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Noncoding RNAs in Extracellular Fluids as Cancer Biomarkers: The New Frontier of Liquid Biopsies

Barbara Pardini, Alexandru Anton Sabo, Giovanni Birolo and 1 more

Cancers · 2019 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/cancers11081170

Abstract

The last two decades of cancer research have been devoted in two directions: (1) understanding the mechanism of carcinogenesis for an effective treatment, and (2) improving cancer prevention and screening for early detection of the disease. This last aspect has been developed, especially for certain types of cancers, thanks also to the introduction of new concepts such as liquid biopsies and precision medicine. In this context, there is a growing interest in the application of alternative and noninvasive methodologies to search for cancer biomarkers. The new frontiers of the research lead to a search for RNA molecules circulating in body fluids. Searching for biomarkers in extracellular body fluids represents a better option for patients because they are easier to access, less painful, and potentially more economical. Moreover, the possibility for these types of samples to be taken repeatedly, allows a better monitoring of the disease progression or treatment efficacy for a better intervention and dynamic treatment of the patient, which is the fundamental basis of personalized medicine. RNA molecules, freely circulating in body fluids or packed in microvesicles, have all the characteristics of the ideal biomarkers owing to their high stability under storage and handling conditions and being able to be sampled several times for monitoring. Moreover, as demonstrated for many cancers, their plasma/serum levels mirror those in the primary tumor. There are a large variety of RNA species noncoding for proteins that could be used as cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsies. Among them, the most studied are microRNAs, but recently the attention of the researcher has been also directed towards Piwi-interacting RNAs, circular RNAs, and other small noncoding RNAs. Another class of RNA species, the long noncoding RNAs, is larger than microRNAs and represents a very versatile and promising group of molecules which, apart from their use as biomarkers, have also a possible therapeutic role. In this review, we will give an overview of the most common noncoding RNA species detectable in extracellular fluids and will provide an update concerning the situation of the research on these molecules as cancer biomarkers.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 22, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

In oncology, a biomarker is defined as a measurable alteration in a sample that is associated with cancer condition or that could have a predictive or prognostic value. In the era of precision medicine, high sensitivity and specificity are essential characteristics for a good biomarker, especially if it is meant to be used for detecting early cancer stages. Highly predictive biomarkers are not only useful for screening and for a better diagnosis, but mostly they could serve as a starting point to understand the biological pathways and regulatory mechanisms involved in the pathology and could serve as a potential target for drugs.

An effective management of cancer could be reached with effective cancer screening programs, an early diagnosis, an efficient classification of the prognosis, but also with a good plan for monitoring disease progression and efficacy of the therapy. Besides the recent advances in the molecular biology, the histological examination of biopsy tissues remains the gold standard for the majority of cancer diagnoses. However, biopsies are unpleasant and risky for the patients, as well as expensive and time-consuming. In addition, they are difficult to perform and require a certain expertise of the pathologists. Consequently, there is a large interest in the application of alternative methodologies to search for noninvasive cancer biomarkers. Noninvasive biomarkers, and in particular circulating nucleic acids, represent a better option for patients because they are easier to be sampled, less painful, and potentially more economical. When comparing solid with liquid biopsies, a series of other advantages of the latter must be mentioned. Firstly, liquid biopsies can be used in the early detection of cancer, before radiologic and imaging events have detected the presence of a tumor (which can be assessed by traditional biopsy). Secondly, especially when considering histologically heterogeneous tumors, liquid biopsies may better characterize the tumor as a whole, while classic biopsies, analyzing only specific fragments, might miss some of the molecular characteristics. Thirdly, the possibility with liquid biopsies of repeated sampling permits a better and more dynamic disease progression monitoring and modulation of treatment. Liquid biopsies can be potentially applied in tracking tumor clonal evolution over time, testing for tumor resistance mechanisms, assessing treatment response, and detecting minimal residual disease, elements which constitute the fundamental basis of personalized medicine. Lastly, in the patient follow-up, liquid biopsies can be used as a convenient tool in the early detection of recurrence (Figure 1).

Biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA are potentially optimal candidates as biomarkers, and can be isolated from several biological materials. In the last years, great attention has been dedicated to the detection of such biomarkers in body fluids. Among these molecules of interest, RNA is most probably the best candidate. In fact, compared with protein biomarkers, RNA detection presents higher sensitivity and specificity, and the analyses are less expensive. On the other hand, compared with DNA, RNA biomarkers provide better dynamic insights of cell regulation and states. Moreover, some specific RNAs (such as circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs)) are stable in the majority of body fluids (Figure 1).

However, not all of the aforementioned advantages of liquid biopsies are available for RNA-based analyses. For example, the tracking of clonal events through liquid biopsies is rather possible through circulating DNA (ctDNA) or circulating tumor cells (CTC), while cell-free RNA (cfRNA) cannot be used for this purpose. Moreover, since these molecules are a reflection of biological processes throughout the body, other concurrent biological events (e.g., sepsis) are known to majorly influence the circulating RNA expression profiles and may interfere with the oncologic theranostic process. Even so, under these circumstances, RNA-based analytics have non-neglectable advantages and therapeutic applications, which will be further described in this review.

Mammalian genomes are highly transcribed, and the majority of the transcripts do not code for proteins. Once excluded messenger RNAs (mRNAs), the remainder of the transcriptome contains vast classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are functional elements not comprehensively studied yet. The cellular repertoire of ncRNAs includes: miRNAs, circRNAs, small housekeeping RNAs such as ribosomal (rRNAs) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). miRNAs, the most studied small ncRNAs, account for less than 2% of the total ncRNAs; much remains to be discovered for the remaining noncoding transcriptome.

The majority of ncRNAs have regulatory functions: they could be transcribed constantly together with coding RNAs, or they could be the results of environmental stimulation as a response to certain specific situations. Interestingly, hypoxia has been shown to induce the transcription of genetic regions that are not transcribed in nonhypoxic settings, generating the hypoxia-induced noncoding ultraconserved transcripts, also called HINCUTs, which are implicated in the oncogenic process. Most probably, not all the ncRNAs are functional; however, most of them, other than miRNAs could be essential for both physiological function and development, as well as playing a fundamental role in disease such as cancer.

With the development and affirmation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, the identification and quantification of various types of RNAs have become much easier and more powerful. For example, with NGS it has been possible to detect a large amount of new Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) or discover new genomic elements such as Pyknons (“peak-non-s”), a class of short DNA sequence motifs that can be also contained in lncRNAs. NGS enables, in fact, not only to detect novel transcripts but also to detect with great accuracy nucleic acids in samples like plasma, urine, and other body fluids and extracellular matrices in which the amount of such species is very low. These technological advances have revolutionized ncRNAs discovery.

In the present review, we focused on the emerging potential of ncRNAs as cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsies.

2. The Circulating Transcriptome

cfRNAs were discovered in 1999 with the description of Epstein–Barr virus RNA in the plasma of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. This was followed by the discovery of free-circulating mRNAs in melanoma patients’ serum. With few exceptions, the large majority of cfRNAs are degraded by RNAse activity in blood. However, a great improvement in the field has been reached with the discovery of cell-free miRNAs in the blood of cancer patients. In contrast to long molecules of RNA species (i.e., mRNA), circulating miRNAs are highly stable: they are resistant to degradation at room temperature for up to 4 days and in deleterious conditions such as boiling, stable after multiple freeze–thaw cycles, and insensitive to high or low pH. The high potentialities of miRNAs as cancer biomarkers have generated an increased interest in these molecules. Finally, the advent of more powerful and available NGS technologies (RNA-seq) has enlarged the interest also to other ncRNAs that could be present in body fluids (for example lncRNAs and other small ncRNAs), either as free-circulating molecules or packed into microvesicles such as exosomes (Figure 1).

Considering technological advances from recent years, heterogeneity in pre-analytical and analytical steps is still present across published studies. This heterogeneity largely affects the reported results. For example, there are several available techniques for exosome purification (ultracentrifugation, separation by specific solutions like Exoquick, etc.), and isolating specifically tumor-derived exosomes would be desirable, although practical and technical hindrances still exist. Likewise, nucleic acids isolation through different commercially available kits, quantification methods, and a number of methodologies for expression levels assessment (ranging from microarray and RT-qPCR to NGS) all account for heterogeneity and pose technological challenges to researchers. For more information on technical aspect, pitfalls, and limitations please refer to Anfossi et al.. Also, for an up-to-date analysis on the extracellular vesicles please check Xu et al..

Besides the increased application to body fluids analyses of RNA-seq in the last years, most available publications are focused on miRNAs, while the research on cell-free ncRNAs other than miRNAs is a recent field of study. Huang and colleagues presented one of the first works on the whole circulating transcriptome, performed by RNA-seq on plasma extracellular vesicles from healthy subjects and cancer patients. The majority of the obtained reads were from miRNAs (about 40%), but there was also a good representation of rRNAs, lncRNAs, and piRNAs. The presence of a multitude of ncRNAs species in various body fluids able to characterize them, has been observed in various studies.

Few studies investigated the cell-free whole circulating transcriptome in search of cancer biomarkers and, in such cases, the proportion of ncRNA species was variable depending on the body fluids of origin but also on the nucleic acids detection method. The origin of cfRNAs is still an issue for the scientific community. Extracellular RNAs can be released in a passive way as a derivate of the cell activity and death, or can be actively secreted from cells, either associated with membrane-derived extracellular vesicles (such as exosomes and microparticles) or alternatively conjugated with proteins (lipoproteins, Argonaute 1 and 2 etc.).

Exosomes secreted from a malignant cell often reflect the molecular composition of the cell of origin. The loading of molecules into the exosomes is a selective process not completely clarified yet. In the specific case of cancer and tumor-reactive immune cells, exosomes and other microvesicles are released into the bloodstream or other body fluids to transfer specific paracrine or endocrine messages, to regulate and induce specific tumor functions such as growth, migration, anti-cancer drug resistance, and cell cycle control. Yu et al. found that exosomes from highly metastatic pancreatic cancer cells contained differentially expressed proteins involved in exosome-mediated intercellular communication. Tumor-derived exosomes carry specific molecular signatures that characterize different stages of tumor progression, with an interesting perspective to use these molecules as diagnostic and prognostic markers or even as therapeutic targets.

3. MiRNAs in Biological Fluids

miRNAs are endogenous small ncRNA molecules of 19–22 nucleotides of length that post-transcriptionally modulate the expression of protein-coding genes through binding to specific sequences on target genes. miRNAs pair with their target mRNAs with imperfect binding, therefore they can regulate hundreds of transcripts, at least potentially. miRNAs have a tissue-specific pattern of expression and often are expressed in an aberrant way in many diseases, including cancer. Interestingly, it has been shown in murine models that miRNA genes are located in genetic loci associated with cancer susceptibility. miRNAs have been detected in various extracellular body fluids such as plasma and serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, breast milk, urine, and ovarian follicular fluid.

The extracellular miRNAs can be delivered to target cells as free-circulating molecules (often associated with proteins, especially Argonaute 2) or loaded into vesicles such as exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies and behave with a hormone-like mechanism for intercellular communication, acting as autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine regulators to modulate cellular activities. In fact, they can regulate the activity of host cells, but, more interestingly, precursors and mature miRNAs in microvesicles could also be secreted and transferred to recipient cells where they are functionally active. Therefore, in the last years, hormone-like activities of long-distance circulating miRNAs have been recognized.

In Table 1, we report a selection of the most recent studies reporting miRNAs circulating in body fluids that have been detected as possible cancer biomarkers. The list may not be complete, as a large number of papers published in the last years investigated the role of miRNAs as biomarkers for specific cancer diagnosis. The studies listed here are the most recent available, but we invite readers to search for more details about specific cancers in more cancer-type-focused reviews.

The majority of the studies available were investigating serum, plasma, or vesicles derived from these specimens, but there are also some examples of miRNAs found altered in urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and stool (Table 1). One of the first described miRNA, and one of the most recurrently detected as a cancer biomarker is miR-21, implicated in a wide range of cancers ranging from the digestive to respiratory tract, hematological, gynecological, and brain malignancies. miR-21 is an oncomiR implicated in several signaling pathways, its upregulation resulting in inactivation of several tumor suppressors.

Being very abundant in serum and plasma samples, the let-7 family has been detected by multiple researchers in several types of cancers, such as hepatocellular cancer (HCC), gastric, colorectal, but also urologic—urinary bladder, prostate, pulmonary, breast, and ovary. Likewise, miR-155 has been also reported as dysregulated in serum/plasma samples in gastroenterology malignancies (esophageal, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers), pulmonary, breast, ovary, and additionally, hematologic malignancies (acute leukemia and lymphoma). Another miRNA detected in serum and plasma exosomes and found to be dysregulated in several cancers is miR-144.

Many miRNAs have been reported to be dysregulated and involved in several types of cancers, which makes sense when thinking of their general action as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Still, in the quest of identifying precise disease-specific biomarkers, the question of miRNA specificity has to be addressed. We compared those miRNAs reported as biomarkers in body fluids (Table 1) with the miRcancer database (https://mircancer.ecu.edu), that lists miRNAs dysregulated in cancer, mainly from tumor tissue samples. We reported which miRNAs were found to be dysregulated either in body fluids, tumor tissues, or both (B, T, and BT, respectively) in Supplementary Table S1A–C. The cross-matched table was generated in order to have an overview of the miRNA “specificity” in certain tumors or specimens. Few of the reported miRNAs were really specific to one single type of cancer. miR-21-5p, a known oncomiR, was the one implicated in the largest number (19) of tumors in both body fluids and tissues; miR-101-3p was the most frequently altered in tissues, only within 20 types of cancer, and miR-197-3p was the most implicated in body fluids, only within 5 cancer types. We found only a couple of miRNAs that were specific to a single cancer category (Table S1A,B). As an example, miR-127-3p was associated only with gynaecologic cancers (breast, ovarian and cervical) in body fluids (but also to other cancers in tissues). On the other hand, miR-1285-3p was associated only to urologic cancers: prostatic cancer in body fluids, and renal cell carcinoma in tissues (Table 1 and Table S1A–C). This observation is explainable by the fact that miRNAs are implicated in general oncogenic pathways (e.g., miR-21 and let-7 are implicated in the Ras and NF-kB pathways), and to some extent also in more specific pathways (e.g., the implication of miR-155 in the Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) genesis through interaction with SHIP1 and C/EBPβ pathways).

On the other hand, some miRNAs were specific to just one cancer type. For instance, 55 individual miRNAs were dysregulated only in one type of cancer in both body fluids and tissues, 214 in tissues and 239 in body fluids (Table S1B).

The highest number of miRNAs dysregulated in both body fluids and tumor tissues were in breast cancer, HCC, and chronic leukemia with respectively 51, 299, and 85 miRNAs in common (Table S1A,C). Some miRNAs resulted altered in a large number of cancers. As an example, miR-21-5p was a good biomarker in tissues and body fluids for leukemia, lymphoma, pancreatic, gastric, esophageal, colorectal, renal, breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers, but also for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and glioma. miR-17-5p, another known oncomiR, was altered in leukemia, lymphoma, esophageal, liver, pancreatic, gastric, colorectal, and breast cancer, as well as glioma and NSCLC (Table S1B,C).

Under these circumstances, understanding the implication of miRNAs in specific pathways and finding the most sensitive and specific ones is still challenging. Many studies have not focused on single miRNAs, but proposed specific cancer diagnostic panels and diagnostic trees with greater specificity and sensitivity compared with single miRNA. For example, we proposed a 3-miRNAs panel for bladder cancer diagnosis, while regarding brain cancers, several researchers described multiple miRNA panels useful in the glioma diagnosis, as recently reported by us. This trend also complies to the pragmatic needs of clinical medicine, where accurate, standardized tools are needed, not only for the diagnostic, but also for the prognostic and therapeutic management.

The number of studies covering miRNAs implicated in all cancers and detectable as biomarkers in body fluids is extremely high, also considering the increase of interest of researchers on these molecules in the last years. For a complete in-depth review investigating all the single studies of free-circulating and exosome miRNAs as cancer biomarkers, please refer to. For example, the role of exosomal miRNAs in body fluids for prostate cancer diagnosis has been investigated by many groups and recently reviewed by Valentino et al. and Fabris et al.. Likewise, the measurement of miRNAs derived from blood and cerebrospinal fluid in brain tumors has been recently covered by Petrescu et al.. For an extensive review of miRNAs involved in gastric cancer refer to Bhat et al.; regarding ovarian cancer, refer to the work of Giannopoulou et al., while several reviews are available on breast cancer, focusing on the complex milieu of miRNAs in liquid biopsies. Regarding haematologic malignancies, a recent review by Drokow et al. summarized the main miRNAs with potential use as diagnostic biomarkers. Concerning the general implication of miRNAs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), please refer to Liu et al.. Likewise, the complex implications of miRNAs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are reviewed by Mirzaei et al. and Ciccone et al., while for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), see Litwińska et al.. Finally, for more information about pediatric hematologic malignancies, please refer to Carvahlo de Oliveira et al..

4. PiRNAs in Biological Fluids

piRNAs are a class of 26–31 nucleotide small ncRNAs that is transcribed from genome intergenic regions with a Dicer-dependent mechanism. They are the largest known class of small ncRNAs and work in transposon silencing and in specific transcriptional regulation functions. For example, it has been demonstrated their role in embryonic development and spermatogenesis. piRNAs are 5-monophosphated and 2′-O-methyl, modified at the 3′ terminal, which are typical features of stable molecules. They have a tissue-specific expression profile, and their abundance in cancer allowed researchers to hypothesize their involvement in cancer regulatory processes. In one of the last estimates, the presence of different piRNAs encoded in mammalian genomes has been calculated, reaching up to tens of millions.

piRNAs have been found either in isolated exosomes or as free-circulating in serum, plasma, saliva, and stool. Alterations in circulating piRNA expression levels may work as good cancer biomarkers, with higher sensitivity and specificity than circulating miRNAs. Only a few studies investigated the role of piRNAs as cancer biomarkers in body fluids, and we report a selection of them in Table 1. The large majority of the reported studies were focused on piR-651 and piR-823, but the field is in continuous development and update.

High circulating piRNA levels have been found in gastric, colorectal, prostatic, and renal cancers, but also in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. piR-823, for example, was found up-regulated in serum and urine of renal carcinoma patients when compared with healthy controls. piR-651 expression levels in serum were lower in Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients than in healthy controls. Finally, a set of piRNAs, altered in plasma-derived extracellular vesicles could characterize colorectal (piR-019825), prostate (piR-016658 and piR-020496), and pancreatic (piR-001311 and piR-016658) cancers. Interestingly, 31 free-circulating piRNAs in serum were recently found to be significantly dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients compared with healthy donors. The levels of piR-5937 and piR-28876, in particular, were able to differentiate between cancer patients and healthy donors with high sensitivity and specificity, and after chemotherapy treatment, the expression levels were again comparable between cases and controls. Vychytilova-Faltejskova et al. concluded that piRNAs could serve as promising noninvasive biomarkers for early detection of colon cancer.

5. SnRNAs and SnoRNAs

Small nuclear (snRNA) and small nucleolar (snoRNA) RNAs are components of the small ncRNAs transcriptome. Both are 60–300 nucleotides long and transcribed from intronic sequences of coding genes.

snRNAs are located in the cell nucleus and are fundamental in the RNA–RNA remodeling, in spliceosome assembly, being implicated in the translation process. This class of molecules named “U(n)”, based on their high Uridyl content (e.g., U1, U2–U12), form the spliceosome complex together with specific associated proteins (snRNPs). The spliceosome specifically binds to the pre-mRNA and precisely cleaves intron sequences, aiding the formation of a mature mRNA. During the formation of the spliceosome, snRNAs are implicated in complex RNA–RNA and RNA–protein interactions, which assure the correct binding to the pre-mRNA. Alterations in snRNA structure have been reported, and their functional consequences could be implied in the oncogenic process.

Table 1 reports the snRNAs that have been studied in liquid biopsies as cancer biomarkers. The best-known snRNA released into body fluids is U2: altered expression levels of fragments of RNU2 (RNU2-1f) have been detected in serum or plasma of lung, colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers. Another potentially interesting snRNA that could serve as useful circulating biomarker for breast cancer is U6, which is overexpressed in breast cancer patients, independently of estrogen receptors (ER) status.

snoRNAs are hosted in introns of coding and noncoding transcripts and are implicated in the post-transcriptional modification of rRNA. In recent years snoRNAs have been also recognized as involved in the formation of small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles (snoRNP). Additionally, there is some evidence that snoRNAs can act in miRNA-like post-transcriptional gene silencing. Recently, the existence of cleavage products (20 to 30 base pair, similar in length to miRNAs) from 5′ or 3′ ends of snoRNAs have been described: these species have been termed sdRNA—sno-derived RNAs. The functional oncogenic implication of these products has been investigated in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) samples, revealing a high sensitivity in distinguishing cancer types on the basis of sdRNA expression profiles. More than their possible use as biomarkers, major implications of these molecules in the oncogenic process, tumor immune milieu, patient prognostic, response to therapy, and aid in targeted therapy have been hypothesized and have a promising outlook, warranting future investigation.

Table 1 reports the snoRNAs that have been studied in liquid biopsies as cancer biomarkers. Regarding them, the available studies performed in liquid biopsies are mainly on lung cancer. SnoRD33, snoRD66, and snoRD76 were found up-regulated in plasma from NSCLC patients, while snoRD33, snoRD66, snoRD42, and snoRD78 were investigated in sputum samples of patients with the same type of cancer. Recently, two snoRNAs (snoRA74A and snoRA25) detected in serum exosomes resulted as good biomarkers, able to distinguish pancreatic cancer patients from controls.

6. LncRNAs

lncRNAs constitute a heterogeneous group of noncoding transcripts of >200 nucleotides that may be distributed in various cellular compartments. They can be intragenic (intronic or antisense) or intergenic. Some of them are stable and highly conserved, while others have a high turnover and are poorly conserved. The biological functions ascribed to this class of ncRNAs are various: from coordinating gene regulation at DNA/RNA level to regulation of protein biogenesis and function. lncRNAs resulted importantly also in chromatin remodeling, as well as transcriptional and post-transcriptional control, interacting with RNA, DNA, and proteins as scaffolds, decoys, and enhancer RNAs. lncRNAs play an important role in carcinogenesis and metastasis, and they seem to be key players in cancer biology. They are considered potential cancer diagnostic and prognostic factors, especially considering that lncRNAs are rather stable and can be detected in body fluids as circulating biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Similarly to small ncRNAs, also lncRNAs can be carried through exosomes or other extracellular vesicles to disseminate signals, with the aim to change or regulate recipient cells either locally or at distance. Theoretically, the function of lncRNAs loaded into extracellular vesicles can work in a hormone-like fashion similarly to miRNAs, as we recently argued. The number of investigations on circulating lncRNAs as cancer biomarkers has grown in the last 5–8 years. The most relevant works on this field are reported in Table 2. The majority of the studies conducted on body fluids have been performed on serum/plasma, but only some researchers focused on extracellular- and urine-derived lncRNAs, while some others focused on saliva, bile and gastric juice.

In a recent work by Kamel et al., a significant down-regulation of growth-arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) expression and up-regulation of SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2OT) have been observed in NSCLC patients when compared with controls.

Wang et al. recently published an interesting work focused on establishing the expression levels of colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) in CRC tissues, in serum and in exosomes derived from serum. The authors found that the levels of expression of this lncRNA were significantly over-expressed in CRC tumor tissues, and that this over-expression was reflected in serum and serum-derived exosomes of CRC patients when compared with healthy controls. This data points out the large interest in CCAT2 that was observed in the last years. Indeed, the overexpression of this lncRNAs in transgenic mice led to spontaneous myeloid malignancies, while patients with myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative malignancies had high bone marrow and circulating levels of this lncRNA. Interestingly, CCAT2 has been shown to be implicated in cancer metabolism by influencing the glutaminase splicing. For more information regarding the implications of CCAT1 and CCAT2 in human cancers, please refer to.

Another research group investigated the role of small nucleolar RNA host gene 18 (SNHG18) in HCC and found it downregulated in cancer tissues compared with paired adjacent noncancerous tissues. Interestingly, the down-regulation was also confirmed in plasma samples. Other researchers found six aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in HCC tissues with respect to the corresponding normal tissues; however, only small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) expression in cancer tissues correlated with the expression levels measured in plasma from the same patients. Interestingly, plasma SNHG1 expression levels correlated also with tumor size, TNM staging, and α-fetoprotein levels, demonstrating its potential of being a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of this cancer.

Recent reviews summarized findings regarding the implication of cell-free or exosome-derived lncRNAs in several types of cancer, while specific reviews focused only on one type of cancer—nasopharyngeal, NSCLC, prostate, gastric, ovarian, bladder, and multiple myeloma. In a recent meta-analysis on 28 studies, Dai et al. showed that circulating lncRNAs are more accurate markers for NSCLC compared with tissue samples, having an overall high diagnostic efficacy in the distinction of lung cancer. Similar high diagnostic accuracy of lncRNAs was observed by Chen and collaborators in a metanalysis on circulating lncRNAs and HCC. Regarding ovarian cancer, a systematic review based on tissue lncRNAs and survival has been done by Ning et al.. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of the analyzed molecules have been investigated in serum samples. Finally, altered expression levels of FAM83H-AS1 were found in ovarian cancer tissue samples and proposed as potential circulating biomarkers.

A few studies proposed joint panels combining several ncRNAs for better accuracy in cancer diagnosis. For example, Eissa et al. proposed a urine lncRNA, miR-497-HG, together with miR-324-5p, miR-4738-3p, and mRNA RCAN1 FOSB for bladder cancer diagnosis.

Notably, since 2012, urine determination of PCA3 (PROGENSA®) is the only FDA-approved lncRNA used in the diagnostic process for prostate cancer, and, as it can be observed in the reported studies, the analysis of miRNAs and lncRNAs in urine-derived exosomes will continue to provide a sensitive resource in diagnosing malignancies of the bladder and prostate, with further promising application in the clinical field.

7. CircRNAs

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of lncRNAs characterized by the covalent linkage of their 5′ and 3′ moieties, which gives them a specific circular form and makes them biologically stable and resistant to RNases. They originate from intronic, exonic, intergenic regions, or exonic–intronic junctions and are formed by alternative mRNA backsplicing. Although firstly reported in 1979 in human cells, for years they were considered splicing error by-products. However, in the last years, with the advent of NGS, they have been reconsidered, and their role as biomarkers rediscovered.

The major known biological function of circRNAs is related to gene expression regulation. They act in fact as sponges by competitively binding miRNAs. In this way, they can function as miRNA reservoirs, aid in miRNA transportation, or suppress miRNA binding to target genes. circRNAs can also bind to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), acting as protein sponges. Moreover, by binding two or more proteins they can act as scaffolds, facilitating enzyme–substrate interaction. As a consequence, circRNAs directly modulate gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by interacting with elements of the spliceosome and by influencing the balance between canonical and alternative splicing. Therefore, there is a sort of passive competition between circRNAs and their relative linear mRNAs, generating a perturbation in the balance between transcripts, promoting aberrant expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

The interaction between circRNAs, miRNAs, and RBPs is complex and not yet fully understood, posing difficulties in conceptualizing their dysregulation in pathologic situations. However, circRNAs have been investigated in a wide range of diseases, including several types of cancer. The majority of the studies on circRNAs associated with cancer focused on tissue biopsies and cell lines, with a wide range of data reported (as reviewed by). There are a few studies that searched for circRNAs only in body fluids. The majority of works first detected circRNAs dysregulated in cancer tissues, and then tested if the same signature was reflected also in body fluids. A recent systematic review on circRNAs included 77 studies and several types of cancers and emphasized the potential role as diagnostic biomarker of single and combined circRNAs with altered expression in plasma and serum. All the circRNAs proposed as cancer diagnostic biomarkers in body fluids are reported in Table 2.

Nine circRNAs analyzed in plasma were found dysregulated in gastric cancer from several research groups (hsa_circ_0001017, hsa_circ_0061276, hsa_circ_0000745, hsa_circ_0000520, hsa_circ_0000190, hsa_circ_0001649, circKIAA1244, hsa_circ_0000467, and hsa_circ_0000181. In particular, the first five circRNAs reported above were also recently confirmed by Jiang et al. in a metanalysis as dysregulated in plasma of gastric cancer patients.

In another study, the circMAN1A2 upregulation in serum was associated with several malignancies, with the highest diagnostic accuracy reported for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Interestingly, in the same type of cancer, also circRNA_0000285 resulted dysregulated in serum and has been reported as good diagnostic and prognostic marker for this tumor.

For CRC, two studies found a dysregulation of hsa_circ_0001649 in serum and circVAPA in plasma. For bladder cancer, circPRMT5 up-regulation in tissues was found also in serum and urine exosomes from the same patients. For NSCLC, hsa_circ_0013958, circFARSA, and hsa_circ_0005962 were reported to be up-regulated in patients’ plasma, while hsa_circ_0086414 resulted down-regulated. Only one study investigated in plasma the expression levels of circRNAs in breast cancer, and hsa_circ_0001785 resulted the only specimen with altered expression in this body fluid. On the other hand, hsa_circ_0109046 and hsa_circ_0002577 were reported as dysregulated in serum extracellular vesicles from endometrial cancer patients. Other interesting results emerged for other circRNAs dysregulated in other cancers: hsa_circ_0001445 and circSMARCA5 in plasma from HCC patients; serum exosome hsa_circ_007293, hsa_circ_031752, and hsacirc_020135 in papillary thyroid carcinoma; and serum hsa_circ_0000885 in osteosarcoma. Interestingly, the up-regulation of circLDLRAD3 was reported as a putative diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer.

Although circRNAs are very stable, and availability in various body fluids has been reported, their study as diagnostic biomarkers in liquid biopsies is mainly based on blood-derived specimens. Only few studies investigated circRNA profiles in other body fluids—saliva, gastric juice, and urine. To our knowledge, no cancer circRNA profiling has been reported in feces or CSF.

For more information on the implications of circRNAs in cancer, and a critical approach regarding their use as biomarkers, we recommend referring to Dragomir and Calin and Ragan et al..

8. Final Remarks and Future Perspectives

Recent years brought notable advances in the research of ncRNA implications in the oncologic field. A plethora of studies focused on miRNAs, to investigate their involvement in oncogenesis and their potential use as diagnostic and prognostic markers, but also as therapeutic means. This enormous enthusiasm in miRNA investigation was not replicated to the same extent in the investigation of other ncRNAs. Some studies focused on the analysis of lncRNAs as biomarkers, while recent studies revealed new functions and implication of piRNAs in oncogenesis. To date, the scientific community is trying to decipher and understand the complex pathways and interactions by which ncRNAs are implicated in oncogenesis. Many aspects regarding their role and importance need still to be clarified. For instance, it is not known the exact number of ncRNAs species in the human genome. For lncRNAs, it has been estimated a number that ranges from about 5000 to 53,000 species; for miRNAs, there are at least 2000 known species, while it has been estimated about 50,000 piRNAs in the mammalian genome.

One of the most valuable uses of ncRNAs is as biomarkers for disease. Initially, studies focused on analyzing expression profiles in cancerous tissues. As a reaction, it was expected to find similar dysregulations also in body fluids, as a reflection of the presence of the disease in a surrogate tissue. However, not all findings were replicated in body fluids. To increase the specificity, researchers focused on isolating RNA from circulating exosomes, which indeed revealed more promising results, being an alternative mode of communication between neighboring and distant cells. In this paper, we reported also an overview of the signatures found in body fluids that are reflecting tumor tissue profiles, and their potential use in clinical medicine. Tumor-derived exosomes can originate and reach different cell types also to distant sites, influencing the biological activities of tumors, such as proliferation, invasion and metastasis, immunoregulation, generation of a premetastatic niche, and stimulation of angiogenesis. Recent outcomes indicate that cancer-connected exosomes exhibit specific characteristics in educating macrophages, alter dysbiosis and exacerbate progression of CRC, implicating a role of the host defense system in cancer progression. At present, we are still far from clearly understanding the relationship between exosomes and macrophages and the recognition process; moreover, it is not yet clear how they can interact and influence the microbiome. However, their functions are evidently affected by their cargo, which includes many RNA species including miRNAs and other ncRNAs.

Interestingly, ncRNAs have a potential application also as therapeutics in the near future. The replacement of the tumor suppressor miR-34a, by using a synthetic product, MRX34, was the first miRNA replacement therapy in a phase I clinical trial in humans, which initially reported promising results. Since then, constant advances in using ncRNAs in cancer therapy are being made. Besides being reported to be implicated in predicting chemo- and radioresistance, miRNAs and lncRNAs have been proposed as therapeutic targets, and miRNAs are being used in clinical trials. For example, targeting miR-155 and TP53 in lung cancer improved therapeutic response in vitro. Likewise, siRNA-mediated inhibition of EphA2, potentiated by miR-520d-3p replacement, acts as a tumor suppressor, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, targeting miR-29b and miR-125 by suppressing Podoplanin, could aid in blocking invasiveness in glioblastoma. Interactions between miRNAs and Toll-like receptors have been reported, underlining the implication of ncRNAs in cancer immunology. Also, miRNA expression patterns are analyzed in order to better understand and direct immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. For more details on the application of ncRNAs as therapeutics, we recommend referring to.

With the development of NGS techniques, many researchers have embarked on genome/transcriptome sequencing from a wide set of samples. Due to this specific technology, new species of previously not described ncRNAs have been reported, including for example piRNAs, which have been discovered just in 2006. The advancements in this field may conduct to the discovery of new, more specific and sensitive molecules to be used as biomarkers and give new insights into the so-called “junk” DNA/RNA.

Although advances in the field are promising, we cannot help from noticing drawbacks in the NGS analyses process and in the research of biomarkers in body fluids. It must be noted that it is not uncommon to find studies focusing on the same type of cancer and analyzing the same body fluid that report contradictory results regarding ncRNA expression profiles, sometimes even in opposite directions of dysregulation. This phenomenon could be explained by the lack of uniformity in study designs, including differences in study group size, population study ethnicity, the inclusion or not of cancer risk factors such as smoking status, and gender. All these features could influence study outcomes. Moreover, there is an enormous heterogeneity regarding technical steps towards the final results: RNA isolation procedure, exosome separation, NGS library preparation, sequencing, and bioinformatics/biostatistics approaches in analyzing and interpreting results. It is also difficult to establish the more suitable body fluids to be used for biomarker discovery in different types of cancers. Taking for instance CRC, stool would seem an ideal candidate to analyze, being the elected surrogate specimen; however, new studies are emerging on the analysis of sputum or saliva for the detection of biomarkers for CRC. Other issues affecting the reproducibility of the data are directly connected with NGS. For RNA-seq the methodology of preparation of the libraries could be still very variable, and for the moment there is no uniformity in the pipeline of analysis.

Big improvements are now ongoing, and in the near future, we believe many of the drawbacks will be overcome with a better understanding of the ncRNAs’ role as cancer biomarkers.

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    Not in our library10.1038/srep12464

  84. 84.

    Moltzahn F., Olshen A.B., Baehner L., Peek A., Fong L., Stoppler H., Simko J., Hilton J.F., Carroll P., Blelloch R. Microfluidic-based multiplex qRT-PCR identifies diagnostic and prognostic microRNA signatures in the sera of prostate cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2011;71:550-560.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1229

  85. 85.
    Detection of Cancer with Serum miRNAs on an Oligonucleotide Microarray · 2009
    No notice
  86. 86.

    Hessvik N.P., Sandvig K., Llorente A. Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer. Front. Genet. 2013;4:36.

    Not in our library10.3389/fgene.2013.00036

  87. 87.

    Samsonov R., Shtam T., Burdakov V., Glotov A., Tsyrlina E., Berstein L., Nosov A., Evtushenko V., Filatov M., Malek A. Lectin-induced agglutination method of urinary exosomes isolation followed by mi-RNA analysis: Application for prostate cancer diagnostic. Prostate. 2016;76:68-79.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.23101

  88. 88.
    Long non-coding RNAs harboring miRNA seed regions are enriched in prostate cancer exosomes · 2016
    No notice
  89. 89.

    Mello-Grand M., Gregnanin I., Sacchetto L., Ostano P., Zitella A., Bottoni G., Oderda M., Marra G., Munegato S., Pardini B., et al. Circulating microRNAs combined with PSA for accurate and non-invasive prostate cancer detection. Carcinogenesis. 2019;40:246-253.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/bgy167

  90. 90.
    Circulating microRNAs in breast cancer: novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers · 2017
    No notice
  91. 91.
    MicroRNA based theranostics for brain cancer: basic principles · 2019
    Not checked
  92. 92.

    Giannopoulou L., Kasimir-Bauer S., Lianidou E.S. Liquid biopsy in ovarian cancer: Recent advances on circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2018;56:186-197.

    Not in our library10.1515/cclm-2017-0019

  93. 93.

    Andreu Z., Otta Oshiro R., Redruello A., Lopez-Martin S., Gutierrez-Vazquez C., Morato E., Marina A.I., Olivier Gomez C., Yanez-Mo M. Extracellular vesicles as a source for non-invasive biomarkers in bladder cancer progression. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Pharm. Sci. 2017;98:70-79.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.008

  94. 94.

    Matsuzaki K., Fujita K., Jingushi K., Kawashima A., Ujike T., Nagahara A., Ueda Y., Tanigawa G., Yoshioka I., Ueda K., et al. MiR-21-5p in urinary extracellular vesicles is a novel biomarker of urothelial carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:24668-24678.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.14969

  95. 95.

    Foj L., Ferrer F., Serra M., Arevalo A., Gavagnach M., Gimenez N., Filella X. Exosomal and Non-Exosomal Urinary miRNAs in Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis. Prostate. 2017;77:573-583.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.23295

  96. 96.
    Identification of non-invasive miRNAs biomarkers for prostate cancer by deep sequencing analysis of urinary exosomes · 2017
    No notice
  97. 97.

    Park N.J., Zhou H., Elashoff D., Henson B.S., Kastratovic D.A., Abemayor E., Wong D.T. Salivary microRNA: Discovery, characterization, and clinical utility for oral cancer detection. Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2009;15:5473-5477.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0736

  98. 98.

    Kumarswamy R., Volkmann I., Thum T. Regulation and function of miRNA-21 in health and disease. RNA Biol. 2011;8:706-713.

    Not in our library10.4161/rna.8.5.16154

  99. 99.

    Shen M.M., Abate-Shen C. Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: New prospects for old challenges. Genes Dev. 2010;24:1967-2000.

    Not in our library10.1101/gad.1965810

  100. 100.

    Taylor D.D., Gercel-Taylor C. MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2008;110:13-21.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.04.033

  101. 101.
    Reduction in Migratory Phenotype in a Metastasized Breast Cancer Cell Line via Downregulation of S100A4 and GRM3 · 2017
    Not checked
  102. 102.

    Giannopoulou L., Zavridou M., Kasimir-Bauer S., Lianidou E.S. Liquid biopsy in ovarian cancer: The potential of circulating miRNAs and exosomes. Transl. Res. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 2019;205:77-91.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.trsl.2018.10.003

  103. 103.

    Xie B., Ding Q., Han H., Wu D. miRCancer: A microRNA–cancer association database constructed by text mining on literature. Bioinformatics. 2013;29:638-644.

    Not in our library10.1093/bioinformatics/btt014

  104. 104.

    Baoying W., Ruowang L., William P. Big Data Analytics in Bioinformatics and Healthcare. 2015;1-528.

    Not in our library

  105. 105.

    Xie B., Hochberg R., Ding Q., Wu D. miRSAT & miRCDB: An Integrated MicroRNA Sequesce Analysis Tool and a Cancer-Associated MicroRNA Database. Proceedings of the ISCA 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, BICoB-2010. 159-164.

    Not in our library

  106. 106.

    Choudhury S.N., Li Y. miR-21 and let-7 in the Ras and NF-kappaB pathways. Microrna. 2012;1:65-69.

    Not in our library10.2174/2211536611201010065

  107. 107.

    O’Connell R.M., Chaudhuri A.A., Rao D.S., Baltimore D. Inositol phosphatase SHIP1 is a primary target of miR-155. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009;106:7113-7118.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0902636106

  108. 108.

    Fernandez-Mercado M., Manterola L., Lawrie C.H. MicroRNAs in Lymphoma: Regulatory Role and Biomarker Potential. Curr. Genom. 2015;16:349-358.

    Not in our library10.2174/1389202916666150707160147

  109. 109.

    Zhi F., Shao N., Wang R., Deng D., Xue L., Wang Q., Zhang Y., Shi Y., Xia X., Wang S., et al. Identification of 9 serum microRNAs as potential noninvasive biomarkers of human astrocytoma. Neuro-oncology. 2015;17:383-391.

    Not in our library10.1093/neuonc/nou169

  110. 110.

    Goze C., Reynes C., Forestier L., Sabatier R., Duffau H. Pilot Study of Whole Blood MicroRNAs as Potential Tools for Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas Detection. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2018;38:715-725.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10571-017-0536-7

  111. 111.

    Yang C., Wang C., Chen X., Chen S., Zhang Y., Zhi F., Wang J., Li L., Zhou X., Li N., et al. Identification of seven serum microRNAs from a genome-wide serum microRNA expression profile as potential noninvasive biomarkers for malignant astrocytomas. Int. J. Cancer. 2013;132:116-127.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.27657

  112. 112.

    Witwer K.W. Circulating microRNA biomarker studies: Pitfalls and potential solutions. Clin. Chem. 2015;61:56-63.

    Not in our library10.1373/clinchem.2014.221341

  113. 113.

    Mo M.H., Chen L., Fu Y., Wang W., Fu S.W. Cell-free Circulating miRNA Biomarkers in Cancer. J. Cancer. 2012;3:432-448.

    Not in our library10.7150/jca.4919

  114. 114.

    Munagala R., Aqil F., Gupta R.C. Exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers of recurrent lung cancer. Tumour Biol. J. Int. Soc. Oncodeve. Biol. Med. 2016;37:10703-10714.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-016-4939-8

  115. 115.
    Exosomal levels of miRNA-21 from cerebrospinal fluids associated with poor prognosis and tumor recurrence of glioma patients · 2015
    No notice
  116. 116.

    Chiam K., Wang T., Watson D.I., Mayne G.C., Irvine T.S., Bright T., Smith L., White I.A., Bowen J.M., Keefe D., et al. Circulating Serum Exosomal miRNAs As Potential Biomarkers for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. J. Gastrointest. Surg. Off. J. Soc. Surg. Aliment. Tract. 2015;19:1208-1215.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11605-015-2829-9

  117. 117.

    Warnecke-Eberz U., Chon S.H., Holscher A.H., Drebber U., Bollschweiler E. Exosomal onco-miRs from serum of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Comparison of miRNA profiles of exosomes and matching tumor. Tumour Biol. J. Int. Soc. Oncodeve. Biol. Med. 2015;36:4643-4653.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-015-3112-0

  118. 118.

    Gajos-Michniewicz A., Duechler M., Czyz M. MiRNA in melanoma-derived exosomes. Cancer Lett. 2014;347:29-37.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.004

  119. 119.

    Aushev V.N., Zborovskaya I.B., Laktionov K.K., Girard N., Cros M.P., Herceg Z., Krutovskikh V. Comparisons of microRNA patterns in plasma before and after tumor removal reveal new biomarkers of lung squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e78649.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0078649

  120. 120.

    Camacho L., Guerrero P., Marchetti D. MicroRNA and protein profiling of brain metastasis competent cell-derived exosomes. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e73790.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0073790

  121. 121.
    Systemically Circulating Viral and Tumor-Derived MicroRNAs in KSHV-Associated Malignancies · 2013
    No notice
  122. 122.

    Costa-Silva B., Aiello N.M., Ocean A.J., Singh S., Zhang H., Thakur B.K., Becker A., Hoshino A., Mark M.T., Molina H., et al. Pancreatic cancer exosomes initiate pre-metastatic niche formation in the liver. Nat. Cell Biol. 2015;17:816-826.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncb3169

  123. 123.

    Valentino A., Reclusa P., Sirera R., Giallombardo M., Camps C., Pauwels P., Crispi S., Rolfo C. Exosomal microRNAs in liquid biopsies: Future biomarkers for prostate cancer. Clin. Transl. Oncol. Off. Publ. Fed. Span. Oncol. Soc. Nat. Cancer Inst. Mex. 2017;19:651-657.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12094-016-1599-5

  124. 124.

    Fabris L., Ceder Y., Chinnaiyan A.M., Jenster G.W., Sorensen K.D., Tomlins S., Visakorpi T., Calin G.A. The Potential of MicroRNAs as Prostate Cancer Biomarkers. Eur. Urol. 2016;70:312-322.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.054

  125. 125.

    Meng Y., Sun J., Wang X., Hu T., Ma Y., Kong C., Piao H., Yu T., Zhang G. Exosomes: A Promising Avenue for the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 2019;18.

    Not in our library10.1177/1533033818821421

  126. 126.

    Joyce D.P., Kerin M.J., Dwyer R.M. Exosome-encapsulated microRNAs as circulating biomarkers for breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2016;139:1443-1448.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.30179

  127. 127.

    Nassar F.J., Nasr R., Talhouk R. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for early breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy prediction. Pharmacol. Ther. 2017;172:34-49.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.012

  128. 128.

    Drokow E.K., Sun K., Ahmed H.A.W., Akpabla G.S., Song J., Shi M. Circulating microRNA as diagnostic biomarkers for haematological cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Manag. Res. 2019;11:4313-4326.

    Not in our library10.2147/cmar.s199126

  129. 129.
    Role of microRNAs, circRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in acute myeloid leukemia · 2019
    No notice
  130. 130.

    Mirzaei H., Fathullahzadeh S., Khanmohammadi R., Darijani M., Momeni F., Masoudifar A., Goodarzi M., Mardanshah O., Stenvang J., Jaafari M.R., et al. State of the art in microRNA as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Cell. Physiol. 2018;233:888-900.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.25799

  131. 131.

    Ciccone M., Calin G.A. MicroRNAs in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: An Old Disease with New Genetic Insights. Microrna. 2016;5:106-112.

    Not in our library10.2174/2211536605666160825150219

  132. 132.

    Litwinska Z., Machalinski B. miRNAs in chronic myeloid leukemia: Small molecules, essential function. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017;58:1297-1305.

    Not in our library10.1080/10428194.2016.1243676

  133. 133.

    Carvalho de Oliveira J., Molinari Roberto G., Baroni M., Bezerra Salomao K., Alejandra Pezuk J., Sol Brassesco M. MiRNA Dysregulation in Childhood Hematological Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018;19:2688.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms19092688

  134. 134.

    Zhuo X., Zhou W., Li D., Chang A., Wang Y., Wu Y., Zhou Q. Plasma microRNA expression signature involving miR-548q, miR-630 and miR-940 as biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma detection. Cancer Biomark. 2018;23:579-587.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-181852

  135. 135.

    Liu X., Luo H.N., Tian W.D., Lu J., Li G., Wang L., Zhang B., Liang B.J., Peng X.H., Lin S.X., et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma microRNA deregulation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2013;14:1133-1142.

    Not in our library10.4161/cbt.26170

  136. 136.

    Zheng X.H., Cui C., Ruan H.L., Xue W.Q., Zhang S.D., Hu Y.Z., Zhou X.X., Jia W.H. Plasma microRNA profiling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients reveals miR-548q and miR-483-5p as potential biomarkers. Chin. J. Cancer. 2014;33:330-338.

    Not in our library10.5732/cjc.013.10246

  137. 137.

    Wang L., Yu B., Cen J., Peng X., Liu Y., Zeng F., Liu X. Clinical significance of plasma miR-24 dysregulation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2015;35:743-747.

    Not in our library

  138. 138.
    Circulating miR-17, miR-20a, miR-29c, and miR-223 Combined as Non-Invasive Biomarkers in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma · 2012
    No notice
  139. 139.

    Plieskatt J.L., Rinaldi G., Feng Y., Levine P.H., Easley S., Martinez E., Hashmi S., Sadeghi N., Brindley P.J., Bethony J.M., et al. Methods and matrices: Approaches to identifying miRNAs for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Transl. Med. 2014;12:3.

    Not in our library10.1186/1479-5876-12-3

  140. 140.
    Identification of two microRNA signatures in whole blood as novel biomarkers for diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma · 2019
    Not checked
  141. 141.

    Yi S.J., Liu P., Chen B.L., Ou-Yang L., Xiong W.M., Su J.P. Circulating miR-31-5p may be a potential diagnostic biomarker in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Neoplasma. 2019.

    Not in our library10.4149/neo_2018_181109n847

  142. 142.

    Wang H., Wei X., Wu B., Su J., Tan W., Yang K. Tumor-educated platelet miR-34c-3p and miR-18a-5p as potential liquid biopsy biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis. Cancer Manag. Res. 2019;11:3351-3360.

    Not in our library10.2147/cmar.s195654

  143. 143.

    Loosen S.H., Lurje G., Wiltberger G., Vucur M., Koch A., Kather J.N., Paffenholz P., Tacke F., Ulmer F.T., Trautwein C., et al. Serum levels of miR-29, miR-122, miR-155 and miR-192 are elevated in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0210944.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0210944

  144. 144.

    Bernuzzi F., Marabita F., Lleo A., Carbone M., Mirolo M., Marzioni M., Alpini G., Alvaro D., Boberg K.M., Locati M., et al. Serum microRNAs as novel biomarkers for primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2016;185:61-71.

    Not in our library10.1111/cei.12776

  145. 145.

    Wu X., Xia M., Chen D., Wu F., Lv Z., Zhan Q., Jiao Y., Wang W., Chen G., An F. Profiling of downregulated blood-circulating miR-150-5p as a novel tumor marker for cholangiocarcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:15019-15029.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-016-5313-6

  146. 146.

    Wang L.J., Zhang K.L., Zhang N., Ma X.W., Yan S.W., Cao D.H., Shi S.J. Serum miR-26a as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget. 2015;6:18631-18640.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.4072

  147. 147.

    Cheng Q., Feng F., Zhu L., Zheng Y., Luo X., Liu C., Yi B., Jiang X. Circulating miR-106a is a Novel Prognostic and Lymph Node Metastasis Indicator for Cholangiocarcinoma. Sci. Rep. 2015;5:16103.

    Not in our library10.1038/srep16103

  148. 148.
    MicroRNAs in Serum and Bile of Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and/or Cholangiocarcinoma. · 2015
    Not checked
  149. 149.

    Correa-Gallego C., Maddalo D., Doussot A., Kemeny N., Kingham T.P., Allen P.J., D’Angelica M.I., DeMatteo R.P., Betel D., Klimstra D., et al. Circulating Plasma Levels of MicroRNA-21 and MicroRNA-221 Are Potential Diagnostic Markers for Primary Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0163699.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0163699

  150. 150.

    Wang S., Yin J., Li T., Yuan L., Wang D., He J., Du X., Lu J. Upregulated circulating miR-150 is associated with the risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 2015;33:819-825.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2014.3641

  151. 151.
    Real-Time PCR-Based Analysis of the Human Bile MicroRNAome Identifies miR-9 as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Biliary Tract Cancer · 2011
    No notice
  152. 152.

    Kojima M., Sudo H., Kawauchi J., Takizawa S., Kondou S., Nobumasa H., Ochiai A. MicroRNA markers for the diagnosis of pancreatic and biliary-tract cancers. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0118220.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0118220

  153. 153.

    Baraniskin A., Nopel-Dunnebacke S., Schumacher B., Gerges C., Bracht T., Sitek B., Meyer H.E., Gerken G., Dechene A., Schlaak J.F., et al. Analysis of U2 small nuclear RNA fragments in the bile differentiates cholangiocarcinoma from primary sclerosing cholangitis and other benign biliary disorders. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2014;59:1436-1441.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10620-014-3034-5

  154. 154.

    Li G., Pu Y. MicroRNA signatures in total peripheral blood of gallbladder cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 2015;36:6985-6990.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-015-3412-4

  155. 155.

    Kitagawa T., Taniuchi K., Tsuboi M., Sakaguchi M., Kohsaki T., Okabayashi T., Saibara T. Circulating pancreatic cancer exosomal RNAs for detection of pancreatic cancer. Mol. Oncol. 2019;13:212-227.

    Not in our library10.1002/1878-0261.12398

  156. 156.

    Baraniskin A., Nopel-Dunnebacke S., Ahrens M., Jensen S.G., Zollner H., Maghnouj A., Wos A., Mayerle J., Munding J., Kost D., et al. Circulating U2 small nuclear RNA fragments as a novel diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int. J. Cancer. 2013;132:E48-E57.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.27791

  157. 157.

    Cui L., Lou Y., Zhang X., Zhou H., Deng H., Song H., Yu X., Xiao B., Wang W., Guo J. Detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood from patients with gastric cancer using piRNAs as markers. Clin. Biochem. 2011;44:1050-1057.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.06.004

  158. 158.

    Yu B., Du Q., Li H., Liu H.Y., Ye X., Zhu B., Zhai Q., Li X.X. Diagnostic potential of serum exosomal colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed long non-coding RNA (CRNDE-p) and microRNA-217 expression in colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:83745-83753.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.19407

  159. 159.

    Vychytilova-Faltejskova P., Stitkovcova K., Radova L., Sachlova M., Kosarova Z., Slaba K., Kala Z., Svoboda M., Kiss I., Vyzula R., et al. Circulating PIWI-Interacting RNAs piR-5937 and piR-28876 Are Promising Diagnostic Biomarkers of Colon Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Pre. Oncol. 2018;27:1019-1028.

    Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0318

  160. 160.

    Qu A., Wang W., Yang Y., Zhang X., Dong Y., Zheng G., Wu Q., Zou M., Du L., Wang Y., et al. A serum piRNA signature as promising non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Cancer Manag. Res. 2019;11:3703-3720.

    Not in our library10.2147/cmar.s193266

  161. 161.
    Small nucleolar RNA signatures as biomarkers for non-small-cell lung cancer · 2010
    No notice
  162. 162.

    Su J., Liao J., Gao L., Shen J., Guarnera M.A., Zhan M., Fang H., Stass S.A., Jiang F. Analysis of small nucleolar RNAs in sputum for lung cancer diagnosis. Oncotarget. 2016;7:5131-5142.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.4219

  163. 163.

    Kohler J., Schuler M., Gauler T.C., Nopel-Dunnebacke S., Ahrens M., Hoffmann A.C., Kasper S., Nensa F., Gomez B., Hahnemann M., et al. Circulating U2 small nuclear RNA fragments as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in lung cancer patients. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2016;142:795-805.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00432-015-2095-y

  164. 164.

    Mazieres J., Catherinne C., Delfour O., Gouin S., Rouquette I., Delisle M.B., Prevot G., Escamilla R., Didier A., Persing D.H., et al. Alternative processing of the U2 small nuclear RNA produces a 19-22nt fragment with relevance for the detection of non-small cell lung cancer in human serum. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e60134.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0060134

  165. 165.

    Arantes L., De Carvalho A.C., Melendez M.E., Lopes Carvalho A. Serum, plasma and saliva biomarkers for head and neck cancer. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2018;18:85-112.

    Not in our library10.1080/14737159.2017.1404906

  166. 166.

    Wang J.L., Wang X., Yang D., Shi W.J. The Expression of MicroRNA-155 in Plasma and Tissue Is Matched in Human Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Yonsei Med. J. 2016;57:298-305.

    Not in our library10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.298

  167. 167.

    Ayaz L., Gorur A., Yaroglu H.Y., Ozcan C., Tamer L. Differential expression of microRNAs in plasma of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Potential early-detection markers for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2013;139:1499-1506.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00432-013-1469-2

  168. 168.

    Lucas Grzelczyk W., Szemraj J., Kwiatkowska S., Jozefowicz-Korczynska M. Serum expression of selected miRNAs in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Diagn. Pathol. 2019;14:49.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13000-019-0823-3

  169. 169.

    Zhou E., Luo L., Ma L.J., Yin J., Tan Z.Q., Miao G.Y., Liu J., Xiao X.P. Diagnostic value of serum miRNA let-7a for laryngeal carcinoma and effects of let-7a on proliferation and apoptosis of laryngeal carcinoma cells. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2019;54:534-539.

    Not in our library10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-0860.2019.07.010

  170. 170.

    Xu Y., Lin Y.P., Yang D., Zhang G., Zhou H.F. Expression of serum microRNA-378 and its clinical significance in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016;20:5137-5142.

    Not in our library

  171. 171.

    Yilmaz S.S., Guzel E., Karatas O.F., Yilmaz M., Creighton C.J., Ozen M. MiR-221 as a pre- and postoperative plasma biomarker for larynx cancer patients. Laryngoscope. 2015;125:E377-E381.

    Not in our library10.1002/lary.25332

  172. 172.

    Iliev R., Fedorko M., Machackova T., Mlcochova H., Svoboda M., Pacik D., Dolezel J., Stanik M., Slaby O. Expression Levels of PIWI-interacting RNA, piR-823, Are Deregulated in Tumor Tissue, Blood Serum and Urine of Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2016;36:6419-6423.

    Not in our library10.21873/anticanres.11239

  173. 173.

    Eissa S., Safwat M., Matboli M., Zaghloul A., El-Sawalhi M., Shaheen A. Measurement of Urinary Level of a Specific Competing endogenous RNA network (FOS and RCAN mRNA/miR-324-5p, miR-4738-3p,/lncRNA miR-497-HG) Enables Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer. Urol. Oncol. 2019;37:292.e219–292.e227.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.12.024

  174. 174.

    Appaiah H.N., Goswami C.P., Mina L.A., Badve S., Sledge G.W., Liu Y., Nakshatri H. Persistent upregulation of U6:SNORD44 small RNA ratio in the serum of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. BCR. 2011;13:R86.

    Not in our library10.1186/bcr2943

  175. 175.

    Kuhlmann J.D., Baraniskin A., Hahn S.A., Mosel F., Bredemeier M., Wimberger P., Kimmig R., Kasimir-Bauer S. Circulating U2 small nuclear RNA fragments as a novel diagnostic tool for patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin. Chem. 2014;60:206-213.

    Not in our library10.1373/clinchem.2013.213066

  176. 176.

    Muinelo-Romay L., Casas-Arozamena C., Abal M. Liquid Biopsy in Endometrial Cancer: New Opportunities for Personalized Oncology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018;19:2311.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms19082311

  177. 177.

    Torres A., Torres K., Pesci A., Ceccaroni M., Paszkowski T., Cassandrini P., Zamboni G., Maciejewski R. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of miRNA signatures in tissues and plasma of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma patients. Int. J. Cancer. 2013;132:1633-1645.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.27840

  178. 178.

    Montagnana M., Benati M., Danese E., Giudici S., Perfranceschi M., Ruzzenenete O., Salvagno G.L., Bassi A., Gelati M., Paviati E., et al. Aberrant MicroRNA Expression in Patients With Endometrial Cancer. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. 2017;27:459-466.

    Not in our library10.1097/igc.0000000000000913

  179. 179.

    Jia W., Wu Y., Zhang Q., Gao G., Zhang C., Xiang Y. Identification of four serum microRNAs from a genome-wide serum microRNA expression profile as potential non-invasive biomarkers for endometrioid endometrial cancer. Oncol. Lett. 2013;6:261-267.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2013.1338

  180. 180.

    Benati M., Montagnana M., Danese E., Paviati E., Giudici S., Franchi M., Lippi G. Evaluation of mir-203 Expression Levels and DNA Promoter Methylation Status in Serum of Patients with Endometrial Cancer. Clin. Lab. 2017;63:1675-1681.

    Not in our library10.7754/clin.lab.2017.170421

  181. 181.

    Gao Y., Dai M., Liu H., He W., Lin S., Yuan T., Chen H., Dai S. Diagnostic value of circulating miR-21: An update meta-analysis in various cancers and validation in endometrial cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:68894-68908.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.12028

  182. 182.

    Jiang Y., Wang N., Yin D., Li Y.K., Guo L., Shi L.P., Huang X. Changes in the Expression of Serum MiR-887-5p in Patients With Endometrial Cancer. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. 2016;26:1143-1147.

    Not in our library10.1097/igc.0000000000000730

  183. 183.

    Srivastava A., Moxley K., Ruskin R., Dhanasekaran D.N., Zhao Y.D., Ramesh R. A Non-invasive Liquid Biopsy Screening of Urine-Derived Exosomes for miRNAs as Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer Patients. AAPS J. 2018;20:82.

    Not in our library10.1208/s12248-018-0220-y

  184. 184.

    Nahand J.S., Taghizadeh-Boroujeni S., Karimzadeh M., Borran S., Pourhanifeh M.H., Moghoofei M., Bokharaei-Salim F., Karampoor S., Jafari A., Asemi Z., et al. microRNAs: New prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019;234:17064-17099.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28457

  185. 185.

    Okoye J.O., Ngokere A.A., Onyenekwe C.C., Erinle C.A. Comparable expression of miR-let-7b, miR-21, miR-182, miR-145, and p53 in serum and cervical cells: Diagnostic implications for early detection of cervical lesions. Int. J. Health Sci. (Qassim). 2019;13:29-38.

    Not in our library

  186. 186.

    Xin F., Liu P., Ma C.F. A circulating serum miRNA panel as early detection biomarkers of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016;20:4846-4851.

    Not in our library

  187. 187.

    Jia W., Wu Y., Zhang Q., Gao G.E., Zhang C., Xiang Y. Expression profile of circulating microRNAs as a promising fingerprint for cervical cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Mol. Clin. Oncol. 2015;3:851-858.

    Not in our library10.3892/mco.2015.560

  188. 188.

    Kong Q., Tang Z., Xiang F., Jiang J., Yue H., Wu R., Kang X. Diagnostic Value of Serum hsa-mir-92a in Patients with Cervical Cancer. Clin. Lab. 2017;63:335-340.

    Not in our library10.7754/clin.lab.2016.160610

  189. 189.

    Wang W.T., Zhao Y.N., Yan J.X., Weng M.Y., Wang Y., Chen Y.Q., Hong S.J. Differentially expressed microRNAs in the serum of cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients before and after surgery. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2014;7:6.

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-8722-7-6

  190. 190.

    Ma Q., Wan G., Wang S., Yang W., Zhang J., Yao X. Serum microRNA-205 as a novel biomarker for cervical cancer patients. Cancer Cell Int. 2014;14:81.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12935-014-0081-0

  191. 191.

    Khare D., Goldschmidt N., Bardugo A., Gur-Wahnon D., Ben-Dov I.Z., Avni B. Plasma microRNA profiling: Exploring better biomarkers for lymphoma surveillance. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0187722.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0187722

  192. 192.

    Cordeiro A., Navarro A., Gaya A., Diaz-Beya M., Gonzalez-Farre B., Castellano J.J., Fuster D., Martinez C., Martinez A., Monzo M. PiwiRNA-651 as marker of treatment response and survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncotarget. 2016;7:46002-46013.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.10015

  193. 193.

    Lopez-Santillan M., Larrabeiti-Etxebarria A., Arzuaga-Mendez J., Lopez-Lopez E., Garcia-Orad A. Circulating miRNAs as biomarkers in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A systematic review. Oncotarget. 2018;9:22850-22861.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.25230

  194. 194.

    Drusco A., Bottoni A., Lagana A., Acunzo M., Fassan M., Cascione L., Antenucci A., Kumchala P., Vicentini C., Gardiman M.P., et al. A differentially expressed set of microRNAs in cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) can diagnose CNS malignancies. Oncotarget. 2015;6:20829-20839.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.4096

  195. 195.

    Jurkovicova D., Lukackova R., Magyerkova M., Kulcsar L., Krivjanska M., Krivjansky V., Chovanec M. microRNA expression profiling as supportive diagnostic and therapy prediction tool in chronic myeloid leukemia. Neoplasma. 2015;62:949-958.

    Not in our library10.4149/neo_2015_115

  196. 196.

    Zhang J., Jiang Y., Han X., Roy M., Liu W., Zhao X., Liu J. Differential expression profiles and functional analysis of plasma miRNAs associated with chronic myeloid leukemia phases. Future Oncol. 2019;15:763-776.

    Not in our library10.2217/fon-2018-0741

  197. 197.

    Fallah P., Amirizadeh N., Poopak B., Toogeh G., Arefian E., Kohram F., Hosseini Rad S.M., Kohram M., Teimori Naghadeh H., Soleimani M. Expression pattern of key microRNAs in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. Int. J. Lab. Hematol. 2015;37:560-568.

    Not in our library10.1111/ijlh.12351

  198. 198.

    Rashed W.M., Hammad A.M., Saad A.M., Shohdy K.S. MicroRNA as a diagnostic biomarker in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia; systematic review, meta-analysis and recommendations. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2019;136:70-78.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.02.008

  199. 199.

    Zhou P., Li X. Serum miR-338-5p has potential for use as a tumor marker for retinoblastoma. Oncol. Lett. 2019;18:307-313.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2019.10331

  200. 200.

    Chen Y.Z., Liu Z.P., Zhou K.Y., Li B. Value of serum miR-17-92 cluster in diagnosis of retinoblastoma. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2017;19:776-780.

    Not in our library10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.07.009

  201. 201.

    Beta M., Venkatesan N., Vasudevan M., Vetrivel U., Khetan V., Krishnakumar S. Identification and Insilico Analysis of Retinoblastoma Serum microRNA Profile and Gene Targets Towards Prediction of Novel Serum Biomarkers. Bioinform. Biol. Insights. 2013;7:21-34.

    Not in our library10.4137/bbi.s10501

  202. 202.

    Liu S.S., Wang Y.S., Sun Y.F., Miao L.X., Wang J., Li Y.S., Liu H.Y., Liu Q.L. Plasma microRNA-320, microRNA-let-7e and microRNA-21 as novel potential biomarkers for the detection of retinoblastoma. Biomed. Rep. 2014;2:424-428.

    Not in our library10.3892/br.2014.246

  203. 203.

    Li M., Song Q., Li H., Lou Y., Wang L. Circulating miR-25-3p and miR-451a May Be Potential Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0132403.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0132403

  204. 204.

    Wang Z., Lv J., Zou X., Huang Z., Zhang H., Liu Q., Jiang L., Zhou X., Zhu W. A three plasma microRNA signature for papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosis in Chinese patients. Gene. 2019;693:37-45.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.016

  205. 205.

    Yu S., Liu X., Zhang Y., Li J., Chen S., Zheng H., Reng R., Zhang C., Chen J., Chen L. Circulating microRNA124-3p, microRNA9-3p and microRNA196b-5p may be potential signatures for differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Oncotarget. 2016;7:84165-84177.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.12389

  206. 206.

    Lee Y.S., Lim Y.S., Lee J.C., Wang S.G., Park H.Y., Kim S.Y., Lee B.J. Differential expression levels of plasma-derived miR-146b and miR-155 in papillary thyroid cancer. Oral Oncol. 2015;51:77-83.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.10.006

  207. 207.

    Lee J.C., Zhao J.T., Clifton-Bligh R.J., Gill A., Gundara J.S., Ip J.C., Glover A., Sywak M.S., Delbridge L.W., Robinson B.G., et al. MicroRNA-222 and microRNA-146b are tissue and circulating biomarkers of recurrent papillary thyroid cancer. Cancer. 2013;119:4358-4365.

    Not in our library10.1002/cncr.28254

  208. 208.

    Shabani N., Sheikholeslami S., Paryan M., Zarif Yeganeh M., Tavangar S.M., Azizi F., Mohammadi-Yeganeh S., Hedayati M. An investigation on the expression of miRNAs including miR-144 and miR-34a in plasma samples of RET-positive and RET-negative medullar thyroid carcinoma patients. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.29055

  209. 209.

    Zhang Y., Pan J., Xu D., Yang Z., Sun J., Sun L., Wu Y., Qiao H. Combination of serum microRNAs and ultrasound profile as predictive biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 2018;40:3611-3624.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2018.6776

  210. 210.

    Pilli T., Cantara S., Marzocchi C., Cardinale S., Santini C., Cevenini G., Pacini F. Diagnostic Value of Circulating microRNA-95 and -190 in the Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules: A Validation Study in 1000 Consecutive Patients. Thyroid. 2017;27:1053-1057.

    Not in our library10.1089/thy.2017.0035

  211. 211.

    Zhang Y., Xu D., Pan J., Yang Z., Chen M., Han J., Zhang S., Sun L., Qiao H. Dynamic monitoring of circulating microRNAs as a predictive biomarker for the diagnosis and recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol. Lett. 2017;13:4252-4266.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2017.6028

  212. 212.

    Igci Y.Z., Ozkaya M., Korkmaz H., Bozgeyik E., Bayraktar R., Ulasli M., Erkilic S., Eraydin A., Oztuzcu S. Expression Levels of miR-30a-5p in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Comparison Between Serum and Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Samples. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark. 2015;19:418-423.

    Not in our library10.1089/gtmb.2015.0062

  213. 213.

    Graham M.E., Hart R.D., Douglas S., Makki F.M., Pinto D., Butler A.L., Bullock M., Rigby M.H., Trites J.R., Taylor S.M., et al. Serum microRNA profiling to distinguish papillary thyroid cancer from benign thyroid masses. J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2015;44:33.

    Not in our library10.1186/s40463-015-0083-5

  214. 214.

    Cantara S., Pilli T., Sebastiani G., Cevenini G., Busonero G., Cardinale S., Dotta F., Pacini F. Circulating miRNA95 and miRNA190 are sensitive markers for the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules in a Caucasian population. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014;99:4190-4198.

    Not in our library10.1210/jc.2014-1923

  215. 215.

    Yoruker E.E., Terzioglu D., Teksoz S., Uslu F.E., Gezer U., Dalay N. MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, Benign Thyroid Nodules and Healthy Controls. J. Cancer. 2016;7:803-809.

    Not in our library10.7150/jca.13898

  216. 216.

    Yu S., Liu Y., Wang J., Guo Z., Zhang Q., Yu F., Zhang Y., Huang K., Li Y., Song E., et al. Circulating microRNA profiles as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012;97:2084-2092.

    Not in our library10.1210/jc.2011-3059

  217. 217.

    Mahmoudian-Sani M.R., Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A., Asadi-Samani M., Mobini G.R. Serum miRNAs as Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Thyroid Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Eur. Thyroid J. 2017;6:171-177.

    Not in our library10.1159/000468520

  218. 218.

    Samsonov R., Burdakov V., Shtam T., Radzhabova Z., Vasilyev D., Tsyrlina E., Titov S., Ivanov M., Berstein L., Filatov M., et al. Plasma exosomal miR-21 and miR-181a differentiates follicular from papillary thyroid cancer. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:12011-12021.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-016-5065-3

  219. 219.

    Huang C., Wang Q., Ma S., Sun Y., Vadamootoo A.S., Jin C. A four serum-miRNA panel serves as a potential diagnostic biomarker of osteosarcoma. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2019;24:976-982.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10147-019-01433-x

  220. 220.

    Fujiwara T., Uotani K., Yoshida A., Morita T., Nezu Y., Kobayashi E., Yoshida A., Uehara T., Omori T., Sugiu K., et al. Clinical significance of circulating miR-25-3p as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in osteosarcoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:33375-33392.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.16498

  221. 221.

    Monterde-Cruz L., Ramirez-Salazar E.G., Rico-Martinez G., Linares-Gonzalez L.M., Guzman-Gonzalez R., Delgado-Cedillo E., Estrada-Villasenor E., Valdes-Flores M., Velazquez-Cruz R., Hidalgo-Bravo A. Circulating miR-215-5p and miR-642a-5p as potential biomarker for diagnosis of osteosarcoma in Mexican population. Hum. Cell. 2018;31:292-299.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13577-018-0214-1

  222. 222.

    Yao Z.S., Li C., Liang D., Jiang X.B., Tang J.J., Ye L.Q., Yuan K., Ren H., Yang Z.D., Jin D.X., et al. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of serum miR-101 in osteosarcoma. Cancer Biomark. Sect. A Dis. Markers. 2018;22:127-133.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-171103

  223. 223.

    Cong C., Wang W., Tian J., Gao T., Zheng W., Zhou C. Identification of serum miR-124 as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in osteosarcoma. Cancer Biomark. 2018;21:449-454.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-170672

  224. 224.
    MicroRNA-375 as a potential serum biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis, and chemosensitivity prediction of osteosarcoma · 2018
    Not checked
  225. 225.

    Liu K., Sun X., Zhang Y., Liu L., Yuan Q. MiR-598: A tumor suppressor with biomarker significance in osteosarcoma. Life Sci. 2017;188:141-148.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.003

  226. 226.

    Niu J., Sun Y., Guo Q., Niu D., Liu B. Serum miR-95-3p is a diagnostic and prognostic marker for osteosarcoma. Springerplus. 2016;5:1947.

    Not in our library10.1186/s40064-016-3640-0

  227. 227.

    Liu J.D., Xin Q., Tao C.S., Sun P.F., Xu P., Wu B., Qu L., Li S.Z. Serum miR-300 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in osteosarcoma. Oncol. Lett. 2016;12:3912-3918.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2016.5214

  228. 228.

    Pang P.C., Shi X.Y., Huang W.L., Sun K. miR-497 as a potential serum biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteosarcoma. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016;20:3765-3769.

    Not in our library

  229. 229.

    Cao L., Wang J., Wang P.Q. MiR-326 is a diagnostic biomarker and regulates cell survival and apoptosis by targeting Bcl-2 in osteosarcoma. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2016;84:828-835.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.008

  230. 230.

    Dong J., Liu Y., Liao W., Liu R., Shi P., Wang L. miRNA-223 is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for osteosarcoma. J. Bone Oncol. 2016;5:74-79.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbo.2016.05.001

  231. 231.

    Zhou S., Wang B., Hu J., Zhou Y., Jiang M., Wu M., Qin L., Yang X. miR-421 is a diagnostic and prognostic marker in patients with osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:9001-9007.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-015-4578-5

  232. 232.

    Li H., Zhang K., Liu L.H., Ouyang Y., Guo H.B., Zhang H., Bu J., Xiao T. MicroRNA screening identifies circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for osteosarcoma. Oncol. Lett. 2015;10:1662-1668.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2015.3378

  233. 233.

    Wang N.G., Wang D.C., Tan B.Y., Wang F., Yuan Z.N. Down-regulation of microRNA152 is associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015;8:9314-9319.

    Not in our library

  234. 234.

    Wang T., Ji F., Dai Z., Xie Y., Yuan D. Increased expression of microRNA-191 as a potential serum biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in human osteosarcoma. Cancer Biomark. 2015;15:543-550.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-150493

  235. 235.

    Yang Z., Zhang Y., Zhang X., Zhang M., Liu H., Zhang S., Qi B., Sun X. Serum microRNA-221 functions as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for patients with osteosarcoma. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2015;75:153-158.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2015.07.018

  236. 236.

    Zhou G., Lu M., Chen J., Li C., Zhang J., Chen J., Shi X., Wu S. Identification of miR-199a-5p in serum as noninvasive biomarkers for detecting and monitoring osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol. 2015;36:8845-8852.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-015-3421-3

  237. 237.

    Tang J., Zhao H., Cai H., Wu H. Diagnostic and prognostic potentials of microRNA-27a in osteosarcoma. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2015;71:222-226.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2015.01.025

  238. 238.

    Cai H., Zhao H., Tang J., Wu H. Serum miR-195 is a diagnostic and prognostic marker for osteosarcoma. J. Surg. Res. 2015;194:505-510.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jss.2014.11.025

  239. 239.

    Zhang C., Yao C., Li H., Wang G., He X. Serum levels of microRNA-133b and microRNA-206 expression predict prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2014;7:4194-4203.

    Not in our library

  240. 240.

    Hong Q., Fang J., Pang Y., Zheng J. Prognostic value of the microRNA-29 family in patients with primary osteosarcomas. Med. Oncol. 2014;31:37.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12032-014-0037-1

  241. 241.

    Huang C., Sun Y., Ma S., Vadamootoo A.S., Wang L., Jin C. Identification of circulating miR-663a as a potential biomarker for diagnosing osteosarcoma. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2019;215:152411.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.prp.2019.04.003

  242. 242.

    Lian F., Cui Y., Zhou C., Gao K., Wu L. Identification of a plasma four-microRNA panel as potential noninvasive biomarker for osteosarcoma. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0121499.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0121499

  243. 243.

    Zhou L., Ma X., Yue J., Chen T., Wang X.Y., Wang Z.W., Pan J., Lin Y. The diagnostic effect of serum miR-139-5p as an indicator in osteosarcoma. Cancer Biomark. 2018;23:561-567.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-181744

  244. 244.

    Hua J., Liu D., Cao L., Wang D., Wu T., Lin F., Su P., Niu Y., Sun Y. Diagnostic and prognostic values of blood microRNA-Let7A for osteosarcoma. J. Bone Oncol. 2018;12:65-68.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbo.2018.05.001

  245. 245.

    Ma W., Zhang X., Chai J., Chen P., Ren P., Gong M. Circulating miR-148a is a significant diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for patients with osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol. 2014;35:12467-12472.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-014-2565-x

  246. 246.

    Polini B., Carpi S., Romanini A., Breschi M.C., Nieri P., Podesta A. Circulating cell-free microRNAs in cutaneous melanoma staging and recurrence or survival prognosis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2019;32:486-499.

    Not in our library10.1111/pcmr.12755

  247. 247.

    Mumford S.L., Towler B.P., Pashler A.L., Gilleard O., Martin Y., Newbury S.F. Circulating MicroRNA Biomarkers in Melanoma: Tools and Challenges in Personalised Medicine. Biomolecules. 2018;8:21.

    Not in our library10.3390/biom8020021

  248. 248.

    Margue C., Reinsbach S., Philippidou D., Beaume N., Walters C., Schneider J.G., Nashan D., Behrmann I., Kreis S. Comparison of a healthy miRNome with melanoma patient miRNomes: Are microRNAs suitable serum biomarkers for cancer? Oncotarget. 2015;6:12110-12127.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.3661

  249. 249.

    Van Laar R., Lincoln M., Van Laar B. Development and validation of a plasma-based melanoma biomarker suitable for clinical use. Br. J. Cancer. 2018;118:857-866.

    Not in our library10.1038/bjc.2017.477

  250. 250.

    Sole C., Tramonti D., Schramm M., Goicoechea I., Armesto M., Hernandez L.I., Manterola L., Fernandez-Mercado M., Mujika K., Tuneu A., et al. The Circulating Transcriptome as a Source of Biomarkers for Melanoma. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11:70.

    Not in our library10.3390/cancers11010070

  251. 251.

    Siomi M.C., Sato K., Pezic D., Aravin A.A. PIWI-interacting small RNAs: The vanguard of genome defence. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2011;12:246-258.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrm3089

  252. 252.

    Ozata D.M., Gainetdinov I., Zoch A., O’Carroll D., Zamore P.D. PIWI-interacting RNAs: Small RNAs with big functions. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2019;20:89-108.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41576-018-0073-3

  253. 253.

    Girard A., Sachidanandam R., Hannon G.J., Carmell M.A. A germline-specific class of small RNAs binds mammalian Piwi proteins. Nature. 2006;442:199-202.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature04917

  254. 254.

    Romano G., Veneziano D., Acunzo M., Croce C.M. Small non-coding RNA and cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2017;38:485-491.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/bgx026

  255. 255.

    Tosar J.P., Rovira C., Cayota A. Non-coding RNA fragments account for the majority of annotated piRNAs expressed in somatic non-gonadal tissues. Commun. Biol. 2018;1:2.

    Not in our library10.1038/s42003-017-0001-7

  256. 256.

    Halic M., Moazed D. Transposon silencing by piRNAs. Cell. 2009;138:1058-1060.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.030

  257. 257.

    Weick E.M., Miska E.A. piRNAs: From biogenesis to function. Development. 2014;141:3458-3471.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.094037

  258. 258.

    Weng W., Li H., Goel A. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and cancer: Emerging biological concepts and potential clinical implications. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer. 2019;1871:160-169.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.005

  259. 259.

    Ha H., Song J., Wang S., Kapusta A., Feschotte C., Chen K.C., Xing J. A comprehensive analysis of piRNAs from adult human testis and their relationship with genes and mobile elements. BMC Genom. 2014;15:545.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2164-15-545

  260. 260.

    Bahn J.H., Zhang Q., Li F., Chan T.M., Lin X., Kim Y., Wong D.T., Xiao X. The landscape of microRNA, Piwi-interacting RNA, and circular RNA in human saliva. Clin. Chem. 2015;61:221-230.

    Not in our library10.1373/clinchem.2014.230433

  261. 261.

    Slaby O. Non-coding RNAs as Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Screening and Early Detection. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2016;937:153-170.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-3-319-42059-2_8

  262. 262.

    Kiss T. Small nucleolar RNAs: An abundant group of noncoding RNAs with diverse cellular functions. Cell. 2002;109:145-148.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00718-3

  263. 263.

    Klinge S., Woolford J.L. Ribosome assembly coming into focus. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2019;20:116-131.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41580-018-0078-y

  264. 264.

    Bohnsack M.T., Sloan K.E. Modifications in small nuclear RNAs and their roles in spliceosome assembly and function. Biol. Chem. 2018;399:1265-1276.

    Not in our library10.1515/hsz-2018-0205

  265. 265.

    Dieci G., Preti M., Montanini B. Eukaryotic snoRNAs: A paradigm for gene expression flexibility. Genomics. 2009;94:83-88.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.05.002

  266. 266.
    Small Nucleolar RNAs: Insight Into Their Function in Cancer · 2019
    No notice
  267. 267.
    From snoRNA to miRNA: Dual function regulatory non-coding RNAs · 2011
    No notice
  268. 268.
    Interaction and cross-talk between non-coding RNAs · 2017
    No notice
  269. 269.

    Ender C., Krek A., Friedlander M.R., Beitzinger M., Weinmann L., Chen W., Pfeffer S., Rajewsky N., Meister G. A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions. Mol. Cell. 2008;32:519-528.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.017

  270. 270.

    Chow R.D., Chen S. Sno-derived RNAs are prevalent molecular markers of cancer immunity. Oncogene. 2018;37:6442-6462.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41388-018-0420-z

  271. 271.
    Regulatory Role of Small Nucleolar RNAs in Human Diseases · 2015
    No notice
  272. 272.

    Su Y., Guarnera M.A., Fang H., Jiang F. Small non-coding RNA biomarkers in sputum for lung cancer diagnosis. Mol. Cancer. 2016;15:36.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12943-016-0520-8

  273. 273.

    Schmitz U., Naderi-Meshkin H., Gupta S.K., Wolkenhauer O., Vera J. The RNA world in the 21st century-a systems approach to finding non-coding keys to clinical questions. Brief. Bioinform. 2016;17:380-392.

    Not in our library10.1093/bib/bbv061

  274. 274.

    Han D., Wang M., Ma N., Xu Y., Jiang Y., Gao X. Long noncoding RNAs: Novel players in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett. 2015;361:13-21.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.002

  275. 275.

    Wang M., Zhou L., Yu F., Zhang Y., Li P., Wang K. The functional roles of exosomal long non-coding RNAs in cancer. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2019;76:2059-2076.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00018-019-03018-3

  276. 276.

    Lin T., Hou P.F., Meng S., Chen F., Jiang T., Li M.L., Shi M.L., Liu J.J., Zheng J.N., Bai J. Emerging Roles of p53 Related lncRNAs in Cancer Progression: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2019;15:1287-1298.

    Not in our library10.7150/ijbs.33218

  277. 277.

    Schmitt A.M., Chang H.Y. Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Pathways. Cancer Cell. 2016;29:452-463.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.010

  278. 278.

    Li Q., Shao Y., Zhang X., Zheng T., Miao M., Qin L., Wang B., Ye G., Xiao B., Guo J. Plasma long noncoding RNA protected by exosomes as a potential stable biomarker for gastric cancer. Tumour Biol. J. Int. Soc. Oncodev. Biol. Med. 2015;36:2007-2012.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-014-2807-y

  279. 279.

    Naderi-Meshkin H., Lai X., Amirkhah R., Vera J., Rasko J.E.J., Schmitz U. Exosomal lncRNAs and cancer: Connecting the missing links. Bioinformatics. 2019;35:352-360.

    Not in our library10.1093/bioinformatics/bty527

  280. 280.

    Zhou H., Wang F., Chen H., Tan Q., Qiu S., Chen S., Jing W., Yu M., Liang C., Ye S., et al. Increased expression of long-noncoding RNA ZFAS1 is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer. Aging (Albany N. Y.). 2016;8:2023-2038.

    Not in our library10.18632/aging.101048

  281. 281.
    Plasma HULC as a Promising Novel Biomarker for the Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma · 2013
    No notice
  282. 282.
    Identification of the long non-coding RNA POU3F3 in plasma as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma · 2015
    No notice
  283. 283.

    Tang Q., Ni Z., Cheng Z., Xu J., Yu H., Yin P. Three circulating long non-coding RNAs act as biomarkers for predicting NSCLC. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Int. J. Exp. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2015;37:1002-1009.

    Not in our library10.1159/000430226

  284. 284.
    Circulation long non-coding RNAs act as biomarkers for predicting tumorigenesis and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma · 2015
    No notice
  285. 285.

    Qu L., Ding J., Chen C., Wu Z.J., Liu B., Gao Y., Chen W., Liu F., Sun W., Li X.F., et al. Exosome-Transmitted lncARSR Promotes Sunitinib Resistance in Renal Cancer by Acting as a Competing Endogenous RNA. Cancer Cell. 2016;29:653-668.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.004

  286. 286.

    Liu X.F., Thin K.Z., Ming X.L., Shuo L., Ping L., Man Z., Li N.D., Tu J.C. Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 18 Acts as a Tumor Suppressor and a Diagnostic Indicator in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 2018;17.

    Not in our library10.1177/1533033818794494

  287. 287.

    Liu M., Xing L.Q., Liu Y.J. A three-long noncoding RNA signature as a diagnostic biomarker for differentiating between triple-negative and non-triple-negative breast cancers. Medicine. 2017;96:e6222.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000006222

  288. 288.

    Kamel L.M., Atef D.M., Mackawy A.M., Shalaby S.M., Abdelraheim N. Circulating long non-coding RNA GAS5 and SOX2OT as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/bab.1764

  289. 289.

    Isin M., Ozgur E., Cetin G., Erten N., Aktan M., Gezer U., Dalay N. Investigation of circulating lncRNAs in B-cell neoplasms. Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem. 2014;431:255-259.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.010

  290. 290.

    Gao S., Xu X., Wang Y., Zhang W., Wang X. Diagnostic utility of plasma lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol. Med. Rep. 2018;18:3305-3313.

    Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2018.9336

  291. 291.

    Dong L., Qi P., Xu M.D., Ni S.J., Huang D., Xu Q.H., Weng W.W., Tan C., Sheng W.Q., Zhou X.Y., et al. Circulating CUDR, LSINCT-5 and PTENP1 long noncoding RNAs in sera distinguish patients with gastric cancer from healthy controls. Int. J. Cancer J. Int. Cancer. 2015;137:1128-1135.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.29484

  292. 292.

    Zhang R., Xia Y., Wang Z., Zheng J., Chen Y., Li X., Wang Y., Ming H. Serum long non coding RNA MALAT-1 protected by exosomes is up-regulated and promotes cell proliferation and migration in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2017;490:406-414.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.055

  293. 293.

    Wang L., Duan W., Yan S., Xie Y., Wang C. Circulating long non-coding RNA colon cancer-associated transcript 2 protected by exosome as a potential biomarker for colorectal cancer. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019;113:108758.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108758

  294. 294.
    Exosomal long noncoding RNA CRNDE-h as a novel serum-based biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer · 2016
    No notice
  295. 295.
    Expression of the Long Non-Coding RNA HOTAIR Correlates with Disease Progression in Bladder Cancer and Is Contained in Bladder Cancer Patient Urinary Exosomes · 2016
    No notice
  296. 296.
    Prostate cancer-derived urine exosomes: a novel approach to biomarkers for prostate cancer · 2009
    No notice
  297. 297.

    McKiernan J., Donovan M.J., O’Neill V., Bentink S., Noerholm M., Belzer S., Skog J., Kattan M.W., Partin A., Andriole G., et al. A Novel Urine Exosome Gene Expression Assay to Predict High-grade Prostate Cancer at Initial Biopsy. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2:882-889.

    Not in our library10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0097

  298. 298.
    Exosomal lncRNA-p21 levels may help to distinguish prostate cancer from benign disease · 2015
    No notice
  299. 299.

    Donovan M.J., Noerholm M., Bentink S., Belzer S., Skog J., O’Neill V., Cochran J.S., Brown G.A. A molecular signature of PCA3 and ERG exosomal RNA from non-DRE urine is predictive of initial prostate biopsy result. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2015;18:370-375.

    Not in our library10.1038/pcan.2015.40

  300. 300.

    Tang H., Wu Z., Zhang J., Su B. Salivary lncRNA as a potential marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis. Mol. Med. Rep. 2013;7:761-766.

    Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2012.1254

  301. 301.
    Salivary HOTAIR and PVT1 as novel biomarkers for early pancreatic cancer · 2016
    No notice
  302. 302.

    Ge X., Wang Y., Nie J., Li Q., Tang L., Deng X., Wang F., Xu B., Wu X., Zhang X., et al. The diagnostic/prognostic potential and molecular functions of long non-coding RNAs in the exosomes derived from the bile of human cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:69995-70005.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.19547

  303. 303.

    Shao Y., Ye M., Jiang X., Sun W., Ding X., Liu Z., Ye G., Zhang X., Xiao B., Guo J. Gastric juice long noncoding RNA used as a tumor marker for screening gastric cancer. Cancer. 2014;120:3320-3328.

    Not in our library10.1002/cncr.28882

  304. 304.

    Shah M.Y., Ferracin M., Pileczki V., Chen B., Redis R., Fabris L., Zhang X., Ivan C., Shimizu M., Rodriguez-Aguayo C., et al. Cancer-associated rs6983267 SNP and its accompanying long noncoding RNA CCAT2 induce myeloid malignancies via unique SNP-specific RNA mutations. Genome Res. 2018;28:432-447.

    Not in our library10.1101/gr.225128.117

  305. 305.

    Redis R.S., Vela L.E., Lu W., Ferreira de Oliveira J., Ivan C., Rodriguez-Aguayo C., Adamoski D., Pasculli B., Taguchi A., Chen Y., et al. Allele-Specific Reprogramming of Cancer Metabolism by the Long Non-coding RNA CCAT2. Mol. Cell. 2016;61:520-534.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.molcel.2016.01.015

  306. 306.

    Ghafouri-Fard S., Taheri M. Colon Cancer-Associated Transcripts 1 and 2: Roles and functions in human cancers. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28176

  307. 307.

    Shao T., Huang J., Zheng Z., Wu Q., Liu T., Lv X. SCCA, TSGF, and the Long Non-Coding RNA AC007271.3 are Effective Biomarkers for Diagnosing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018;47:26-38.

    Not in our library10.1159/000489741

  308. 308.

    Zhao S.Y., Wang J., Ouyang S.B., Huang Z.K., Liao L. Salivary Circular RNAs Hsa_Circ_0001874 and Hsa_Circ_0001971 as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018;47:2511-2521.

    Not in our library10.1159/000491624

  309. 309.

    Fan C.M., Wang J.P., Tang Y.Y., Zhao J., He S.Y., Xiong F., Guo C., Xiang B., Zhou M., Li X.L., et al. circMAN1A2 could serve as a novel serum biomarker for malignant tumors. Cancer Sci. 2019;110:2180-2188.

    Not in our library10.1111/cas.14034

  310. 310.

    He B., Zeng J., Chao W., Chen X., Huang Y., Deng K., Huang Z., Li J., Dai M., Chen S., et al. Serum long non-coding RNAs MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1 and AL359062 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:41166-41177.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.17083

  311. 311.

    Shuai M., Hong J., Huang D., Zhang X., Tian Y. Upregulation of circRNA_0000285 serves as a prognostic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is involved in radiosensitivity. Oncol. Lett. 2018;16:6495-6501.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2018.9471

  312. 312.

    Sun K., Zhao X., Wan J., Yang L., Chu J., Dong S., Yin H., Ming L., He F. The diagnostic value of long non-coding RNA MIR31HG and its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Life Sci. 2018;202:124-130.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.050

  313. 313.

    Wang W., He X., Zheng Z., Ma X., Hu X., Wu D., Wang M. Serum HOTAIR as a novel diagnostic biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol. Cancer. 2017;16:75.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12943-017-0643-6

  314. 314.

    Wang Y., Jing W., Ma W., Liang C., Chai H., Tu J. Down-regulation of long non-coding RNA GAS5-AS1 and its prognostic and diagnostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biomark. 2018;22:227-236.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-170781

  315. 315.

    Luo P., Liang C., Zhang X., Liu X., Wang Y., Wu M., Feng X., Tu J. Identification of long non-coding RNA ZFAS1 as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of HCC. Biosci. Rep. 2018;38.

    Not in our library10.1042/bsr20171359

  316. 316.

    Ma X., Wang X., Yang C., Wang Z., Han B., Wu L., Zhuang L. DANCR Acts as a Diagnostic Biomarker and Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2016;36:6389-6398.

    Not in our library10.21873/anticanres.11236

  317. 317.

    Li J., Wang X., Tang J., Jiang R., Zhang W., Ji J., Sun B. HULC and Linc00152 Act as Novel Biomarkers in Predicting Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2015;37:687-696.

    Not in our library10.1159/000430387

  318. 318.

    Jing W., Gao S., Zhu M., Luo P., Jing X., Chai H., Tu J. Potential diagnostic value of lncRNA SPRY4-IT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 2016;36:1085-1092.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2016.4859

  319. 319.

    Shaker O.G., Ayoub S.E., Abdelwahed M.Y., Ahmed N.A., Hassan E.A., Ahmed T.I., Abousarie M.A. Evaluation of serum long noncoding RNA NEAT and MiR-129-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma. IUBMB Life. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/iub.2096

  320. 320.

    Wang Z.F., Hu R., Pang J.M., Zhang G.Z., Yan W., Li Z.N. Serum long noncoding RNA LRB1 as a potential biomarker for predicting the diagnosis and prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol. Lett. 2018;16:1593-1601.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2018.8825

  321. 321.
    Serum long noncoding RNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1: A novel biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2018
    Not checked
  322. 322.

    Zeng Z., Dong J., Li Y., Dong Z., Liu Z., Huang J., Wang Y., Zhen Y., Lu Y. The expression level and clinical significance of lncRNA X91348 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2019;47:3067-3071.

    Not in our library10.1080/21691401.2019.1640228

  323. 323.

    Yu J., Han J., Zhang J., Li G., Liu H., Cui X., Xu Y., Li T., Liu J., Wang C. The long noncoding RNAs PVT1 and uc002mbe.2 in sera provide a new supplementary method for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Medicine (Baltim.). 2016;95:e4436.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000004436

  324. 324.

    Wang K., Guo W.X., Li N., Gao C.F., Shi J., Tang Y.F., Shen F., Wu M.C., Liu S.R., Cheng S.Q. Serum LncRNAs Profiles Serve as Novel Potential Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of HBV-Positive Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0144934.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0144934

  325. 325.

    Kamel M.M., Matboli M., Sallam M., Montasser I.F., Saad A.S., El-Tawdi A.H.F. Investigation of long noncoding RNAs expression profile as potential serum biomarkers in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl. Res. 2016;168:134-145.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.trsl.2015.10.002

  326. 326.

    Sun L., Su Y., Liu X., Xu M., Chen X., Zhu Y., Guo Z., Bai T., Dong L., Wei C., et al. Serum and exosome long non coding RNAs as potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cancer. 2018;9:2631-2639.

    Not in our library10.7150/jca.24978

  327. 327.

    Xu H., Chen Y., Dong X., Wang X. Serum Exosomal Long Noncoding RNAs ENSG00000258332.1 and LINC00635 for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark. 2018;27:710-716.

    Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0770

  328. 328.

    Zhang X., Zhou H., Jing W., Luo P., Qiu S., Liu X., Zhu M., Liang C., Yu M., Tu J. The Circular RNA hsa_circ_0001445 Regulates the Proliferation and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and May Serve as a Diagnostic Biomarker. Dis. Markers. 2018;2018:3073467.

    Not in our library10.1155/2018/3073467

  329. 329.

    Li Z., Zhou Y., Yang G., He S., Qiu X., Zhang L., Deng Q., Zheng F. Using circular RNA SMARCA5 as a potential novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2019;492:37-44.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.001

  330. 330.

    Shi J., Li X., Zhang F., Kong L., Zhang X., Cheng Y., Guan Q., Cao X., Zhu W., Ou K., et al. The Plasma LncRNA Acting as Fingerprint in Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018;49:1694-1702.

    Not in our library10.1159/000493613

  331. 331.

    Liu Y., Feng W., Liu W., Kong X., Li L., He J., Wang D., Zhang M., Zhou G., Xu W., et al. Circulating lncRNA ABHD11-AS1 serves as a biomarker for early pancreatic cancer diagnosis. J. Cancer. 2019;10:3746-3756.

    Not in our library10.7150/jca.32052

  332. 332.

    Wang Y., Li Z., Zheng S., Zhou Y., Zhao L., Ye H., Zhao X., Gao W., Fu Z., Zhou Q., et al. Expression profile of long non-coding RNAs in pancreatic cancer and their clinical significance as biomarkers. Oncotarget. 2015;6:35684-35698.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.5533

  333. 333.

    Yang F., Liu D.Y., Guo J.T., Ge N., Zhu P., Liu X., Wang S., Wang G.X., Sun S.Y. Circular RNA circ-LDLRAD3 as a biomarker in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017;23:8345-8354.

    Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v23.i47.8345

  334. 334.

    Yang Z., Sun Y., Liu R., Shi Y., Ding S. Plasma long noncoding RNAs PANDAR, FOXD2-AS1, and SMARCC2 as potential novel diagnostic biomarkers for gastric cancer. Cancer Manag. Res. 2019;11:6175-6184.

    Not in our library10.2147/cmar.s201935

  335. 335.

    Zheng R., Liang J., Lu J., Li S., Zhang G., Wang X., Liu M., Wang W., Chu H., Tao G., et al. Genome-wide long non-coding RNAs identified a panel of novel plasma biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis. Gastric Cancer. 2019;22:731-741.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10120-018-00915-7

  336. 336.

    Ghaedi H., Mozaffari M.A.N., Salehi Z., Ghasemi H., Zadian S.S., Alipoor S., Hadianpour S., Alipoor B. Co-expression profiling of plasma miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer patients. Gene. 2019;687:135-142.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.034

  337. 337.

    Tan L., Yang Y., Shao Y., Zhang H., Guo J. Plasma lncRNA-GACAT2 is a valuable marker for the screening of gastric cancer. Oncol. Lett. 2016;12:4845-4849.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2016.5297

  338. 338.

    Elsayed E.T., Salem P.E., Darwish A.M., Fayed H.M. Plasma long non-coding RNA HOTAIR as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer. Int. J. Biol. Markers. 2018;33:528-533.

    Not in our library10.1177/1724600818760244

  339. 339.

    Liu J., Wang J., Song Y., Ma B., Luo J., Ni Z., Gao P., Sun J., Zhao J., Chen X., et al. A panel consisting of three novel circulating lncRNAs, is it a predictive tool for gastric cancer? J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2018;22:3605-3613.

    Not in our library10.1111/jcmm.13640

  340. 340.

    Gao J., Cao R., Mu H. Long non-coding RNA UCA1 may be a novel diagnostic and predictive biomarker in plasma for early gastric cancer. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015;8:12936-12942.

    Not in our library

  341. 341.

    Zhang K., Shi H., Xi H., Wu X., Cui J., Gao Y., Liang W., Hu C., Liu Y., Li J., et al. Genome-Wide lncRNA Microarray Profiling Identifies Novel Circulating lncRNAs for Detection of Gastric Cancer. Theranostics. 2017;7:213-227.

    Not in our library10.7150/thno.16044

  342. 342.

    Jin C., Shi W., Wang F., Shen X., Qi J., Cong H., Yuan J., Shi L., Zhu B., Luo X., et al. Long non-coding RNA HULC as a novel serum biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis prediction of gastric cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:51763-51772.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.10107

  343. 343.

    Liu Y., Zhang Y.M., Ma F.B., Pan S.R., Liu B.Z. Long noncoding RNA HOXA11-AS promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion via SRSF1 and functions as a biomarker in gastric cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019;25:2763-2775.

    Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v25.i22.2763

  344. 344.

    Mohamed W.A., Schaalan M.F., Ramadan B. The expression profiling of circulating miR-204, miR-182, and lncRNA H19 as novel potential biomarkers for the progression of peptic ulcer to gastric cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 2019;120:13464-13477.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcb.28620

  345. 345.
    Identification of the long non-coding RNA H19 in plasma as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of gastric cancer · 2015
    No notice
  346. 346.

    Zong W., Feng W., Jiang Y., Ju S., Cui M., Jing R. Evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum long non-coding RNA CTC-497E21.4 in gastric cancer. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2019;57:1063-1072.

    Not in our library10.1515/cclm-2018-0929

  347. 347.

    Fu M., Huang Z., Zang X., Pan L., Liang W., Chen J., Qian H., Xu W., Jiang P., Zhang X. Long noncoding RNA LINC00978 promotes cancer growth and acts as a diagnostic biomarker in gastric cancer. Cell Prolif. 2018;51:e12425.

    Not in our library10.1111/cpr.12425

  348. 348.

    Lu Q., Yu T., Ou X., Cao D., Xie T., Chen X. Potential lncRNA diagnostic biomarkers for early gastric cancer. Mol. Med. Rep. 2017;16:9545-9552.

    Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2017.7770

  349. 349.

    Arita T., Ichikawa D., Konishi H., Komatsu S., Shiozaki A., Shoda K., Kawaguchi T., Hirajima S., Nagata H., Kubota T., et al. Circulating long non-coding RNAs in plasma of patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res. 2013;33:3185-3193.

    Not in our library

  350. 350.
    Tumor-originated exosomal lncUEGC1 as a circulating biomarker for early-stage gastric cancer · 2018
    No notice
  351. 351.

    Virgilio E., Giarnieri E., Giovagnoli M.R., Montagnini M., Proietti A., D’Urso R., Mercantini P., Balducci G., Cavallini M. Long non-coding RNAs in the gastric juice of gastric cancer patients. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2018;214:1239-1246.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.023

  352. 352.

    Li W.H., Song Y.C., Zhang H., Zhou Z.J., Xie X., Zeng Q.N., Guo K., Wang T., Xia P., Chang D.M. Decreased Expression of Hsa_circ_00001649 in Gastric Cancer and Its Clinical Significance. Dis. Markers. 2017;2017:4587698.

    Not in our library10.1155/2017/4587698

  353. 353.

    Li T., Shao Y., Fu L., Xie Y., Zhu L., Sun W., Yu R., Xiao B., Guo J. Plasma circular RNA profiling of patients with gastric cancer and their droplet digital RT-PCR detection. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.). 2018;96:85-96.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00109-017-1600-y

  354. 354.

    Huang M., He Y.R., Liang L.C., Huang Q., Zhu Z.Q. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0000745 may serve as a diagnostic marker for gastric cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017;23:6330-6338.

    Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v23.i34.6330

  355. 355.

    Sun H., Tang W., Rong D., Jin H., Fu K., Zhang W., Liu Z., Cao H., Cao X. Hsa_circ_0000520, a potential new circular RNA biomarker, is involved in gastric carcinoma. Cancer Biomark. 2018;21:299-306.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-170379

  356. 356.
    CircRNA microarray profiling identifies a novel circulating biomarker for detection of gastric cancer · 2018
    No notice
  357. 357.

    Chen S., Li T., Zhao Q., Xiao B., Guo J. Using circular RNA hsa_circ_0000190 as a new biomarker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2017;466:167-171.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2017.01.025

  358. 358.

    Lu J., Zhang P.Y., Xie J.W., Wang J.B., Lin J.X., Chen Q.Y., Cao L.L., Huang C.M., Li P., Zheng C.H. Hsa_circ_0000467 promotes cancer progression and serves as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2019;33:e22726.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcla.22726

  359. 359.

    Zhao Q., Chen S., Li T., Xiao B., Zhang X. Clinical values of circular RNA 0000181 in the screening of gastric cancer. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2018;32:e22333.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcla.22333

  360. 360.

    Abedini P., Fattahi A., Agah S., Talebi A., Beygi A.H., Amini S.M., Mirzaei A., Akbari A. Expression analysis of circulating plasma long noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer: The relevance of lncRNAs ATB and CCAT1 as potential clinical hallmarks. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28765

  361. 361.

    Liu H., Ye D., Chen A., Tan D., Zhang W., Jiang W., Wang M., Zhang X. A pilot study of new promising non-coding RNA diagnostic biomarkers for early-stage colorectal cancers. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2019;57:1073-1083.

    Not in our library10.1515/cclm-2019-0052

  362. 362.

    Shaker O.G., Senousy M.A., Elbaz E.M. Association of rs6983267 at 8q24, HULC rs7763881 polymorphisms and serum lncRNAs CCAT2 and HULC with colorectal cancer in Egyptian patients. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:16246.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-017-16500-4

  363. 363.

    Dai M., Chen X., Mo S., Li J., Huang Z., Huang S., Xu J., He B., Zou Y., Chen J., et al. Meta-signature LncRNAs serve as novel biomarkers for colorectal cancer: Integrated bioinformatics analysis, experimental validation and diagnostic evaluation. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:46572.

    Not in our library10.1038/srep46572

  364. 364.

    Feng W., Zong W., Li Y., Shen X., Cui X., Ju S. Abnormally expressed long noncoding RNA B3GALT5-AS1 may serve as a biomarker for the diagnostic and prognostic of gastric cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcb.29296

  365. 365.

    Wang C., Yu J., Han Y., Li L., Li J., Li T., Qi P. Long non-coding RNAs LOC285194, RP11-462C24.1 and Nbla12061 in serum provide a new approach for distinguishing patients with colorectal cancer from healthy controls. Oncotarget. 2016;7:70769-70778.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.12220

  366. 366.

    Wang R., Du L., Yang X., Jiang X., Duan W., Yan S., Xie Y., Zhu Y., Wang Q., Wang L., et al. Identification of long noncoding RNAs as potential novel diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers in colorectal cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2016;142:2291-2301.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00432-016-2238-9

  367. 367.

    Zhao W., Song M., Zhang J., Kuerban M., Wang H. Combined identification of long non-coding RNA CCAT1 and HOTAIR in serum as an effective screening for colorectal carcinoma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015;8:14131-14140.

    Not in our library

  368. 368.

    Hu D., Zhan Y., Zhu K., Bai M., Han J., Si Y., Zhang H., Kong D. Plasma Exosomal Long Non-Coding RNAs Serve as Biomarkers for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018;51:2704-2715.

    Not in our library10.1159/000495961

  369. 369.

    Dong L., Lin W., Qi P., Xu M.D., Wu X., Ni S., Huang D., Weng W.W., Tan C., Sheng W., et al. Circulating Long RNAs in Serum Extracellular Vesicles: Their Characterization and Potential Application as Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2016;25:1158-1166.

    Not in our library10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0006

  370. 370.

    Ji W., Qiu C., Wang M., Mao N., Wu S., Dai Y. Hsa_circ_0001649: A circular RNA and potential novel biomarker for colorectal cancer. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 2018;497:122-126.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.036

  371. 371.

    Li X.N., Wang Z.J., Ye C.X., Zhao B.C., Huang X.X., Yang L. Circular RNA circVAPA is up-regulated and exerts oncogenic properties by sponging miR-101 in colorectal cancer. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019;112:108611.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108611

  372. 372.

    Luo J., Li Q., Pan J., Li L., Fang L., Zhang Y. Expression level of long noncoding RNA H19 in plasma of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer and its clinical significance. J. Cancer Res. Ther. 2018;14:860-863.

    Not in our library10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_733_17

  373. 373.

    Li N., Wang Y., Liu X., Luo P., Jing W., Zhu M., Tu J. Identification of Circulating Long Noncoding RNA HOTAIR as a Novel Biomarker for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 2017;16:1060-1066.

    Not in our library10.1177/1533034617723754

  374. 374.

    Li N., Feng X.B., Tan Q., Luo P., Jing W., Zhu M., Liang C., Tu J., Ning Y. Identification of Circulating Long Noncoding RNA Linc00152 as a Novel Biomarker for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Dis. Markers. 2017;2017:7439698.

    Not in our library10.1155/2017/7439698

  375. 375.

    Lin Y., Leng Q., Zhan M., Jiang F. A Plasma Long Noncoding RNA Signature for Early Detection of Lung Cancer. Transl. Oncol. 2018;11:1225-1231.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tranon.2018.07.016

  376. 376.

    Tan Q., Zuo J., Qiu S., Yu Y., Zhou H., Li N., Wang H., Liang C., Yu M., Tu J. Identification of circulating long non-coding RNA GAS5 as a potential biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer diagnosisnon-small cell lung cancer, long non-coding RNA, plasma, GAS5, biomarker. Int. J. Oncol. 2017;50:1729-1738.

    Not in our library10.3892/ijo.2017.3925

  377. 377.

    Hu X., Bao J., Wang Z., Zhang Z., Gu P., Tao F., Cui D., Jiang W. The plasma lncRNA acting as fingerprint in non-small-cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:3497-3504.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-015-4023-9

  378. 378.

    Wang H.M., Lu J.H., Chen W.Y., Gu A.Q. Upregulated lncRNA-UCA1 contributes to progression of lung cancer and is closely related to clinical diagnosis as a predictive biomarker in plasma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2015;8:11824-11830.

    Not in our library

  379. 379.

    Liu H., Zhou G., Fu X., Cui H., Pu G., Xiao Y., Sun W., Dong X., Zhang L., Cao S., et al. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 is a diagnostic factor in lung adenocarcinoma and suppresses apoptosis via epigenetic silencing of BAX. Oncotarget. 2017;8:101899-101910.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.22058

  380. 380.

    Wan L., Zhang L., Fan K., Wang J.J. Diagnostic significance of circulating long noncoding RNA PCAT6 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2017;10:5695-5702.

    Not in our library10.2147/ott.s149314

  381. 381.

    Tantai J., Hu D., Yang Y., Geng J. Combined identification of long non-coding RNA XIST and HIF1A-AS1 in serum as an effective screening for non-small cell lung cancer. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015;8:7887-7895.

    Not in our library

  382. 382.

    Li W., Li N., Kang X., Shi K. Circulating long non-coding RNA AFAP1-AS1 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2017;475:152-156.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2017.10.027

  383. 383.
    Circulating long noncoding RNA act as potential novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of non‐small cell lung cancer · 2018
    No notice
  384. 384.

    Jiang N., Meng X., Mi H., Chi Y., Li S., Jin Z., Tian H., He J., Shen W., Tian H., et al. Circulating lncRNA XLOC_009167 serves as a diagnostic biomarker to predict lung cancer. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2018;486:26-33.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2018.07.026

  385. 385.

    Li C., Lv Y., Shao C., Chen C., Zhang T., Wei Y., Fan H., Lv T., Liu H., Song Y. Tumor-derived exosomal lncRNA GAS5 as a biomarker for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer diagnosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019;234:20721-20727.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28678

  386. 386.

    Teng Y., Kang H., Chu Y. Identification of an Exosomal Long Noncoding RNA SOX2-OT in Plasma as a Promising Biomarker for Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark. 2019;23:235-240.

    Not in our library10.1089/gtmb.2018.0103

  387. 387.

    Bai Y., Qu Y., Wu Z., Ren Y., Cheng Z., Lu Y., Hu J., Lou J., Zhao J., Chen C., et al. Absolute quantification and analysis of extracellular vesicle lncRNAs from the peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer based on multi-colour fluorescence chip-based digital PCR. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2019;142:111523.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bios.2019.111523

  388. 388.

    Wang J., Zhou Y., Lu J., Sun Y., Xiao H., Liu M., Tian L. Combined detection of serum exosomal miR-21 and HOTAIR as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Med. Oncol. 2014;31:148.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12032-014-0148-8

  389. 389.

    Wu Y., Wang Y.Q., Weng W.W., Zhang Q.Y., Yang X.Q., Gan H.L., Yang Y.S., Zhang P.P., Sun M.H., Xu M.D., et al. A serum-circulating long noncoding RNA signature can discriminate between patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma and healthy controls. Oncogenesis. 2016;5:e192.

    Not in our library10.1038/oncsis.2015.48

  390. 390.

    Li G., Zhang Y., Mao J., Hu P., Chen Q., Ding W., Pu R. lncRNA TUC338 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for bladder cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcb.29104

  391. 391.

    Wang J., Yang K., Yuan W., Gao Z. Determination of Serum Exosomal H19 as a Noninvasive Biomarker for Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. Med. Sci. Monit. 2018;24:9307-9316.

    Not in our library10.12659/msm.912018

  392. 392.

    Zhang S., Du L., Wang L., Jiang X., Zhan Y., Li J., Yan K., Duan W., Zhao Y., Wang L., et al. Evaluation of serum exosomal LncRNA-based biomarker panel for diagnosis and recurrence prediction of bladder cancer. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2019;23:1396-1405.

    Not in our library10.1111/jcmm.14042

  393. 393.

    Wen J.J., Ma Y.D., Yang G.S., Wang G.M. Analysis of circulating long non-coding RNA UCA1 as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of osteosarcoma. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2017;21:498-503.

    Not in our library

  394. 394.

    Du L., Duan W., Jiang X., Zhao L., Li J., Wang R., Yan S., Xie Y., Yan K., Wang Q., et al. Cell-free lncRNA expression signatures in urine serve as novel non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and recurrence prediction of bladder cancer. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2018;22:2838-2845.

    Not in our library10.1111/jcmm.13578

  395. 395.

    Yazarlou F., Modarressi M.H., Mowla S.J., Oskooei V.K., Motevaseli E., Tooli L.F., Nekoohesh L., Eghbali M., Ghafouri-Fard S., Afsharpad M. Urinary exosomal expression of long non-coding RNAs as diagnostic marker in bladder cancer. Cancer Manag. Res. 2018;10:6357-6365.

    Not in our library10.2147/cmar.s186108

  396. 396.
    Expression signatures of exosomal long non-coding RNAs in urine serve as novel non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and recurrence prediction of bladder cancer · 2018
    No notice
  397. 397.

    Duan W., Du L., Jiang X., Wang R., Yan S., Xie Y., Yan K., Wang Q., Wang L., Zhang X., et al. Identification of a serum circulating lncRNA panel for the diagnosis and recurrence prediction of bladder cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:78850-78858.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.12880

  398. 398.

    Chen X., Chen R.X., Wei W.S., Li Y.H., Feng Z.H., Tan L., Chen J.W., Yuan G.J., Chen S.L., Guo S.J., et al. PRMT5 Circular RNA Promotes Metastasis of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder through Sponging miR-30c to Induce Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018;24:6319-6330.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1270

  399. 399.

    Li G., Zhang Y., Mao J., Hu P., Chen Q., Ding W., Pu R. LncRNA TUC338 is overexpressed in prostate carcinoma and downregulates miR-466. Gene. 2019;707:224-230.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.026

  400. 400.

    Chen Z., Zhen M., Zhou J. LncRNA BRE-AS1 interacts with miR-145-5p to regulate cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis in prostate carcinoma and has early diagnostic values. Biosci. Rep. 2019;39.

    Not in our library10.1042/bsr20182097

  401. 401.

    Ren S., Wang F., Shen J., Sun Y., Xu W., Lu J., Wei M., Xu C., Wu C., Zhang Z., et al. Long non-coding RNA metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 derived miniRNA as a novel plasma-based biomarker for diagnosing prostate cancer. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013;49:2949-2959.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.026

  402. 402.

    Wang T., Qu X., Jiang J., Gao P., Zhao D., Lian X., Li X. Diagnostic significance of urinary long non-coding PCA3 RNA in prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8:58577-58586.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.17272

  403. 403.

    Bayat H., Narouie B., Ziaee S.M., Mowla S.J. Two long non-coding RNAs, Prcat17.3 and Prcat38, could efficiently discriminate benign prostate hyperplasia from prostate cancer. Prostate. 2018;78:812-818.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.23538

  404. 404.

    Zhang W., Ren S.C., Shi X.L., Liu Y.W., Zhu Y.S., Jing T.L., Wang F.B., Chen R., Xu C.L., Wang H.Q., et al. A novel urinary long non-coding RNA transcript improves diagnostic accuracy in patients undergoing prostate biopsy. Prostate. 2015;75:653-661.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.22949

  405. 405.

    Zhang K., Luo Z., Zhang Y., Zhang L., Wu L., Liu L., Yang J., Song X., Liu J. Circulating lncRNA H19 in plasma as a novel biomarker for breast cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2016;17:187-194.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-160630

  406. 406.

    Miao Y., Fan R., Chen L., Qian H. Clinical Significance of Long Non-coding RNA MALAT1 Expression in Tissue and Serum of Breast Cancer. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2016;46:418-424.

    Not in our library

  407. 407.

    Xu N., Chen F., Wang F., Lu X., Wang X., Lv M., Lu C. Clinical significance of high expression of circulating serum lncRNA RP11-445H22.4 in breast cancer patients: A Chinese population-based study. Tumour Biol. 2015;36:7659-7665.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-015-3469-0

  408. 408.

    Yin W.B., Yan M.G., Fang X., Guo J.J., Xiong W., Zhang R.P. Circulating circular RNA hsa_circ_0001785 acts as a diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer detection. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2018;487:363-368.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2017.10.011

  409. 409.

    Xu H., Gong Z., Shen Y., Fang Y., Zhong S. Circular RNA expression in extracellular vesicles isolated from serum of patients with endometrial cancer. Epigenomics. 2018;10:187-197.

    Not in our library10.2217/epi-2017-0109

  410. 410.

    Naizhaer G., Kuerban A., Kuerban R., Zhou P. Up-regulation of lncRNA FALEC indicates prognosis and diagnosis values in cervical cancer. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2019;215:152495.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.prp.2019.152495

  411. 411.

    Sun W., Wang L., Zhao D., Wang P., Li Y., Wang S. Four Circulating Long Non-Coding RNAs Act as Biomarkers for Predicting Cervical Cancer. Gynecol. Obstet. Investig. 2018;83:533-539.

    Not in our library10.1159/000487595

  412. 412.

    Zhang X., Mao L., Li L., He Z., Wang N., Song Y. Long noncoding RNA GIHCG functions as an oncogene and serves as a serum diagnostic biomarker for cervical cancer. J. Cancer. 2019;10:672-681.

    Not in our library10.7150/jca.28525

  413. 413.

    Yang J.P., Yang X.J., Xiao L., Wang Y. Long noncoding RNA PVT1 as a novel serum biomarker for detection of cervical cancer. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016;20:3980-3986.

    Not in our library

  414. 414.

    Shen X., Zhang Y., Wu X., Guo Y., Shi W., Qi J., Cong H., Wang X., Wu X., Ju S. Upregulated lncRNA-PCAT1 is closely related to clinical diagnosis of multiple myeloma as a predictive biomarker in serum. Cancer Biomark. 2017;18:257-263.

    Not in our library10.3233/cbm-160158

  415. 415.

    Pan Y., Chen H., Shen X., Wang X., Ju S., Lu M., Cong H. Serum level of long noncoding RNA H19 as a diagnostic biomarker of multiple myeloma. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2018;480:199-205.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.019

  416. 416.

    Min W., Dai D., Wang J., Zhang D., Zhang Y., Han G., Zhang L., Chen C., Li X., Li Y., et al. Long Noncoding RNA miR210HG as a Potential Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Glioma. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0160451.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0160451

  417. 417.

    Zhang D., Liu X., Wei B., Qiao G., Jiang T., Chen Z. Plasma lncRNA GAS8-AS1 as a Potential Biomarker of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Chinese Patients. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2017;2017:2645904.

    Not in our library10.1155/2017/2645904

  418. 418.

    Yang C., Wei Y., Yu L., Xiao Y. Identification of Altered Circular RNA Expression in Serum Exosomes from Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma by High-Throughput Sequencing. Med. Sci. Monit. 2019;25:2785-2791.

    Not in our library10.12659/msm.915658

  419. 419.

    Zhu K., Niu L., Wang J., Wang Y., Zhou J., Wang F., Cheng Y., Zhang Q., Li H. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0000885 Levels are Increased in Tissue and Serum Samples from Patients with Osteosarcoma. Med. Sci. Monit. 2019;25:1499-1505.

    Not in our library10.12659/msm.914899

  420. 420.

    Chen X., Gao G., Liu S., Yu L., Yan D., Yao X., Sun W., Han D., Dong H. Long Noncoding RNA PVT1 as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Melanoma. BioMed Res. Int. 2017;2017:7038579.

    Not in our library10.1155/2017/7038579

  421. 421.

    Zhao W., Liu Y., Zhang C., Duan C. Multiple Roles of Exosomal Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancers. BioMed Res. Int. 2019;2019:1460572.

    Not in our library10.1155/2019/1460572

  422. 422.

    Jiang N., Pan J., Fang S., Zhou C., Han Y., Chen J., Meng X., Jin X., Gong Z. Liquid biopsy: Circulating exosomal long noncoding RNAs in cancer. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2019;495:331-337.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.082

  423. 423.

    Sarfi M., Abbastabar M., Khalili E. Long noncoding RNAs biomarker-based cancer assessment. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019;234:16971-16986.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28417

  424. 424.

    Zhou Y., Xia L., Lin J., Wang H., Oyang L., Tan S., Tian Y., Su M., Wang H., Cao D., et al. Exosomes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. J. Cancer. 2018;9:767-777.

    Not in our library10.7150/jca.22505

  425. 425.
    Diagnostic and Prognostic Potential of Circulating Long Non-Coding RNAs in Non Small Cell Lung Cancer · 2018
    Not checked
  426. 426.

    Martignano F., Rossi L., Maugeri A., Galla V., Conteduca V., De Giorgi U., Casadio V., Schepisi G. Urinary RNA-based biomarkers for prostate cancer detection. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2017;473:96-105.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.009

  427. 427.

    Wu P.G., Zhang Y.X. Long non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer: An update. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2018;24:735-739.

    Not in our library

  428. 428.

    Vlaeminck-Guillem V. Extracellular Vesicles in Prostate Cancer Carcinogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. Front. Oncol. 2018;8:222.

    Not in our library10.3389/fonc.2018.00222

  429. 429.

    Kahroba H., Hejazi M.S., Samadi N. Exosomes: From carcinogenesis and metastasis to diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2019;76:1747-1758.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00018-019-03035-2

  430. 430.

    Yang C., Kim H.S., Song G., Lim W. The potential role of exosomes derived from ovarian cancer cells for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28905

  431. 431.

    Wieczorek E., Reszka E. mRNA, microRNA and lncRNA as novel bladder tumor markers. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2018;477:141-153.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2017.12.009

  432. 432.

    Nobili L., Ronchetti D., Agnelli L., Taiana E., Vinci C., Neri A. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Multiple Myeloma. Genes (Basel). 2018;9:69.

    Not in our library10.3390/genes9020069

  433. 433.

    Dai S.P., Jin J., Li W.M. Diagnostic efficacy of long non-coding RNA in lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad. Med. J. 2018;94:578-587.

    Not in our library10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135862

  434. 434.

    Chen S., Zhang Y., Wu X., Zhang C., Li G. Diagnostic Value of lncRNAs as Biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018;2018:8410195.

    Not in our library10.1155/2018/8410195

  435. 435.

    Ning L., Hu Y.C., Wang S., Lang J.H. Altered long noncoding RNAs and survival outcomes in ovarian cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA Compliant). Medicine (Baltim.). 2018;97:e11481.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000011481

  436. 436.

    Gong Y.B., Zou Y.F. Clinical significance of lncRNA FAM83H-AS1 in ovarian cancer. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2019;23:4656-4662.

    Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201906_18045

  437. 437.

    Marks L.S., Fradet Y., Lim Deras I., Blase A., Mathis J., Aubin S.M.J., Cancio A.T., Desaulniers M., Ellis W.J., Rittenhouse H., et al. PCA3 Molecular Urine Assay for Prostate Cancer in Men Undergoing Repeat Biopsy. Urology. 2007;69:532-535.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.urology.2006.12.014

  438. 438.

    Newcomb L.F., Zheng Y., Faino A.V., Bianchi-Frias D., Cooperberg M.R., Brown M.D., Brooks J.D., Dash A., Fabrizio M.D., Gleave M.E., et al. Performance of PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG urinary biomarkers in prediction of biopsy outcome in the Canary Prostate Active Surveillance Study (PASS). Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41391-018-0124-z

  439. 439.

    Rittenhouse H., Blase A., Shamel B., Schalken J., Groskopf J. The Long and Winding Road to FDA Approval of a Novel Prostate Cancer Test: Our Story. Clin. Chem. 2013;59:32-34.

    Not in our library10.1373/clinchem.2012.198739

  440. 440.

    Eger N., Schoppe L., Schuster S., Laufs U., Boeckel J.N. Circular RNA Splicing. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2018;1087:41-52.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_4

  441. 441.

    Jeck W.R., Sorrentino J.A., Wang K., Slevin M.K., Burd C.E., Liu J., Marzluff W.F., Sharpless N.E. Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associated with ALU repeats. RNA. 2013;19:141-157.

    Not in our library10.1261/rna.035667.112

  442. 442.

    Arnaiz E., Sole C., Manterola L., Iparraguirre L., Otaegui D., Lawrie C.H. CircRNAs and cancer: Biomarkers and master regulators. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.12.002

  443. 443.
    Circular RNAs in Cancer – Lessons Learned From microRNAs · 2018
    Corrected
  444. 444.

    Hsu M.-T., Coca-Prados M. Electron microscopic evidence for the circular form of RNA in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Nature. 1979;280:339-340.

    Not in our library10.1038/280339a0

  445. 445.
    Insights into the biogenesis and potential functions of exonic circular RNA · 2019
    No notice
  446. 446.
    CircRNA-protein complexes: IMP3 protein component defines subfamily of circRNPs · 2016
    No notice
  447. 447.
    Exosomal circRNAs: biogenesis, effect and application in human diseases · 2019
    No notice
  448. 448.
    Circular RNAs: Biogenesis, Function, and a Role as Possible Cancer Biomarkers · 2017
    No notice
  449. 449.

    Zhu X., Wang X., Wei S., Chen Y., Chen Y., Fan X., Han S., Wu G. hsa_circ_0013958: A circular RNA and potential novel biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma. FEBS J. 2017;284:2170-2182.

    Not in our library10.1111/febs.14132

  450. 450.
    A novel plasma circular RNA circ FARSA is a potential biomarker for non‐small cell lung cancer · 2018
    No notice
  451. 451.

    Liu X.X., Yang Y.E., Liu X., Zhang M.Y., Li R., Yin Y.H., Qu Y.Q. A two-circular RNA signature as a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma. J. Transl. Med. 2019;17:50.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12967-019-1800-z

  452. 452.

    Li J., Li H., Lv X., Yang Z., Gao M., Bi Y., Zhang Z., Wang S., Cui Z., Zhou B., et al. Diagnostic performance of circular RNAs in human cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol. Genet. Genom. Med. 2019;7:e00749.

    Not in our library10.1002/mgg3.749

  453. 453.

    Jiang F., Hong F., Shah M.W., Shen X. Circular RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in gastric cancer: A meta-analysis review. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2019;215:152419.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.prp.2019.04.011

  454. 454.

    Song F., Luo H., Xie M., Zhu H., Hou Y. Microarray expression profile of circular RNAs in human body fluids. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser. 2017;6:e55-e56.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.005

  455. 455.

    Jafari Ghods F. Circular RNA in Saliva. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2018;1087:131-139.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_11

  456. 456.
    Global circular RNA expression profile of human gastric cancer and its clinical significance · 2017
    No notice
  457. 457.

    Krishnan P., Damaraju S. The Challenges and Opportunities in the Clinical Application of Noncoding RNAs: The Road Map for miRNAs and piRNAs in Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics. Int. J. Genom. 2018;2018:5848046.

    Not in our library10.1155/2018/5848046

  458. 458.
    Non-coding RNA: what is functional and what is junk? · 2015
    No notice
  459. 459.

    Boland C.R. Erratum to: Non-coding RNA: It’s Not Junk. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2017;62:3260.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10620-017-4746-0

  460. 460.

    Beyret E., Lin H. Pinpointing the expression of piRNAs and function of the PIWI protein subfamily during spermatogenesis in the mouse. Dev. Biol. 2011;355:215-226.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.021

  461. 461.

    Liu S.-L., Sun P., Li Y., Liu S.-S., Lu Y. Exosomes as critical mediators of cell-to-cell communication in cancer pathogenesis and their potential clinical application. Transl. Cancer Res. 2019;8:298-311.

    Not in our library10.21037/tcr.2019.01.03

  462. 462.

    Wu J., Li H., Xie H., Wu X., Lan P. The malignant role of exosomes in the communication among colorectal cancer cell, macrophage and microbiome. Carcinogenesis. 2019;40:601-610.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/bgy138

  463. 463.
    MicroRNAs in cancer: from developmental genes in worms to their clinical application in patients · 2015
    No notice
  464. 464.
    microRNA Therapeutics in Cancer — An Emerging Concept · 2016
    Not checked
  465. 465.
    Noncoding RNAs in cancer therapy resistance and targeted drug development · 2019
    No notice
  466. 466.

    Van Roosbroeck K., Fanini F., Setoyama T., Ivan C., Rodriguez-Aguayo C., Fuentes-Mattei E., Xiao L., Vannini I., Redis R.S., D’Abundo L., et al. Combining Anti-Mir-155 with Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Lung Cancers. Clin. Cancer Res. 2017;23:2891-2904.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1025

  467. 467.

    Nishimura M., Jung E.J., Shah M.Y., Lu C., Spizzo R., Shimizu M., Han H.D., Ivan C., Rossi S., Zhang X., et al. Therapeutic synergy between microRNA and siRNA in ovarian cancer treatment. Cancer Discov. 2013;3:1302-1315.

    Not in our library10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0159

  468. 468.

    Cortez M.A., Nicoloso M.S., Shimizu M., Rossi S., Gopisetty G., Molina J.R., Carlotti C., Tirapelli D., Neder L., Brassesco M.S., et al. miR-29b and miR-125a regulate podoplanin and suppress invasion in glioblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2010;49:981-990.

    Not in our library10.1002/gcc.20808

  469. 469.

    Bayraktar R., Bertilaccio M.T.S., Calin G.A. The Interaction Between Two Worlds: MicroRNAs and Toll-Like Receptors. Front. Immunol. 2019;10:1053.

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2019.01053

  470. 470.

    Cortez M.A., Anfossi S., Ramapriyan R., Menon H., Atalar S.C., Aliru M., Welsh J., Calin G.A. Role of miRNAs in immune responses and immunotherapy in cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2019;58:244-253.

    Not in our library10.1002/gcc.22725

  471. 471.

    Smolle M.A., Calin H.N., Pichler M., Calin G.A. Noncoding RNAs and immune checkpoints-clinical implications as cancer therapeutics. FEBS J. 2017;284:1952-1966.

    Not in our library10.1111/febs.14030

  472. 472.

    Slaby O., Laga R., Sedlacek O. Therapeutic targeting of non-coding RNAs in cancer. Biochem. J. 2017;474:4219-4251.

    Not in our library10.1042/bcj20170079

  473. 473.

    Bhardwaj A., Srivastava S.K., Khan M.A., Prajapati V.K., Singh S., Carter J.E., Singh A.P. Racial disparities in prostate cancer: A molecular perspective. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.). 2017;22:772-782.

    Not in our library10.2741/4515

  474. 474.

    Krishnan A.R., Zheng H., Kwok J.G., Qu Y., Zou A.E., Korrapati A., Li P.X., Califano J.A., Hovell M.F., Wang-Rodriguez J., et al. A comprehensive study of smoking-specific microRNA alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2017;72:56-64.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.009

  475. 475.

    Hasakova K., Bezakova J., Vician M., Reis R., Zeman M., Herichova I. Gender-dependent expression of leading and passenger strand of miR-21 and miR-16 in human colorectal cancer and adjacent colonic tissues. Physiol. Res. 2017;66:S575-S582.

    Not in our library10.33549/physiolres.933808

  476. 476.

    Sazanov A.A., Kiselyova E.V., Zakharenko A.A., Romanov M.N., Zaraysky M.I. Plasma and saliva miR-21 expression in colorectal cancer patients. J. Appl. Genet. 2017;58:231-237.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13353-016-0379-9

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