and STAT3 and HIF-1α cooperatively bind to the VEGF promoter to induce VEGF transcription. Inhibition of the HIF-1α/STAT3/VEGF pathway using multiple plant derived agents and siRNA, have shown reduction of PCa tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, combination therapy using specific inhibitors of HIF-1α and STAT3 greatly reduce growth of Du145 and TRAMP C2 PCa cell lines and xenografts. Interestingly, a feed forward loop seems to exist in PCa between STAT3, oncogenic signaling and HIF-1α mediated angiogenesis; as STAT3 can directly inhibit p53 and p53 acts as an inhibitor of HIF-1α, it may be that in PCa where STAT3 is constitutively active there is further downstream activation of HIF-1α and VEGF. This idea is supported by work showing that overexpression of HDM2, an oncogene that supresses p53 in cancer cells, in LNCaP PCa cell lines increases pSTAT3, HIF-1α and VEGF expression.

6.2. STAT3 in the Stromal and Bone Compartments

Importantly, STAT3 signaling is not confined to regulating tumor cell intrinsic pathways that control the microenvironment; it is also a key player in the development of “reactive” or inflammatory stromal cells that have been shown to promote PCa tumor aggressiveness. For example, activation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade in PCa stromal cells by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) activates STAT3 and promotes PCa tumor progression in vivo and loss of TGFβ mediated suppression of Wnt3a via STAT3 in stromal cells promotes LNCaP cell proliferation and tumorogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, secreted heat shock proteins can also promote stromal reactivity in PCa. Secreted Hsp90 from PCa cell lines rapidly activates STAT3 in prostate fibroblast cell lines, leading to the activation of the pro-inflammatory NF-κβ pathway and secretion of inflammatory mediators known to augment PCa tumor survival and proliferation, such as IL-6 and IL-8. The activation of STAT3 in the stromal compartment is not limited to PCa; as examples, feed forward loops exist in breast and ocular cancers that induce the activation of STAT3 and subsequent secretion of CCL2 by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) which promotes tumor cell survival and proliferation. Reciprocally, secreted factors, including FGF, EGF, HGF, chemokines and cytokines, from stromal cells have paracrine effects which activate STAT3 in tumor cells. Mesenchymal stem cells from hypoxic stroma secrete VEGF and the chemokine CCL21 to promote the STAT3 dependent activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κβ and migration of PC3 PCa cell lines and xenografts. Moreover, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα from cancer associated fibroblasts drives EMT in tumor cells through NF-κβ and AKT mediated stabilization of the E Cadherin repressor, Snail. Since STAT3 is an important signaling component in both of these pathways in PCa, it is likely that it is also activated downstream of paracrine TNFα arising from the stromal compartment to promote PCa progression.

While primary prostate tumors are supported through interactions with fibroblastic stromal cells, tumor cells that metastasize modulate hematopoietic stroma in the bone to establish themselves within that niche. Over 80% of men that die from CRPC have tumors that have metastasized to the bone. These bone lesions are primarily osteoblastic and a variety of bone and cancer derived growth factors and chemokines play important roles in tumor establishment and bone destruction in this metastatic niche. One signaling pathway essential for normal bone metabolism and the pathogenesis of PCa bone metastases is the receptor activator of NF-κβ (RANK) pathway. Interactions between RANK with its ligand in the bone compartment stimulates osteoclast differentiation and this pathway is also functional in PCa cells; Du145 and PC3 PCa cells expressing RANK respond to RANKL, increasing migration and invasive properties. RANK signaling stimulates a variety of intracellular signaling cascades, including NF-κβ and AKT, in which STAT3 signals. The importance of STAT3 in promoting bone metastasis in PCa is highlighted by the fact that that conditioned medium from PC3 PCa cells induces the production of chemokines and cytokines from osteoblasts that promote osteoclast generation and that STAT3 in osteoblasts is detectable in bone biopsies from patients with osteolytic metastases. In addition, the canonical IL-6/STAT3 axis also plays crucial roles in the development of bone metastases for a number of solid tumors. IL-6 has multiple effects on RANK, TGFβ and Wnt signal cascades and the control of these pathways by IL-6 results in degradation of bone that facilitates cancer metastasis to this site. While radiographically PCa causes osteoblastic lesions in the bone, it has been suggested that the presence of osteolytic lesions in addition lead to bone weakness and interestingly, IL-6 mediates the formation of hematopoietic stem cell derived osteolytic lesions in a bone model of PCa.

6.3. STAT3 Mediated Immune-Suppression

An essential component of the tumor microenvironment that dictates cancer progression is the immune system. Indeed, evading detection and clearance by innate and adaptive immune cells is a hallmark of cancer and STAT3 plays equally important roles in regulating leukocyte cell function as it does in tumor cells, putting it at the crossroads of tumor immune evasion. Many studies have shown persistent activation of STAT3 in myeloid cells and T cells at primary tumor sites, leading to an immunosuppressive environment which allows for tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis More specifically, STAT3 mediated immunosuppression has been linked to its function downstream of cytokines and T cell inhibitory or “checkpoint” molecules, such as IL-27, PDL-1 and HVEM that promote the differentiation of regulatory T cell subsets. In PCa, use of the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat inhibits the induction of the T regulatory cell transcription factor FOXP3 in a STAT3 dependent manner, resulting in decreased survival of CRPC tumors. STAT3 also plays an important role in innate immune cells targeted by PCa cells. For example, hormone resistant TRAMPC2 xenograft tumors recruit myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a cell type well known for their association with aggressive solid tumors, in an IL-6/STAT3 dependent manner, which promotes their growth in vivo. Like MDSCs, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) also can play substantial roles in preventing anti-tumor responses and macrophages co-cultured with prostate epithelial cells may be induced to this phenotype, producing the chemokine CCL4 in a STAT3 dependent manner which induces spontaneous prostate tumorogenesis in normal prostate cells associated with the downregulation of p53/PTEN as well as the induction of EMT. CCL2-STAT3 activation also occurs in macrophages exposed to anti-androgens like Enzalutamide and Casodex, enhancing the migratory capacity of the macrophage and subsequent invasiveness of PCa cells. Reciprocally, the CCL2-STAT3 axis also is activated directly in PCa cells downstream of AR signaling and combination therapy targeting the AR and the CCL2/CCR2/STAT3 pathway effectively prevents EMT in PCa cells in vitro and suppresses xenograft growth in vivo. The activation of STAT3 signaling pathways in PCa cells not only affects their interactions with macrophages and T cells, but B cells as well. Activation of IKKβ and STAT3 are activated in CRPC and that this signaling is required for the CXCL13 mediated recruitment of immunosuppressive B cells to the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, as STAT3 signaling is central to transduction of signals from both IL-10 and IL-6 family cytokines as well as IFN, all key factors that shape the outcome of antigen presentation and effector T cell responses as well as PCa cell survival, it most certainly is a key driver of immunosuppression and tumor survival not just in PCa but for all malignancies.

6.4. STAT3 as a Therapeutic Target for PCa

Considering the wide array of signaling pathways that promote progression of CRPC that require STAT3, targeting this molecule for therapeutic benefit has been an intense area of investigation. This is true not only for PCa, but many other cancers as well. In Table 1, the extensive list of natural compounds, JAK kinase inhibitors, small molecules and cytokine pathway antibody therapies that can inhibit STAT3 function and their experimental effects on PCa are presented. Importantly, while all of these compounds are known to inhibit IL-6, JAK and/or STAT3 signaling, some of the listed effects on PCa cell lines and in vivo models were not necessarily associated with inhibition of STAT3 itself. While many of these agents have anti-proliferative effects on PCa in vitro or in in vivo xenograft models in immunocompromised animals, few have gone on to show efficacy as single agents in patients. For example, the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 inhibitors siltuximab (CNTO 328) and ruxolitinib (INCB-018242) failed Phase II clinical trials due to a complete lack of PSA50 response. The failure of these IL-6 inhibitors as monotherapies may most likely be explained by the wide variety of other secreted factors that are known to activate STAT3 in solid tumors, including many of those mentioned above like VEGF, bFGF, EGF, chemokines (CCL2, 21, etc.) and cytokines in the IL-6 family. Importantly, in the studies aforementioned, most inhibition of PCa growth, migration, invasiveness or metastasis in in vitro or in vivo models was achieved using STAT3 specific inhibitors rather than inhibition of IL-6. However, combination therapy using IL-6 targeting with chemotherapy may prove more effective, as a recent phase I trial with siltuximab and docetaxel in combination showed robust PSA decline in the patients. While these results do not corroborate findings from a previous phase II study in CRPC patients combining silutixmab with mitxantrone, which showed no difference in progression free survival, this may be due to an inappropriate choice of endpoint in this study.

By contrast however, targeting Hsp27 has shown promise in PCa clinical trials in combination with prednisone in patients with metastatic CRPC; up to 71% of patients were progression free at 12 weeks and 50% showed 50% reduction in PSA when treated with the Hsp27 antisense OGX-427 and prednisone. While these effects are most certainly not limited to Hsp27 effects on STAT3, preclinical studies using OGX-427 have shown that there is significant reduction of STAT3 activity in LNCaP with this treatment and that the cytoprotection afforded to LNCaP cells by Hsp27 overexpression requires STAT3. The heterogeneous nature of PCa tumors combined with the multifaceted roles of STAT3 in survival and activation pathways in tumor cells, stromal cells and immune cells may answer why there is such diversity in effects of STAT3 inhibitors in patient responses; certainly future explorations will entail targeted combination therapy of STAT3 inhibition with other key pathways identified in individual patient tumors that have actionable targets.

7. Conclusions

A wide body of work spanning multiple solid tumor types, including PCa, have shown an indespensible and multifaceted role for STAT3 signaling in promoting tumor progression. Importantly, STAT3 has pivotal roles in re-activation of the AR, an essential step in the development of mCRPC. This can occur via STAT3 cooperation with other highly relevant oncogenic signaling cascades such as PTEN/PI3K/AKT and the integration of signals by STAT3 received from multiple growth factors, Src kinases and serine/threonine kinases that themselves have known roles in the progression of PCa. The diversity of signaling pathways in PCa tumor cells in which STAT3 acts as a major signaling node translates into it being a driving force in not only tumor proliferation and survival, but also in determining cell phenotype, behavior and interaction with stromal cells and the immune system. It is not surprising therefore that therapeutic targeting of STAT3 is under intense investigation for the treatment of mCRPC. However, due to the promiscuous nature of STAT3 signaling in so many cell types, the future success of potential therapies may possibly entail cell-specific delivery of STAT3 targeting or co-targeting with other known drivers of PCa progression to obtain optimal results. This concept has been explored to enhance immune responses in hematopoietic cancers, whereby targeting STAT3 specifically in TLR9 expressing cancer cells can be achieved using CpG based delivery of silencing oligos results in growth inhibition of myeloma and myeloid leukemia. Indeed this work also highlights that STAT3 targeting can also be a modality of immunotherapy, which will surely also be a critical feature of the future of mCRPC treatment. Taken together, it is clear that STAT3 sits at the crossroads of multiple signalling pathways that are essential for the progression of PCa to advanced disease and uncovering specific mechanisms of action of STAT3 in PCa tumor cells, stromal cells and associated hematopoietic cells will bring the PCa community closer to exploring STAT3 as a therapeutic target.

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    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1208159

  7. 7.

    Ram P.T., Iyengar R. G protein coupled receptor signaling through the Src and STAT3 pathway: Role in proliferation and transformation. Oncogene. 2001;20:1601-1606.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1204186

  8. 8.

    Turkson J., Turkson J., Bowman T., Adnane J., Zhang Y., Djeu J.Y., Sekharam M., Frank D.A., Holzman L.B., Wu J., et al. Requirement for Ras/Rac1-mediated p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in Stat3 transcriptional activity induced by the Src oncoprotein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999;19:7519-7528.

    Not in our library10.1128/mcb.19.11.7519

  9. 9.

    Chung J., Uchida E., Grammer T.C., Blenis J. STAT3 serine phosphorylation by ERK-dependent and -independent pathways negatively modulates its tyrosine phosphorylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1997;17:6508-6516.

    Not in our library10.1128/mcb.17.11.6508

  10. 10.

    Lim C.P., Cao X. Serine phosphorylation and negative regulation of STAT3 by JNK. J. Biol. Chem. 1999;274:31055-31061.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.274.43.31055

  11. 11.

    Jain N., Zhang T., Kee W.H., Li W., Cao X. Protein kinase C delta associates with and phosphorylates STAT3 in an interleukin-6-dependent manner. J. Biol. Chem. 1999;274:24392-24400.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.274.34.24392

  12. 12.

    Ma J., Cao X. Regulation of Stat3 nuclear import by importin alpha5 and importin alpha7 via two different functional sequence elements. Cell. Signal. 2006;18:1117-1126.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.06.016

  13. 13.

    Subramaniam A., Shanmugam M.K., Perumal E., Li F., Nachiyappan A., Dai X., Swamy S.N., Ahn K.S., Kumar A.P., Tan B.K., et al. Potential role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling pathway in inflammation, survival, proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2013;1835:46-60.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.002

  14. 14.

    Gray M.J., Zhang J., Ellis L.M., Semenza G.L., Evans D.B., Watowich S.S., Gallick G.E. HIF-1alpha, STAT3, CBP/p300 and Ref-1/APE are components of a transcriptional complex that regulates Src-dependent hypoxia-induced expression of VEGF in pancreatic and prostate carcinomas. Oncogene. 2005;24:3110-3120.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1208513

  15. 15.

    Giraud S., Bienvenu F., Avril S., Gascan H., Heery D.M., Coqueret O. Functional interaction of STAT3 transcription factor with the coactivator NcoA/SRC1a. J. Biol. Chem. 2002;277:8004-8011.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m111486200

  16. 16.

    Masciocchi D., Gelain A., Villa S., Meneghetti F., Barlocco D. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3): A promising target for anticancer therapy. Future Med. Chem. 2011;3:567-597.

    Not in our library10.4155/fmc.11.22

  17. 17.

    Yasukawa H., Ohishi M., Mori H., Murakami M., Chinen T., Aki D., Hanada T., Takeda K., Akira S., Hoshijima M., et al. IL-6 induces an anti-inflammatory response in the absence of SOCS3 in macrophages. Nat. Immunol. 2003;4:551-556.

    Not in our library10.1038/ni938

  18. 18.

    Yang J., Stark G.R. Roles of unphosphorylated STATs in signaling. Cell. Res. 2008;18:443-451.

    Not in our library10.1038/cr.2008.41

  19. 19.

    Yu Z., Zhang W., Kone B.C. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibits transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by interacting with nuclear factor kappaB. Biochem. J. 2002;367:97-105.

    Not in our library10.1042/bj20020588

  20. 20.

    Schrecengost R., Knudsen K.E. Molecular pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer. Semin. Oncol. 2013;40:244-258.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.seminoncol.2013.04.001

  21. 21.

    Culig Z., Hobisch A., Hittmair A., Peterziel H., Radmayr C., Bartsch G., Cato A.C., Klocker H. Hyperactive androgen receptor in prostate cancer: What does it mean for new therapy concepts? Histol. Histopathol. 1997;12:781-786.

    Not in our library

  22. 22.
    Switch from antagonist to agonist of the androgen receptor blocker bicalutamide is associated with prostate tumour progression in a new model system · 1999
    No notice
  23. 23.

    Phin S., Moore M.W., Cotter P.D. Genomic rearrangements of in prostate cancer. Front. Oncol. 2013;3:e240.

    Not in our library10.3389/fonc.2013.00240

  24. 24.

    Carver B.S., Chapinski C., Wongvipat J., Hieronymus H., Chen Y., Chandarlapaty S., Arora V.K., Le C., Koutcher J., Scher H., et al. Reciprocal feedback regulation of PI3K and androgen receptor signaling in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer. Cancer Cell. 2011;19:575-586.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccr.2011.04.008

  25. 25.

    Blando J.M., Carbajal S., Abel E., Beltran L., Conti C., Fischer S., DiGiovanni J. Cooperation between STAT3 and AKT signaling leads to prostate tumor development in transgenic mice. Neoplasia. 2011;13:254-265.

    Not in our library10.1593/neo.101388

  26. 26.

    Smith D.A., Kiba A., Zong Y., Witte O.N. Interleukin-6 and oncostatin-M synergize with the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote aggressive prostate malignancy in mouse and human tissues. Mol. Cancer Res. 2013;11:1159-1165.

    Not in our library10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0238

  27. 27.

    Martin P., Liu Y.N., Pierce R., Abou-Kheir W., Casey O., Seng V., Camacho D., Simpson R.M., Kelly K. Prostate epithelial Pten/TP53 loss leads to transformation of multipotential progenitors and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Am. J. Pathol. 2011;179:422-435.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.035

  28. 28.

    Li L., Xie H., Liang L., Gao Y., Zhang D., Fang L., Lee S.O., Luo J., Chen X., Wang X., et al. Increased PrLZ-mediated androgen receptor transactivation promotes prostate cancer growth at castration-resistant stage. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34:257-267.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/bgs337

  29. 29.

    Zhang D., He D., Xue Y., Wang R., Wu K., Xie H., Zeng J., Wang X., Zhau H.E., Chung L.W., et al. PrLZ protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation via the activation of Stat3/Bcl-2 pathway. Cancer Res. 2011;71:2193-2202.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1791

  30. 30.

    Ahlqvist K., Saamarthy K., Syed Khaja A.S., Bjartell A., Massoumi R. Expression of Id proteins is regulated by the Bcl-3 proto-oncogene in prostate cancer. Oncogene. 2013;32:1601-1608.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2012.175

  31. 31.

    Lee C., Dhillon J., Wang M.Y., Gao Y., Hu K., Park E., Astanehe A., Hung M.C., Eirew P., Eaves C.J., et al. Targeting YB-1 in HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer cells induces apoptosis via the mTOR/STAT3 pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice. Cancer Res. 2008;68:8661-8666.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1082

  32. 32.

    Takeuchi A., Shiota M., Tatsugami K., Yokomizo A., Kuroiwa K., Dejima T., Tanaka S., Itsumi M., Eto M., Naito S. YB-1 suppression induces STAT3 proteolysis and sensitizes renal cancer to interferon-α. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2013;62:517-527.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00262-012-1356-8

  33. 33.

    Shiota M., Takeuchi A., Song Y., Yokomizo A., Kashiwagi E., Uchiumi T., Kuroiwa K., Tatsugami K., Fujimoto N., Oda Y. Y-box binding protein-1 promotes castration-resistantprostate cancer growth via androgen receptor expression. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2011;18:505-517.

    Not in our library10.1530/erc-11-0017

  34. 34.

    Nakashima J., Tachibana M., Horiguchi Y., Oya M., Ohigashi T., Asakura H., Murai M. Serum interleukin 6 as a prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000;6:2702-2706.

    Not in our library

  35. 35.

    Adler H.L., McCurdy M.A., Kattan M.W., Timme T.L., Scardino P.T., Thompson T.C. Elevated levels of circulating interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. J. Urol. 1999;161:182-187.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62092-5

  36. 36.

    Twillie D.A., Eisenberger M.A., Carducci M.A., Hseih W.S., Kim W.Y., Simons J.W. Interleukin-6: A candidate mediator of human prostate cancer morbidity. Urology. 1995;45:542-549.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0090-4295(99)80034-x

  37. 37.

    Ueda T., Bruchovsky N., Sadar M.D. Activation of the androgen receptor N-terminal domain by interleukin-6 via MAPK and STAT3 signal transduction pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 2002;277:7076-7085.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m108255200

  38. 38.

    Okitsu K., Kanda T., Imazeki F., Yonemitsu Y., Ray R.B., Chang C., Yokosuka O. Involvement of interleukin-6 and androgen receptor signaling in pancreatic cancer. Genes Cancer. 2010;1:859-867.

    Not in our library10.1177/1947601910383417

  39. 39.

    Spiotto M.T., Chung T.D. STAT3 mediates IL-6-induced neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2000;42:186-195.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(20000215)42:3<186::aid-pros4>3.0.co;2-e

  40. 40.

    Debes J.D., Comuzzi B., Schmidt L.J., Dehm S.M., Culig Z., Tindall D.J. p300 Regulates androgen receptor-independent expression of prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer cells treated chronically with interleukin-6. Cancer Res. 2005;65:5965-5973.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2837

  41. 41.

    Hobisch A., Ramoner R., Fuchs D., Godoy-Tundidor S., Bartsch G., Klocker H., Culig Z. Prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) generated after long-term interleukin 6 (IL-6) treatment express IL-6 and acquire an IL-6 partially resistant phenotype. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001;7:2941-2948.

    Not in our library

  42. 42.

    Lin D.L., Whitney M.C., Yao Z., Keller E.T. Interleukin-6 induces androgen responsiveness in prostate cancer cells through up-regulation of androgen receptor expression. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001;7:1773-1781.

    Not in our library

  43. 43.

    Ge D., Gao A.C., Zhang Q., Liu S., Xue Y., You Z. LNCaP prostate cancer cells with autocrine interleukin-6 expression are resistant to IL-6-induced neuroendocrine differentiation due to increased expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling. Prostate. 2012;72:1306-1316.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.22479

  44. 44.

    Grivennikov S.I., Karin M. Dangerous liaisons: STAT3 and NF-κB collaboration and crosstalk in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010;21:11-19.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.11.005

  45. 45.

    Lee H., Herrmann A., Deng J.H., Kujawski M., Niu G., Li Z., Forman S., Jove R., Pardoll D.M., Yu H. Persistently activated STAT3 maintains constitutive NF-kappaB activity in tumors. Cancer Cell. 2009;15:283-293.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.015

  46. 46.

    Liu C., Zhu Y., Lou W., Cui Y., Evans C.P., Gao A.C. Inhibition of constitutively active Stat3 reverses enzalutamide resistance in LNCaP derivative prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2014;74:201-209.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.22741

  47. 47.

    Nadiminty N., Tummala R., Liu C., Yang J., Lou W., Evans C.P., Gao A.C. NF-kappaB2/p52 induces resistance to enzalutamide in prostate cancer: Role of androgen receptor and its variants. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2013;12:1629-1637.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0027

  48. 48.

    Jain G., Cronauer M.V., Schrader M., Moller P., Marienfeld R.B. NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer: A promising therapeutic target? World J. Urol. 2012;30:303-310.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00345-011-0792-y

  49. 49.

    Scheel C., Weinberg R.A. Cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: Concepts and molecular links. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2012.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.semcancer

  50. 50.

    Stoyanova T., Cooper A.R., Drake J.M., Liu X., Armstrong A.J., Pienta K.J., Zhang H., Kohn D.B., Huang J., Witte O.N., et al. Prostate cancer originating in basal cells progresses to adenocarcinoma propagated by luminal-like cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2013;110:20111-20116.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1320565110

  51. 51.

    Markert E.K., Mizuno H., Vazquez A., Levine A.J. Molecular classification of prostate cancer using curated expression signatures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2011;108:21276-21281.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1117029108

  52. 52.

    Singh A., Settleman J. EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: An emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene. 2010;29:4741-4751.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2010.215

  53. 53.

    Lee S.O., Ma Z., Yeh C.R., Luo J., Lin T.H., Lai K.P., Yamashita S., Liang L., Tian J., Li L., et al. New therapy targeting differential androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer stem/progenitor vs. non-stem/progenitor cells. J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2013;5:14-26.

    Not in our library10.1093/jmcb/mjs042

  54. 54.

    Lim J., Thiery J.P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: Insights from development. Development. 2012;139:3471-3486.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.071209

  55. 55.

    Nauseef J.T., Henry M.D. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer: Paradigm or puzzle? Nat. Rev. Urol. 2011;8:428-439.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrurol.2011.85

  56. 56.

    Jennbacken K., Tesan T., Wang W., Gustavsson H., Damber J.E., Welen K. N-cadherin increases after androgen deprivation and is associated with metastasis in prostate cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2010;17:469-479.

    Not in our library10.1677/erc-10-0015

  57. 57.

    Tang Y., Tian X.C. JAK-STAT3 and somatic cell reprogramming. JAKSTAT. 2013;2:e24935.

    Not in our library10.4161/jkst.24935

  58. 58.

    Tian J., Lee S.O., Liang L., Luo J., Huang C.K., Li L., Niu Y., Chang C. Targeting the unique methylation pattern of androgen receptor (AR) promoter in prostate stem/progenitor cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA) leads to suppressed prostate tumorigenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2012;287:39954-39966.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m112.395574

  59. 59.

    Qin J., Liu X., Laffin B., Chen X., Choy G., Jeter C.R., Calhoun-Davis T., Li H., Palapattu G.S., Pang S. The PSA(−/lo) prostate cancer cell population harbors self-renewing long-term tumor-propagating cells that resist castration. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;10:556-569.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.009

  60. 60.

    Schroeder A., Herrmann A., Cherryholmes G., Kowolik C., Buettner R., Pal S., Yu H., Mueller-Newen G., Jove R. Loss of androgen receptor expression promotes a stem-like cell phenotype in prostate cancer through STAT3 signaling. Cancer Res. 2013.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0594

  61. 61.

    Hellsten R., Johansson M., Dahlman A., Dizeyi N., Sterner O., Bjartell A. Galiellalactone is a novel therapeutic candidate against hormone-refractory prostate cancer expressing activated STAT3. Prostate. 2008;68:269-280.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.20699

  62. 62.

    Lin L., Hutzen B., Lee H.F., Peng Z., Wang W., Zhao C., Lin H.J., Sun D., Li P.K., Li C., et al. Evaluation of STAT3 signaling in ALDH+ and ALDH+/CD44+/CD24− subpopulations of breast cancer cells. PLoS One. 2013;8:e82821.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0082821

  63. 63.

    Kawasaki B.T., Hurt E.M., Kalathur M., Duhagon M.A., Milner J.A., Kim Y.S., Farrar W.L. Effects of the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide on prostate tumor-initiating cells: An integrated molecular profiling approach. Prostate. 2009;69:827-837.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.20931

  64. 64.

    Ji J., Wang X.W. Clinical implications of cancer stem cell biology in hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin. Oncol. 2012;39:461-472.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.seminoncol.2012.05.011

  65. 65.

    Kim S.Y., Kang J.W., Song X., Kim B.K., Yoo Y.D., Kwon Y.T., Lee Y.J. Role of the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3-Oct-4 pathway in the conversion of non-stem cancer cells into cancer stem-like cells. Cell Signal. 2013;25:961-969.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.007

  66. 66.

    Islam M., Sharma S., Teknos T.N. RhoC regulates cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by overexpressing IL-6 and phosphorylation of STAT3. PLoS One. 2014;9:e88527.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0088527

  67. 67.

    Nilsson C.L., Dillon R., Devakumar A., Shi S.D., Greig M., Rogers J.C., Krastins B., Rosenblatt M., Kilmer G., et al. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of the STAT3/IL-6/HIF1alpha signaling network: An initial study in GSC11 glioblastoma stem cells. J. Proteome Res. 2010;9:430-443.

    Not in our library10.1021/pr9007927

  68. 68.

    Kroon P., Berry P.A., Stower M.J., Rodrigues G., Mann V.M., Simms M., Bhasin D., Chettiar S., Li C., Li P.K., et al. JAK-STAT blockade inhibits tumor initiation and clonogenic recovery of prostate cancer stem-like cells. Cancer Res. 2013;73:5288-5298.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0874

  69. 69.

    Qu Y., Oyan A.M., Liu R., Hua Y., Zhang J., Hovland R., Popa M., Liu X., Brokstad K.A., Simon R., et al. Generation of prostate tumor-initiating cells is associated with elevation of reactive oxygen species and IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Cancer Res. 2013;73:7090-7100.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1560

  70. 70.

    Salvatori L., Caporuscio F., Verdina A., Starace G., Crispi S., Nicotra M.R., Russo A., Calogero R.A., Morgante E., Natali P.G., et al. Cell-to-cell signaling influences the fate of prostate cancer stem cells and their potential to generate more aggressive tumors. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31467.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0031467

  71. 71.
    Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Is Mechanistically Linked with Stem Cell Signatures in Prostate Cancer Cells · 2010
    No notice
  72. 72.

    Shiota M., Bishop J.L., Nip K.M., Zardan A., Takeuchi A., Cordonnier T., Beraldi E., Bazov J., Fazli L., Chi K., et al. Hsp27 regulates epithelial mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2013;73:3109-3119.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3979

  73. 73.
    Targeting the androgen receptor with siRNA promotes prostate cancer metastasis through enhanced macrophage recruitment via CCL2/CCR2‐induced STAT3 activation · 2013
    No notice
  74. 74.

    Cho K.H., Choi M.J., Jeong K.J., Kim J.J., Hwang M.H., Shin S.C., Park C.G., Lee H.Y. A ROS/STAT3/HIF-1alpha signaling cascade mediates EGF-induced TWIST1 expression and prostate cancer cell invasion. Prostate. 2014.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.22776

  75. 75.

    Cho K.H., Jeong K.J., Shin S.C., Kang J., Park C.G., Lee H.Y. STAT3 mediates TGF-β1-induced TWIST1 expression and prostate cancer invasion. Cancer Lett. 2013;336:167-173.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.024

  76. 76.

    Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100:57-70.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81683-9

  77. 77.

    Grunstein J., Roberts W.G., Mathieu-Costello O., Hanahan D., Johnson R.S. Tumor-derived expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is a critical factor in tumor expansion and vascular function. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1592-1598.

    Not in our library

  78. 78.

    Plate K.H., Breier G., Weich H.A., Risau W. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature. 1992;359:845-848.

    Not in our library10.1038/359845a0

  79. 79.

    Chen Z., Han Z.C. STAT3: A critical transcription activator in angiogenesis. Med. Res. Rev. 2008;28:185-200.

    Not in our library10.1002/med.20101

  80. 80.

    Xu Q., Briggs J., Park S., Niu G., Kortylewski M., Zhang S., Gritsko T., Turkson J., Kay H., Semenza G.L., et al. Targeting Stat3 blocks both HIF-1 and VEGF expression induced by multiple oncogenic growth signaling pathways. Oncogene. 2005;24:5552-5560.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1208719

  81. 81.

    Wei D., Le X., Zheng L., Wang L., Frey J.A., Gao A.C., Peng Z., Huang S., Xiong H.Q., Abbruzzese J.L., et al. Stat3 activation regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and human pancreatic cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. Oncogene. 2003;22:319-329.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1206122

  82. 82.

    Niu G., Wright K.L., Huang M., Song L., Haura E., Turkson J., Zhang S., Wang T., Sinibaldi D., Coppola D., et al. Constitutive STAT3 activity up-regulates VEGF expression and tumor angiogenesis. Oncogene. 2002;21:2000-2008.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1205260

  83. 83.

    Eisermann K., Broderick C.J., Bazarov A., Moazam M.M., Fraizer G.C. Androgen up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in prostate cancer cells via an Sp1 binding site. Mol. Cancer. 2013;12:e7.

    Not in our library10.1186/1476-4598-12-7

  84. 84.

    Zhao M., Gao F.H., Wang J.Y., Liu F., Yuan H.H., Zhang W.Y., Jiang B. JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway activation mediates tumor angiogenesis by upregulation of VEGF and bFGF in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2011;73:366-374.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.01.002

  85. 85.

    Kujawski M., Kortylewski M., Lee H., Herrmann A., Kay H., Yu H. Stat3 mediates myeloid cell-dependent tumor angiogenesis in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2008;118:3367-3377.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci35213

  86. 86.

    Li X., Li Y., Wang B., Ji K., Liang Z., Guo B., Hu J., Yin D., Du Y., Kopecko D.J., et al. Delivery of the co-expression plasmid pEndo-Si-STAT3 by attenuated Salmonella serovar typhimurium for prostate cancer treatment. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2013;139:971-980.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00432-013-1398-0

  87. 87.

    Kanda T., Steele R., Ray R., Ray R.B. Hepatitis C virus core protein augments androgen receptor-mediated signaling. J. Virol. 2008;82:11066-11072.

    Not in our library10.1128/jvi.01300-08

  88. 88.

    Hafeez B.B., Zhong W., Fischer J.W., Mustafa A., Shi X., Meske L., Hong H., Cai W., Havighurst T., Kim K. Plumbagin, a medicinal plant (Plumbago zeylanica)-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone, inhibits growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer PC-3M-luciferase cells in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Mol. Oncol. 2013;7:428-439.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.molonc.2012.12.001

  89. 89.

    Hafeez B.B., Zhong W., Mustafa A., Fischer J.W., Witkowsky O., Verma A.K. Plumbagin inhibits prostate cancer development in TRAMP mice via targeting PKCepsilon, Stat3 and neuroendocrine markers. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33:2586-2592.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/bgs291

  90. 90.

    Aziz M.H., Dreckschmidt N.E., Verma A.K. Plumbagin, a medicinal plant-derived naphthoquinone, is a novel inhibitor of the growth and invasion of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2008;68:9024-9032.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2494

  91. 91.

    Shin J., Lee H.J., Jung D.B., Jung J.H., Lee E.O., Lee S.G., Shim B.S., Choi S.H., Ko S.G., Ahn K.S., et al. Suppression of STAT3 and HIF-1 alpha mediates anti-angiogenic activity of betulinic acid in hypoxic PC-3 prostate cancer cells. PLoS One. 2011;6:e21492.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0021492

  92. 92.

    Zhang X., Song Y., Wu Y., Dong Y., Lai L., Zhang J., Lu B., Dai F., He L., Liu M., et al. Indirubin inhibits tumor growth by antitumor angiogenesis via blocking VEGFR2-mediated JAK/STAT3 signaling in endothelial cell. Int. J. Cancer. 2011;129:2502-2511.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.25909

  93. 93.

    Reddy K.R., Guan Y., Qin G., Zhou Z., Jing N. Combined treatment targeting HIF-1α and STAT3 is a potent strategy for prostate cancer therapy. Prostate. 2011;71:1796-1809.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.21397

  94. 94.

    Rathinavelu A., Narasimhan M., Muthumani P. A novel regulation of VEGF expression by HIF-1α and STAT3 in HDM2 transfected prostate cancer cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2012;16:1750-1757.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01472.x

  95. 95.

    Barron D.A., Rowley D.R. The reactive stroma microenvironment and prostate cancer progression. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2012;19:R187-R204.

    Not in our library10.1530/erc-12-0085

  96. 96.

    Brennen W.N., Denmeade S.R., Isaacs J.T. Mesenchymal stem cells as a vector for the inflammatory prostate microenvironment. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2013;20:R269-R290.

    Not in our library10.1530/erc-13-0151

  97. 97.

    Carstens J.L., Shahi P., van Tsang S., Smith B., Creighton C.J., Zhang Y., Seamans A., Seethammagari M., Vedula I., Levitt J.M. FGFR1-WNT-TGF-beta Signaling in prostate cancer mouse models recapitulates human reactive stroma. Cancer Res. 2014;74:609-620.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1093

  98. 98.

    Li X., Placencio V., Iturregui J.M., Uwamariya C., Sharif-Afshar A.R., Koyama T., Hayward S.W., Bhowmick N.A. Prostate tumor progression is mediated by a paracrine TGF-beta/Wnt3a signaling axis. Oncogene. 2008;27:7118-7130.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2008.293

  99. 99.

    Bohonowych J., Hance M., Nolan K., Defee M., Parsons C., Isaacs J. Extracellular Hsp90 mediates an NF-κB dependent inflammatory stromal program: Implications for the prostate tumor microenvironment. Prostate. 2014;74:395-407.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.22761

  100. 100.

    Tsuyada A., Chow A., Wu J., Somlo G., Chu P., Loera S., Luu T., Li A.X., Wu X., Ye W., et al. CCL2 mediates cross-talk between cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts that regulates breast cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 2012;72:2768-2779.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3567

  101. 101.

    Li X., Xu Q., Wu Y., Li J., Tang D., Han L., Fan Q. A CCL2/ROS autoregulation loop is critical for cancer associated fibroblasts-enhanced tumor growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2014.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/bgu046

  102. 102.

    Huang X., Su K., Zhou L., Shen G., Dong Q., Lou Y., Zheng S. Hypoxia preconditioning of mesenchymal stromal cells enhances PC3 cell lymphatic metastasis accompanied by VEGFR-3/CCR7 activation. J. Cell. Biochem. 2013;114:2834-2841.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcb.24629

  103. 103.

    Calon A., Tauriello D.V., Batlle E. TGF-beta in CAF-mediated tumor growth and metastasis. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2014.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.12.008

  104. 104.

    Ibrahim T., Flamini E., Mercatali L., Sacanna E., Serra P., Amadori D. Pathogenesis of osteoblastic bone metastases from prostate cancer. Cancer. 2010;116:1406-1418.

    Not in our library10.1002/cncr.24896

  105. 105.

    Blair J.M., Zhou H., Seibel M.J., Dunstan C.R. Mechanisms of disease: Roles of OPG, RANKL and RANK in the pathophysiology of skeletal metastasis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2006;3:41-49.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncponc0381

  106. 106.

    Miller R.E., Roudier M., Jones J., Armstrong A., Canon J., Dougall W.C. RANK ligand inhibition plus docetaxel improves survival and reduces tumor burden in a murine model of prostate cancer bone metastasis. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2008;7:2160-2169.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0046

  107. 107.

    Armstrong A.P., Miller R.E., Jones J.C., Zhang J., Keller E.T., Dougall W.C. RANKL acts directly on RANK-expressing prostate tumor cells and mediates migration and expression of tumor metastasis genes. Prostate. 2008;68:92-104.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.20678

  108. 108.

    Mori K., Ando K., Heymann D., Redini F. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) stimulates bone-associated tumors through functional RANK expressed on bone-associated cancer cells? Histol. Histopathol. 2009;24:235-242.

    Not in our library10.14670/hh-24.235

  109. 109.

    Mori K., le Goff B., Charrier C., Battaglia S., Heymann D., Redini F. DU145 human prostate cancer cells express functional receptor activator of NFkappaB: New insights in the prostate cancer bone metastasis process. Bone. 2007;40:981-990.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bone.2006.11.006

  110. 110.

    Schulze J., Albers J., Baranowsky A., Keller J., Spiro A., Streichert T., Zustin J., Amling M., Schinke T. Osteolytic prostate cancer cells induce the expression of specific cytokines in bone-forming osteoblasts through a Stat3/5-dependent mechanism. Bone. 2010;46:524-533.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bone.2009.09.024

  111. 111.

    Roudier M.P., Morrissey C., True L.D., Higano C.S., Vessella R.L., Ott S.M. Histopathological assessment of prostate cancer bone osteoblastic metastases. J. Urol. 2008;180:1154-1160.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.140

  112. 112.

    Joseph J., Shiozawa Y., Jung Y., Kim J.K., Pedersen E., Mishra A., Zalucha J.L., Wang J., Keller E.T., Pienta K.J., et al. Disseminated prostate cancer cells can instruct hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to regulate bone phenotype. Mol. Cancer Res. 2012;10:282-292.

    Not in our library10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0404

  113. 113.

    Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 2011;144:646-674.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013

  114. 114.

    Rebe C., Vegran F., Berger H., Ghiringhelli F. STAT3 activation: A key factor in tumor immunoescape. JAKSTAT. 2013;2:e23010.

    Not in our library10.4161/jkst.23010

  115. 115.

    Shui J.W., Kronenberg M. HVEM: An unusual TNF receptor family member important for mucosal innate immune responses to microbes. Gut Microbes. 2013;4:146-151.

    Not in our library10.4161/gmic.23443

  116. 116.

    Matta B.M., Raimondi G., Rosborough B.R., Sumpter T.L., Thomson A.W. IL-27 production and STAT3-dependent upregulation of B7-H1 mediate immune regulatory functions of liver plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 2012;188:5227-5237.

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.1103382

  117. 117.

    Wolfle S.J., Strebovsky J., Bartz H., Sahr A., Arnold C., Kaiser C., Dalpke A.H., Heeg K. PD-L1 expression on tolerogenic APCs is controlled by STAT-3. Eur. J. Immunol. 2011;41:413-424.

    Not in our library10.1002/eji.201040979

  118. 118.

    Jiang X., Zhou J., Giobbie-Hurder A., Wargo J., Hodi F.S. The activation of MAPK in melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibition promotes PD-L1 expression that is reversible by MEK and PI3K inhibition. Clin. Cancer Res. 2013;19:598-609.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2731

  119. 119.
    Class I Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Entinostat Suppresses Regulatory T Cells and Enhances Immunotherapies in Renal and Prostate Cancer Models · 2012
    No notice
  120. 120.
    The role of IL-6 in the radiation response of prostate cancer · 2013
    No notice
  121. 121.

    Fang L.Y., Izumi K., Lai K.P., Liang L., Li L., Miyamoto H., Lin W.J., Chang C. Infiltrating macrophages promote prostate tumorigenesis via modulating androgen receptor-mediated CCL4-STAT3 signaling. Cancer Res. 2013;73:5633-5646.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3228

  122. 122.

    Lin T.H., Izumi K., Lee S.O., Lin W.J., Yeh S., Chang C. Anti-androgen receptor ASC-J9 versus anti-androgens MDV3100 (Enzalutamide) or Casodex (Bicalutamide) leads to opposite effects on prostate cancer metastasis via differential modulation of macrophage infiltration and STAT3-CCL2 signaling. Cell. Death Dis. 2013;4:e764.

    Not in our library10.1038/cddis.2013.270

  123. 123.

    Ammirante M., Luo J.L., Grivennikov S., Nedospasov S., Karin M. B-cell-derived lymphotoxin promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature. 2010;464:302-305.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature08782

  124. 124.

    Smith P.C., Keller E.T. Anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody induces regression of human prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice. Prostate. 2001;48:47-53.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.1080

  125. 125.

    Wallner L., Dai J., Escara-Wilke J., Zhang J., Yao Z., Lu Y., Trikha M., Nemeth J.A., Zaki M.H., Keller E.T. Inhibition of interleukin-6 with CNTO328, an anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody, inhibits conversion of androgen-dependent prostate cancer to an androgen-independent phenotype in orchiectomized mice. Cancer Res. 2006;66:3087-3095.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3447

  126. 126.

    Hudes G., Tagawa S.T., Whang Y.E., Qi M., Qin X., Puchalski T.A., Reddy M., Cornfeld M., Eisenberger M. A phase 1 study of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, siltuximab, combined with docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Invest. New Drugs. 2013;31:669-676.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10637-012-9857-z

  127. 127.

    Fizazi K., de Bono J.S., Flechon A., Heidenreich A., Voog E., Davis N.B., Qi M., Bandekar R., Vermeulen J.T., Cornfeld M., et al. Randomised phase II study of siltuximab (CNTO 328), an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, in combination with mitoxantrone/prednisone versus mitoxantrone/prednisone alone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur. J. Cancer. 2012;48:85-93.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejca.2011.10.014

  128. 128.

    Scher H.I., Halabi S., Tannock I., Morris M., Sternberg C.N., Carducci M.A., Eisenberger M.A., Higano C.G., Bubley J., Dreicer R., et al. Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: Recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008;26:1148-1159.

    Not in our library10.1200/jco.2007.12.4487

  129. 129.

    Ischia J., Saad F., Gleave M. The promise of heat shock protein inhibitors in the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer. Curr. Opin. Urol. 2013;23:194-200.

    Not in our library10.1097/mou.0b013e32835e9f1a

  130. 130.

    Rocchi P., Beraldi E., Ettinger S., Fazli L., Vessella R.L., Nelson C., Gleave M. Increased Hsp27 after androgen ablation facilitates androgen-independent progression in prostate cancer via signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-mediated suppression of apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2005;65:11083-11093.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1840

  131. 131.

    Nakamura K., Yasunaga Y., Segawa T., Ko D., Moul J.W., Srivastava S., Rhim J.S. Curcumin down-regulates AR gene expression and activation in prostate cancer cell lines. Int. J. Oncol. 2002;21:825-830.

    Not in our library

  132. 132.

    Guo H., Xu Y.M., Ye Z.Q., Yu J.H., Hu X.Y. Curcumin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by regulating the expression of IkappaBalpha, c-Jun and androgen receptor. Pharmazie. 2013;68:431-434.

    Not in our library

  133. 133.
    Curcumin Blocks Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Migration, Invasion, Angiogenesis, Cell Cycle and Neoplasia through Janus Kinase-STAT3 Signalling Pathway · 2012
    No notice
  134. 134.

    Singh S.V., Zeng Y., Xiao D., Vogel V.G., Nelson J.B., Dhir R., Tripathi Y.B. Caspase-dependent apoptosis induction by guggulsterone, a constituent of Ayurvedic medicinal plant Commiphora mukul, in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells is mediated by Bax and Bak. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2005;4:1747-1754.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0223

  135. 135.

    Bromberg J.F., Wrzeszczynska M.H., Devgan G., Zhao Y., Pestell R.G., Albanese C., Darnell J.E. STAT3 as an oncogene. Cell. 1999;98:295-303.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81959-5

  136. 136.

    Han Y., Amin H.M., Franko B., Frantz C., Shi X., Lai R. Loss of SHP1 enhances JAK3/STAT3 signaling and decreases proteosome degradation of JAK3 and NPM-ALK in ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2006;108:2796-2803.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2006-04-017434

  137. 137.

    Diaz-Laviada I. Effect of capsaicin on prostate cancer cells. Future Oncol. 2010;6:1545-1550.

    Not in our library10.2217/fon.10.117

  138. 138.

    Lee H.K., Seo I.A., Shin Y.K., Park J.W., Suh D.J., Park H.T. Capsaicin inhibits the IL-6/STAT3 pathway by depleting intracellular gp130 pools through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009;382:445-450.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.046

  139. 139.

    Shao L., Zhou Z., Cai Y., Castro P., Dakhov O., Shi P., Bai Y., Ji H., Shen W., Wang J. Celastrol suppresses tumor cell growth through targeting an AR-ERG-NF-κB pathway in TMPRSS2/ERG fusion gene expressing prostate cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8:e58391.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0058391

  140. 140.

    Rajendran P., Li F., Shanmugam M.K., Kannaiyan R., Goh J.N., Wong K.F., Wang W., Khin E., Tergaonkar V., Kumar A.P., et al. Celastrol suppresses growth and induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma through the modulation of STAT3/JAK2 signaling cascade in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Prev. Res. 2012;5:631-643.

    Not in our library10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0420

  141. 141.

    Sanderson J.T., Clabault H., Patton C., Lassalle-Claux G., Jean-Francois J., Pare A.F., Hebert M.J., Surette M.E., Touaibia M. Antiproliferative, antiandrogenic and cytotoxic effects of novel caffeic acid derivatives in LNCaP human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013;21:7182-7193.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.057

  142. 142.

    Ozturk G., Ginis Z., Akyol S., Erden G., Gurel A., Akyol O. The anticancer mechanism of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): Review of melanomas, lung and prostate cancers. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2012;16:2064-2068.

    Not in our library

  143. 143.

    Lin C.L., Chen R.F., Chen J.Y., Chu Y.C., Wang H.M., Chou H.L., Chang W.C., Fong Y., Chang W.T., Wu C.Y., et al. Protective effect of caffeic acid on paclitaxel induced anti-proliferation and apoptosis of lung cancer cells involves NF-κB pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012;13:6236-6245.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms13056236

  144. 144.

    Duncan K.L., Duncan M.D., Alley M.C., Sausville E.A. Cucurbitacin E-induced disruption of the actin and vimentin cytoskeleton in prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996;52:1553-1560.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00557-6

  145. 145.

    Liu T., Peng H., Zhang M., Deng Y., Wu Z. Cucurbitacin B, a small molecule inhibitor of the Stat3 signaling pathway, enhances the chemosensitivity of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells to cisplatin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010;641:15-22.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.062

  146. 146.

    Xu D., Lin T.H., Li S., Da J., Wen X.Q., Ding J., Chang C., Yeh S. Cryptotanshinone suppresses androgen receptor-mediated growth in androgen dependent and castration resistant prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2012;316:11-22.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.006

  147. 147.

    Shin D.S., Kim H.N., Shin K.D., Yoon Y.J., Kim S.J., Han D.C., Kwon B.M. Cryptotanshinone inhibits constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 function through blocking the dimerization in DU145 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2009;69:193-202.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2575

  148. 148.

    Heath E.I., Heilbrun L.K., Li J., Vaishampayan U., Harper F., Pemberton P., Sarkar F.H. A phase I dose-escalation study of oral BR-DIM (BioResponse 3,3'- Diindolylmethane) in castrate-resistant, non-metastatic prostate cancer. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2010;2:402-411.

    Not in our library

  149. 149.

    Abdelbaqi K., Lack N., Guns E.T., Kotha L., Safe S., Sanderson J.T. Antiandrogenic and growth inhibitory effects of ring-substituted analogs of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (ring-DIMs) in hormone-responsive LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2011;71:1401-1412.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.21356

  150. 150.

    Li Y., Kong D., Wang Z., Ahmad A., Bao B., Padhye S., Sarkar F.H. Inactivation of AR/TMPRSS2-ERG/Wnt signaling networks attenuates the aggressive behavior of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Prev. Res. 2011;4:1495-1506.

    Not in our library10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0077

  151. 151.

    Goldberg A.A., Titorenko V.I., Beach A., Abdelbaqi K., Safe S., Sanderson J.T. Ring-substituted analogs of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) induce apoptosis and necrosis in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells. Invest. New Drugs. 2014;32:25-36.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10637-013-9979-y

  152. 152.

    Wong C.P., Hsu A., Buchanan A., Palomera-Sanchez Z., Beaver L.M., Houseman E.A., Williams D.E., Dashwood R.H., Ho E. Effects of sulforaphane and 3,3'-diindolylmethane on genome-wide promoter methylation in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells. PLoS One. 2014;9:e86787.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0086787

  153. 153.

    Kandala P.K., Srivastava S.K. Regulation of Janus-activated kinase-2 (JAK2) by diindolylmethane in ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Drug Discov. Ther. 2012;6:94-101.

    Not in our library

  154. 154.

    Liu K., Park C., Li S., Lee K.W., Liu H., He L., Soung N.K., Ahn J.S., Bode A.M., Dong Z., et al. Aloe-emodin suppresses prostate cancer by targeting the mTOR complex 2. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33:1406-1411.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/bgs156

  155. 155.

    Cha T.L., Qiu L., Chen C.T., Wen Y., Hung M.C. Emodin down-regulates androgen receptor and inhibits prostate cancer cell growth. Cancer Res. 2005;65:2287-2295.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3250

  156. 156.

    Muto A., Hori M., Sasaki Y., Saitoh A., Yasuda I., Maekawa T., Uchida T., Asakura K., Nakazato T., Kaneda T., et al. Emodin has a cytotoxic activity against human multiple myeloma as a Janus-activated kinase 2 inhibitor. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2007;6:987-994.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0605

  157. 157.

    Maluf F.C., Smaletz O., Herchenhorn D. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: Systemic therapy in 2012. Clinics. 2012;67:389-394.

    Not in our library10.6061/clinics/2012(04)13

  158. 158.

    Walker S.R., Chaudhury M., Nelson E.A., Frank D.A. Microtubule-targeted chemotherapeutic agents inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Mol. Pharmacol. 2010;78:903-908.

    Not in our library10.1124/mol.110.066316

  159. 159.

    Kan S.F., Huang W.J., Lin L.C., Wang P.S. Inhibitory effects of evodiamine on the growth of human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Int. J. Cancer. 2004;110:641-651.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.20138

  160. 160.

    Huang D.M., Cai X., Lu W., Hu C., Xu X., Yu Q., Cao P. Induction of mitotic arrest and apoptosis in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells by evodiamine. J. Urol. 2005;173:256-261.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.ju.0000141587.72429.e3

  161. 161.

    Yang J., Renaud M., Sanderson J.T. Evodiamine inhibits STAT3 signaling by inducing phosphatase shatterproof 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2013;328:243-251.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.019

  162. 162.

    Nam S., Buettner R., Turkson J., Kim D., Cheng J.Q., Muehlbeyer S., Hippe F., Vatter S., Merz K.H., Eisenbrand G., et al. Indirubin derivatives inhibit STAT3 signaling and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005;102:5998-6003.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0409467102

  163. 163.

    Rivest P., Renaud M., Sanderson J.T. Proliferative and androgenic effects of indirubin derivatives in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells at sub-apoptotic concentrations. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2011;189:177-185.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2010.11.008

  164. 164.

    Zhang X., Sun Y., Pireddu R., Yang H., Urlam M.K., Lawrence H.R., Guida W.C., Lawrence N.J., Sebti S.M. A novel inhibitor of STAT3 homodimerization selectively suppresses STAT3 activity and malignant transformation. Cancer Res. 2013;73:1922-1933.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3175

  165. 165.

    Schust J., Sperl B., Hollis A., Mayer T.U., Berg T. Stattic: A small-molecule inhibitor of STAT3 activation and dimerization. Chem. Biol. 2006;13:1235-1242.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.018

  166. 166.

    Bhasin D., Cisek K., Pandharkar T., Regan N., Li C., Pandit B., Lin J., Li P.K. Design, synthesis, and studies of small molecule STAT3 inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008;18:391-395.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.031

  167. 167.

    Song H., Wang R., Wang S., Lin J. A low-molecular-weight compound discovered through virtual database screening inhibits STAT3 function in breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005;102:4700-4705.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0409894102

  168. 168.

    Siddiquee K., Zhang S., Guida W.C., Blaskovich M.A., Greedy B., Lawrence H.R., Yip M.L., Jove R., McLaughlin M.M., Lawrence N.J., et al. Selective chemical probe inhibitor of STAT3, identified through structure-based virtual screening, induces antitumor activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007;104:7391-7396.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0609757104

  169. 169.

    Zhang X., Yue P., Page B.D., Li T., Zhao W., Namanja A.T., Paladino D., Zhao J., Chen Y., Gunning P.T., et al. Orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of transcription factor STAT3 regresses human breast and lung cancer xenografts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012;109:9623-9628.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1121606109

  170. 170.

    Lin L., Hutzen B., Li P.K., Ball S., Zuo M., DeAngelis S., Foust E., Sobo M., Friedman L., Bhasin D., et al. A novel small molecule, LLL12, inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation and activities and exhibits potent growth-suppressive activity in human cancer cells. Neoplasia. 2010;12:39-50.

    Not in our library10.1593/neo.91196

  171. 171.

    Moreira D. The effect of selective JAK2 inhibitor SAR302503 on tumorigenic STAT3 signaling in human prostate cancer in vivo. Proceedings of the 2014 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium.

    Not in our library

  172. 172.

    Kesarwani M., Huber E., Azam M. Overcoming AC220 resistance of FLT3-ITD by SAR302503. Blood Cancer J. 2013;3:e138.

    Not in our library10.1038/bcj.2013.40

  173. 173.

    Lipka D.B., Hoffmann L.S., Heidel F., Markova B., Blum M.C., Breitenbuecher F., Kasper S., Kindler T., Levine R.L., Huber C., et al. LS104, a non-ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2, is potently inducing apoptosis in JAK2V617F-positive cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2008;7:1176-1184.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2215

  174. 174.

    Jacob G. Safety and efficacy of atiprimod treatment for patients with low to intermediate grade neuroendocrine carcinoma.

    Not in our library

  175. 175.

    Amit-Vazina M., Shishodia S., Harris D., Van Q., Wang M., Weber D., Alexanian R., Talpaz M., Aggarwal B.B., Estrov Z. Atiprimod blocks STAT3 phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Br. J. Cancer. 2005;93:70-80.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.bjc.6602637

  176. 176.

    Faderl S., Shishodia S., Harris D., Van Q., Wang M., Weber D., Alexanian R., Talpaz M., Aggarwal B.B., Estrov Z. Atiprimod blocks phosphorylation of JAK-STAT and inhibits proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Leuk Res. 2007;31:91-95.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.leukres.2006.05.027

  177. 177.

    Quintas-Cardama A., Manshouri T., Estrov Z., Harris D., Zhang Y., Gaikwad A., Kantarjian H.M., Verstovsek S. Preclinical characterization of atiprimod, a novel JAK2 AND JAK3 inhibitor. Invest. New Drugs. 2011;29:818-826.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10637-010-9429-z

  178. 178.

    Corporation I. Study of ruxolitinib (INCB018424) administered orally to patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate cancer.

    Not in our library

  179. 179.

    Kohler J., Erlenkamp G., Eberlin A., Rumpf T., Slynko I., Metzger E., Schule R., Sippl W., Jung M. Lestaurtinib inhibits histone phosphorylation and androgen-dependent gene expression in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One. 2012;7:e34973.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0034973

  180. 180.
    Lestaurtinib inhibition of the Jak/STAT signaling pathway in hodgkin lymphoma inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis. · 2011
    Not checked
  181. 181.

    Migita K., Miyashita T., Izumi Y., Koga T., Komori A., Maeda Y., Jiuchi Y., Aiba Y., Yamasaki S., Kawakami A., et al. Inhibitory effects of the JAK inhibitor CP690,550 on human CD4+ T lymphocyte cytokine production. BMC Immunol. 2011;12.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2172-12-51

  182. 182.

    Monaghan K.A., Khong T., Burns C.J., Spencer A. The novel JAK inhibitor CYT387 suppresses multiple signalling pathways, prevents proliferation and induces apoptosis in phenotypically diverse myeloma cells. Leukemia. 2011;25:1891-1899.

    Not in our library10.1038/leu.2011.175

  183. 183.

    Hart S., Goh K.C., Novotny-Diermayr V., Tan Y.C., Madan B., Amalini C., Ong L.C., Kheng B., Cheong A., Zhou J., et al. Pacritinib (SB1518), a JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J. 2011;1:e44.

    Not in our library10.1038/bcj.2011.43

  184. 184.

    Shore N., Mason M., de Reijke T.M. New developments in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2012;109:22-32.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11217.x

  185. 185.

    Yang F., Brown C., Buettner R., Hedvat M., Starr R., Scuto A., Schroeder A., Jensen M., Jove R. Sorafenib induces growth arrest and apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells through the dephosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2010;9:953-962.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0947

  186. 186.

    Hedvat M., Huszar D., Herrmann A., Gozgit J.M., Schroeder A., Sheehy A., Buettner R., Proia D., Kowolik C.M., Xin H., et al. The JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480 potently blocks STAT3 signaling and oncogenesis in solid tumors. Cancer Cell. 2009;16:487-497.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.015

  187. 187.

    Gu L., Liao Z., Hoang D.T., Dagvadorj A., Gupta S., Blackmon S., Ellsworth E., Talati P., Leiby B., Zinda M., et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of JAK2-STAT5 signaling By JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480 potently suppresses growth of both primary and castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2013;19:5658-5674.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0422

  188. 188.

    Kim N.H., Park H.J., Oh M.K., Kim I.S. Antiproliferative effect of gold(I) compound auranofin through inhibition of STAT3 and telomerase activity in MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells. BMB Rep. 2013;46:59-64.

    Not in our library10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.1.123

  189. 189.

    Kim N.H., Lee M.Y., Park S.J., Choi J.S., Oh M.K., Kim I.S. Auranofin blocks interleukin-6 signalling by inhibiting phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT3. Immunology. 2007;122:607-614.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02679.x

  190. 190.

    Barton B.E., Karras J.G., Murphy T.F., Barton A., Huang H.F. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in prostate cancer: Direct STAT3 inhibition induces apoptosis in prostate cancer lines. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2004;3:11-20.

    Not in our library10.1186/1476-4598-3-11

  191. 191.

    Nielsen M., Kaltoft K., Nordahl M., Ropke C., Geisler C., Mustelin T., Dobson P., Svejgaard A., Odum N. Constitutive activation of a slowly migrating isoform of Stat3 in mycosis fungoides: Tyrphostin AG490 inhibits STAT3 activation and growth of mycosis fungoides tumor cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1997;94:6764-6769.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.94.13.6764

  192. 192.

    Kurosaka M., Machida S. Interleukin-6-induced satellite cell proliferation is regulated by inductionof the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway through cyclin D1 targeting. Cell Prolif. 2013;46:365-373.

    Not in our library10.1111/cpr.12045

  193. 193.

    Liu A., Liu Y., Xu Z., Yu W., Wang H., Li C., Lin J. Novel small molecule, XZH-5, inhibits constitutive and interleukin-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cancer Sci. 2011;102:1381-1387.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01932.x

  194. 194.

    Liu A., Liu Y., Jin Z., Hu Q., Lin L., Jou D., Yang J., Xu Z., Wang H., Li C., et al. XZH-5 inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation and enhances the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs in human breast and pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One. 2012;7:e46624.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0046624

  195. 195.

    Lin L., Hutzen B., Zuo M., Ball S., Deangelis S., Foust E., Pandit B., Ihnat M.A., Shenoy S.S., Kulp S., et al. Novel STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitors exhibit potent growth-suppressive activity in pancreatic and breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2010;70:2445-2454.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2468

  196. 196.

    Purandare A.V., McDevitt T.M., Wan H., You D., Penhallow B., Han X., Vuppugalla R., Zhang Y., Ruepp S.U., Trainor G.L., et al. Characterization of BMS-911543, a functionally selective small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2. Leukemia. 2012;26:280-288.

    Not in our library10.1038/leu.2011.292

  197. 197.
    Dysregulation of JAK-STAT pathway in hematological malignancies and JAK inhibitors for clinical application · 2013
    No notice
  198. 198.

    Stump K.L., Lu L.D., Dobrzanski P., Serdikoff C., Gingrich D.E., Dugan B.J., Angeles T.S., Albom M.S., Ator M.A., Dorsey B.D., et al. A highly selective, orally active inhibitor of Janus kinase 2, CEP-33779, ablates disease in two mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2011;13:R68.

    Not in our library10.1186/ar3329

  199. 199.

    Seavey M.M., Lu L.D., Stump K.L., Wallace N.H., Hockeimer W., O’Kane T.M., Ruggeri B.A., Dobrzanski P. Therapeutic efficacy of CEP-33779, a novel selective JAK2 inhibitor, in a mouse model of colitis-induced colorectal cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2012;11:984-993.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0951

  200. 200.

    Dugan B.J., Gingrich D.E., Mesaros E.F., Milkiewicz K.L., Curry M.A., Zulli A.L., Dobrzanski P., Serdikoff C., Jan M., Angeles T.S., et al. A selective, orally bioavailable 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-based inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 for use in anticancer therapy: Discovery of CEP-33779. J. Med. Chem. 2012;55:5243-5254.

    Not in our library10.1021/jm300248q

  201. 201.

    Ul-Haq Z., Iqbal S., Moin S.T. Dynamic changes in the secondary structure of ECE-1 and XCE account for their different substrate specificities. BMC Bioinforma. 2012;13.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2105-13-285

  202. 202.

    Shide K., Kameda T., Markovtsov V., Shimoda H.K., Tonkin E., Fang S., Liu C., Gelman M., Lang W., Romero J., et al. R723, a selective JAK2 inhibitor, effectively treats JAK2V617F-induced murine myeloproliferative neoplasm. Blood. 2011;117:6866-6875.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2010-01-262535

  203. 203.

    Borsellino N., Bonavida B., Ciliberto G., Toniatti C., Travali S., D’Alessandro N. Blocking signaling through the Gp130 receptor chain by interleukin-6 and oncostatin M inhibits PC-3 cell growth and sensitizes the tumor cells to etoposide and cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer. 1999;85:134-144.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990101)85:1<134::aid-cncr19>3.0.co;2-c

  204. 204.

    Chatterjee M., Honemann D., Lentzsch S., Bommert K., Sers C., Herrmann P., Mathas S., Dorken B., Bargou R.C. In the presence of bone marrow stromal cells human multiple myeloma cells become independent of the IL-6/gp130/STAT3 pathway. Blood. 2002;100:3311-3318.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2002-01-0102

  205. 205.

    Oguro T., Ishibashi K., Sugino T., Hashimoto K., Tomita S., Takahashi N., Yanagida T., Haga N., Aikawa K., Suzutani T., et al. Humanised antihuman IL-6R antibody with interferon inhibits renal cell carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo through suppressed SOCS3 expression. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013;49:1715-1724.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.038

  206. 206.

    Song L., Rawal B., Nemeth J.A., Haura E.B. JAK1 activates STAT3 activity in non-small-cell lung cancer cells and IL-6 neutralizing antibodies can suppress JAK1-STAT3 signaling. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2011;10:481-494.

    Not in our library10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0502

  207. 207.

    Matos C.S., de Carvalho A.L., Lopes R.P., Marques M.P. New strategies against prostate cancer—Pt(II)-based chemotherapy. Curr. Med. Chem. 2012;19:4678-4687.

    Not in our library10.2174/092986712803306394

  208. 208.

    Zhao M., Jiang B., Gao F.H. Small molecule inhibitors of STAT3 for cancer therapy. Curr. Med. Chem. 2011;18:4012-4018.

    Not in our library10.2174/092986711796957284

  209. 209.

    Turkson J., Zhang S., Palmer J., Kay H., Stanko J., Mora L.B., Sebti S., Yu H., Jove R. Inhibition of constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation by novel platinum complexes with potent antitumor activity. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2004;3:1533-1542.

    Not in our library

  210. 210.
    A STAT3-inhibitory hairpin decoy oligodeoxynucleotide discriminates between STAT1 and STAT3 and induces death in a human colon carcinoma cell line · 2012
    Not checked
  211. 211.

    Sen M., Thomas S.M., Kim S., Yeh J.I., Ferris R.L., Johnson J.T., Duvvuri U., Lee J., Sahu N., Joyce S., et al. First-in-human trial of a STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide in head and neck tumors: Implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Discov. 2012;2:694-705.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0191

  212. 212.

    Jing N., Thomas S.M., Kim S., Yeh J.I., Ferris R.L., Johnson J.T., Duvvuri U., Lee J., Sahu N., Joyce S. G-quartet oligonucleotides: A new class of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitors that suppresses growth of prostate and breast tumors through induction of apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2004;64:6603-6609.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-4041

  213. 213.

    Jing N., Li Y., Xu X., Sha W., Li P., Feng L., Tweardy D.J. Targeting Stat3 with G-quartet oligodeoxynucleotides in human cancer cells. DNA Cell. Biol. 2003;22:685-696.

    Not in our library10.1089/104454903770946665

  214. 214.

    Liang Z.W., Guo B.F., Li Y., Li X.J., Li X., Zhao L.J., Gao L.F., Yu H., Zhao X.J., Zhang L., et al. Plasmid-based Stat3 siRNA delivered by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles suppresses mouse prostate tumour growth in vivo. Asian J. Androl. 2011;13:481-486.

    Not in our library10.1038/aja.2010.167

  215. 215.

    Lee S.O., Lou W., Qureshi K.M., Mehraein-Ghomi F., Trump D.L., Gao A.C. RNA interference targeting STAT3 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2004;60:303-309.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.20072

  216. 216.

    Konnikova L., Kotecki M., Kruger M.M., Cochran B.H. Knockdown of STAT3 expression by RNAi induces apoptosis in astrocytoma cells. BMC Cancer. 2003;3:e23.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2407-3-23

  217. 217.

    Hossain D.M., dos Santos C., Zhang Q., Kozlowska A., Liu H., Gao C., Moreira D., Swiderski P., Jozwiak A., Kline J., et al. Leukemia cell-targeted STAT3 silencing and TLR9 triggering generate systemic antitumor immunity. Blood. 2014;123:15-25.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2013-07-517987

  218. 218.

    Zhang Q., Hossain D.M., Nechaev S., Kozlowska A., Zhang W., Liu Y., Kowolik C.M., Swiderski P., Rossi J.J., Forman S., et al. TLR9-mediated siRNA delivery for targeting of normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells in vivo. Blood. 2013;121:1304-1315.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2012-07-442590

  219. 219.

    Antonarakis E.S., Drake C.G. Combining immunological and androgen-directed approaches: An emerging concept in prostate cancer immunotherapy. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2012;24:258-265.

    Not in our library10.1097/cco.0b013e32835205a0

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