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No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 22, 2026.

Natural Killer Cells as Allogeneic Effectors in Adoptive Cancer Immunotherapy

Kyle B. Lupo, Sandro Matosevic

Cancers · 2019 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/cancers11060769 (opens in a new tab)

Abstract

Natural killer (NK) cells are attractive within adoptive transfer settings in cancer immunotherapy due to their potential for allogeneic use; their alloreactivity is enhanced under conditions of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) mismatch with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands on cancer cells. In addition to this, NK cells are platforms for genetic modification, and proliferate in vivo for a shorter time relative to T cells, limiting off-target activation. Current clinical studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of allogeneic NK cell adoptive transfer therapies as a means for treatment of hematologic malignancies and, to a lesser extent, solid tumors. However, challenges associated with sourcing allogeneic NK cells have given rise to controversy over the contribution of NK cells to graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Specifically, blood-derived NK cell infusions contain contaminating T cells, whose activation with NK-stimulating cytokines has been known to lead to heightened release of proinflammatory cytokines and trigger the onset of GvHD in vivo. NK cells sourced from cell lines and stem cells lack contaminating T cells, but can also lack many phenotypic characteristics of mature NK cells. Here, we discuss the available published evidence for the varying roles of NK cells in GvHD and, more broadly, their use in allogeneic adoptive transfer settings to treat various cancers.

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  81. 81.

    Cho D., Campana D. Expansion and Activation of Natural Killer Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Korean J. Lab. Med. 2009;29:89-96.

    Not in our library10.3343/kjlm.2009.29.2.89 (opens in a new tab)

  82. 82.
    Hypoxia Induced Impairment of NK Cell Cytotoxicity against Multiple Myeloma Can Be Overcome by IL-2 Activation of the NK Cells · 2013
    No notice
  83. 83.

    Siegler U., Meyer-Monard S., Jörger S., Stern M., Tichelli A., Gratwohl A., Wodnar-Filipowicz A., Kalberer C.P. Good manufacturing practice-compliant cell sorting and large-scale expansion of single KIR-positive alloreactive human natural killer cells for multiple infusions to leukemia patients. Cytotherapy. 2010;12:750-763.

    Not in our library10.3109/14653241003786155 (opens in a new tab)

  84. 84.

    Chaix J., Tessmer M.S., Hoebe K., Fuséri N., Ryffel B., Dalod M., Alexopoulou L., Beutler B., Brossay L., Vivier E., et al. Cutting edge: Priming of NK cells by IL-18. J. Immunol. 2008;181:1627-1631.

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1627 (opens in a new tab)

  85. 85.
    Cloning of a type I cytokine receptor most related to the IL-2 receptor β chain · 2000
    Not checked
  86. 86.

    Shah N.N., Baird K., Delbrook C.P., Fleisher T.A., Kohler M.E., Rampertaap S., Lemberg K., Hurley C.K., Kleiner D.E., Merchant M.S., et al. Acute GVHD in patients receiving IL-15/4-1BBL activated NK cells following T-cell–depleted stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2015;125:784-792.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2014-07-592881 (opens in a new tab)

  87. 87.

    Somanchi S.S., Senyukov V.V., Denman C.J., Lee D.A. Expansion, purification, and functional assessment of human peripheral blood NK cells. J. Vis. Exp. 2011.

    Not in our library10.3791/2540 (opens in a new tab)

  88. 88.

    Klöß S., Oberschmidt O., Morgan M., Dahlke J., Arseniev L., Huppert V., Granzin M., Gardlowski T., Matthies N., Soltenborn S., et al. Optimization of Human NK Cell Manufacturing: Fully Automated Separation, Improved Ex Vivo Expansion Using IL-21 with Autologous Feeder Cells, and Generation of Anti-CD123-CAR-Expressing Effector Cells. Hum. Gene Ther. 2017;28:897-913.

    Not in our library10.1089/hum.2017.157 (opens in a new tab)

  89. 89.

    Miller J.S., Soignier Y., Panoskaltsis-Mortari A., McNearney S.A., Yun G.H., Fautsch S.K., McKenna D., Le C., Defor T.E., Burns L.J., et al. Successful adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of human haploidentical NK cells in patients with cancer. Blood. 2005;105:3051-3057.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2004-07-2974 (opens in a new tab)

  90. 90.

    Curti A., Ruggeri L., D’Addio A., Bontadini A., Dan E., Motta M.R., Trabanelli S., Giudice V., Urbani E., Martinelli G., et al. Successful transfer of alloreactive haploidentical KIR ligand-mismatched natural killer cells after infusion in elderly high risk acute myeloid leukemia patients. Blood. 2011;118:3273-3279.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2011-01-329508 (opens in a new tab)

  91. 91.

    Bachanova V., Cooley S., Defor T.E., Verneris M.R., Zhang B., McKenna D.H., Curtsinger J., Panoskaltsis-Mortari A., Lewis D., Hippen K., et al. Clearance of acute myeloid leukemia by haploidentical natural killer cells is improved using IL-2 diphtheria toxin fusion protein. Blood. 2014;123:3855-3863.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2013-10-532531 (opens in a new tab)

  92. 92.

    Rubnitz J.E., Inaba H., Ribeiro R.C., Pounds S., Rooney B., Bell T., Pui C.-H., Leung W. NKAML: A pilot study to determine the safety and feasibility of haploidentical natural killer cell transplantation in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010;28:955-959.

    Not in our library10.1200/jco.2009.24.4590 (opens in a new tab)

  93. 93.

    Iliopoulou E.G., Kountourakis P., Karamouzis M.V., Doufexis D., Ardavanis A., Baxevanis C.N., Rigatos G., Papamichail M., Perez S.A. A phase I trial of adoptive transfer of allogeneic natural killer cells in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2010;59:1781-1789.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00262-010-0904-3 (opens in a new tab)

  94. 94.

    Geller M.A., Cooley S., Judson P.L., Ghebre R., Carson L.F., Argenta P.A., Jonson A.L., Panoskaltsis-Mortari A., Curtsinger J., McKenna D., et al. A phase II study of allogeneic natural killer cell therapy to treat patients with recurrent ovarian and breast cancer. Cytotherapy. 2011;13:98-107.

    Not in our library10.3109/14653249.2010.515582 (opens in a new tab)

  95. 95.

    Yang Y., Lim O., Kim T.M., Ahn Y.-O., Choi H., Chung H., Min B., Her J.H., Cho S.Y., Keam B., et al. Phase I Study of Random Healthy Donor-Derived Allogeneic Natural Killer Cell Therapy in Patients with Malignant Lymphoma or Advanced Solid Tumors. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2016;4:215-224.

    Not in our library10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0118 (opens in a new tab)

  96. 96.

    Bachanova V., Burns L.J., McKenna D.H., Curtsinger J., Panoskaltsis-Mortari A., Lindgren B.R., Cooley S., Weisdorf D., Miller J.S. Allogeneic natural killer cells for refractory lymphoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2010;59:1739-1744.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00262-010-0896-z (opens in a new tab)

  97. 97.

    Tonn T., Schwabe D., Klingemann H.G., Becker S., Esser R., Koehl U., Suttorp M., Seifried E., Ottmann O.G., Bug G. Treatment of patients with advanced cancer with the natural killer cell line NK-92. Cytotherapy. 2013;15:1563-1570.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.06.017 (opens in a new tab)

  98. 98.

    Chinen T., Kannan A.K., Levine A.G., Fan X., Klein U., Zheng Y., Gasteiger G., Feng Y., Fontenot J.D., Rudensky A.Y. An essential role for the IL-2 receptor in Treg cell function. Nat. Immunol. 2016;17:1322-1333.

    Not in our library10.1038/ni.3540 (opens in a new tab)

  99. 99.

    Ghasemi R., Lazear E., Wang X., Arefanian S., Zheleznyak A., Carreno B.M., Higashikubo R., Gelman A.E., Kreisel D., Fremont D.H., et al. Selective targeting of IL-2 to NKG2D bearing cells for improved immunotherapy. Nat. Commun. 2016;7:12878.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncomms12878 (opens in a new tab)

  100. 100.

    Sabry M., Lowdell M.W. Tumor-Primed NK Cells: Waiting for the Green Light. Front. Immunol. 2013;4:408.

    Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2013.00408 (opens in a new tab)

  101. 101.

    Lemoli R.M., Parisi S., Curti A. Novel strategies of adoptive immunotherapy: How natural killer cells may change the treatment of elderly patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Exp. Hematol. 2017;45:10-16.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.exphem.2016.10.007 (opens in a new tab)

  102. 102.

    Curti A., Ruggeri L., Parisi S., Bontadini A., Dan E., Motta M.R., Rizzi S., Trabanelli S., Ocadlikova D., Lecciso M., et al. Larger Size of Donor Alloreactive NK Cell Repertoire Correlates with Better Response to NK Cell Immunotherapy in Elderly Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 2016;22:1914-1921.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1604 (opens in a new tab)

  103. 103.

    Lee J., Thall P.F., Rezvani K. Optimizing natural killer cell doses for heterogeneous cancer patients on the basis of multiple event times. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat. 2019;68:461-474.

    Not in our library10.1111/rssc.12271 (opens in a new tab)

  104. 104.

    Besser M.J., Shoham T., Harari-Steinberg O., Zabari N., Ortenberg R., Yakirevitch A., Nagler A., Loewenthal R., Schachter J., Markel G. Development of Allogeneic NK Cell Adoptive Transfer Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma Patients: In Vitro Preclinical Optimization Studies. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e57922.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0057922 (opens in a new tab)

  105. 105.

    Kotylo P.K., Baenzinger J.C., Yoder M.C., Engle W.A., Bolinger C.D. Rapid Analysis of Lymphocyte Subsets in Cord Blood. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1990;93:263-266.

    Not in our library10.1093/ajcp/93.2.263 (opens in a new tab)

  106. 106.

    Verneris M.R., Miller J.S. The phenotypic and functional characteristics of umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood natural killer cells. Br. J. Haematol. 2009;147:185-191.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07768.x (opens in a new tab)

  107. 107.

    Rutella S., Bonanno G., Marone M., De Ritis D., Mariotti A., Voso M.T., Scambia G., Mancuso S., Leone G., Pierelli L. Identification of a novel subpopulation of human cord blood CD34-CD133-CD7-CD45+lineage- cells capable of lymphoid/NK cell differentiation after in vitro exposure to IL-15. J. Immunol. 2003;171:2977-2988.

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.2977 (opens in a new tab)

  108. 108.

    Perez S.A., Sotiropoulou P.A., Gkika D.G., Mahaira L.G., Niarchos D.K., Gritzapis A.D., Kavalakis Y.G., Antsaklis A.I., Baxevanis C.N., Papamichail M. A novel myeloid-like NK cell progenitor in human umbilical cord blood. Blood. 2003;101:3444-3450.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2002-05-1501 (opens in a new tab)

  109. 109.
    Umbilical Cord Blood Natural Killer Cells, Their Characteristics, and Potential Clinical Applications · 2017
    No notice
  110. 110.

    Gaddy J., Broxmeyer H.E. Cord blood CD16+56- cells with low lytic activity are possible precursors of mature natural killer cells. Cell. Immunol. 1997;180:132-142.

    Not in our library10.1006/cimm.1997.1175 (opens in a new tab)

  111. 111.

    Lu X., Kondo Y., Takamatsu H., Ohata K., Yamazaki H., Takami A., Akatsuka Y., Nakao S. CD16+ CD56- NK cells in the peripheral blood of cord blood transplant recipients: A unique subset of NK cells possibly associated with graft-versus-leukemia effect. Eur. J. Haematol. 2008;81:18-25.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01073.x (opens in a new tab)

  112. 112.

    Oran B., Shpall E. Umbilical cord blood transplantation: A maturing technology. Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Prog. 2012;2012:215-222.

    Not in our library10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.215 (opens in a new tab)

  113. 113.

    Nomura A., Takada H., Jin C.H., Tanaka T., Ohga S., Hara T. Functional analyses of cord blood natural killer cells and T cells: A distinctive interleukin-18 response. Exp. Hematol. 2001;29:1169-1176.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00689-0 (opens in a new tab)

  114. 114.

    Gaddy J., Risdon G., Broxmeyer H.E. Cord blood natural killer cells are functionally and phenotypically immature but readily respond to interleukin-2 and interleukin-12. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 1995;15:527-536.

    Not in our library10.1089/jir.1995.15.527 (opens in a new tab)

  115. 115.

    Komanduri K.V., St John L.S., de Lima M., McMannis J., Rosinski S., McNiece I., Bryan S.G., Kaur I., Martin S., Wieder E.D., et al. Delayed immune reconstitution after cord blood transplantation is characterized by impaired thymopoiesis and late memory T-cell skewing. Blood. 2007;110:4543-4551.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2007-05-092130 (opens in a new tab)

  116. 116.

    Luevano M., Daryouzeh M., Alnabhan R., Querol S., Khakoo S., Madrigal A., Saudemont A. The unique profile of cord blood natural killer cells balances incomplete maturation and effective killing function upon activation. Hum. Immunol. 2012;73:248-257.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.humimm.2011.12.015 (opens in a new tab)

  117. 117.

    Alnabhan R., Madrigal A., Saudemont A. Differential activation of cord blood and peripheral blood natural killer cells by cytokines. Cytotherapy. 2015;17:73-85.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.08.003 (opens in a new tab)

  118. 118.

    Tanaka J., Sugita J., Asanuma S., Arita K., Shono Y., Kikutchi M., Shiratori S., Wakasa K., Yasumoto A., Shigematu A., et al. Increased number of CD16(+)CD56(dim) NK cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after allogeneic cord blood transplantation. Hum. Immunol. 2009;70:701-705.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.humimm.2009.06.002 (opens in a new tab)

  119. 119.

    Jacobson C.A., Turki A.T., McDonough S.M., Stevenson K.E., Kim H.T., Kao G., Herrera M.I., Reynolds C.G., Alyea E.P., Ho V.T., et al. Immune reconstitution after double umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation: Comparison with unrelated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012;18:565-574.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.08.018 (opens in a new tab)

  120. 120.

    Rocha V., Wagner J.E., Sobocinski K.A., Klein J.P., Zhang M.J., Horowitz M.M., Gluckman E. Graft-versus-host disease in children who have received a cord-blood or bone marrow transplant from an HLA-identical sibling. Eurocord and International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry Working Committee on Alternative Donor and Stem Cell Sources. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000;342:1846-1854.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm200006223422501 (opens in a new tab)

  121. 121.

    Brunstein C.G., Wagner J.E., Weisdorf D.J., Cooley S., Noreen H., Barker J.N., DeFor T., Verneris M.R., Blazar B.R., Miller J.S. Negative effect of KIR alloreactivity in recipients of umbilical cord blood transplant depends on transplantation conditioning intensity. Blood. 2009;113:5628-5634.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2008-12-197467 (opens in a new tab)

  122. 122.

    Garfall A., Kim H.T., Sun L., Ho V.T., Armand P., Koreth J., Alyea E.P., Soiffer R.J., Antin J.H., Ritz J., et al. KIR ligand incompatibility is not associated with relapse reduction after double umbilical cord blood transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:1000-1002.

    Not in our library10.1038/bmt.2012.272 (opens in a new tab)

  123. 123.

    Tanaka J., Morishima Y., Takahashi Y., Yabe T., Oba K., Takahashi S., Taniguchi S., Ogawa H., Onishi Y., Miyamura K., et al. Effects of KIR ligand incompatibility on clinical outcomes of umbilical cord blood transplantation without ATG for acute leukemia in complete remission. Blood Cancer J. 2013;3:e164.

    Not in our library10.1038/bcj.2013.62 (opens in a new tab)

  124. 124.

    Willemze R., Ruggeri A., Purtill D., Rodrigues C.A., Gluckman E., Rocha V. Eurocord and of the European Group of Blood and Marrow Transplantation Is there an impact of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and KIR-ligand incompatibilities on outcomes after unrelated cord blood stem cell transplantation? Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 2010;23:283-290.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.beha.2010.05.005 (opens in a new tab)

  125. 125.

    Robin M., Ruggeri A., Labopin M., Niederwieser D., Tabrizi R., Sanz G., Bourhis J.-H., van Biezen A., Koenecke C., Blaise D., et al. Comparison of unrelated cord blood and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in adults with myelodysplastic syndrome after reduced-intensity conditioning regimen: A collaborative study from Eurocord (Cord blood Committee of Cellular Therapy & Immunobiology Working Party of EBMT) and Chronic Malignancies Working Party. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21:489-495.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.11.675 (opens in a new tab)

  126. 126.

    Cohen S.B., Perez-Cruz I., Fallen P., Gluckman E., Madrigal J.A. Analysis of the cytokine production by cord and adult blood. Hum. Immunol. 1999;60:331-336.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00126-8 (opens in a new tab)

  127. 127.

    Escobedo-Cousin M., Jackson N., Laza-Briviesca R., Ariza-McNaughton L., Luevano M., Derniame S., Querol S., Blundell M., Thrasher A., Soria B., et al. Natural Killer Cells Improve Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment by Increasing Stem Cell Clonogenicity In Vitro and in a Humanized Mouse Model. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0138623.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0138623 (opens in a new tab)

  128. 128.

    Shah N., Li L., McCarty J., Kaur I., Yvon E., Shaim H., Muftuoglu M., Liu E., Orlowski R.Z., Cooper L., et al. Phase I study of cord blood-derived natural killer cells combined with autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 2017;177:457-466.

    Not in our library10.1111/bjh.14570 (opens in a new tab)

  129. 129.

    Nguyen S., Achour A., Souchet L., Vigouroux S., Chevallier P., Furst S., Sirvent A., Bay J.-O., Socié G., Ceballos P., et al. Clinical impact of NK-cell reconstitution after reduced intensity conditioned unrelated cord blood transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: Analysis of a prospective phase II multicenter trial on behalf of the Société Française de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse et Thérapie Cellulaire and Eurocord. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2017;52:1428-1435.

    Not in our library10.1038/bmt.2017.122 (opens in a new tab)

  130. 130.

    Liu E., Tong Y., Dotti G., Shaim H., Savoldo B., Mukherjee M., Orange J., Wan X., Lu X., Reynolds A., et al. Cord blood NK cells engineered to express IL-15 and a CD19-targeted CAR show long-term persistence and potent antitumor activity. Leukemia. 2017;32:520-531.

    Not in our library10.1038/leu.2017.226 (opens in a new tab)

  131. 131.
    Natural Killer Cells in Graft-versus-Host-Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation · 2017
    No notice
  132. 132.

    Blaser B.W., Roychowdhury S., Kim D.J., Schwind N.R., Bhatt D., Yuan W., Kusewitt D.F., Ferketich A.K., Caligiuri M.A., Guimond M. Donor-derived IL-15 is critical for acute allogeneic graft-versus-host disease. Blood. 2005;105:894-901.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2004-05-1687 (opens in a new tab)

  133. 133.

    Sauter C., Bailey C., Biswas C., Budak T., Panis M., Alpdogan O. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) Administration Increases Graft Versus Leukemia Activity in Recipients of Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012;18:S358.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.12.410 (opens in a new tab)

  134. 134.

    Romee R., Cooley S., Berrien-Elliott M.M., Westervelt P., Verneris M.R., Wagner J.E., Weisdorf D.J., Blazar B.R., Ustun C., DeFor T.E., et al. First-in-human phase 1 clinical study of the IL-15 superagonist complex ALT-803 to treat relapse after transplantation. Blood. 2018;131:2515-2527.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2017-12-823757 (opens in a new tab)

  135. 135.

    Meinhardt K., Kroeger I., Bauer R., Ganss F., Ovsiy I., Rothamer J., Büttner M., Atreya I., Waldner M., Bittrich M., et al. Identification and characterization of the specific murine NK cell subset supporting graft-versus-leukemia- and reducing graft-versus-host-effects. Oncoimmunology. 2015;4:e981483.

    Not in our library10.4161/2162402x.2014.981483 (opens in a new tab)

  136. 136.

    Dolstra H., Roeven M.W.H., Spanholtz J., Hangalapura B., Tordoir M., Maas F., Leenders M., Bohme F., Kok N., Trilsbeek C., et al. A Phase I Study of Allogeneic Natural Killer Cell Therapy Generated from Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Elderly Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Blood. 2015;126:1357.

    Not in our library

  137. 137.

    Leung W. Infusions of Allogeneic Natural Killer Cells as Cancer Therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2014;20:3390-3400.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1766 (opens in a new tab)

  138. 138.

    Klingemann H., Lotze M.T., Thomson A.W. Chapter Twelve—Development and testing of NK cell lines. Natural Killer Cells. 2010;169-175.

    Not in our library

  139. 139.
    Natural Killer Cells for Immunotherapy – Advantages of the NK-92 Cell Line over Blood NK Cells · 2016
    No notice
  140. 140.

    Suck G., Odendahl M., Nowakowska P., Seidl C., Wels W.S., Klingemann H.G., Tonn T. NK-92: An “off-the-shelf therapeutic” for adoptive natural killer cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2016;65:485-492.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00262-015-1761-x (opens in a new tab)

  141. 141.

    Maki G., Klingemann H.G., Martinson J.A., Tam Y.K. Factors regulating the cytotoxic activity of the human natural killer cell line, NK-92. J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 2001;10:369-383.

    Not in our library10.1089/152581601750288975 (opens in a new tab)

  142. 142.

    Gong J.H., Maki G., Klingemann H.G. Characterization of a human cell line (NK-92) with phenotypical and functional characteristics of activated natural killer cells. Leukemia. 1994;8:652-658.

    Not in our library

  143. 143.

    Santourlidis S., Trompeter H.-I., Weinhold S., Eisermann B., Meyer K.L., Wernet P., Uhrberg M. Crucial Role of DNA Methylation in Determination of Clonally Distributed Killer Cell Ig-like Receptor Expression Patterns in NK Cells. J. Immunol. 2002;169:4253-4261.

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4253 (opens in a new tab)

  144. 144.
    Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered NK-92 Cells: An Off-the-Shelf Cellular Therapeutic for Targeted Elimination of Cancer Cells and Induction of Protective Antitumor Immunity · 2017
    No notice
  145. 145.

    Boissel L., Betancur-Boissel M., Lu W., Krause D.S., Van Etten R.A., Wels W.S., Klingemann H. Retargeting NK-92 cells by means of CD19- and CD20-specific chimeric antigen receptors compares favorably with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Oncoimmunology. 2013;2:e26527.

    Not in our library10.4161/onci.26527 (opens in a new tab)

  146. 146.

    Williams B.A., Wang X.-H., Leyton J.V., Maghera S., Deif B., Reilly R.M., Minden M.D., Keating A. CD16+NK-92 and anti-CD123 monoclonal antibody prolongs survival in primary human acute myeloid leukemia xenografted mice. Haematologica. 2018;103:1720-1729.

    Not in our library10.3324/haematol.2017.187385 (opens in a new tab)

  147. 147.

    Chen Y., You F., Jiang L., Li J., Zhu X., Bao Y., Sun X., Tang X., Meng H., An G., et al. Gene-modified NK-92MI cells expressing a chimeric CD16-BB-ζ or CD64-BB-ζ receptor exhibit enhanced cancer-killing ability in combination with therapeutic antibody. Oncotarget. 2017;8:37128-37139.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.16201 (opens in a new tab)

  148. 148.

    Zhang Y., Chen L., Wang Y., Li X., Hughes T., Klingemann H., Benson D.M., Yu J. Combination Therapy with Daratumumab and CAR-NK Targeting CS1 for Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2016;128:1342.

    Not in our library

  149. 149.

    Zhang Q., Tian K., Xu J., Zhang H., Li L., Fu Q., Chai D., Li H., Zheng J. Synergistic Effects of Cabozantinib and EGFR-Specific CAR-NK-92 Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma. J. Immunol. Res. 2017;2017:6915912.

    Not in our library10.1155/2017/6915912 (opens in a new tab)

  150. 150.
    Combination Therapy with EpCAM-CAR-NK-92 Cells and Regorafenib against Human Colorectal Cancer Models · 2018
    Corrected
  151. 151.

    Kim H.W., Kim J.E., Hwang M.-H., Jeon Y.H., Lee S.-W., Lee J., Zeon S.K., Ahn B.-C. Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity by Sodium/Iodide Symporter Gene-Mediated Radioiodine Pretreatment in Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e70194.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0070194 (opens in a new tab)

  152. 152.

    Törnroos H., Hägerstrand H., Lindqvist C. Culturing the Human Natural Killer Cell Line NK-92 in Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-155—Implications for Clinical Trials. Anticancer Res. 2019;39:107-112.

    Not in our library10.21873/anticanres.13085 (opens in a new tab)

  153. 153.

    Chrobok M., Dahlberg C.I.M., Sayitoglu E.C., Beljanski V., Nahi H., Gilljam M., Stellan B., Sutlu T., Duru A.D., Alici E. Functional Assessment for Clinical Use of Serum-Free Adapted NK-92 Cells. Cancers. 2019;11:69.

    Not in our library10.3390/cancers11010069 (opens in a new tab)

  154. 154.

    Tsartsalis D., Grapsa D., Skopeliti M., Dragioti E., Charpidou A., Politi E., Tsitsilonis O., Syrigos K. In Vitro Exposure of NK-92 Cells to Serum from Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Impairs Their Cytotoxicity. Anticancer Res. 2015;35:1543-1548.

    Not in our library

  155. 155.

    Williams B., Routy B., denHollander N., Wang X.-H., Chaboureau A., Viswanathan S., Keating A. NK-92 Therapy Is Well Tolerated, Has Minimal Toxicity and Shows Efficacy in a Phase I Trial of Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Hematological Malignancies Relapsing after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. Blood. 2015;126:4297.

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  156. 156.
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