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Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components

Bahare Salehi, Athar Ata, Nanjangud V. Anil Kumar and 21 more (opens in a new tab)

Biomolecules · 2019 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3390/biom9100551 (opens in a new tab)

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problems in the world, the incidence and associated mortality are increasing. Inadequate regulation of the blood sugar imposes serious consequences for health. Conventional antidiabetic drugs are effective, however, also with unavoidable side effects. On the other hand, medicinal plants may act as an alternative source of antidiabetic agents. Examples of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential are described, with focuses on preclinical and clinical studies. The beneficial potential of each plant matrix is given by the combined and concerted action of their profile of biologically active compounds.

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From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 18, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

1Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious, chronic, and complex metabolic disorder of multiple aetiologies with profound consequences, both acute and chronic. Also known only as diabetes, DM and its complications affect people both in the developing and developed countries, leading to a major socioeconomic challenge. It is estimated that 25% of the world population is affected by this disease. Genetic and environmental factors contribute significantly to the development of diabetes. During the development of diabetes, the cells of the body cannot metabolize sugar properly due to deficient action of insulin on target tissues resulting from insensitivity or lack of insulin (a peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose). The inability of insulin to metabolize sugar occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This triggers the body to break down its own fat, protein, and glycogen to produce sugar, leading to the presence of high sugar levels in the blood with excess by-products called ketones being produced by the liver. Diabetes is distinguished by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances in the macromolecules’ metabolism as a result of impairments in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetes causes long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organ systems (heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves), leading to disability and premature death. The severity of damage triggered by hyperglycemia on the respective organ systems may be related to how long the disease has been present and how well it has been controlled. Several symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, and weight loss also accompany diabetes.

2. Types of Diabetes, Prevalence, and Management

2There are various types of diabetes of which type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM) were the most usually discussed. The T1DM is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes. It is primarily due to pancreatic islet beta cell destruction and is characterized by deficient insulin production in the body. Patients with T1DM are prone to ketoacidosis and need daily administration of insulin to control the amount of glucose in their blood. The majority of T1DM occurs in children and adolescents. On the other hand, T2DM, also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin and hyperglycemia and accounts for the vast majority of people with diabetes around the world. Insulin resistance is due to a reduced responsiveness of target tissues to normal circulating levels of insulin. Ethnicity, family history of diabetes, and previous gestational diabetes, older age, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and smoking increase diabetes risk. Most people with diabetes are affected by T2DM diabetes (90%), usually occur nearly entirely among adults but, in these days, is increasing in children.

3The universal prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in the adult population. Moreover, the prevalence of diabetes has also been found to steadily increase for the past 3 decades and has risen faster in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. The increase in the prevalence of diabetes is parallel with an increase in associated risk factors such as being overweight or obese. If not properly treated or controlled, diabetes may cause blindness, kidney failure, lower limb amputation, and other long-term consequences that impact significantly on the quality of life. Interestingly, the WHO also projects that diabetes will be the seventh leading cause of death in 2030. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes have continued to increase globally, despite a great deal of research with the resulting burden resting more heavily on tropical developing countries. Based on demographic studies, by 2030, the number of people older than 64 years with diabetes will be greater in developing countries (≥82 million) in comparison to that in developed countries (≥48 million). The greatest relative increases are projected to occur in the Middle East crescent, sub-Saharan Africa, and India.

4Amongst all people with diabetes, T2DM accounts for the majority (90%) of cases, and these can be prevented as well as treated easily, while T1DM cannot be prevented with current knowledge. Since management of diabetes is complex and multidisciplinary, it should include primary prevention through promotion of a healthy diet and lifestyle (such as exercise). Dietary management and exercise represent important pillars of care and are crucial in the treatment of T2DM, and both may be adequate to attain and retain the therapeutic goals to normolipidemic and normoglycemia.

3. Antidiabetic Drugs and Their Side Effects

5There are several classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs that exert antidiabetic effects through different mechanisms, namely sulfonylureas, biguanides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and non-sulfonylureas secretagogues. Oral sulfonylureas, such as glimepiride and glyburide, act to reduce blood sugar, mainly by elevating insulin release from islets of Langerhans. This is achieved through binding with the sulfonylurea receptor on β cells resulting in adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels closure. As a result, the cell membrane depolarizes and the following calcium influx accompanied by secretion of stored insulin from secretory granules within the cells takes place. This mechanism works only in the presence of insulin.

6Another oral hypoglycemic drug, the biguanides, acts to reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis and to replenish peripheral tissues’ sensitivity to insulin, actions that are achieved through elevation of insulin-stimulated uptake and use of sugar. Nevertheless, biguanides are ineffective in insulin absence. The best example of this class is metformin.

7The α-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose and miglitol, impede certain enzymes responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine. This class of hypoglycemic agents acts mostly by reducing the absorption rate of carbohydrates in the body. Also, acarbose reversibly inhibits both pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes by binding to the carbohydrate-binding region and by interfering with their hydrolysis into monosaccharides, which leads to a slower absorption together with a reduction in postprandial blood sugar levels.

8Another important class of oral hypoglycemic agents is the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, of which the mechanism of action primarily includes improving muscle and adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin and, to a smaller extent, reducing liver glucose production. TZDs also are potent and selective agonists to the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) present in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Activation of PPARγ receptors controls the transcription of insulin-responsive genes involved in the regulation of transportation, production, and glucose use. Also, TZDs have been reported to augment β-cell function by lowering free fatty acid levels that ultimately lead to β-cell death.

9The last class of oral hypoglycemic agents is the non-sulfonylureas secretagogues, which include meglitinide and repaglinide and which increases the secretion of insulin from active β cells by a similar mechanism as sulfonylureas. However, this class of oral antidiabetic agents binds to different β-cell receptors.

10Although synthetic oral hypoglycemic drugs alongside insulin are the main route for controlling diabetes, they fail to reverse the course of its complications completely and further worsen it by the fact that they also demonstrate prominent side effects. This forms the main force for discovering alternative sources of antidiabetic agents. Despite the significant progress made in the treatment of diabetes using oral antidiabetic agents in the past three decades, the results of treatment of diabetic patients are still far from perfect. Several disadvantages have been reported related to the use of those oral hypoglycemic agents, including drug resistance (reduction of efficiency), adverse effects, and even toxicity. For example, sulfonylureas lose their effectiveness after 6 years of treatment in approximately 44% of patients, whereas glucose-lowering drugs are reported to be not able to control hyperlipidemia. Due to the several limitations associated with the use of existing synthetic antidiabetic drugs, the search for newer antidiabetic drugs from natural source continues.

4. Medicinal Plants as an Alternative Source of Antidiabetic Agents

11Natural products, particularly of plant origin, are the main quarry for discovering promising lead candidates and play an imperative role in the upcoming drug development programs. Ease of availability, low cost, and least side effects make plant-based preparations the main key player of all available therapies, especially in rural areas. Moreover, many plants provide a rich source of bioactive chemicals, which are free from undesirable side effects and possess powerful pharmacological actions. Plants also have always been an exemplary source of drugs with many of the currently available drugs being obtained directly or indirectly from them. The recent review of Durazzo et al. gives a current snapshot of the strict interaction between the main biologically active compounds in plants and botanicals by giving a mini overview of botanicals features, a definition of the study, and examples of innovative (i.e., an assessment of the interaction of bioactive compounds, chemometrics, and the new goal of biorefineries) and a description of existing databases (i.e., plant metabolic pathways, food composition, bioactive compounds, dietary supplements, and dietary markers); in this regard, the authors marked the need for categorization of botanicals as useful tools for health research.

12For centuries, many plants have been considered a fundamental source of potent antidiabetic drugs. In developing countries, particularly, medicinal plants are used to treat diabetes to overcome the burden of the cost of conventional medicines to the population. Nowadays, treatments of diseases including diabetes using medicinal plants are recommended because these plants contain various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, carotenoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, which may possess antidiabetic activities. Also marked by Durazzo et al., the combined action of biologically active compounds (i.e., polyphenols, carotenoids, lignans, coumarins, glucosinolates, etc.) leads to the potential beneficial properties of each plant matrix, and this can represent the first step for understanding their biological actions and beneficial activities. Generally, the main current approaches of study of the interactions of phytochemicals can be classified: (i) model system development of interactions; (ii) study of extractable and nonextractablecompounds; or (iii) characterization of biologically active compound-rich extracts.

13The antihyperglycemic effects resulting from treatment with plants are usually attributed to their ability to improve the performance of pancreatic tissue, which is done by increasing insulin secretions or by reducing the intestinal absorption of glucose.

14The number of people with diabetes today has been growing and causing increasing concerns in the medical community and the public. Despite the presence of antidiabetic drugs in the pharmaceutical market, the treatment of diabetes with medicinal plants is often successful. Herbal medicines and plant components with insignificant toxicity and no side effects are notable therapeutic options for the treatment of diabetes around the world. Most tests have demonstrated the benefits of medicinal plants containing hypoglycemic properties in diabetes management. Ríos et al. described medicinal plants (i.e., aloe, banaba, bitter melon, caper, cinnamon, cocoa, coffee, fenugreek, garlic, guava, gymnema, nettle, sage, soybean, green and black tea, turmeric, walnut, and yerba mate) used for treating diabetes and its comorbidities and the mechanisms of natural products as antidiabetic agents, with attention to compounds of high interest such as fukugetin, palmatine, berberine, honokiol, amorfrutins, trigonelline, gymnemic acids, gurmarin, and phlorizin. The current review of Bindu and Narendhirakannan has categorized and described from literature 81 plants native to Asian countries with antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, anti-lipidemic, and insulin-mimetic properties.

15Traditional knowledge of antidiabetic Asian plants: (1) Review in Iran; (2) Review in Jordan; (3)Review in Malaysia; (4) Review in Mongolia; (5) Review in Philippines; (6) Review in Saudi Arabia; (7) Review in Korea; (8) Review in Sri Lanka; (9) Review in Syria; (10) Review in Thailand; (11) Review in Turkey; (12) Review in Vietnam; (13) Review in India; and (14) Review in China.

16The biological activities considered in this review are antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and hypoglycemic activities as well as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. A majority of the plant species was tested for antidiabetic activity. The methodology followed while collecting the plant species should influence the treatment of diabetes. Accordingly, the plants screened from the Asian region were selected. Then, the genus name was searched to identify whether any species belonging to the same genus are reported elsewhere. Such plants are listed in Table 1. Those plants where only one species is available are reported in Table 2.

17Table 1 has 509 plants belonging to 140 genera. Among these 140 genera, some of them have more than ten species exhibiting an antidiabetic property. Ficus with 18 species, Artemisia with 13, Solanum with 12, Terminalia with 11, and Euphorbia with 10 are some of the genera which have a large number of species exhibiting an antidiabetic property. In the Ficus genus, among 18 plants, the prominent species having relevance to traditional medicines are Ficus benghalensis, Ficus hispida, and Ficus elastica. Ficus benghalensis, also known as Indian Banyan tree, is one of the most frequently used plants for the treatment of diabetes and is used in folk medicines, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and homeopathy. It is worth mentioning the recent review of Deepa et al. on the role of Ficus species in the management of diabetes mellitus: F. benghalensis, F. carica, F. glomerata, F. glumosa, F. racemosa, and F. religiosa exhibited remarkable antidiabetic properties with various mechanisms of action. The leaves and edible fruits of Ficus hispida are used for the treatment of diabetes and is used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and traditional African medicine. Ficus elastica, an ethnomedicinal Filipino plant, exhibits less toxicity, which is used in diabetes treatment.

18In the Artemisia genus, Artemisia absinthium is one of the traditional medicinal plant used for diabetes treatment. Artemisia afra is one of the popular herbal medicines used in the southern part of Africa. Artemisia herba-alba is a traditional medicinal plant, and its aqueous extract of the leaves and barks reduces blood glucose levels. Solanum americanum is a traditional medicine used in Guatemala, while Solanum viarum is used in India. Terminalia arjuna is a plant used in India and Bangladesh and exhibits amylase inhibition (IC50 value of 302 μg/mL). Terminalia chebula is a medicinal plant used in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Iran. Euphorbia ligularia, Euphorbia neriifolia, and Euphorbia caducifolia are some of the plants traditionally used in India. Similarly, Euphorbia thymifolia and Euphorbia hirta are used in Bangladesh, and Euphorbia kansui is a Korean traditional medicinal plant used for diabetes treatment. Allium cepa, Mangifera indica, Murraya koenigii, and Phyllanthus amarus reduce triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) levels and exhibit antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects.

19α-Amylase inhibitors are reported in several plants, as follows. The corresponding IC50 values in μg/mL are in parentheses. Pterocarpus marsupium (0.9)Catharanthus roseus, Carthamus tinctorius, Momordica charantia, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Smilax glabra, Psidium guajava, and Rehmannia glutinosa (ranging from 2.5 to 48.8)Santalum spicatum (5.43)Ocimum tenuiflorum (8.9)Rhizoma fagopyri, Rosa rugosa, Caulis polygoni, Fructus amomi, Rhizoma alpiniae officinarum, Folium ginkgo, and Cortex cinnamomi (16 to 2342.2)Methanol extract of Marrubium radiatum (61.1)Aloe vera (80)Methanol extract of Salvia acetabulosa (91.2)Paronychia argentea (200)Methanol extracts of Terminalia arjuna (302)Methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (503)Linum usitatisumum (540)Methanol extracts of Eugenia cumini (632)Morus alba (1440)Moringa stenopetala (1470)Nelumbo nucifera (2200)Aqueous extract of Costus pictus (9900)

20Pterocarpus marsupium (0.9)

21Catharanthus roseus, Carthamus tinctorius, Momordica charantia, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Smilax glabra, Psidium guajava, and Rehmannia glutinosa (ranging from 2.5 to 48.8)

22Santalum spicatum (5.43)

23Ocimum tenuiflorum (8.9)

24Rhizoma fagopyri, Rosa rugosa, Caulis polygoni, Fructus amomi, Rhizoma alpiniae officinarum, Folium ginkgo, and Cortex cinnamomi (16 to 2342.2)

25Methanol extract of Marrubium radiatum (61.1)

26Aloe vera (80)

27Methanol extract of Salvia acetabulosa (91.2)

28Paronychia argentea (200)

29Methanol extracts of Terminalia arjuna (302)

30Methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (503)

31Linum usitatisumum (540)

32Methanol extracts of Eugenia cumini (632)

33Morus alba (1440)

34Moringa stenopetala (1470)

35Nelumbo nucifera (2200)

36Aqueous extract of Costus pictus (9900)

37Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are reported in several plants, as follows. The corresponding IC50 values in μg/mL are in parentheses. Beyeria leshnaultii (0.39)Mucuna pruriens (0.8)Acacia ligulata (1.01)Pterocarpus marsupium (1.01)Boerhaavia diffusa (1.72)Hydroalcoholic extract of Juniperus oxycedrus (4.4)Fagonia cretica (4.62)Santalum spicatum (5.16)Rhizoma fagopyri, Rosa rugosa, Caulis polygoni, Fructus amomi, Rhizoma alpiniae officinarum, Folium ginkgo, and Cortex cinnamomi (49 to 3385.5)Methanol extract of Marrubium radiatum (68.8)Methanol–water extract of Eugenia polyantha (71)Methanol extract of Salvia acetabulosa (76.9)Hydroalcoholic extracts of Ludwigia octovalvis (202)Hydroalcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis (299)Aralia elata (450)Hydroalcoholic extracts of Iostephane heterophylla (509)Cinnamomum zeylanicum (670)Nelumbo nucifera (1860)Aqueous extract of Costus pictus (2510)

38Beyeria leshnaultii (0.39)

39Mucuna pruriens (0.8)

40Acacia ligulata (1.01)

41Pterocarpus marsupium (1.01)

42Boerhaavia diffusa (1.72)

43Hydroalcoholic extract of Juniperus oxycedrus (4.4)

44Fagonia cretica (4.62)

45Santalum spicatum (5.16)

46Rhizoma fagopyri, Rosa rugosa, Caulis polygoni, Fructus amomi, Rhizoma alpiniae officinarum, Folium ginkgo, and Cortex cinnamomi (49 to 3385.5)

47Methanol extract of Marrubium radiatum (68.8)

48Methanol–water extract of Eugenia polyantha (71)

49Methanol extract of Salvia acetabulosa (76.9)

50Hydroalcoholic extracts of Ludwigia octovalvis (202)

51Hydroalcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis (299)

52Aralia elata (450)

53Hydroalcoholic extracts of Iostephane heterophylla (509)

54Cinnamomum zeylanicum (670)

55Nelumbo nucifera (1860)

56Aqueous extract of Costus pictus (2510)

57Table 2 has 194 plant species, which includes only the genera represented by one species.

5.1. Preclinical In Vitro/In Vivo (Animal) Studies

58Several plant species having hypoglycemic activity have been available in the literature; most of these plants contain bioactive compounds such glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, etc., that are frequently implicated as having an antidiabetic effect. In this section, plant species with antidiabetic potential will be organized in alphabetical order (Table 3).

5.1.1. Acacia arabica (Fabaceae)

59Two doses of chloroform extracts of Acacia arabica (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o. (orally) for two weeks) were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. The results of this study showed an antidiabetic effect in the two doses tested, decreasing serum glucose level and restoring TC, TG, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Additionally, in this study chloroform extracts of Benincasa hispida fruit, Tinispora cordifolia stem, Ocimum sanctum aerial parts, and Jatropha curcus leaves were evaluated, showing similar effects.

60In another study performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the extract of Acacia arabica (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. for 21 days) provoked a significantly decrease in serum glucose, TC, TG, LDL, and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) levels and a significantly increase in HDL and coenzyme Q10 in a dose-dependent manner.

5.1.2. Achyranthes rubrofusca (Amaranthaceae)

61Hypoglycemic activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Achyranthes rubrofusca leaves was studied in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The two extracts (200 mg/kg, p.o. for 28 days) significantly decreased the blood glucose level and increased pancreatic enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione levels. Better results were obtained with the aqueous extract but were not statistically significant.

5.1.3. Albizzia lebbeck (Fabaceae)

62Oral administration of a methanol/dichloromethane extract from Albizzia lebbeck Benth. stem bark (100, 200, 300, or 400 mg/k, for 30 days) was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The treatment significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin and enhanced plasma insulin levels. Moreover, it significantly decreased the levels of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL and significantly increased the level of HDL. The treatment also resulted in a marked increase in reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, CAT, and SOD and a diminished level of lipid peroxidation in liver and kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, the histopathological analysis of the pancreas, liver, kidney, and heart showed that the treatment protected these organs in diabetic rats and reduced the lesions in a dose-dependent manner. In another study in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats, the methanolic extract of Albizzia lebbeck bark significantly decreased the level of serum glucose, creatinine, urea, TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL and increased HDL level.

5.1.4. Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae)

63Aloe vera extract was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and in mouse embryonic NIH/3T3 cells. Administration of an extract at a dosage of 130 mg/kg per day for four weeks resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose, TG, LDL, and TC, an effect comparable to that of metformin. Moreover, this study showed that a lyophilized aqueous aloe extract (1 mg/mL) upregulated GLUT-4 mRNA synthesis in NIH/3T3 cells. In a more recent study, Aloe vera extract (300 mg/kg) exerted antidiabetic effects by improving insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell function by restoring pancreatic islet mass in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

5.1.5. Amaranthus tricolor (Amaranthaceae)

64Methanolic extract of Amaranthus tricolor whole plant at different doses (50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) was administered one hour before glucose administration in the oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). The results of this study showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in glucose-loaded mice at all doses of the extract tested, with the maximum effect observed at the maximum dose tested and with an effect comparable to glibenclamide (10 mg/kg).

5.1.6. Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae)

65Hypoglycemic role of Anacardium occidentale was reported in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The rats were treated with 175 mg/kg of the aqueous extract, twice daily, beginning 2 days before streptozotocin injection. Three days after streptozotocin administration, there was a significantly lower blood glucose level in pretreated rats compared to control diabetic rats. Moreover, the treatment prevented glycosuria, body weight loss, polyphagia, and polydipsia. A more recent study performed with 100 mg/kg of methanol extract for 30 days showed a decrease of blood glucose levels of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and comparable effects to the standard drug Pioglitazone.

5.1.7. Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae)

66One study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of different plant extracts (Azadirachta indica leaves, Momordica charantia fruits, and Syzygium jambolana seeds) in single and in combined formulation in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Treatment of diabetes with plant extracts started at 8 days after alloxan injection. A dose of 200 mg/kg of an ethanol extract from the leaves of Azadirachtaindica caused a hypoglycemic effect 72 h after administration in diabetic rabbits, with a persistence of up to 24 h.

5.1.8. Barleria prionitis (Acanthaceae)

67Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic extracts of leaf and root of Barleria prionitis (200 mg/kg, p.o. for 14 days) was tested in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Animals treated with leaf extract significantly decreased blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Moreover, serum insulin and liver glycogen levels were significantly increased. The root extract showed a moderate but nonsignificant antidiabetic activity.

5.1.9. Bauhinia thoningii (Fabaceae)

68A study conducted on alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed the antidiabetic effect of aqueous leaf extract from Bauhinia thoningii. The extract administered orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg for seven days provoked a significant reduction in blood glucose, LDL, and coronary risk index.

5.1.10. Caesalpinia ferrea (Fabaceae)

69Aqueous extract of the stem bark of Caesalpinia ferrea (300 and 450 mg/kg, daily for four weeks) was administered orally to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The results of this study showed a significant reduction of blood glucose levels and an improvement of the metabolic state of the animals (low levels of TC, TG, and epididymis adipose tissue).

5.1.11. Camellia sinensis (Theaceae)

70The hypoglycemic activity of the crude tea leaves extract of Camellia sinensis was investigated on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The tea (0.5 mL/day) was administered for 15 and 30 days and caused antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic (TG and TC) activities in diabetic rats. Moreover, protective effects such as recovery of certain altered hematobiochemical parameters—creatinine, urea, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)—and reduced body weight were observed.

5.1.12. Casearia esculenta (Flacourtiaceae)

71The extract of Casearia esculenta root in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (200 and 300 mg/kg, p.o. for 45 days) significantly restored levels of glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and albumin; the albumin/globulin ratio; and the activities of diagnostic marker enzymes AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT).

5.1.13. Cassia fistula (Fabaceae)

72Alcoholic extracts of stem bark of Cassia fistula administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats at 250 or 500 mg/kg for 21 days significantly decreased blood glucose levels. The extract also recovered normal levels of serum cholesterol, TG, creatinine, albumin, total proteins, and body weight. Moreover, the alcoholic extract showed significant antioxidant activity by reducing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical induced in vitro.

5.1.14. Cassia grandis (Fabaceae)

73The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cassia grandis (150 mg/kg, p.o. for 10 days treatment) were evaluated for antidiabetic activity by a GTT in normal rats and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The two extracts showed antidiabetic potential, decreasing the blood glucose, TC, and TG levels.

5.1.15. Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae)

74Dichloromethane-methanol extracts of Catharanthus roseus leaves and twigs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats significantly reduced blood glucose levels and hepatic enzyme activities of glycogen synthase, glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. In another study performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the ethanolic extracts of Catharanthus roseus (100 and 200 mg/kg) detrained the glucose transport system in the liver for 4 weeks and significantly amplified the expression of the GLUT gene.

5.1.16. Cecropia pachystachya (Urticaceae)

75The hypoglycemic effect of the methanolic extract from the leaves of Cecropia pachystachya was tested in normal, glucose loading, and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The methanolic extract provoked a significant hypoglycemic effect, which resulted in a 68% reduction of blood glucose after 12 h of induction. Moreover, the extract presented relevant antioxidant activity with IC50 = 3.1 µg/mL (DPPH assay) and EC50 = 10.8 µg/mL (reduction power).

5.1.17. Ceriops decandra (Rhizophoraceae)

76The antidiabetic effects of daily oral administration of an ethanolic extract from Ceriops decandra leaves (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg) for 30 days were evaluated in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of 120 mg/kg of the extract modulated all the determined parameters (blood glucose, hemoglobin, liver glycogen, and some carbohydrate metabolic enzymes) to levels seen in control rats. Furthermore, these dose effects were comparable to those of glibenclamide.

5.1.18. Chiliadenus iphionoides (Asteraceae)

77The ethanolic extracts of Chiliadenus iphionoides aerial parts increased insulin secretion from β cells and glucose uptake by adipocytes and skeletal myotubes, in vitro. Moreover, a 30-day oral starch tolerance test was performed on a sand rat, showing hypoglycemic activity.

5.1.19. Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum japonica (Lauraceae)

78Cinnamon bark extracts were administered at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg for 14 days in high-fat, diet-fed, and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The results of this study showed that Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum japonica bark extracts significantly decreased blood glucose concentration. Also, cinnamon extracts significantly increased the consumption of extracellular glucose in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and normal HepG2 cells compared with controls, suggesting an insulin sensitivity improvement.

5.1.20. Citrullus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae)

79The effect of root extracts of Citrullus colocynthis was investigated on the biochemical parameters of normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Aqueous extracts of the roots showed a significant reduction in blood sugar levels when compared with chloroform and ethanol extracts. Moreover, the aqueous extract improved body weight and serum creatinine, urea, protein, and lipids and restored levels of total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP. In another study in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Citrullus colocynthis aqueous seed extract stabilized animal body weight and ameliorated hyperglycemia in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was attributable to the regenerative effect on β cells and intra-islet vasculature.

5.1.21. Coscinium fenestratum (Menispermaceae)

80Alcoholic extract of the stems of Coscinium fenestratum in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats regulates glucose homeostasis and decreased gluconeogenesis. The drug also has a protective action on cellular antioxidant defense.

5.1.22. Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae)

81Aqueous extract of Eucalyptus citriodora leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o. for 21 days) significantly reduced blood glucose levels.

5.1.23. Gymnema sylvestre (Apocynaceae)

82An ethanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaf (100 mg/kg, p.o. for 4 weeks) was examined in vitro and in vivo to investigate the role of antioxidants in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ethanol extract showed antihyperglycemic activity and improved the antioxidant status in diabetic rats. Moreover, the extract showed in vitro antioxidant activity in thiobarbituric acid (TBA), SOD, and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid assays.

5.1.24. Heinsia crinata (Rubiaceae)

83Ethanolic extract of Heinsia crinata leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (450–1350 mg/kg, p.o. for two weeks) significantly reduced the FBG levels.

5.1.25. Helicteres isora (Sterculiaceae)

84Butanol and aqueous ethanol extracts of Helicteres isora root (250 mg/kg, p.o. for 10 days) were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The two treatments reduced blood glucose, TC, TG, and urea levels. Further histological examination showed the restoration of pancreatic islets, kidney glomeruli, and liver to their normal sizes.

5.1.26. Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae)

85One study evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potential of aqueous extracts of Momordic charantia pulp and Trigonella foenum-graecum seed in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The Momordica charantia extract treatment for 30 days significantly decreased the blood glucose levels and showed antioxidant potential to protect vital organs such as heart and kidney against damage caused by diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, a similar activity was found with the Trigonella foenum-graecum extract treatment. In another study already reported, an antidiabetic effect from Momordica charantia leaves (200 mg/kg) was observed in rabbits 72 h after they were fed a methanolic extract. In a recent study performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, the treatment of 400 mg/kg of ethanol extract significantly decreased body weight, serum glucose, insulin TNF-α, and interleukin 6 (IL-6).

5.1.27. Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae)

86One study investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera pods (150 and 300 mg/kg, p.o. for 21 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Both doses induced a significant reduction in serum glucose and nitric oxide levels, with a concomitant increase in serum insulin and protein levels. Furthermore, the methanol extracts increased antioxidant levels in pancreatic tissue and concomitantly decreased TBA levels. Additionally, a histological pancreas examination showed that Moringa oleifera treatment significantly reversed the histoarchitectural damage to islet cells provoked by induced diabetes. In a recent study performed in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the consumption of the Moringa oleifera leaves showed a hypoglycemic effect and prevented body weight loss.

5.1.28. Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae)

87Aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (200, 300, and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood glucose level and was found to have a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, the ethanolic extract of this plant, in mice, ameliorates dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in part by increasing glucose disposal into skeletal muscle.

5.1.29. Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae)

88Various extracts from edible Opuntia ficus-indica (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanolic, aqueous, and water parts) and a standard drug as a positive control (dimethyl biguanide, 100 mg/kg) were tested in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The results of this study showed that all extracts tested significantly decreased blood glucose levels and maintained body weight, except the aqueous extract. Mainly, the petroleum ether extract showed a remarkable decrease in blood glucose levels.

5.1.30. Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae)

89The phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract from Origanum vulgare showed an enriched composition in biophenols, and it has demonstrated in vitro antioxidant activity in DPPH assays. An in vivo study performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice with methanolic and aqueous extract showed that aqueous extract had no impact on diabetes induction, while methanolic extract reduced diabetes incidence and preserved normal insulin secretion. Moreover, methanolic extract upregulated antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, glutathione reductase, and peroxidase), attenuated pro-inflammatory activity, and showed cytoprotective activity.

5.1.31. Passiflora nitida (Passifloraceae)

90Hydroethanolic leaf extract from Passiflora nitida showed an α-glucosidase IC50 = 6.78 ± 0.31 μg/mL and α-amylase IC50 = 93.36 ± 4.37 in vitro. Also, in vivo experiments testing different saccharide tolerances revealed significant glycemic control. Moreover, in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, these assays showed a decrease in TC, a hypoglycemic effect, and antioxidant activity based on the measurement of TBA.

5.1.32. Paspalum scrobiculatum (Poaceae)

91Antidiabetic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of grains of Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. was evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extracts at 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o. for 15 days treatment, significantly reduced the blood glucose level and lipid parameters in a dose-related manner. Also, the extract treatment showed a significant increase in the liver glycogen and a significant decrease in glycated hemoglobin levels.

5.1.33. Persea americana (Lauraceae)

92The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Persea americana (0.15 and 0.3 g/kg, p.o. daily for 4 weeks) reduced blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The extract did not affect the plasma insulin level, suggesting that the hypoglycemic effect was due to extrapancreatic activity, independent of insulin secretion. Additionally, the extract improved the metabolic state of diabetic animals and increased body weight. In another study, the aqueous extract of Persea americana seeds significantly decreased glucose levels and reversed the histopathological damage that occurred in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, comparable to the effects of glibenclamide.

5.1.34. Phoenix dactylifera (Arecaceae)

93Antidiabetic effects of leaf extract of Phoenix dactylifera at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o. and its fractions at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o. for 14 days treatment were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The treatment showed a significant reduction of blood glucose, TC, and TG levels and water intake and a significant increase of plasma insulin levels compared to the control group.

5.1.35. Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae)

94The methanol extract of aerial parts of Phyllanthus niruri was evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results of this study showed a significant reduction of blood glucose, TC, and TG levels in a dose-related manner. Moreover, histological analyses showed that that extract had imparted cell regenerative power. In another study was observed that a Phyllanthus niruri leaf aqueous extract improves kidney functions; ameliorates kidney oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis; and enhances kidney cell proliferation in adult male rats with diabetes.

5.1.36. Phyllanthus simplex (Euphorbiaceae)

95The hypoglycemic effect of Phyllanthus simplex fractions was evaluated in normal and alloxan-diabetic diabetic rats. Petroleum ether (200 and 400 mg/kg), ethyl acetate (100 and 200 mg/kg), methanol (125 and 250 mg/kg), and water fraction (150 and 300 mg/kg) were investigated for 21 days. Methanol and water fractions showed a significant antihyperglycemic effect and restored the antioxidant enzyme levels in liver and kidney.

5.1.37. Picralima nitida (Magnoliopsida)

96The antidiabetic activity of Picralima nitida was tested in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In vitro examination of a hydroethanolic extract from the whole plant showed antioxidant activity using DPPH and showed an IC50 = 0.24 mg/mL. The extract (300 mg/kg) revealed significant hypoglycemic activity. Also, the measurement of stress markers in plasma, liver, and kidneys showed high antioxidant potential.

5.1.38. Piper longum (Piperaceae)

97In a study with an aqueous extract from Piper longum root was administered a dose of 200 mg/kg in male albino rats, with diabetes induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin; these rats presented significant antidiabetic activity after 6 h of treatment, with better effectiveness than glibenclamide. Administration of the aqueous extract at the same dose for 30 days in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and correction of diabetic dyslipidemia compared with untreated diabetic rats. There was a significant reduction in the activities of liver and renal function markers in treated diabetic rats compared with untreated diabetic rats, indicating that the extract has a protective effect against liver and kidney damage and that it is nontoxic. Therefore, the plant extract is capable of managing hyperglycemia and complications of diabetes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

5.1.39. Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae)

98The antidiabetic activity of Sonchus oleraceus was tested in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In vitro examination of a hydroethanolic extract from the whole plant showed antioxidant activity using DPPH and showed an IC50 = 0.19 mg/mL. The extract showed significant antidiabetic activity, and measurement of stress markers in plasma, liver, and kidneys showed high antioxidant potential. The effects may be attributed to the significant free radical-scavenging capacity, hypoglycemic activity, and the ability to prevent oxidative stress in diabetic rats, which was determined by the decrease of MDA and H2O2 and the increase in CAT activity.

5.1.40. Syzygium jambolana (Myrtaceae)

99As we have commented, a combination of Syzygium jambolana extract obtained from the seeds, fruits of Momordica charantia, and leaves of Azadirachta indica (200 mg/kg) showed a hypoglycemic effect in rabbits. Treatment of diabetes with plant extracts was started at 8 days after alloxan injection. The antidiabetic effect was produced after 72 h in many of the rabbit’s groups. This effect may be due to enhanced endogenous insulin production, possibly through pancreatic β-cell regeneration or repair caused by higher insulin levels in the serum.

5.1.41. Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae)

100In vitro assays of an alcoholic extract made from Tamarindus indica stem bark showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated orally with the alcoholic extract from Tamarindus indica at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses for 21 days, and a significant decrease of blood glucose levels was observed. In another study, hydroethanolic seed coat extract of Tamarindus indica significantly reduced blood glucose levels in normoglycaemic, glucose loaded, and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

5.1.42. Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae)

101Chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula seed powder in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the blood glucose level in a dose-dependent manner and presented a potent renoprotective action.

5.1.43. Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae)

102The antidiabetic potential of petroleum ether, methanol, and aqueous extract of Terminalia catappa fruits in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was performed. All three extracts reduced FBG levels.

5.1.44. Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fabaceae)

103The antidiabetic effects of ethanol extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats at different doses (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg) were evidenced, showing significant blood glucose-lowering capacity. Moreover, the hydroalcohol extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed attenuates markers of inflammation and oxidative stress while improving exocrine function in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

5.1.45. Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Ericaceae)

104The effects of ethanolic extract of Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit was investigated in alloxan-diabetic rats for three weeks. The treatment significantly decreased the blood glucose and TG levels and increased the erythrocyte SOD, glutathione peroxidase, CAT activities, and expression of GLUT-4 and insulin genes.

5.1.46. Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae)

105One study investigated the antidiabetic activity of the various combinations of metformin (50 mg/kg) and aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina leaves (100 mg/kg) in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results showed that the combinations of the extract and metformin caused more reduction in glycemia compared to any of the agents acting alone in either of the two categories of animals.

5.1.47. Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae)

106Normal rats were treated with an aqueous extract from Witheringia solanacea leaves at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg doses, and only the last two doses significantly decreased blood glucose levels after 1 h of a GTT. Moreover, the 500 mg/kg dose significantly reduced blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats at 4 h and 5 h of treatment.

5.1.48. Zaleya decandra (Aizoaceae)

107Oral administration of an ethanolic extract from Zaleya decandra roots (200 mg/kg, for 15 days) significantly restored the levels of glucose, TC, TG, total proteins, urea, creatinine, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, histopathological analysis showed significant regenerative power in the extract-treated group compared to the control group, including effects in necrosis and degeneration in the liver and pancreas.

5.1.49. Zizyphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae)

108Petroleum ether and aqueous extract of Zizyphus mauritiana (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. for seven days) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats significantly restored elevated biochemical parameters such as glucose, urea, creatinine, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, hemoglobin, and glycosylated hemoglobin.

6. Phytochemicals with Antidiabetic Potential

109Discovery of the new natural antidiabetic drugs could be great promise due to minimal efficacy and safety concerns of current antidiabetic drugs for the hundreds of millions of individuals which are currently seeking better management of diabetes. In this relation, the investigation of phytochemicals responsible for antidiabetic effects has progressed in the last few decades. The antidiabetic effect of plant materials have been attributed to the mixture of phytochemicals or a single component of plant extracts. Medicinal plants produce a wide variety of phytochemicals, include alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, polysaccharides, stilbenes, and tannin, which are intensively investigated for their antidiabetic effects. In Table 4 are represented sources, structures, and targets of some potential antidiabetic phytochemicals. The beneficial effect of phytochemicals can be through various mechanisms such as regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin secretion, stimulating β cells, NF-kB signalling pathway, inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) protective action.

6.1. Alkaloids

110The following alkaloids—berberine, boldine, lupanine neferin, oxymatrine, piperine, and sanguinarine—are studied for their antidiabetic activity. Christodoulou et al. discussed the antidiabetic impact of certain alkaloids, with special reference to their molecular targets throughout the insulin-signaling pathway: in vitro and in vivo evidence support the effects of berberine, trigonelline, piperine, oxymatrine, vindoneline, evodiamine, and neferine on insulin-signaling and related cascades in β cells, myocytes, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and other cells; the authors concluded that in-depth molecular studies are needed as well as large clinical trials to assess their potential as antidiabetic agents.

111Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, isolated from medicinal plants of Berberis (Berberidaceae). It has an antihyperglycaemic activity by decreasing absorption of glucose. Berberine was reported to inhibit α-glucosidase and to decrease glucose transport through the intestinal epithelium. It has a particular interest in the management of T2DM and cardiovascular diseases due to potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, glucose-lowering, and lipid-lowering properties.

112Boldine is a benzylisoquinoline class alkaloid, isolated from Peumus boldus Moliba (Chilean boldo tree, family Monimiaceae). Boldine improves endothelial function in diabetic db/db mice through inhibition of angiotensin II-mediated BMP4 oxidative stress cascade. It reduces overproduction of ROS by inhibiting Ang II-stimulated BMP4 expression.

113Lupanine is a quinolizidine alkaloid, isolated from Lupinus species, particularly from Lupinus perennis. It enhances insulin secretion. Recently, Wiedemann et al. showed how lupanine improves glucose homeostasis by influencing ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and insulin genes.

114Another antidiabetic alkaloid molecule is neferine; it is a bisbenzyl isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae). It decreased the expression of CCL5 and CCR5 mRNA in the superior cervical ganglion of T2DM rats. After treatment with neferine 4 mg/kg for 4 weeks, body weight, FBG, blood pressure, TC, and TG were reduced and high-density lipoprotein was increased.

115Oxymatrine is an alkaloid of the class quinolizidine obtained from the root of Sophora flavescens (family Fabaceae). It decreased blood glucose, urinary protein and albumin excretion, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen in a T2DM high-fat diet streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) nephropathy model at an oral dose of 150 mg/kg per day for 11 weeks.

116Piperine is a natural alkaloid present in Piper species fruits. It has bio-enhancing effects with metformin in lowering blood glucose levels.

117Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid; it is an excellent intercalator of DNA and RNA. Sanguinarine was targeted as a candidate agent for T2DM treatment by a computational bioinformatics approach.

6.2. Flavonoids

118Flavonoids represent a large class of plant secondary metabolites found in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and aromatic rings of the flavonoid structures, they can play as natural antioxidants. Flavonoid-containing products are commonly used in antidiabetic diets. Many flavonoids such as catechins, fisetin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin, morin, silymarin, chrysin, baicalein, icariin, isoliquiritigenin, diosmin, isoangustone A, genistein, and others were tested for their antidiabetic properties. For instance, the current work of Den Hartogh and Tsiani, summarizes well the in vitro and in vivo animal studies on the antidiabetic effects of naringenin; as shown by authors among the effects reported, naringenin can reduce glucose adsorption by the intestinal brush border, reduce renal glucose reabsorption, and increase glucose uptake and use by muscle and fat tissues; in hepatocytes, naringenin treatment reduces TG production and gluconeogenesis, resulting in the attenuation of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The authors concluded that naringenin could be seen as a prime candidate for medicinal use against insulin resistance and T2DM and highlighted how more human studies are required in this direction.

119Catechins (catechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) are the major active components of tea and cacao products. The protective effects against oxidative damage and enhancing SOD, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and CAT activities of catechins are well demonstrated. However, some studies reported that they did not find a hypoglycemic effect of an extract of green and black tea in adults with T2DM.

120The flavonoid fisetin presents in a wide variety of plants. Fisetin significantly reduces blood glucose, improves glucose homeostasis through the inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes, and increases the level and activity of glyoxalase 1.

121Kaempferol as a natural flavonol is found in a variety of plants. It acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress. It promotes insulin sensitivity and preserves pancreatic β-cell mass.

122Luteolin is a flavone, present in many aromatic flowering plants, including members of the Lamiaceae. It was recommended for treating diabetic nephropathy. Luteolin ameliorates cardiac failure in T1DM cardiomyopathy.

123Naringenin is a naturally occurring flavanone predominantly found in grapefruit. It attenuates diabetic nephropathy via its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. Naringenin also decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, type IV collagen, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor β1.

124Quercetin is a natural flavonol; it is present in the composition of a number biological active additives as well as in food additives. The protective effects of quercetin on diabetes have been intensively investigated. It decreased the cell percentages of G(0)/G(1) phase, Smad 2/3 expression, laminin, and type IV collagen and TGF-β (1) mRNA levels. Quercetin also activated the Akt/cAMP response element-binding protein pathway.

125Rutin is a natural flavonoid glycoside present in many types of fruits and vegetables. It improves glucose homeostasis by altering glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes. It is also involved in stimulatory effects on glucose uptake. Rutin enhances insulin-dependent glucose transporter and potentiates insulin receptor kinase.

126Another natural flavonoid molecule, morin, is isolated from Morus alba, Maclura pomifera, Psidium guajava, Chlorophora tinctoria, Prunus dulcis, Maclura tinctoria, Castanea sativa, and many other plant species. It as an activator and sensitizer of the insulin receptor stimulating the metabolic pathways. It was also found to rescue endothelial dysfunction in a diabetic mouse model by activating the Akt/eNOS pathway. Recently, Razavi et al. showed how morin improves diabetic conditions through downregulation of the miR-29a level. Currently, Pandey et al., by exploring the role of Morinin modulating ER stress in STZ/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic male Wistar rats, demonstrated how morin attenuates ER stress throughout the downregulation of the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway (PERK endoplasmic reticulum kinase; eIF2α eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha; ATF4 activating transcription factor 4) by interacting with the PERK protein; the authors concluded that the anti-ER stress and antihyperglycemic potential of Morin opens new possibilities for the exploitation of the use of morin as a bioactive supplement in managing ER stress during type 2 diabetes.

127Silymarin is a complex of flavonoids containing silybin, silydianin, and silychrisin isolated from the milk thistle plant. It has nephroprotective effects in T2DM and can reduce blood glucose levels. Currently, Meng et al. showed that silymarin ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy through the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signaling, suggesting that silymarin could have a potential role in diabetic cardiomyopathy treatment.

128Chrysin is a naturally occurring flavone, predominantly found in Passiflora caerulea, Passiflora incarnata, and Oroxylum indicum. It suppressed transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), fibronectin, and collagen-IV protein expressions in renal tissues. Chrysin also reduced the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-6. Taslimi et al. studied the antidiabetic and anticholinergic effects of chrysin on cyclophosphamide-induced multiple organ toxicity in rats by focusing on pharmacological evaluation of some metabolic enzyme activities: chrysin exhibited an ameliorative effect against CYP-induced brain, heart, liver, testis, and kidney toxicity.

129Baicalein is a flavonoid found in Oroxylum indicum, Scutellaria baicalensis, and other species. It mitigates oxidative stress, suppresses the activation of NF-κB, and decreases expression of iNOS and TGF-β1. It also normalizes the levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines and liver function enzymes.

6.3.1. Triterpenoids

130The review of Hamid et al. highlights recent findings on the chemistry and bioactivities of tetracyclic triterpenoids (i.e., dammarane, cucurbitane, cycloartane, lanostane, and protostane groups) from some plants such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, Panax notoginseng, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Astragalus membranaceus, Momordica charantia, and Ganoderma lucidum. Alqahtani et al. summarized the multiple biological activities on glucose absorption; glucose uptake; insulin secretion; diabetic vascular dysfunction; and retinopathy and nephropathy of oleanolic acid, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, ursolic acid, betulin, betulinic acid and lupeol, examples of pentacyclic triterpenoids.

131Boswellic acids are pentacyclic triterpene found in the oleo-gum-resin from the trees of different Boswellia species (Boswellia serrata and Boswellia carteri). The activity has been attributed to stimulating β cells to release more insulin. They are used for the prophylaxis and treatment of damage and inflammation of the islets of langerhans.

132The natural triterpene celastrol is found in Tripterygium wilfordii, Celastrus orbiculatus, Celastrus aculeatus, Celastrus reglii, Celastrus scandens, and other plant species. Protective effects of celastrol were investigated on diabetic liver injury via TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling pathway in T2DM. It suppresses the obesity process via increasing antioxidant capacity and improving lipid metabolism. Celastrol is an NF-kB inhibitor, improves insulin resistance, and attenuates renal injury.

133Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that exists widely in nature in fruits, herbs, and vegetables. Recent reports have highlighted the benefits of oleanolic acid in the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Zeng et al. reported that oleanolic acid reduces hyperglycemia beyond the treatment period with Akt/FoxO1-induced suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis in T2DM mice.

134Another pentacyclic triterpenoid is ursolic acid that can be extracted from berries, leaves, flowers, and fruits of medicinal plants such as Eriobotrya japonica, Calluna vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Eugenia jambolana.

135Many studies have shown that ursolic acid can directly inhibit PTP1B and improve insulin sensitivity. It improves blood glucose levels in mice characterized by diet-induced obesity. Ling reported that ursolic acid provides kidney protection in diabetic rats.

6.3.2. Diterpenoids

136Triptolide is a diterpenoid with three epoxide groups, isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii. Triptolide reduced the levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B and phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B and increased caspases 3, 8, and 9. Triptolide treatment is accompanied by alleviated glomerular hypertrophy and podocyte injury.

6.3.3. Polysaccharides

137Galactomannan is a polysaccharide isolated from the tubers of Amorphophallus konjac and seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus. It can delay the rate of glucose absorption and, thereby, helps to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia.

138Another carbohydrate is inulin; Helianthus tuberosus tubers contain 75 to 80% inulin. It is a well-known remedy in diabetic treatment. It can act as a biogenetic for the development of natural intestinal microflora after dysbacteriosis and in the modulation of blood metabolites and liver enzymes.

6.3.4. Miscellaneous

139Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Piceatannol, a resveratrol derivative, promotes glucose uptake through glucose transporter 4 translocation to the plasma membrane in L6 myocytes and suppresses blood glucose levels in T2DM model db/db mice.

140Piceatannol lowers the blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Intravascular administration of piceatannol enhanced glucose tolerance in freely moving healthy rats. Resveratrol analog piceatannol restores the palmitic acid-induced impairment of insulin signaling and production of endothelial nitric oxide via activation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells. Vallianou et al. described how the antihyperglycemic effects of resveratrol seem to be the results of increased activity of the glucose transporter in the cytoplasmic membrane; the authors marked that the main antihyperglycemic actions of resveratrol are attributed to the activation of SIRT1 with the involvement of AMPK (5′ AMP-activated protein kinase). Szkudelski and Szkudelska gave an overview of the role of resveratrol in diabetes from animal models to human studies; in particular, the authors summarized the effect of resveratrol reported in animals models: improvement of glucose homeostasis, decrease of insulin resistance, protection of pancreatic β cells, improvement of insulin secretion, and amelioration of metabolic disorders. As marked by the same authors, the antidiabetic activity of resveratrol can be related to the resveratrol capability to increase expression/activity of AMPK and SIRT1 in various tissues of diabetic subjects. Bagul and Banerjee described well the multi-target effects against diabetes of resveratrol. They illustrated the improvement of insulin sensitivity, enhancement of GLUT-4 translocation, reduction of oxidative stress, regulation of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, activation of SIRT1 and AMPK, and decrease of adipogenic genes. The current study of Öztürk et al. provides a critical overview of currently available clinical studies examining the effects of resveratrol in DM in last decade:

141Butein is a natural phenolic chalcone, isolated from many plant species, including Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Dalbergia odorifera, Cyclopia subternata, Semecarpus anacardium, and Creopsis tungtoria. Butein inhibits central NF-kB signalling and improves glucose homeostasis.

142Curcumin is a natural polyphenol; it has two o-methoxy phenolic groups, one enone moiety and an α, β-unsaturated diketone group. It exhibits keto-enol tautomerism.

143Kunwar and Priyadarsini reported that curcumin reduces blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and prevented weight loss. It was also reported to reduce several other complications associated with diabetes like fatty liver, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, vascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and islet viability.

144Tocotrienol and tocopherol are commonly known as vitamin E. They are isomers and are found in a wide variety of plants. Haghighat et al. demonstrated that supplementation of tocotrienol at 15 mg daily for 4 weeks caused a significant reduction of the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in a group of patients with T2DM. Kuhad and Chopra reported that tocotrienol attenuates diabetic nephropathy by the involvement of the NF-kB signaling pathway, oxidative-nitrosative stress, and inflammatory cascade in the experimental model.

145Indole-3-carbinol is the nutritive phytochemical in members of the genus Brassica, like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and bok choy. 3,3′-diindolylmethane is a condensation product of indole-3-carbinol. Indole-3-carbinol and 3,3′-diindolylmethane are classified as blocking agents, and they are proposed as potential preventive agents against chronic disease including diabetes. Treatments with indole-3-carbinol and 3,3′-diindolylmethane increase the antioxidant-scavenging action by increasing levels of SOD, CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione in diabetic mice.

146Chlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenol found in many varieties of plant species. It stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation. Chlorogenic acid has shown effects on hepatic glucose release and glycemia.

147Another natural phenol is ellagic acid; it is a dilactone acid found in fruits and vegetables. The antidiabetic effect of ellagic acid is attributed to the action on β cells of the pancreas that stimulates insulin secretion and decreases glucose intolerance. It possesses superior antioxidant properties, genotoxicity prevention, and α-amylase-inhibitory activity. Ellagic acid reduced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in T2DM.

148Embelin is a hydroxyl benzoquinone found in Embelia ribes, Lysimachia punctata, and Lysimachia erythrorhiza species. It reduces the elevated plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α).

149Erianin is a natural phenolic compound with 4 aromatic ether groups isolated from Dendrobium chrysotoxum. It inhibits high glucose-induced retinal angiogenesis via blocking the ERK1/2-regulated HIF-1α-VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway.

150Gambogic acid (syn. guttic acid, guttatic acid, β-guttilactone, and β-guttiferin) is a natural pyranoxanthone; it is found in Garcinia plant species (Garcinia hanburyi, Garcinia indica, and Garcinia cambogia). It ameliorates diabetes-induced proliferative retinopathy through inhibition of the HIF-1α/VEGF expression via targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway.

151Garcinol is polyisoprenylated benzophenone found in a Garcinia species plant (Garcinia indica). It decreases plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β-cell) functioning index, glycogen, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body weight, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Garcinol reduces elevated levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and lipids.

152Honokiol is a polyphenol lignan predominantly found in Magnolia plant species (Magnolia officinalis). It increases phosphorylations and downstream insulin signaling factors. Honokiol showed potential binding mode to PTP1B. Recently, Li et al. showed how honokiol protects pancreatic β cell against high glucose and intermittent hypoxia-induced injury by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway in vitro and in vivo Withanolidesare isolated from Withania somnifera. They are found in plant sources from the Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, and Taccaceae families. Withanolides exhibited hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities.

153In conclusion, sources, structure, and target of 38 phytochemicals are summarised as potential antidiabetic agents. Most of the reviewed phytochemicals belong to flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids.

7. In Human Evidence: Clinical Studies

154Currently, available conventional therapies for diabetes are challenged by their inherent limitations and medicinal plants are being researched as a source of alternative therapies. Of note, medicinal plants have been described in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and have been experimentally shown to have, with their active constituents, antihyperglycemic or antidiabetic activity. However, information about their trials in humans is poorly documented. We describe in this section human clinical trials of medicinal plants for their antihyperglycemic or antidiabetes efficacy, including Aloe vera, Cinnamomum burmanni, Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum verum, Ginkgo biloba, Juglansregia, Malvastrumcoromandelia, Tinosporacordifolia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Vitis vinifera, and Zingiber officinale.

7.1. Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae)

155Different types of Aloe vera extracts has been investigated in clinical trials. Four studies have been documented that involve prediabetic and T2DM patients (total N = 348) and that span between 6 to 8 weeks. The diabetic studies illustrated that Aloe vera significantly reduced FBG alone or in combination with the Cnidoscoluschayamansa extract. The Aloe vera juice (80%) investigated alongside glibenclamide in 72 T2DM patients (49 men and 23 women, aged 35–70 years, with high FBG levels and a typical diabetic curve of glucose tolerance analysis) did not show a response to glibenclamide alone while Aloe vera juice significantly reduced levels of FBG within two weeks and was safe on both kidney and liver. Aloe vera high-molecular-weight fractions (AHM) obtained from water-washed gel parts of Aloe vera leaves, cultivated in Okinawa, Japan and containing less than 10 ppm of barbaloin and polysaccharide (MW: 1000 kDa) with the glycoprotein virectin (MW: 29 kDa), produced a significant decrease in blood glucose levels sustained for six weeks from the start of the study. This study was performed on 15 T2DM patients (nine men and six women, aged 42–55 years, with FBG > 200 mg/dL). The treatment was safe on kidney and liver functions and was suggested to relieve vascular complications probably via activation of immunosystem. An Aloe vera (AG) gel complex (Aloe QDM complex) assessed in a randomized control trial showed borderline significant reductions in body weight, body fat mass, FBG, fasting serum insulin, and Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) after eight weeks of treatment. This study was performed on 136 patients with prediabetes or early T2DM not on medication (96 men and 40 women, aged ≥ 20 years, with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 or waist circumference ≥90 cm for men or ≥85 for women, FBG between 100 and 180 mg/dL or 2-h GTT ≥ 140 mg/dL, and HbA1c < 8.0%). To validate the antidiabetic claims for AG and infusion of Cnidoscoluschayamansa (CC) McVaugh, three double-blind crossover procedures were used in 125 women with early metabolic syndrome (mean age of 46.8 ± 9.7 years and waist circumference ≥ 88 cm, FGB ≥ 100 mg/dL, arterial blood preassure ≥ 130/≥ 85 mmHg, TG ≥ 150 mg/dL, and HDL < 50 mg/dL). Assay 1: AG and CC vs. placebo 1 and placebo 2; assay 2: AG and placebo 2 vs. placebo 1 and CC; or assay 3: TA (total process Aloe vera, 5:1) vs. placebo 3. All combinations were tolerated except AG and P2 for which patient complained of bad taste and mild stomach pain because of the double dose of this treatment. Changes in HbA1c (mmol/mol) were assay 1: −1.8 ± 7.5 vs. −1.6 ± 6.9, p > 0.05; assay 2: −1.3 ± 6.6 vs. −1.4 ± 7.6, p > 0.05; and assay 3: −4.9 ± 8.3 vs. 0.44 ± 5.4, p < 0.01, respectively. TA concomitantly reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (p < 0.05) and suggested that the total process Aloe vera decreases blood glucose levels by reducing proinflammatory state. The infusion of microwave-dehydrated Cnidoscoluschayamansa CC leaves did not reduce blood glucose or HDL and TG levels.

7.2. Cinnamon: Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamomum burmanni, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Lauraceae)

156Cinnamon has a long history as an antidiabetic spice. Research has shown that adding cinnamon to the diet can help to lower the glucose level, but results from trials involving cinnamon supplements are conflicting amongst patients with diabetes and insulin-resistant patients, particularly the ability to reduce blood glucose levels and to inhibit protein glycation. A review of six trials investigating the potential benefit of cinnamon in controlling diabetes reveals contradicting findings in 178 diabetic or prediabetic patients. Oral administration in 79 patients with diagnosed T2DM (44 men and 21 women, under oral antidiabetics or diet) of the aqueous cinnamon purified extract 3 g/day for 4 months in a double-blind study significantly decreased the plasma glucose level (10.3%) compared to the placebo group (3.4%), supporting a moderate hypoglycemic effect of cinnamon. The combination of a water-soluble cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomumcassia and/or Cinnamomumburmanni standardized to 3% Type A Polymers) administered (500 mg/day) for 12 weeks on twenty-two subjects with prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome was studied. Participants recruited for this study were between 30–60 years old, had FBG between 100 and 125 mg/dL, had BMI < 40 kg/m2, had normal values for liver and kidney function tests, and maintained their usual dietary and physical activity habits. The treatment significantly decreased FBG (−8.4%: 116.3 ± 12.8 mg/dL (pre) to 106.5 ± 20.1 mg/dL (post), p < 0.01) compared with the placebo group and suggests that cinnamon can reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Gutierrez et al. found that a 5-g dose of Cassia cinnamon significantly reduces the blood glucose level and improves glucose tolerance following GTT by 10.1% with regards to the placebo groups in 10 sedentary and obese females (22.7 ± 4 years, BMI 35.39 ± 5.36 kg/m2). However, the treatment failed to improve insulin resistance and sensitivity.

157Though these results agree with the inability of cinnamon to improve insulin resistance or sensitivity, they are in contraction to its blood glucose lowering potency. Other studies showed that cinnamon supplementation (Cinnamomum cassia, 1.5 g/day) failed to improve whole-body insulin sensitivity or GTT in 25 postmenopausal patients with T2DM (aged 62.9 ± 1.5 years, BMI 30.4 ± 0.9 kg/m2) after six weeks. This finding is in line with that of Hasanzade et al., where cinnamon did not significantly affect FBG and glycosylated hemoglobin levels (p = 0.738 and p = 0.87, respectively) in a randomized clinical trial involving 70 T2DM (140 < FBG < 250 mg/dL; HbAlc > 7%). Also, the administration of cinnamon (1 g/day) for 90 days in 72 adolescents with T1DM (diagnosis for ≥18 months before enrollment, aged 13–18 years) using a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled design did not improve glycemic control. This stresses the need to assess the real health benefits of cinnamon supplementation. However, most of these studies were conducted no longer than three months compared with the four months required for the mild antidiabetic potency reported.

7.3. Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae)

158Ginkgo biloba is a popular medicinal plant used against metabolic syndromes and has been studied in humans for its ability to lower blood glucose. Three-month ingestion of a daily dose of 120 mg of G. biloba extract in normal glucose tolerant individuals (6 men and 14 women, aged 21–57 years) caused a significant increase in pancreatic β-cell insulin, fasting plasma insulin, and C-peptide response when compared to the placebo group. Following a 2-h standard GTT, glucose levels changed from 136 ± 55 to 162 ± 94 µU/mL/h (p = 0.1232) and 9.67 ± 5.34 to 16.88 ± 5.20 ng/mL/h (p < 0.001), respectively. However dissimilar insulin/C-peptide response curves were linked with an increased rate of insulin clearance induce by G. biloba. This finding was supported by the ability of G. biloba extract to affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to reduced basal cortisol levels and reduced cortisol production in response to the acute hyperglycemic challenge in 30 healthy/non-diabetic glucose tolerant volunteers (10 men and 20 women, 45.7 ± 9.9 years) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Fasting plasma cortisol was significantly lower after the G. biloba cycle than the placebo cycle (326 ± 149 vs. 268 ± 121 nmol/L, respectively; p = 0.19). A follow-up study carried out in T2DM patients showed that, in diet-controlled subjects (FBG 117 ± 16 mg/dL; fasting plasma insulin 29 ± 8 µU/mL; n = 6), ingestion of G. biloba produced no significant effect on the insulin before and after ingesting G. biloba, respectively. However, in hyperinsulinemic T2DM patients, co-administration of oral hypoglycemic medications (n = 6) (FBG 143 ± 48 mg/dL; fasting plasma insulin 46 ± 13 µU/mL) and G. biloba caused blunted plasma insulin levels from 30 to 120 min during the GTT, leading to a reduction of the insulin area under the curve (AUC; 199 ± 33 vs 147 ± 58 µU/mL/h, before and after G. biloba, respectively) whereas the C-peptide levels did not increase in a parallel manner with the insulin, indicating an enhanced hepatic extraction of insulin relative to C-peptide as previously reported in normal glucose tolerant individuals. This suggests that ingestion of G. biloba in individuals with maximally stimulated pancreatic β cells may lead to a reduction in plasma levels of insulin. However, T2DM patients with pancreatic exhaustion (FPG 152 ± 46 mg/dL; fasting plasma insulin 16 ± 8 µU/mL; n = 8), treated as above, showed a significant increase in pancreatic β-cell function in response to glucose loading (insulin AUC increased from 51 ± 29 to 98 ± 20 µU/mL/h, p < 0.0001), paralleled by a C-peptide AUC increase from 7.2 ± 2.8 to 13.7 ± 6.8 (p < 0.0001). The authors linked this effect to a plausible increase of the activity in the remaining functional islets or to a regeneration of previously exhausted islets. According to this study, the ingestion of G. biloba extract by T2DM patients may increase the hepatic metabolic clearance rate of not only insulin but also the hypoglycemic agents and, thereby, may reduce insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and elevated blood glucose.

7.4. Juglans regia (Juglandaceae)

159The Juglans regia leaf has been traditionally used for the treatmen of DM in Iran, and its effects on hyperglycemia and lipid profiles have been investigated in 61 T2DM patients. Select patients with FBG between 150 and 200 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) between 7% and 9% and aged between 40 and 60 years were randomly divided into J. regia and placebo treatment groups. J. regia treatment, with 100-mg capsules administered thrice a day for three months along with the standard anti-diabetic therapy (metformin and glibenclamide, and nutritional regimen), improves glucose control by significantly decreasing the FBG, HbA1c, TC, and TG levels compared to placebo and did not affect liver and kidney but rather showed gastrointestinal disorder.

7.5. Malvastrum coromandelianum (Malvaceae)

160The water extract from Malvastrum coromandelianum has been shown to have a glucose-lowering effect and short- and long-term safety in animal studies. A study in humans reveals its safety and the poor glycemic-lowering efficacy of M. coromandelianum in T2DM subjects. Tharavanij et al. conducted a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 71 diabetes subjects under either diet control or single oral antidiabetic drug (sulphonylurea or biguanide) with HbA1C between 6.5–9.0%. Subjects received a tablet of 1200 mg/day of M. coromandelianum or placebo for 12 weeks. M. coromandelianum failed to significantly lower the blood glucose level and affect body weight, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion.

7.6. Sauropus androgynus (Phyllanthaceae)

161Sauropus androgynus is one of the most popular herbs in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China, where it was known as a slimming agent and was identified to have antidiabetic activity. A clinical trial corroborates this result and its use as an antidiabetic agent in the Ayurvedic medical system (n = 18 non-insulin-dependent diabetic, aged 50–65 years and weighted 70–85 kg). S. androgynus (10 g/200 mL water) significantly reduces blood glucose level with glycemic index (GI) scores (GI = 55) lower than that of the glucose control (GI = 100). The hypoglycaemic activity of S. androgynus supports further investigation to unveil compounds/extracts with antidiabetic activity.

7.7. Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae)

162Antidiabetic properties of Tinospora cordifolia are highly appreciated in Ayurveda, and studies on its extracts revealed its antihyperglycemic, preventive, and curative antidiabetic efficacy in addition to its safety profile. From the three clinical studies reviewed here, 148 T2DM patients were involved in randomized control trials. T. cordifolia extracts were shown to lower FBG. The blood glucose-lowering effect of the aqueous leaf digest prepared from T. cordifolia (10 g/200mL water) was demonstrated using GTT. T. cordifolia was found to exhibit a significant ability to reduce blood sugar (GI = 39) levels compared to that of the glucose control (GI = 100) in human subjects (aged 50–65 years and weighted 70–85 kg), with the glucose levels reverting to fasting levels after 2 h of administration in the experimental groups. Additionally, the aqueous leaf digest (10 g/200 mL water) on post-prandial blood glucose levels in T2DM was found to exhibit a significant ability to reduce blood sugar levels in human subjects. Its hypoglycaemic potential was substantiated by a similar response observed in another study, wherein two extracts exerted significant hypoglycemic and antihyperglycaemic activity. However, solidified aqueous extract was shown to be more effective than sedimented starchy aqueous extract to control glycemic levels. The hypoglycaemic effect of T. cordifolia and its healing efficacy in diabetic foot ulcers along with decoction for regular dressing was investigated on 60 patients suffering from uncontrolled T2DM patients with a diabetic foot ulcers. They received Ayurvedic oral hypoglycaemic drugs or insulin if needed. The aqueous extract of T. cordifolia stems soaked overnight and administered twice a day (30 mL) lowered blood sugar level along with other oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Deep root infection with variable blood sugar involving the bone tissue needs more than three months to heal with 80% of good healing without amputation. However, patients with established vascular changes with gangrenous toes (20%) needed a minor amputation of toes, but the ulcer was healed up very quickly with the same therapy. T. cordifolia, at a dose of 500 mg/day, is safe and improved living functions by regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in 30 healthy individuals for 21 days. Moreover, Mishra et al. showed that T. cordifolia, at a dose of 500 mg three times daily, along with their conventional medications, was effective in decreasing the fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels in patients with T2DM with no significant effect on the kidneys and liver.

7.8. Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fabaceae)

163Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek, is a plant that has been extensively used in cooking and as a source of antidiabetic compounds from its seeds and leaf extracts. There is evidence of its effectiveness in lowering postprandial glucose levels, but the long-term effect remains unclear. Preliminary human trials and animal experiments suggest that orally administered T. foenum-graecum seed powder could have hypoglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic properties comparable to that of insulin. Results from clinical trials using FBG, 2 h GTT, and HbA1c and randomized models demonstrated the ability of fenugreek to significantly reduce both FBG and HbA1c in T2DM patients as compared with control interventions. The effects of T. foenum-graecum seeds on glycemic control and insulin resistance, determined by the HOMA model, in mild to moderate T2DM showed that 1 g/day hydroalcoholic extract of fenugreek seeds improves glycemic control with antihypertriglyceridemic and decreases insulin resistance (25 newly diagnosed T2DM patients, FBG < 200 mg/dL). However, different treatment regimens were used in each case, the clinical trial was poorly designed, and the results achieved cannot be conclusive and warrants further studies.

7.9. Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae)

164Vitis vinifera grape polyphenols (2 g/day) investigated in 38 healthy overweight/obese first-degree relatives of T2DM patients (aged 30–65 years, BMI between 25 and 35 kg/m2, waist circumference >94 cm for men and >80 cm for women, FBG < 110 mg/dL) in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial demonstrated that grape polyphenols at nutritional doses effectively prevent fructose-induced oxidative stress and insulin resistance.

7.10. Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)

165Zingiber officinale is a medicinal plant and spice extensively used in the control of diabetes. Arablouet et al. demonstrated that Zingiber officinale consumption in 70 T2DM patients (aged 30–70 years, BMI between 20 and 35 kg/m2, and HbA1C between 7 and 10%) significantly reduced FBG, HbA1C, insulin, HOMA, TG, TC, CRP, and PGE2 compared to the placebo group, suggesting an improvement of insulin sensitivity and the prevention of complications in T2DM patients. This result correlates with that obtained by Mahluji et al., where the administration of ginger 2 g/day for two months in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial including 64 patients with T2DM (aged 38–65 years, average BMI of 29.5 kg/m2) significantly lowered the levels of insulin (11.0 ± 2.3 versus 12.1 ± 3.3; p = 0.001), LDL-C (67.8 ± 27.2 vs. 89.2 ± 24.9; p = 0.04), TG (127.7 ± 43.7 vs. 128.2 ± 37.7; p = 0.03) and the HOMA index (3.9 ± 1.09 vs. 4.5 ± 1.8; p = 0.002) and increased the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (0.313 ± 0.012 vs. 0.308 ± 0.012; p = 0.005) in comparison to the control group. These achieved results support the use of ginger to control hyperglycemia.

7.11. DBCare® (Ace Continental Exports Inc., London, UK)

166DBCare® is a traditional herbal food supplement marketed as an antidiabetic medicine composed of 11 herbal ingredients. DBcare investigation in 35 patients with T2DM under oral hypoglycemic treatment (20 male and 15 women, HbA1C > 7.0%) showed safety and seems to decline the level of HbA1C (0.4 ± 0.7% in the DBCare® group and 0.2% ± 0.8% in the placebo group; p = 0.806). However, no significant change was found in the fasting plasma glucose throughout the 12-weeks randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial, except episodic hypoglycemic effects observed in two patients. Though DBcare poorly controls blood glucose, a further study involving patients with HbA1C ≥ 8%, short (≤10 year) duration of diabetes, or young age, in particular, is commendable.

8. Conclusions

167The present review attempts to be useful to the scholars, scientists, and health professionals working in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop antidiabetic drugs. In this work, we discussed traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of DM. Several plants with antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and hypoglycemic activities and with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition are reported. The antidiabetic effect of plants is attributed to the mixture of phytochemicals or single components of the plant extracts. The phytochemicals responsible for antidiabetic properties mainly are alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, polysaccharides, stilbenes, and tannins. In the several animal studies reported using different plants, there is a wide variety between the extraction methods, which is determinant in the phytochemical composition of the extracts. Moreover, phytochemical plant composition is highly dependent on several endogenous and exogenous factors, including genetic traits; plant organs used; and the growing, drying, and storing conditions. Stress factors, such as adverse climatology, and diseases affecting the plant also influence the phytochemicals obtained. Notwithstanding, these studies are still useful to discover a new natural antidiabetic drug which could be a great promise. As was discussed, low efficacy and safety concerns of current antidiabetic drugs of hundreds of millions of individuals have resulted in a current top-priority health-issue-seeking better management of diabetes.

168Diverse mechanisms are described, explaining the beneficial effects of phytochemicals, such as regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin secretion, stimulating β cells, NF-kB signalling pathway, inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes, and ROS protective action. In this relation, the investigation of phytochemicals responsible for the antidiabetic effects have progressed in the last few decades. Treating DM with plant-derived compounds, which are accessible and do not require laborious pharmaceutical synthesis, seems highly attractive.

169Advances in traditional medicine research have significantly fuelled the drug development of novel entities for diabetes. It is worth noting that only a few medicinal plants have been studied for efficacy in humans. The majority of the reports failed to provide the authority name of herbs, the composition of the formulation, and preparation procedures. Most methods used for clinical trials were poorly designed, leading mostly to inconclusive findings. Therefore, more efficient clinical studies are warranted for further validation. On the other hand, efforts should be made to characterize antidiabetic active principles from antidiabetic plants. Moreover, as future perspectives, the medicinal plants described may be useful in the design of new functional foods with antidiabetic properties or for avoiding hyperglycemic effects of some foods like those rich in simple carbohydrates.

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Loizzo M.R., Saab A.M., Tundis R., Menichini F., Bonesi M., Piccolo V., Statti G.A., de Cindio B., Houghton P.J., Menichini F. In vitro inhibitory activities of plants used in Lebanon traditional medicine against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and digestive enzymes related to diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008;119:109-116.
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138.
Soud R.S.A., Hamdan I.I., Afifi F.U. Alpha amylase inhibitory activity of some plant extracts with hypoglycemic activity. Sci. Pharm. 2004;72:25-33.
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139.
Toma A., Makonnen E., Mekonnen Y., Debella A., Addisakwattana S. Intestinal α-glucosidase and some pancreatic enzymes inhibitory effect of hydroalcholic extract of Moringa stenopetala leaves. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014;14:180.
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140.
Liu S., Li D., Huang B., Chen Y., Lu X., Wang Y. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and hypolipidemic effects of the total flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;149:263-269.
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141.
Rege A., Ambaye R., Chowdhary A. Effect of Costus pictus D. Don on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2014;6:278-280.
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142.
Orhan N., Hoşbaş S., Orhan D.D., Aslan M., Ergun F. Enzyme inhibitory and radical scavenging effects of some antidiabetic plants of Turkey. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2014;17:426-432.
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143.
Nazir I., Rahman N.U., Alvi Z., Rahman M.H., Sendker J., Zhang T., Frankish N., Sheridan H. Antidiabetic activities of an LC/MS fingerprinted aqueous extract of Fagonia cretica L. in preclinical models. Planta Med. 2017;83:1141-1148.
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144.
Lelono R.A.A., Tachibana S. Preliminary studies of indonesian eugenia polyantha leaf extracts as inhibitors of key enzymes for type 2 diabetes. J. Med. Sci. 2013;13:103-110.
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145.
Ramírez G., Zavala M., Pérez J., Zamilpa A. In vitro screening of medicinal plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics with glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activities. Evid.Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012;2012:701261.
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146.
Ohno H., Nagai J., Kurokawa T., Sonoda M., Yumoto R., Takano M. Effect of aqueous extract from the root cortex of Aralia elata on intestinal α-glucosidases and postprandial glycemic response in mice. Int. J. Phytomed. 2012;4:567-572.
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147.
Shihabudeen H.M.S., Priscilla D.H., Thirumurugan K. Cinnamon extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats. Nutr. Metab. 2011;8:46.
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148.
Saha M.R., Dey P., Sarkar I., de Sarker D., Haldar B., Chaudhuri T.K., Sen A. Acacia nilotica leaf improves insulin resistance and hyperglycemia associated acute hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity by improving systemic antioxidant status in diabetic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018;210:275-286.
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149.
Rahmatullah M., Hossain M., Mahmud A., Sultana N., Rahman S.M., Islam M.R., Khatoon M.S., Jahan S., Islam F. Antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive activity evaluation of ‘khoyer’ prepared from boiling the wood of Acacia catechu in water. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2013;10:1-5.
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150.
Kunwar R.M., Shrestha K.P., Bussmann R.W. Traditional herbal medicine in Far-west Nepal: A pharmacological appraisal. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine. 2010;6:35.
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151.
Rao P.K., Hasan S.S., Bhellum B.L., Manhas R.K. Ethnomedicinal plants of Kathua district, J&K, India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;171:12-27.
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152.
Kingsley B., Jesuraj S.A.V., Brindha P., Subramoniam A., Atif M. Anti-diabetes activity of Acacia farnesiana (L.) willd in alloxan diabetic rats. Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2013;5:112-118.
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153.
Mukhtar M.H., Almalki W.H., Azmat A., Abdalla M.R., Ahmed M. Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) hayne leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2017;13:438-447.
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154.
Hilmi Y., Abushama M.F., Abdalgadir H., Khalid A., Khalid H. A study of antioxidant activity, enzymatic inhibition and in vitro toxicity of selected traditional sudanese plants with anti-diabetic potential. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014;14:149.
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155.
Deb J., Dash G.K. Review on Acacia ferruginea DC. (Mimosaceae): An endangered medicinal plant. Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2013;5:1-3.
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156.
Vadivel V., Biesalski H.K. Total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant activity and type II diabetes relevant enzyme inhibition properties of methanolic extract of traditionally processed underutilized food legume, Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Delile. Int. Food Res. J. 2012;19:593-601.
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157.
Jawla S., Kumar Y., Khan M.S.Y. Antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic activities of Acacia modesta leaves. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:331-347.
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158.
Yasir M., Jain P., Debajyoti D., Kharya M.D. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of different extracts of Acacia arabica lamk bark in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Phytomed. 2010;2:133-138.
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159.
Zahidin N.S., Saidin S., Zulkifli R.M., Muhamad I.I., Ya’akob H., Nur H. A review of Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae) as traditional medicinal plant and its therapeutic potential. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017;207:146-173.
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160.
Latiff A.A., Teoh S.L., Das S. Wound healing in diabetes mellitus: Traditional treatment modalities. Clin. Ter. 2010;161:359-364.
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161.
Ikewuchi J.C., Onyeike E.N., Uwakwe A.A., Ikewuchi C.C. Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana ‘Godseffiana’ Muell Arg (Euphorbiaceae) on the hematology, plasma biochemistry and ocular indices of oxidative stress in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:1415-1424.
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162.
Chang I.A., Shin H.Y., Youn C.K., Yun Y.G., Park H. Immunostimulatory effect of Korean traditional medicine Acanthopanacis Cortex. Nat. Prod. Sci. 2007;13:283-288.
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163.
Hong C.E., Lyu S.Y. Evaluation of the mutagenic properties of two lignans from Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai. Toxicol. Res. 2013;29:279-283.
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164.
Saito T., Nishida M., Saito M., Tanabe A., Eitsuka T., Yuan S.H., Ikekawa N., Nishida H. The fruit of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms improves insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation by modulation of liver adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase activity and lipogenic gene expression in high-fat diet–fed obese mice. Nutr. Res. 2016;36:1090-1097.
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165.
Kim J.H., Shin E.H., Lee H.Y., Lee B.G., Park S.H., Moon D.I., Goo G.C., Kwon D.Y., Yang H.J., Kim O.J., et al. Immunostimulating effects of extract of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. Exp. Anim. 2013;62:247-253.
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166.
Saeidnia S., Gohari A.R., Mokhber-Dezfuli N., Kiuchi F. A review on phytochemistry and medicinal properties of the genus Achillea. DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 2011;19:173-186.
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167.
Yazdanparast R., Ardestani A., Jamshidi S. Experimental diabetes treated with Achillea santolina: Effect on pancreatic oxidative parameters. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112:13-18.
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168.
Kasabri V., Afifi F.U., Hamdan I. In vitro and in vivo acute antihyperglycemic effects of five selected indigenous plants from jordan used in traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133:888-896.
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169.
Tian T., Chen H., Zhao Y.Y. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;158:373-387.
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170.
Li Q., Qu H. Study on the hypoglycemic activities and metabolism of alcohol extract of Alismatis Rhizoma. Fitoterapia. 2012;83:1046-1053.
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171.
Rahimi-Madiseh M., Heidarian E., Kheiri S., Rafieian-Kopaei M. Effect of hydroalcoholic Allium ampeloprasum extract on oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017;86:363-367.
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172.
Grover J.K., Yadav S., Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81:81-100.
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173.
Mootoosamy A., Mahomoodally M.F. Ethnomedicinal application of native remedies used against diabetes and related complications in Mauritius. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151:413-444.
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174.
Amel B. Traditional treatment of high blood pressure and diabetes in Souk Ahras District. J. Pharmacogn. Phytother. 2013;5:12-20.
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175.
Roman-Ramos R., Flores-Saenz J.L., Alarcon-Aguilar F.J. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995;48:25-32.
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Aslan M., Orhan N., Orhan D.D., Ergun F. Hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey for diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128:384-389.
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Sukandar E.Y., Adnyana I.K., Nurfitria R.S. Antioxidant potential of garlic and turmeric mixture—A traditional Indonesian formulation. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 2015;14:632-636.
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178.
Moradabadi L., Kouhsari S.M., Sani M.F. Hypoglycemic effects of three medicinal plants in experimental diabetes: Inhibition of rat intestinal α-glucosidase and enhanced pancreatic insulin and cardiac GLUT-4 mRNAs expression. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 2013;12:385-397.
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179.
Mesa M.G. Hypolipidemic potential of plants used in Cuba. Pharmacologyonline. 2014;1:73-80.
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180.
Karou S.D., Tchacondo T., Tchibozo M.A.D., Abdoul-Rahaman S., Anani K., Koudouvo K., Batawila K., Agbonon A., Simpore J., de Souza C. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo. Pharm. Biol. 2011;49:1286-1297.
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181.
Xie W., Du L. Diabetes is an inflammatory disease: Evidence from traditional Chinese medicines. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2011;13:289-301.
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182.
Bhaludra C.S.S., Bethapudi R.R., Murugulla A.C., Pullagummi C., Latha T., Venkatesh K., Bheemagani A.J., Pudutha A., Rani A.R. Cultivation, phytochemical studies, biological activities and medicinal uses of Aloe ferox, grandfather of aloes an important amazing medicinal plant. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2013;9:405-415.
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183.
Semenya S., Potgieter M., Erasmus L. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Bapedi healers to treat diabetes mellitus in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141:440-445.
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184.
Sharma P., Kharkwal A.C., Kharkwal H., Abdin M.Z., Varma A. A review on pharmacological properties of Aloe vera. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2014;29:31-37.
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185.
Asase A., Yohonu D.T. Ethnobotanical study of herbal medicines for management of diabetes mellitus in Dangme West District of southern Ghana. J. Herb. Med. 2016;6:204-209.
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186.
Mahomoodally M.F., Ramalingum N. An investigation into the consumption patterns, attitude, and perception of Mauritians towards common medicinal food plants. J. Herb. Med. 2015;5:99-112.
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187.
Ssenyange C.W., Namulindwa A., Oyik B., Ssebuliba J. Plants used to manage type II diabetes mellitus in selected districts of central Uganda. Afr. Health Sci. 2015;15:496-502.
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188.
Stanifer J.W., Lunyera J., Boyd D., Karia F., Maro V., Omolo J., Patel U.D. Traditionalmedicine practices among communitymembers with chronic kidney disease in northern Tanzania: An ethnomedical survey. BMC Nephrol. 2015;16:170.
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189.
Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus · 2006
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190.
Waqar M.A., Shaukat S., Sohail T. Study of glibenclamide with some traditional herbs used for the treatment of diabetes in Pakistan. J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 2008;30:147-154.
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191.
Tripathi P., Swain S.N. In-vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Alpinia calcarata in Andaman Islands. Plant Arch. 2016;16:685-694.
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192.
Arawwawala L.D.A.M., Arambewela L.S.R., Ratnasooriya W.D. Alpinia calcarata Roscoe: A rich source of phytopharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka. Nat. Prod. J. 2012;2:263-269.
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193.
Ayyanar M., Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelveli hills of Western Ghats, India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134:851-864.
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194.
Kunyanga C.N., Imungi J.K., Okoth M.W., Biesalski H.K., Vadivel V. Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of methanolic extract of raw and traditionally processed Kenyan indigenous food ingredients. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2012;45:269-276.
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195.
Lin J.Y., Li C.Y., Lin B.F. Amaranthus spinosus L. inhibits spontaneous and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in murine primary splenocytes. J. Food Drug Anal. 2008;16:52-61.
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196.
Mondal A., Guria T., Maity T.K. A new ester of fatty acid from a methanol extract of the whole plant of Amaranthus spinosus and its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Pharm. Biol. 2015;53:600-604.
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197.
Leu Y.L., Chen Y.W., Yang C.Y., Huang C.F., Lin G.H., Tsai K.S., Yang R.S., Liu S.H. Extract isolated from Angelica hirsutiflora with insulin secretagogue activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009;123:208-212.
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198.
Ohnogi H., Kudo Y., Tahara K., Sugiyama K., Enoki T., Hayami S., Sagawa H., Tanimura Y., Aoi W., Naito Y., et al. Six new chalcones from Angelica keiskei inducing adiponectin production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2012;76:961-966.
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199.
Zhi X.Y. Traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes in Tianjin urban population. J. Chin. Integr. Med. 2009;7:823-826.
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200.
Bhat Z.A., Ali M., Ansari S.H., Naquvi K.J. New phytoconstituents from the roots of Aralia cachemirica Decne. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2015;19:287-291.
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201.
Lee Y.M., Kim H., Choi H.S., Kang B.H., Han Y.B., Kim S.J. Effects of water extract of 1:1 mixture of phellodendron cortex and aralia cortex on polyol pathway and oxidative damage in lenses of diabetic rats. Phytother. Res. 1999;13:555-560.
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202.
Shikov A.N., Pozharitskaya O.N., Makarov V.G. Aralia elata var. Mandshurica (rupr. & maxim.) j.Wen: An overview of pharmacological studies. Phytomedicine. 2016;23:1409-1421.
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203.
Li Y., Park J., Wu Y., Cui J., Jia N., Xi M., Wen A. Identification of ampk activator from twelve pure compounds isolated from aralia taibaiensis: Implication in antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2017;21:279-286.
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204.
Dou F., Xi M., Wang J., Tian X., Hong L., Tang H., Wen A. A glucosidase and α amylase inhibitory activities of saponins from traditional chinese medicines in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Pharmazie. 2013;68:300-304.
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205.
Vouillamoz J.F., Carlen C., Taglialatela-Scafati O., Pollastro F., Appendino G. The génépi artemisia species. Ethnopharmacology, cultivation, phytochemistry, and bioactivity. Fitoterapia. 2015;106:231-241.
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206.
Dib I., Tits M., Angenot L., Wauters J.N., Assaidi A., Mekhfi H., Aziz M., Bnouham M., Legssyer A., Frederich M., et al. Antihypertensive and vasorelaxant effects of aqueous extract of Artemisia campestris L. From eastern morocco. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017;206:224-235.
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207.
Islam M.N., Ishita I.J., Jung H.A., Choi J.S. Vicenin 2 isolated from Artemisia capillaris exhibited potent anti-glycation properties. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2014;69:55-62.
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208.
Ota A., Ulrih N.P. An overview of herbal products and secondary metabolites used for management of type two diabetes. Front. Pharmacol. 2017;8:436.
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209.
Abu-Darwish M.S., Cabral C., Gonçalves M.J., Cavaleiro C., Cruz M.T., Zulfiqar A., Khan I.A., Efferth T., Salgueiro L. Chemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia judaica essential oil from southern desert of jordan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016;191:161-168.
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210.
Abu-Darwish M.S., Cabral C., Gonçalves M.J., Cavaleiro C., Cruz M.T., Efferth T., Salgueiro L. Artemisia herba-alba essential oil from buseirah (south jordan): Chemical characterization and assessment of safe antifungal and anti-inflammatory doses. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;174:153-160.
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211.
Anaya-Eugenio G.D., Rivero-Cruz I., Rivera-Chávez J., Mata R. Hypoglycemic properties of some preparations and compounds from Artemisia ludoviciana nutt. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155:416-425.
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212.
Niranjan A., Barthwal J., Lehri A., Singh D.P., Govindrajan R., Rawat A.K.S., Amla D.V. Development and validation of an hplc-uv-ms-ms method for identification and quantification of polyphenols in Artemisia pallens L. Acta Chromatogr. 2009;21:105-116.
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213.
Ahuja J., Suresh J., Paramakrishnan N., Mruthunjaya K., Naganandhini M.N. An ethnomedical, phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Artemisia parviflora roxb. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plant. 2011;14:647-657.
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214.
Yamamoto N., Kanemoto Y., Ueda M., Kawasaki K., Fukuda I., Ashida H. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of ethanol extract of Artemisia princeps in c57bl/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct. 2011;2:45-52.
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215.
Shah M.R., Ishtiaq H.S.M., Habtemariam S., Zarrelli A., Muhammad A., Collina S., Khan I. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b inhibitors isolated from Artemisia roxburghiana. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2016;31:563-567.
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216.
Yuan H.D., Yuan H.Y., Chung S.H., Jin G.Z., Piao G.C. An active part of Artemisia sacrorum ledeb. Attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through activating amp-activated protein kinase in human hepg2 cells. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2010;74:322-328.
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217.
Wahyudin, Massi M.N., Natzir R., Alam G., Bukhari A.S. Effect of sukun leaf extract [Artocarpus altilis (park.) fosberg] on insulin resistance in obese rats (rattus norvegicus): A study of free fatty acid (ffa) levels. Pak. J. Nutr. 2017;16:521-524.
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218.
Adewole S.O., Ojewole J.A.O. Artocarpus communis forst. Root-bark aqueous extract-and streptozotocin-induced ultrastructural and metabolic changes hepatic tissues of wistar rats. Afr. J. Trad. Complement. Altern. Med. 2007;4:397-410.
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219.
Chandrika U.G., Wedage W.S., Wickramasinghe S.M.D.N., Fernando W.S. Hypoglycaemic action of the flavonoid fraction of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf. Afr. J. Trad. Complement. Altern. Med. 2006;3:42-50.
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220.
Kotowaroo M.I., Mahomoodally M.F., Gurib-Fakim A., Subratty A.H. Screening of traditional antidiabetic medicinal plants of mauritius for possible α-amylase inhibitory effects in vitro. Phytother. Res. 2006;20:228-231.
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221.
Englberger L., Lorennij R., Taylor M., Tuia V.S., Aalbersberg W., Dolodolotawake U., Tibon L., Tibon J., Alfred J. Carotenoid content and traditional knowledge of breadfruit cultivars of the republic of the marshall islands. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2014;34:192-199.
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222.
Fu J., Wang Z., Huang L., Zheng S., Wang D., Chen S., Zhang H., Yang S. Review of the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Astragalus membranaceus (huangqi). Phytother. Res. 2014;28:1275-1283.
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223.
Liu Y., Nyberg N.T., Jäger A.K., Staerk D. Facilitated visual interpretation of scores in principal component analysis by bioactivity-labeling of 1h-nmr spectra-metabolomics investigation and identification of a new α-glucosidase inhibitor in radix astragali. Molecules. 2017;22:411.
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224.
Alhassan A., Ahmed Q. Averrhoa bilimbi linn: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2016;8:265-271.
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225.
Khan I., Najeebullah S., Ali M., Shinwari Z. Phytopharmacological and ethnomedicinal uses of the genus Berberis (berberidaceae): A review. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2016;15:2047-2057.
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Berberis vulgaris: specifications and traditional uses · 2017
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Cui G., Qin X., Zhang Y., Gong Z., Ge B., Zang Y.Q. Berberine differentially modulates the activities of erk, p38 mapk, and jnk to suppress th17 and th1 t cell differentiation in type 1 diabetic mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2009;284:28420-28429.
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Ethnobotany of the Monpa ethnic group at Arunachal Pradesh, India · 2011
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Maiti R., Rodriguez H.G., Kumari C.A., Sarkar N.C. Macro and micro-nutrient contents of 18 medicinal plants used traditionally to alleviate diabetes in nuevo leon, northeast of mexico. Pak. J. Bot. 2016;48:271-276.
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Yun J.L., Dae G.K., Jin S.K., Ho S.L. Buddleja officinalis inhibits high glucose-induced matrix metalloproteinase activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Phytother. Res. 2008;22:1655-1659.
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Kumar M., Malik J. Pharmacognostical studies and evaluation of quality parameters of butea frondosa leaves. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2012;4:610-614.
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Bhutkar M.A., Bhise S.B. In vitro assay of alpha amylase inhibitory activity of some indigenous plants. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2012;10:457-462.
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Wyrepkowski C.C., Da Costa D.L.M.G., Sinhorin A.P., Vilegas W., De Grandis R.A., Resende F.A., Varanda E.A., Dos Santos L.C. Characterization and quantification of the compounds of the ethanolic extract from caesalpinia ferrea stem bark and evaluation of their mutagenic activity. Molecules. 2014;19:16039-16057.
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Ghosal M., Mandal P. In-vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Calamus erectus roxb. Fruit: A wild plant of darjeeling himalaya. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2013;4:P671-P684.
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Parihar G., Balekar N. Calotropis procera: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Thai J. Pharm. Sci. 2016;40:115-131.
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Dangi K.S., Mishra S.N. Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect of Capparis aphylla stem extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Biol. Med. 2010;2:35-44.
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Maheshu V., Priyadarsini D.T., Sasikumar J.M. Antioxidant capacity and amino acid analysis of Caralluma adscendens (roxb.) haw var. Fimbriata (wall.) grav. & mayur. Aerial parts. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2012;51:2415-2424.
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Singh A., Uppal G.K. A review on carissa carandas-phytochemistry, ethno-pharmacology, and micropropagation as conservation strategy. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2015;8:26-30.
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Maobe M.A.G., Gitu L., Gatebe E., Rotich H., Karanja P.N., Votha D.M., Nderitu I.W., Kungu W. Antifungal activity of eight selected medicinal herbs used for the treatment of diabetes, malaria and pneumonia in kisii region, southwest kenya. World J. Med. Sci. 2013;8:74-78.
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Ayyanar M., Ignacimuthu S. Pharmacological actions of Cassia auriculata L. And Cissus quadrangularis wall: A short review. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2008;3:213-221.
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Thakur M., Asrani R.K., Thakur S., Sharma P.K., Patil R.D., Lal B., Parkash O. Observations on traditional usage of ethnomedicinal plants in humans and animals of kangra and chamba districts of himachal pradesh in north-western himalaya, india. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016;191:280-300.
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He Z.W., Wei W., Li S.P., Ling Q., Liao K.J., Wang X. Anti-allodynic effects of obtusifolin and gluco-obtusifolin against inflammatory and neuropathic pain: Possible mechanism for neuroinflammation. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2014;37:1606-1616.
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Salihu Shinkafi T., Bello L., Wara Hassan S., Ali S. An ethnobotanical survey of antidiabetic plants used by hausa-fulani tribes in sokoto, northwest nigeria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;172:91-99.
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Dalar A., Uzun Y., Mukemre M., Turker M., Konczak I. Centaurea karduchorum boiss. From eastern anatolia: Phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. J. Herb. Med. 2015;5:211-216.
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Alkofahi A.S., Abdul-Razzak K.K., Alzoubi K.H., Khabour O.F. Screening of the anti-hyperglycemic activity of some medicinal plants of jordan. Pak. J. Pharma. Sci. 2017;30:907-912.
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Dalar A., Konczak I. Cichorium intybus from eastern anatolia: Phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2014;60:79-85.
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Al-Dhubiab B.E. Pharmaceutical applications and phytochemical profile of cinnamomum burmannii. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2012;6:125-131.
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Microwave Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Four Different Spices · 2010
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Wang M.F., Zhu Q.H., He Y.G. Treatment with cordyceps sinensis enriches treg population in peripheral lymph nodes and delays type i diabetes development in nod mice. Pharmazie. 2013;68:768-771.
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Tian J.Y., Chen L., Zhang X.L., Li J., Han J., Fu J.Y., Yang X.M., Zhang P.C., Ye F. Investigation of a compound, compatibility of rhodiola crenulata, cordyceps militaris, and rheum palmatum, on metabolic syndrome treatment ii-improving obesity. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi. 2013;38:1411-1415.
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Panwar N.S., Pradheep K., Bhatt K.C., Deswal R.P.S. Ethnobotany of a threatened medicinal plant “indravan” (Cucumis callosus) from central india. Med. Plants. 2014;6:307-309.
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Sheh-Hong L., Darah I. Assessment of anticandidal activity and cytotoxicity of root extract from curculigo latifolia on pathogenic candida albicans. J. Med. Sci. 2013;13:193-200.
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Gao J.M., Li R., Zhang L., Jia L.L., Ying X.X., Dou D.Q., Li J.C., Li H.B. Cuscuta chinensis seeds water extraction protecting murine osteoblastic mc3t3-e1 cells against tertiary butyl hydroperoxide induced injury. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;148:587-595.
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Sudipta B., Kumar D.S., Goutam P., Monalisha D. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity and histological study of cyperus kyllinga endl. Roots. Ind. J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 2012;3:343-346.
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Elshamy A.I., El-Shazly M., Yassine Y.M., El-Bana M.A., Farrag A.R., Nassar M.I., Singab A.N., Noji M., Umeyama A. Phenolic constituents, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of Cyperus laevigatus L. Pharm. J. 2014;9:828-833.
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Nithya Devi M., Brindha P. Herbal nutraceuticals in the management of cancer and chronic diseases—A select study. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2014;6:104-106.
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Wang T.S., Lii C.K., Huang Y.C., Chang J.Y., Yang F.Y. Anticlastogenic effect of aqueous extract from water yam (Dioscorea alata L.). J. Med. Plant Res. 2011;5:6192-6202.
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Chopade B.A., Ghosh S., Ahire M., Patil S., Jabgunde A., Bhat Dusane M., Joshi B.N., Pardesi K., Jachak S., Dhavale D.D. Antidiabetic activity of gnidia glauca and dioscorea bulbifera: Potent amylase and glucosidase inhibitors. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012;2012.
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Kim N., Kim S.H., Kim Y.J., Kim J.K., Nam M.K., Rhim H., Yoon S.K., Choi S.Z., Son M., Kim S.Y., et al. Neurotrophic activity of da-9801, a mixture extract of Dioscorea japonica thunb. And Dioscorea nipponica makino, in vitro. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:312-319.
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Wan Woo K., Wook Kwon O., Yeou Kim S., Zin Choi S., Won Son M., Hyun Kim K., Ro Lee K. Phenolic derivatives from the rhizomes of Dioscorea nipponica and their anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155:1164-1170.
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Pi W.X., Feng X.P., Ye L.H., Cai B.C. Combination of morroniside and diosgenin prevents high glucose-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis. Molecules. 2017;22:163.
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Kuete V., Efferth T. Pharmacogenomics of cameroonian traditional herbal medicine for cancer therapy. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:752-766.
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Cho B.O., Yin H.H., Park S.H., Byun E.B., Ha H.Y., Jang S.I. Anti-inflammatory activity of myricetin from Diospyros lotus through suppression of nf-κb and stat1 activation and nrf2-mediated ho-1 induction in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw264.7 macrophages. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2016;80:1520-1530.
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Kiran Kumar A.N.D.E., Gowrishankar N.L., Manju Bhargavi V., Nagarjuna M., Rajani G., Swetha Y., Vinay Reddy P. Evaluation of anti ulcer activity of ethanol extract of Diospyros melanoxylon (roxb). Bark. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2012;4:537-539.
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Das M., Bandyopadhyay A. Promising phytomedicines from Elephantopus scaber L: A review. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2015;6:1508-1518.
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Miura T., Kato A. Hypoglycémie action ofembelia madagascariensis in normal and diabetic mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 1997;25:169-173.
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Ratnasooriya W.D., Somarathna K.I.W.K., Premakumara G.A.S., Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. Lack of antiglycation activity of fresh juice of whole plant of Enicostema axillare (lam.) raynal. J. Pharm. Negat. Results. 2011;2:55-57.
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Vadivel V., Biesalski H.K. Phenolic content in traditionally processed Erythrina indica L. Seeds: Antioxidant potential and type ii diabetes related functionality. Curr. Nutr. Food Sci. 2011;7:200-208.
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Bokaeian M., Nakhaee A., Moodi B., Khazaei H.A. Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) treatment of candidiasis in normal and diabetic rats. Iran. Biomed. J. 2010;14:121-126.
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Asgharpour F., Pouramir M., Moghadamnia A.A. Evaluation of viscosity of traditional medicinal antihyperglycemic plant extracts and relationship with glucose diffusion in vitro. J. Med. Plants. 2012;11:166-176.
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Kumar P., Mehta M., Satija S., Garg M. Enzymatic in vitro anti-diabetic activity of few traditional indian medicinal plants. J. Biol. Sci. 2013;13:540-544.
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Nguyen Q.V., Nguyen N.H., Wang S.L., Nguyen V.B., Nguyen A.D. Free radical scavenging and antidiabetic activities of euonymus laxiflorus champ. Extract. Res. Chem. Intermed. 2017;1–10:5615-5624.
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Hao G.M., Liu Y.G., Wu Y., Xing W., Guo S.Z., Wang Y., Wang Z.L., Li C., Lv T.T., Wang H.L., et al. The protective effect of the active components of erpc on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017;202:162-171.
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Cristians S., Osuna-Fernández H.R., Ramírez-Ávila G., Muñóz-Ocotero V., Laguna-Hernández G., Brechú-Franco A.E. Euphorbia dioeca kunth as a novel source for α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bol. Lat. Y Del Caribe De Plant. Med. Y Aromat. 2015;14:483-490.
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Gulati V., Gulati P., Harding I.H., Palombo E.A. Exploring the anti-diabetic potential of australian aboriginal and indian ayurvedic plant extracts using cell-based assays. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015;15:8.
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Sheliya M.A., Rayhana B., Ali A., Pillai K.K., Aeri V., Sharma M., Mir S.R. Inhibition of α-glucosidase by new prenylated flavonoids from Euphorbia hirta L. Herb. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;176:1-8.
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Kareparamban J.A., Nikam P.H., Jadhav A.P., Kadam V.J. Ferula foetida “hing”: A review. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2012;3:775-786.
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Hamdan I.I., Afifi F.U. Studies on the in vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic activities of some medicinal plants used in treatment of diabetes in jordanian traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004;93:117-121.
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Arunachalam K., Parimelazhagan T. Antidiabetic activity of ficus amplissima smith. Bark extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;147:302-310.
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Joseph B., Justin Raj S. Phytopharmacological and phytochemical properties of three ficus species—An overview. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2010;1:246-253.
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Joseph B., Justin Raj S. An overview—Ficus bengalensis linn. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2011;6:21-24.
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Marwat S.K., Fazal Ur R., Khan E.A., Khakwani A.A., Ullah I., Khan K.U., Khan I.U. Useful ethnophytomedicinal recipes of angiosperms used against diabetes in south east asian countries (india, pakistan & sri lanka). Pak. J. Pharma. Sci. 2014;27:1333-1358.
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Joseph B., Justin Raj S. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of Ficus carica linn—An overview. Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2011;3:8-12.
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Badgujar S.B., Patel V.V., Bandivdekar A.H., Mahajan R.T. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ficus carica: A review. Pharm. Biol. 2014;52:1487-1503.
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Misbah H., Aziz A.A., Aminudin N. Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of ficus deltoidea fruit extracts and fractions. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013;13:118.
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Farsi E., Shafaei A., Hor S.Y., Ahamed M.B.K., Yam M.F., Asmawi M.Z., Ismail Z. Genotoxicity and acute and subchronic toxicity studies of a standardized methanolic extract of ficus deltoidea leaves. Clinics. 2013;68:865-875.
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Ahmed F., Mueen Ahmed K., Abedin M., Karim A. Traditional uses and pharmacological potential of ficus exasperata vahl. Syst. Rev. Pharm. 2012;3:15-23.
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Vaishnav R., Agrawal R.D., Sandeep S. Medicinal value and future perspective of some therapeutically important plants from indian western region. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2015;34:88-93.
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Madubunyi I.I., Onoja S.O., Asuzu I.U. In vitro antioxidant and in vivo antidiabetic potential of the methanol extract of ficus glumosa del (moraceae) stem bark in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 2012;21:389-394.
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Fidele N., Abakar D., Emmanuel T., Sélestin S.D., Paulin N., Hamadjida A., Marcel N.R., Christian B., Samuel G., Nicolas N.Y., et al. Hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effect of aqueous extract leaves of Ficus glumosa (moraceae) in rats. Exp. Gerontol. 2015;62:53-62.
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Zayyanu Usman U., Mohammed A., Binti Mohamed M. Role of ethanol leaf extracts of ficus glumosa on fasting blood glucose and liver function test results of diabetes treated rats. J. Med. Biomed. Res. 2015;14:64-71.
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Ali M., Chaudhary N. Ficus hispida linn.: A review of its pharmacognostic and ethnomedicinal properties. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2011;5:96-102.
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Akhtar N., Syed D.N., Khan M.I., Adhami V.M., Mirza B., Mukhtar H. The pentacyclic triterpenoid, plectranthoic acid, a novel activator of ampk induces apoptotic death in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2016;7:3819-3831.
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Chan E.W.C., Tangah J., Inoue T., Kainuma M., Baba K., Oshiro N., Kezuka M., Kimura N. Botany, uses, chemistry and pharmacology of ficus microcarpa: A short review. Syst. Rev. Pharm. 2017;8:103-111.
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Singh D., Mukhija M., Singh S., Aggarwal A., Sundriyal A. Anti-diabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ficus palmata forsk leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Green Pharm. 2014;8:276-282.
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Shah S.K., Garg G., Jhade D., Pandey H. Ficus racemosa linn: Its potentials food security and rural medicinal management. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2016;8:317-322.
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Solanki N.D., Bhavsar S.K. Evaluation of phytochemical profile and antidiabetic activity of Ficus racemosa (linn.) stem bark in rats. Indian Drugs. 2017;54:49-54.
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Sophia D., Manoharan S. Hypolipidemic activities of Ficus racemosa linn. Bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Afr. J. Trad. Complement. Altern. Med. 2007;4:279-288.
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Basar M.H., Hossain S.J., Sadhu S.K., Rahman M.H. A comparative study of antioxidant potential of commonly used antidiabetic plants in bangladesh. Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med. 2013;13:21-28.
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Singh D., Singh B., Goel R.K. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ficus religiosa: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134:565-583.
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Awolola G.V., Koorbanally N.A., Chenia H., Shode F.O., Baijnath H. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of flavonoids and triterpenes isolated from the extracts of Ficus sansibarica warb. Subsp. Sansibarica (moraceae) extracts. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2014;11:124-131.
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Hoshovs’ka I.V., Korkach I.P., Shymans’ka T.V., Kotsiuruba A.V., Sahach V.F. Effects of uncoupling proteins on nitric oxide synthesis and oxidative stress development in ishemia-reperfusion of old rat hearts. Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal. 2009;55:3-11.
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Suh H.W., Lee K.B., Kim K.S., Yang H.J., Choi E.K., Shin M.H., Park Y.S., Na Y.C., Ahn K.S., Jang Y.P., et al. A bitter herbal medicine gentiana scabra root extract stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and regulates blood glucose in db/db mouse. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;172:219-226.
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Ikeda T., Tanaka Y., Yamamoto K., Morii H., Kamisako T., Ogawa H. Geranium dielsianum extract powder (miskamiskatm) improves the intestinal environment through alteration of microbiota and microbial metabolites in rats. J. Funct. Foods. 2014;11:12-19.
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383.
Kasabri V., Abu-Dahab R., Afifi F.U., Naffa R., Majdalawi L., Shawash H. In vitro effects of geranium graveolens, sarcopoterium spinosum and varthemia iphionoides extracts on pancreatic min6 proliferation and insulin secretion and on extrapancreatic glucose diffusion. Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries. 2013;33:170-177.
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384.
Pandit S., Ponnusankar S., Bandyopadhyay A., Ota S., Mukherjee P.K. Exploring the possible metabolism mediated interaction of glycyrrhiza glabra extract with cyp3a4 and cyp2d6. Phytother. Res. 2011;25:1429-1434.
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385.
Lee M., Son M., Ryu E., Shin Y.S., Kim J.G., Kang B.W., Cho H., Kang H. Quercetin-induced apoptosis prevents ebv infection. Oncotarget. 2015;6:12603-12624.
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Shukla R., Sharma D.C., Baig M.H., Bano S., Roy S., Provazník I., Kamal M.A. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and medicinal properties of Grewia asiatica L. Med. Chem. 2016;12:211-216.
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Natarajan A., Sugumar S., Bitragunta S., Balasubramanyan N. Molecular docking studies of (4z, 12z)-cyclopentadeca-4, 12-dienone from grewia hirsuta with some targets related to type 2 diabetes. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015;15:73.
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388.
Meena S.N., Ghadi S.C., Janarthanam M.K. Evaluation of medicinal properties of Grewia nervosa (lour.) panigrahi. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2013;4:P821-P828.
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Xu B.Q., Zhang Y.Q. Bioactive components of gynura divaricata and its potential use in health, food and medicine: A mini-review. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. AJTCAM. 2017;14:113-127.
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Ma J., Guo C., Pan Y., Lin D., Qiu L., Wen L. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethyl acetate extract of Gynura formosana (kitam) leaves. Exp. Ther. Med. 2017;14:2303-2309.
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391.
Kusuma D.Y., Kristanti A.N., Wulan Manuhara Y.S. Effect of sucrose and immersion frequency on production of adventitious roots and secondary metabolites of Gynura procumbens (lour.) merr in temporary immersion bioreactors. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2017;16:24-36.
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Vejanan V., Latip J., Chin L.P., Embi N., Sidek H.M. In vitro and in vivo anti-plasmodial activities of gynura procumbens. Sains Malays. 2012;41:1535-1542.
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Puangpronpitag D., Kaewseejan N., Nakornriab M. Evaluation of phytochemical composition and antibacterial property of gynura procumbens extract. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2012;11:77-82.
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Kwak H.R., Go W.R., Kim M., Kim C.S., Choi H.S., Seo J.K., Kim J.G., Kim J.S. First report of broad bean wilt virus 2 in gynura procumbens in Korea. Plant Dis. 2017;101:514.
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395.
Yuandani, Jantan I., Husain K. 4,5,4′-trihydroxychalcone, 8,8′-(ethene-1,2-diyl)-dinaphtalene-1,4,5-triol and rutin from gynura segetum inhibit phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine release and nitric oxide production from phagocytic cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017;17:211.
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396.
Dong Y., Tang D., Zhang N., Li Y., Zhang C., Li L., Li M. Phytochemicals and biological studies of plants in genus Hedysarum. Chem. Cent. J. 2013;7:124.
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397.
Pereira C.G., Barreira L., Bijttebier S., Pieters L., Neves V., Rodrigues M.J., Rivas R., Varela J., Custódio L. Chemical profiling of infusions and decoctions of helichrysum italicum subsp. Picardii by uhplc-pda-ms and in vitro biological activities comparatively with green tea (Camellia sinensis) and rooibos tisane (Aspalathus linearis). J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2017;145:593-603.
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398.
Pham H.N.T., Vuong Q.V., Bowyer M.C., Scarlett C.J. Optimum conventional extraction conditions for phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of Helicteres hirsuta lour. Asia-Pac. J. Chem. Eng. 2017;12:332-347.
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Varghese E., Pappachen K.L., Narayanan S.S. Isolation and evaluation of antimicrobial properties of isolated phytoconstituents of fruits of Helicteres isora linn. Res. J. Pharm., Biol. Chem. Sci. 2012;3:959-964.
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Sinha S., Sharma A., Hemalatha Reddy P., Rathi B., Prasad N.V.S.R.K., Vashishtha A. Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Holarrhena antidysenterica (wall.): A comprehensive review. J. Pharm. Res. 2013;6:488-492.
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401.
Ogbole O.O., Aliu L.O., Abiodun O.O., Ajaiyeoba E.O. Alpha-amylase inhibition and brine shrimp lethality activities of nine medicinal plant extracts from south-west nigerian ethnomedicine. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants. 2016;22:319-326.
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Vadivel V., Biesalski H.K. Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and type ii diabetes related functionality of traditionally processed ox-eye bean [Mucuna gigantea (Willd) DC.] seeds: An indian underutilized food legume. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2011;20:783-791.
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Lee H., Choi J., Shik Shin S., Yoon M. Effects of korean red ginseng (panax ginseng) on obesity and adipose inflammation in ovariectomized mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016;178:229-237.
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490.
Xia P., Guo H., Liang Z., Cui X., Liu Y., Liu F. Nutritional composition of sanchi (panax notoginseng) seed and its potential for industrial use. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 2014;61:663-667.
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491.
Yang C.Y., Wang J., Zhao Y., Shen L., Jiang X., Xie Z.G., Liang N., Zhang L., Chen Z.H. Anti-diabetic effects of panax notoginseng saponins and its major anti-hyperglycemic components. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;130:231-236.
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Mucalo I., Rahelić D., Jovanovski E., Božikov V., Romić Z., Vuksan V. Effect of american ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Coll. Antropol. 2012;36:1435-1440.
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493.
Tokunaga M., Matsuda H., Iwahashi H., Naruto S., Tsuruoka T., Yagi H., Masuko T., Kubo M. Studies on palauan medicinal herbs. Iv. Immunopotentiatory activities of ongael, leaves of phaleria cumingii (meisn.) f. Vill. In diabetic mice. J. Tradit. Med. 2006;23:24-26.
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494.
Kavitha N., Ein Oon C., Chen Y., Kanwar J.R., Sasidharan S. Phaleria macrocarpa (boerl.) fruit induce g0/g1 and g2/m cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway in mda-mb-231 human breast cancer cell. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017;201:42-55.
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495.
Altaf R., Asmawi M.Z.B., Dewa A., Sadikun A., Umar M.I. Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff.) boerl. Extracts. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2013;7:73-80.
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496.
Nor Fariza I., Fadzureena J., Zunoliza A., Luqman Chuah A., Pin K.Y., Adawiah I. Anti-inflammatory activity of the major compound from methanol extract of phaleria macrocarpa leaves. J. Appl. Sci. 2012;12:1195-1198.
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497.
Sabina E., Zaidul I.S.M., Ghafoor K., Jaffri J.M., Sahena F., Babiker E.E., Perumal V., Hamed M., Amid M., Khatib A. Screening of various parts of phaleria macrocarpa plant for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. J. Food Biochem. 2016;40:201-210.
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498.
Graz B., Kitalong C., Yano V. Traditional local medicines in the republic of palau and non-communicable diseases (ncd), signs of effectiveness. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:233-237.
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499.
Sarin B., Verma N., Martín J.P., Mohanty A. An overview of important ethnomedicinal herbs of phyllanthus species: Present status and future prospects. Sci. World J. 2014;2014.
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500.
Joseph B., Raj S.J. An overview: Phannacognostic properties of Phyllanthus atnarus linn. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2011;7:40-45.
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501.
Adedapo A.A., Ofuegbe S.O. The evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of soft drink leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus (euphorbiaceae) in rats. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2014;25:47-57.
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502.
Ali H., Houghton P.J., Soumyanath A. A-amylase inhibitory activity of some malaysian plants used to treat diabetes; with particular reference to Phyllanthus amarus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107:449-455.
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503.
Baliga M.S., Meera S., Mathai B., Rai M.P., Pawar V., Palatty P.L. Scientific validation of the ethnomedicinal properties of the ayurvedic drug triphala: A review. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2012;18:946-954.
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504.
Moshi M.J., Mbwambo Z.H., Nondo R.S.O., Masimba P.J., Kamuhabwa A., Kapingu M.C., Thomas P., Richard M. Evaluation of ethnomedical claims and brine shrimp toxicity of some plants used in tanzania as traditional medicines. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2006;3:48-58.
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505.
Ali A., Jameel M., Ali M. New fatty acid and acyl glycoside from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus fraternus webster. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2016;8:43-46.
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506.
Muthulakshmi S., Bhavani K., Manju R., Mohamed Shahila N.A. Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus gardnerianus (wight) baill. Against d-galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity. Biomedicine. 2014;34:36-44.
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507.
Bharati D., Rawat S., Sharma P., Shrivastava B. Comparative evaluation of antidiabetic antihypertensive activity of Cynodon dactylon L. and Phyllanthus niruri L in ratswith simultaneous type 2 diabetic and hypertension. Der Pharm. Lett. 2016;8:255-263.
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508.
Fernández G.A.I., Rodríguez I.E.R., Camarillo E.E.S., Urdaneta M.A.M. Hypoglycemic effect of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. And Phyllanthus niruri L. and their combined use in normal rats. Rev. Cuba. Plantas Med. 2011;16:183-189.
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509.
Hashim A., Khan M.S., Khan M.S., Baig M.H., Ahmad S. Antioxidant and α; ylase inhibitory property of Phyllanthus virgatus L.: An in vitro and molecular interaction study. BioMed Res. Int. 2013;2013:729393.
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510.
Ramasamy S., Abdul Wahab N., Zainal Abidin N., Manickam S. Effect of extracts from Phyllanthus watsonii airy shaw on cell apoptosis in cultured human breast cancer mcf-7 cells. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2013;65:341-349.
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511.
Sharma N., Bano A., Dhaliwal H.S., Sharma V. A pharmacological comprehensive review on ‘rassbhary’ Physalis angulata (L.). Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2015;7:34-38.
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512.
Ranilla L.G., Kwon Y.I., Apostolidis E., Shetty K. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America. Bioresour. Technol. 2010;101:4676-4689.
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513.
Kumar N., Misra P., Dube A., Bhattacharya S., Dikshit M., Ranade S. Piper betle linn. A maligned pan-asiatic plant with an array of pharmacological activities and prospects for drug discovery. Curr. Sci. 2010;99:922-932.
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514.
Arambewela L.S.R., Arawwawala L.D.A.M., Ratnasooriya W.D. Antidiabetic activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Piper betle leaves in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005;102:239-245.
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515.
Srividya S., Roshana Devi V., Subramanian S. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of hydroxychavicol, a major phenolic compound from the leaves of Piper betlelinn. Studied in high fat diet fed- low dose stz induced experimental type 2 diabetes in rats. Der Pharm. Lett. 2015;7:130-140.
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516.
Safithri M.E.G.A., Fahma F. Potency of Piper crocatum decoction as an antihiperglycemia in rat strain sprague dawley. Hayati J. Biosci. 2008;15:45-48.
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517.
Sh Ahmed A., Ahmed Q.U., Saxena A.K., Jamal P. Evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant characterizations of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) maton (zingiberaceae), Piper cubeba L. F. (piperaceae), and Plumeria rubra L. (apocynaceae). Pak. J. Pharma. Sci. 2017;30:113-126.
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518.
Srivastava A., Karthick T., Joshi B.D., Mishra R., Tandon P., Ayala A.P., Ellena J. Spectroscopic (far or terahertz, mid-infrared and Raman) investigation, thermal analysis and biological activity of piplartine. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2017;184:368-381.
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519.
Manoharan S., Silvan S., Vasudevan K., Balakrishnan S. Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of Piper longum (linn.) dried fruits in alloxan induced diabetic rat. J. Biol. Sci. 2007;7:161-168.
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520.
Ashish B., Swapnil G. Hypoglycemic effect of polyherbal formulation in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;3:764-773.
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521.
Zar C.T., Teoh S.L., Das S., Zaiton Z., Farihah H.S. Use Piper sarmentosum as an effective antidiabetic supplement in South East Asia: A review. Clin. Ter. 2012;163:505-510.
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522.
Fairus A., Ima Nirwana S., Elvy Suhana M.R., Tan M.H., Santhana R., Farihah H.S. Piper sarmentosum is comparable to glycyrrhizic acid in reducing visceral fat deposition in adrenalectomised rats given dexamethasone. Clin. Ter. 2013;164:5-10.
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523.
Uddin G., Rauf A., Al-Othman A.M., Collina S., Arfan M., Ali G., Khan I. Pistagremic acid, a glucosidase inhibitor from Pistacia integerrima. Fitoterapia. 2012;83:1648-1652.
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524.
Wang D., Qi M., Yang Q., Tong R., Wang R., Bligh S.W.A., Yang L., Wang Z. Comprehensive metabolite profiling of plantaginis semen using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry coupled with elevated energy technique. J. Sep. Sci. 2016;39:1842-1852.
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525.
Dalar A., Konczak I. Phenolic contents, antioxidant capacities and inhibitory activities against key metabolic syndrome relevant enzymes of herbal teas from Eastern Anatolia. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2013;44:383-390.
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526.
Zoua K., Batomayena B., Kossi M., Lawson-Evi P., Kwashie E.G., Kodjo A., Messanvi G. Effects of Plumeria alba roots hydro alcoholic extract on some parameters of type 2 diabetes. Res. J. Med. Plant. 2014;8:140-148.
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527.
Muruganantham N., Solomon S., Senthamilselvi M.M. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Plumeria rubra (flowers). Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2015;30:132-135.
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528.
Narasimhulu G., Reddy K.K., Mohamed J. The genus polygonum (polygonaceae): An ethnopharmacological and phytochemical perspectives—Review. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2014;6:21-45.
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529.
Zhao Y., Chen M.X., Kongstad K.T., Jäger A.K., Staerk D. Potential of Polygonum cuspidatum root as an antidiabetic food: Dual high-resolution α-glucosidase and ptp1b inhibition profiling combined with HPLC-HRMS and NMR for identification of antidiabetic constituents. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017;65:4421-4427.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01353 (opens in a new tab)
530.
Deng H., Wu C.Q., Jiang T., Wang Q.J. Progress in microbiome and its application to pharmacological and toxicological research of traditional chinese materia medica. Chin. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2016;30:975-982.
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531.
Unlocking the in vitro anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of Polygonum maritimum · 2017
Not checked
532.
Tang W., Li S., Liu Y., Huang M.T., Ho C.T. Anti-inflammatory effects of trans-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-glucopyranoside (THSG) from Polygonum multiflorum (PM) and hypoglycemic effect of cis-THSG enriched pm extract. J. Funct. Foods. 2017;34:1-6.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.014 (opens in a new tab)
533.
Bothon F.T.D., Debiton E., Avlessi F., Forestier C., Teulade J.C., Sohounhloue D.K.C. In vitro biological effects of two anti-diabetic medicinal plants used in Benin as folk medicine. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013;13:51.
Not in our library10.1186/1472-6882-13-51 (opens in a new tab)
534.
Im I., Park K.R., Kim S.M., Kim C., Park J.H., Nam D., Jang H.J., Shim B.S., Ahn K.S., Mosaddik A., et al. The butanol fraction of guava (Psidium cattleianum sabine) leaf extract suppresses MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity through the suppression of the ERK1/2 mapk signaling pathway. Nutr. Cancer. 2012;64:255-266.
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535.
Deguchi Y., Miyazaki K. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of guava leaf extract. Nutr. Metab. 2010;7:9.
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536.
Cheng J.T., Yang R.S. Hypoglycemic effect of guava juice in mice and human subjects. Am. J. Chin. Med. 1983;11:74-76.
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537.
Owen P.L., Martineau L.C., Caves D., Haddad P.S., Matainaho T., Johns T. Consumption of guava (Psidium guajava L) and noni (Morinda citrifolia L) may protect betel quid-chewing papua new guineans against diabetes. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;17:635-643.
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538.
Bulle S., Reddyvari H., Nallanchakravarthula V., Vaddi D.R. Therapeutic potential of Pterocarpus santalinus L.: An update. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2016;10:43-49.
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539.
Modak M., Dixit P., Londhe J., Ghaskadbi S., Devasagayam T.P.A. Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 2007;40:163-173.
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540.
Tchamadeu M.C., Dzeufiet P.D.D., Nana P., Kouambou Nouga C.C., Ngueguim Tsofack F., Allard J., Blaes N., Siagat R., Zapfack L., Girolami J.P., et al. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of an aqueous stem bark extract of Pterocarpus soyauxii taub (papilionaceae) in rodents. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133:329-335.
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541.
Hephzibah Christabel P., Gopalakrishnan V.K. Enzyme inhibitors from Prunus persica (L.) batsch: An alternate approach to treat diabetes. Intl. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2013;4:B1021-B1029.
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542.
Pinto M.D.S., Ranilla L.G., Apostolidis E., Lajolo F.M., Genovese M.I., Shetty K. Evaluation of antihyperglycemia and antihypertension potential of native peruvian fruits using in vitro models. J. Med. Food. 2009;12:278-291.
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543.
Tu X., Xie C., Wang F., Chen Q., Zuo Z., Zhang Q., Wang X., Zhong S., Jordan J.B. Fructus mume formula in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013;2013:787459.
Not in our library10.1155/2013/787459 (opens in a new tab)
544.
A Network Pharmacology Approach to Determine Active Compounds and Action Mechanisms of Ge‐Gen‐Qin‐Lian Decoction for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes · 2014
No notice
545.
Seong S.H., Roy A., Jung H.A., Jung H.J., Choi J.S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Pueraria lobata root and its constituents. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016;194:706-716.
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546.
Sook Kim Y., Soo Lee I., Sook Kim J. Protective effects of Puerariae radix extract and its single compounds on methylglyoxal-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152:594-598.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.008 (opens in a new tab)
547.
Song W., Li Y., Qiao X., Qian Y., Ye M. Chemistry of the chinese herbal medicine Puerariae radix (ge-gen): A review. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 2014;23:347-360.
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548.
Wong K.H., Razmovski-Naumovski V., Li K.M., Li G.Q., Chan K. Differentiating puerariae lobatae radix and Puerariae thomsonii radix using HPTLC coupled with multivariate classification analyses. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014;95:11-19.
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549.
Choi J., Shin M.H., Park K.Y., Lee K.T., Jung H.J., Lee M.S., Park H.J. Effect of kaikasaponin III obtained from Pueraria thunbergiana flowers on serum and hepatic lipid peroxides and tissue factor activity in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J. Med. Food. 2004;7:31-37.
Not in our library10.1089/109662004322984671 (opens in a new tab)
550.
Arvindekar A., More T., Payghan P.V., Laddha K., Ghoshal N., Arvindekar A. Evaluation of anti-diabetic and alpha glucosidase inhibitory action of anthraquinones from Rheum emodi. Food. Funct. 2015;6:2693-2700.
Not in our library10.1039/c5fo00519a (opens in a new tab)
551.
Poloxamer-Based Thermoreversible Gel for Topical Delivery of Emodin: Influence of P407 and P188 on Solubility of Emodin and Its Application in Cellular Activity Screening · 2017
Not checked
552.
Gao J., Shi Z., Zhu S., Li G.Q., Yan R., Yao M. Influences of processed rhubarbs on the activities of four CYP isozymes and the metabolism of saxagliptin in rats based on probe cocktail and pharmacokinetics approaches. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;145:566-572.
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553.
Kasabri V., Abu-Dahab R., Afifi F.U., Naffa R., Majdalawi L., Shawash H. In vitro modulation of pancreatic MIN6 insulin secretion and proliferation and extrapancreatic glucose absorption by Paronychia argentea, Rheum ribes and Teucrium polium extracts. Jordan J. Pharm. 2012;5:203-219.
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554.
Naqishbandi A.M., Josefsen K., Pedersen M.E., Jger A.K. Hypoglycemic activity of iraqi Rheum ribes root extract. Pharm. Biol. 2009;47:380-383.
Not in our library10.1080/13880200902748478 (opens in a new tab)
555.
Shiezadeh F., Mousavi S.H., Sadegh Amiri M., Iranshahi M., Tayarani-Najaran Z., Karimi G. Cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Rheum turkestanicum janisch root extract on human cancer and normal cells. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 2013;12:811-819.
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556.
Yoon S.H., Hong M.S., Chung J.H., Chung S.H. Anti-apoptotic effect of Rheum undulatum water extract in pancreatic β-cell line, HIT-T15. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2004;8:51-55.
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557.
Popescu R., Kopp B. The genus Rhododendron: An ethnopharmacological and toxicological review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;147:42-62.
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558.
Tuan N.Q., Oh J., Park H.B., Ferreira D., Choe S., Lee J., Na M. A grayanotox-9(11)-ene derivative from Rhododendron brachycarpum and its structural assignment via a protocol combining nmr and DP4 plus application. Phytochemistry. 2017;133:45-50.
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559.
Tam T.W., Liu R., Arnason J.T., Krantis A., Staines W.A., Haddad P.S., Foster B.C. Actions of ethnobotanically selected cree anti-diabetic plants on human cytochrome P450 isoforms and flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126:119-126.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.036 (opens in a new tab)
560.
Tam T.W., Liu R., Arnason J.T., Krantis A., Staines W.A., Haddad P.S., Foster B.C. Cree antidiabetic plant extracts display mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2011;89:13-23.
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561.
Mohammadi S., Kouhsari Montasser S., Feshani Monavar A. Antidiabetic properties of the ethanolic extract of Rhus coriaria fruits in rats. DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 2010;18:270-275.
Not in our library
562.
Djakpo O., Yao W. Rhus chinensis and galla chinensis—Folklore to modern evidence: Review. Phytother. Res. 2010;24:1739-1747.
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563.
Gade D.R., Sree Kumar Reddy G., Akki S.N.R., Vamsi Rajasekhar Reddy P. Hepatoprotective activity of Rhus mysorensis against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2010;4:46-48.
Not in our library
564.
Kim M.Y., Chung L.M., Choi D.C., Park H.J. Quantitative analysis of fustin and sulfuretin in the inner and outer heartwoods and stem bark of rhus verniciflua. Nat. Prod. Sci. 2009;15:208-212.
Not in our library
565.
Hashem Dabaghian F., Abdollahifard M., Khalighi Sigarudi F., Taghavi Shirazi M., Shojaee A., Sabet Z., Fallah Huseini H. Effects of Rosa canina L. Fruit on glycemia and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Med. Plants. 2015;14:95-104.
Not in our library
566.
Orhan N., Aslan M., Hoşbaş S., Deliorman Orhan D. Antidiabetic effect and antioxidant potential of Rosa canina fruits. Pharmacogn. Mag. 2009;5:309-315.
Not in our library10.1055/s-0029-1234731 (opens in a new tab)
567.
Nam M.H., Lee H.S., Hong C.O., Koo Y.C., Seomun Y., Lee K.W. Preventive effects of Rosa rugosa root extract on advanced glycation end product-induced endothelial dysfunction. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 2010;42:210-216.
Not in our library
568.
Liu L., Tang D., Zhao H., Xin X., Aisa H.A. Hypoglycemic effect of the polyphenols rich extract from Rose rugosa thunb on high fat diet and STZ induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017;200:174-181.
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569.
Oda Y., Ueda F., Kamei A., Kakinuma C., Abe K. Biochemical investigation and gene expression analysis of the immunostimulatory functions of an edible salacia extract in rat small intestine. BioFactors. 2011;37:31-39.
Not in our library10.1002/biof.132 (opens in a new tab)
570.
Singh A., Duggal S. Salacia spp: Hypoglycemic principles and possible role in diabetes management. Integr. Med. 2010;9:40-43.
Not in our library
571.
Anitha S., Martha Leema Rose A. Comparative evaluation of antihyperglycaemic effect of various parts of Salacia chinensis L. J. Med. Sci. 2013;13:493-496.
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572.
Nakamura S., Matsuda H., Yoshikawa M. Search for antidiabetic constituents of medicinal food. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2011;131:909-915.
Not in our library10.1248/yakushi.131.909 (opens in a new tab)
573.
Tanabe G., Sakano M., Minematsu T., Matusda H., Yoshikawa M., Muraoka O. Synthesis and elucidation of absolute stereochemistry of salaprinol, another thiosugar sulfonium sulfate from the ayurvedic traditional medicine Salacia prinoides. Tetrahedron. 2008;64:10080-10086.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.010 (opens in a new tab)
574.
Im R., Mano H., Matsuura T., Nakatani S., Shimizu J., Wada M. Mechanisms of blood glucose-lowering effect of aqueous extract from stems of kothala himbutu (Salacia reticulata) in the mouse. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009;121:234-240.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.026 (opens in a new tab)
575.
Yoshikawa M., Murakami T., Yashiro K., Matsuda H. Kotalanol, a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor with thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure, from antidiabetic ayurvedic medicine Salacia reticulata. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998;46:1339-1340.
Not in our library10.1248/cpb.46.1339 (opens in a new tab)
576.
Mohd Ali N., Yeap S.K., Ho W.Y., Beh B.K., Tan S.W., Tan S.G. The promising future of chia, Salvia hispanica L. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012;2012:171956.
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577.
Javdan N., Estakhr J. Evaluation of the effects of Salvia hypoleuca on the expression of cytokines: IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in high fat diet-fed mice towards a cure for diabetes mellitus. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:842-852.
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578.
Bassil M., Daher C.F., Mroueh M., Zeeni N. Salvia libanotica improves glycemia and serum lipid profile in rats fed a high fat diet. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015;15:384.
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579.
Wang L., Ma R., Liu C., Liu H., Zhu R., Guo S., Tang M., Li Y., Niu J., Fu M., et al. Salvia miltiorrhiza: A potential red light to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017;23:1077-1097.
Not in our library10.2174/1381612822666161010105242 (opens in a new tab)
580.
Arya A., Abdullah M.A., Haerian B.S., Mohd M.A. Screening for hypoglycemic activity on the leaf extracts of nine medicinal plants: In-vivo evaluation. E-J. Chem. 2012;9:1196-1205.
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581.
Pawar R.S., Kumar S., Toppo F.A., Pk L., Suryavanshi P. Sida cordifolia linn. Accelerates wound healing process in type 2 diabetic rats. J. Acute Med. 2016;6:82-89.
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582.
Narendhirakannan R.T., Limmy T.P. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Sida rhombifolia stems and roots in adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2012;34:326-336.
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583.
Kang Y.H., Lee Y.S., Kim K.K., Kim D.J., Kim T.W., Choe M. Study on antioxidative, antidiabetic and antiobesity activity of solvent fractions of Smilax china L. Leaf extract. J. Nutr. Health. 2013;46:401-409.
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584.
Sang H.Q., Gu J.F., Yuan J.R., Zhang M.H., Jia X.B., Feng L. The protective effect of Smilax glabra extract on advanced glycation end products-induced endothelial dysfunction in HUVECs via RAGE-ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155:785-795.
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585.
Aftab T.B., Bengir Al L., Akter M., Kalpana M.A., Anwarul Bashar A.B.M., Rahmatullah M. Evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of Smilax perfoliata lour. (smilacaceae) leaves in swiss albino mice. Adv. Nat. Appl. Sci. 2012;6:711-714.
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586.
Tavares D.C., Munari C.C., De Freitas Araújo M.G., Beltrame M.C., Furtado M.A., Gonçalves C.C., Jorge Tiossi R.F., Bastos J.K., Cunha W.R., Sola Veneziani R.C. Antimutagenic potential of Solanum lycocarpum against induction of chromosomal aberrations in V79 cells and micronuclei in mice by doxorubicin. Planta Med. 2011;77:1489-1494.
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587.
Ahmad A.R., Sakinah W., Asrifa W.O. Study of antioxidant activity and determination of phenol and flavonoid content of pepino’s leaf extract (Solanum muricatum aiton). Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2014;6:600-606.
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588.
Sohrabipour S., Kharazmi F., Soltani N., Kamalinejad M. Biphasic effect of Solanum nigrum fruit aqueous extract on vascular mesenteric beds in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacogn. Res. 2014;6:148-152.
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589.
Sathya Meonah S.T., Palaniswamy M., Immanuel Moses Keerthy S.T., Pradeep Rajkumar L.A., Usha Nandhini R. Pharmacognostical and hypoglycemic activity of different parts of Solanum nigrum linn plant. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2012;4:221-224.
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590.
Gandhi G.R., Ignacimuthu S., Paulraj M.G., Sasikumar P. Antihyperglycemic activity and antidiabetic effect of methyl caffeate isolated from Solanum torvum swartz. Fruit in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2011;670:623-631.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.159 (opens in a new tab)
591.
Perla V., Jayanty S.S. Biguanide related compounds in traditional antidiabetic functional foods. Food Chem. 2013;138:1574-1580.
Not in our library10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.125 (opens in a new tab)
592.
Aziz M.A., Khan A.H., Adnan M., Izatullah I. Traditional uses of medicinal plants reported by the indigenous communities and local herbal practitioners of bajaur Agency, Federally Administrated Tribal Areas, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017;198:268-281.
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593.
Kar D.M., Maharana L., Pattnaik S., Dash G.K. Studies on hypoglycaemic activity of Solanum xanthocarpum schrad. & wendl. Fruit extract in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006;108:251-256.
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594.
Fred-Jaiyesimi A., Kio A., Richard W. A-amylase inhibitory effect of 3β-olean-12-en-3-yl (9z)-hexadec-9-enoate isolated from Spondias mombin leaf. Food Chem. 2009;116:285-288.
Not in our library10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.047 (opens in a new tab)
595.
Sujarwo W., Saraswaty V., Keim A.P., Caneva G., Tofani D. Ethnobotanical uses of ‘cemcem’ (Spondias pinnata (L. F.) kurz; anacardiaceae) leaves in bali (Indonesia) and its antioxidant activity. Pharmacologyonline. 2017;1:113-123.
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596.
Attanayake A.P., Jayatilaka K.A.P.W., Pathirana C., Mudduwa L.K.B. Antihyperglycaemic, antihyperlipidaemic and β cell regenerative effects of Spondias pinnata (linn. F.) kurz. Bark extract on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2014;6:588-596.
Not in our library10.1016/j.eujim.2014.03.010 (opens in a new tab)
597.
Rani M.P., Raghu K.G., Nair M.S., Padmakumari K.P. Isolation and identification of α-glucosidase and protein glycation inhibitors from Stereospermum colais. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2014;173:946-956.
Not in our library10.1007/s12010-014-0898-y (opens in a new tab)
598.
Nag M., Mukherjee P.K., Chanda J., Biswas R., Harwansh R.K., Al-Dhabi N.A., Duraipandiyan V. Plant developed analytical profile of Stereospermum suaveolens in Indian traditional knowledge. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 2015;14:590-594.
Not in our library
599.
Kumar V., Van Staden J. A review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a traditional medicinal plant. Front. Pharmacol. 2016;6:308.
Not in our library10.3389/fphar.2015.00308 (opens in a new tab)
600.
Roy P., Abdulsalam F.I., Pandey D.K., Bhattacharjee A., Eruvaram N.R., Malik T. Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of two traditional medicinal plants of India: Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita. Pharmacogn. Res. 2015;7:S57-S62.
Not in our library10.4103/0974-8490.157997 (opens in a new tab)
601.
Saeidnia S., Ara L., Hajimehdipoor H., Read R.W., Arshadi S., Nikan M. Chemical constituents of Swertia longifolia boiss. With α-amylase inhibitory activity. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2016;11:23-32.
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602.
Wang Y.L., Xiao Z.Q., Liu S., Wan L.S., Yue Y.D., Zhang Y.T., Liu Z.X., Chen J.C. Antidiabetic effects of Swertia macrosperma extracts in diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;150:536-544.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.053 (opens in a new tab)
603.
Luo C.T., Zheng H.H., Mao S.S., Yang M.X., Luo C., Chen H. Xanthones from Swertia mussotii and their α-glycosidase inhibitory activities. Planta Med. 2014;80:201-208.
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604.
Kasetti R.B., Nabi S.A., Swapna S., Apparao C. Cinnamic acid as one of the antidiabetic active principle(s) from the seeds of Syzygium alternifolium. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012;50:1425-1431.
Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.003 (opens in a new tab)
605.
Adefegha S.A., Oboh G., Adefegha O.M., Boligon A.A., Athayde M.L. Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of dietary clove (Szyzgium aromaticum) bud powder in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2014;94:2726-2737.
Not in our library10.1002/jsfa.6617 (opens in a new tab)
606.
Bansode T.S., Salalkar B.K. Phytochemical analysis of some selected indian medicinal plants. Intl. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2015;6:P550-P556.
Not in our library
607.
Teixeira C.C., Pinto L.P., Kessler F.H.P., Knijnik L., Pinto C.P., Gastaldo G.J., Fuchs F.D. The effect of Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels on post-prandial blood glucose levels in non-diabetic rats and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997;56:209-213.
Not in our library10.1016/s0378-8741(97)01532-8 (opens in a new tab)
608.
Sharma S., Pathak S., Gupta G., Sharma S.K., Singh L., Sharma R.K., Mishra A., Dua K. Pharmacological evaluation of aqueous extract of Syzigium cumini for its antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic properties in diabetic rats fed a high cholesterol diet—Role of pparγ and pparα. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017;89:447-453.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.048 (opens in a new tab)
609.
Muthusamy K., Krishnasamy G. A computational study on role of 6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyoxane-2,4,5-triol in the regulation of blood glucose level. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2016;34:2599-2618.
Not in our library10.1080/07391102.2015.1124289 (opens in a new tab)
610.
Baliga M.S., Fernandes S., Thilakchand K.R., D’Souza P., Rao S. Scientific validation of the antidiabetic effects of Syzygium jambolanum DC (black plum), a traditional medicinal plant of India. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2013;19:191-197.
Not in our library10.1089/acm.2011.0752 (opens in a new tab)
611.
Zucchi O.L.A.D., Moreira S., De Jesus E.F.O., Salvio Neto H., Salvador M.J. Characterization of hypoglycemiant plants by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2005;103:277-290.
Not in our library10.1385/bter:103:3:277 (opens in a new tab)
612.
Gavillán-Suárez J., Aguilar-Perez A., Rivera-Ortiz N., Rodríguez-Tirado K., Figueroa-Cuilan W., Morales-Santiago L., Maldonado-Martínez G., Cubano L.A., Martínez-Montemayor M.M. Chemical profile and in vivo hypoglycemic effects of Syzygium jambos, Costus speciosus and Tapeinochilos ananassae plant extracts used as diabetes adjuvants in puerto rico. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015;15:244.
Not in our library10.1186/s12906-015-0772-7 (opens in a new tab)
613.
Zulkefli H.N., Mohamad J., Abidin N.Z. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Tinospora crispa and Tabernaemontana corymbosa. Sains Malays. 2013;42:697-706.
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614.
Sathishkumar T., Baskar R. Renoprotective effect of Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall. Leaves against paracetamol-induced renotoxicity in rats and detection of polyphenols by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-mass spectrometry analysis. J. Acute Med. 2014;4:57-67.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jacme.2014.02.002 (opens in a new tab)
615.
Jin J., Cai D., Bi H., Zhong G., Zeng H., Gu L., Huang Z., Huang M. Comparative pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel after oral administration of Taxus yunnanensis extract and pure paclitaxel to rats. Fitoterapia. 2013;90:1-9.
Not in our library10.1016/j.fitote.2013.06.013 (opens in a new tab)
616.
Nguyen Q.V., Nguyen V.B., Eun J.B., Wang S.L., Nguyen D.H., Tran T.N., Nguyen A.D. Anti-oxidant and antidiabetic effect of some medicinal plants belong to Terminalia species collected in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. Res Chem Intermed. 2016;42:5859-5871.
Not in our library10.1007/s11164-015-2409-3 (opens in a new tab)
617.
Raghavan B., Kumari S.K. Effect of Terminalia arjuna stem bark on antioxidant status in liver and kidney of alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2006;50:133-142.
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618.
Biswas M., Kar B., Bhattacharya S., Kumar R.B.S., Ghosh A.K., Haldar P.K. Antihyperglycemic activity and antioxidant role of Terminalia arjuna leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharm. Biol. 2011;49:335-340.
Not in our library10.3109/13880209.2010.516755 (opens in a new tab)
619.
Tanaka M., Kishimoto Y., Saita E., Suzuki-Sugihara N., Kamiya T., Taguchi C., Iida K., Kondo K. Terminalia bellirica extract inhibits low-density lipoprotein oxidation and macrophage inflammatory response in vitro. Antioxidants. 2016;5:20.
Not in our library10.3390/antiox5020020 (opens in a new tab)
620.
Biswajit D., Suvakanta D., Chandra C.R. Pharmaceutical properties of terminalia bellerica (bahera)—An overview. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2014;7:592-597.
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621.
Venkatalakshmi P., Brindha P., Saralla R.P. Analytical and chemical standardisation studies on Terminalia catappa bark. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2014;6:4-8.
Not in our library
622.
Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the chloroform extract of <it>Terminalia </it>chebula Retz. seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats · 2006
Not checked
623.
Kadir M.F., Bin Sayeed M.S., Mia M.M.K. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used by indigenous and tribal people in Rangamati, Bangladesh. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012;144:627-637.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.003 (opens in a new tab)
624.
Njomen G.B.S.N., Kamgang R., Soua P.R.N., Oyono J.L.E., Njikam N. Protective effect of methanol-methylene chloride extract of Terminalia glaucescens leaves on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2009;8:19-26.
Not in our library10.4314/tjpr.v8i1.14708 (opens in a new tab)
625.
Pham A.T., Malterud K.E., Paulsen B.S., Diallo D., Wangensteen H. A-glucosidase inhibition, 15-lipoxygenase inhibition, and brine shrimp toxicity of extracts and isolated compounds from Terminalia macroptera leaves. Pharm. Biol. 2014;52:1166-1169.
Not in our library10.3109/13880209.2014.880486 (opens in a new tab)
626.
Nkobole N., Houghton P.J., Hussein A., Lall N. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia sericea constituents. Nat. Prod. Comm. 2011;6:1585-1588.
Not in our library10.1177/1934578x1100601106 (opens in a new tab)
627.
Padmashree, Prabhu P.P., Pandey S. Anti diabetic activity of methanol/methylene chloride extract of Terminalia superba leaves on streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2010;2:2415-2419.
Not in our library
628.
Shahat A.A., Alsaid M.S., Kotob S.E., Husseiny H.A., Al-Ghamdi A.A.M., Ahmed H.H. Biochemical and histological evidences for the antitumor potential of Teucrium oliverianum and Rhazya stricta in chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Afr. J. Trad. Complement. Altern. Med. 2016;13:62-70.
Not in our library10.4314/ajtcam.v13i1.9 (opens in a new tab)
629.
Bahramikia S., Yazdanparast R. Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Teucrium polium L. (lamiaceae). Phytother. Res. 2012;26:1581-1593.
Not in our library10.1002/ptr.4617 (opens in a new tab)
630.
Afifi F.U., Al-Khalidi B., Khalil E. Studies on the in vivo hypoglycemic activities of two medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Jordanian traditional medicine following intranasal administration. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100:314-318.
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631.
Esmaeili-Mahani S., Falahi F., Yaghoobi M.M. Proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects of Thymus caramanicus on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and its interaction with anticancer drug vincristine. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014;2014:893247.
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632.
El Kabbaoui M., Chda A., Mejrhit N., Azdad O., Farah A., Aarab L., Bencheikh R., Tazi A. Antidiabetic effect of Thymus satureioides aqueous extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2016;8:140-145.
Not in our library10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i9.12647 (opens in a new tab)
633.
Sharma R., Amin H., Galib, Prajapati P.K. Antidiabetic claims of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) miers: Critical appraisal and role in therapy. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2015;5:68-78.
Not in our library10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30173-8 (opens in a new tab)
634.
Patel M.B., Mishra S. Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia. Phytomedicine. 2011;18:1045-1052.
Not in our library10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.006 (opens in a new tab)
635.
Thomas A., Rajesh E.K., Kumar D.S. The significance of tinospora crispa in treatment of diabetes mellitus. Phytother. Res. 2016;30:357-366.
Not in our library10.1002/ptr.5559 (opens in a new tab)
636.
Ahmad W., Jantan I., Bukhari S.N.A. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. F. & Thomson: A review of its ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects. Front. Pharmacol. 2016;7:59.
Not in our library10.3389/fphar.2016.00059 (opens in a new tab)
637.
Adnan A.Z., Taher M., Afriani T., Roesma D.I., Putra A.E. Cytotoxic activity assay of tinocrisposide from Tinospora crispa on human cancer cells. Der Pharm. Lett. 2016;8:102-106.
Not in our library
638.
Noor H., Ashcroft S.J.H. Antidiabetic effects of Tinospora crispa in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27:149-161.
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639.
Xu Y., Niu Y., Gao Y., Wang F., Qin W., Lu Y., Hu J., Peng L., Liu J., Xiong W. Borapetoside E, a clerodane diterpenoid extracted from Tinospora crispa, improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in high-fat-diet-induced type 2 diabetes mice. J. Nat. Prod. 2017;80:2319-2327.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00365 (opens in a new tab)
640.
Klangjareonchai T., Putadechakum S., Roongpisuthipong C. Review of anti-hyperglycemic effect of Tinospora crispa. Walailak J. Sci. Technol. 2015;12:403-406.
Not in our library
641.
Hedge S., Jayaraj M., Bhandarkar A.V. Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies of cold and hot extracts of stem of Tinospora malabarica Miers.—An important medicinal plant. Intl. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2015;6:P47-P54.
Not in our library
642.
Sidhu M.C., Thaku S. Documentation of antidiabetic medicinal plants in district mandi of Himachal Pradesh (India). Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2015;8:164-169.
Not in our library
643.
Alamin M.A., Yagi A.I., Yagi S.M. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of plants used in Western Sudan. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2015;5:395-402.
Not in our library10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30375-0 (opens in a new tab)
644.
Kumar N., Singh S., Manvi, Gupta R. Trichosanthes dioica roxb.: An overview. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2012;6:61-67.
Not in our library10.4103/0973-7847.95886 (opens in a new tab)
645.
Lo H.Y., Li T.C., Yang T.Y., Li C.C., Chiang J.H., Hsiang C.Y., Ho T.Y. Hypoglycemic effects of Trichosanthes kirilowii and its protein constituent in diabetic mice: The involvement of insulin receptor pathway. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017;17:53.
Not in our library10.1186/s12906-017-1578-6 (opens in a new tab)
646.
Uchholz T.B., Chen C., Zhang X.Y., Melzig M.F. Pancreatic lipase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of plants used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Pharmazie. 2016;71:420-424.
Not in our library10.1691/ph.2016.6569 (opens in a new tab)
647.
Kulandaivel S., Bajpai P., Sivakumar T. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of Trichosanthes tricuspidata root extract. Banladesh J. Pharm. 2013;8:305-310.
Not in our library10.3329/bjp.v8i3.15584 (opens in a new tab)
648.
Zhang H., Yan X., Jiang Y., Han Y., Zhou Y. The extraction, identification and quantification of hypoglycemic active ingredients from Stinging nettle (Urtica angustifolia). Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011;10:9428-9437.
Not in our library
649.
Rezaei Aref T., Minaii Zangii B., Latifpour M. Protective effects of urtica dioica extract on the damage of rat small Intestinal mucosa caused by diabetes. J. Babol Univ. Med. Sci. 2012;14:31-37.
Not in our library
650.
Hoşbaş S., Aslan M., Sezik E. Quality assesment of Urtica dioica L. Samples collected from different locations of Turkey. Turk. J. Pharm. Sci. 2014;11:223-230.
Not in our library
651.
Nickavar B., Yousefian N. Evaluation of α-amylase inhibitory activities of selected antidiabetic medicinal plants. J. Verbrauch. Lebensmittelsicherh. 2011;6:191-195.
Not in our library10.1007/s00003-010-0627-6 (opens in a new tab)
652.
Nencu I., Vlase L., Istudor V., Mircea T. Preliminary research regarding Urtica urens L. and Urtica dioica L. Farmacia. 2015;63:710-715.
Not in our library
653.
Sánchez-Villavicencio M.L., Vinqvist-Tymchuk M., Kalt W., Matar C., Alarcón Aguilar F.J., Escobar Villanueva M.C., Haddad P.S. Fermented blueberry juice extract and its specific fractions have an anti-adipogenic effect in 3 T3-L1 cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017;17:24.
Not in our library10.1186/s12906-016-1519-9 (opens in a new tab)
654.
Nickavar B., Amin G. Bioassay-guided separation of an α-amylase inhibitor anthocyanin from Vaccinium arctostaphylos berries. Z. Naturforsch. Sect. C J. Biosci. 2010;65:567-570.
Not in our library10.1515/znc-2010-9-1006 (opens in a new tab)
655.
Qian H.F., Li Y., Wang L. Vaccinium bracteatum thunb. Leaves’ polysaccharide alleviates hepatic gluconeogenesis via the downregulation of miR-137. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017;95:1397-1403.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.040 (opens in a new tab)
656.
A bilberry drink with fermented oatmeal decreases postprandial insulin demand in young healthy adults · 2011
Not checked
657.
Kellogg J., Wang J., Flint C., Ribnicky D., Kuhn P., De Mejia E.G., Raskin I., Lila M.A. Alaskan wild berry resources and human health under the cloud of climate change. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010;58:3884-3900.
Not in our library10.1021/jf902693r (opens in a new tab)
658.
Beaulieu L.P., Harris C.S., Saleem A., Cuerrier A., Haddad P.S., Martineau L.C., Bennett S.A.L., Arnason J.T. Inhibitory effect of the cree traditional medicine wiishichimanaanh (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) on advanced glycation endproduct formation: Identification of active principles. Phytother. Res. 2010;24:741-747.
Not in our library10.1002/ptr.3025 (opens in a new tab)
659.
Mishra J., Dash A.K., Mishra S.N., Gupta A.K. Withania coagulans in treatmen of diabetics and some other diseases: A review. Res. J. Pharm., Biol. Chem. Sci. 2013;4:1251-1258.
Not in our library
660.
Rehman K., Mashwani Z.U.R., Khan M.A., Ullah Z., Chaudhary H.J. An ethno botanical perspective of traditional medicinal plants from the khattak tribe of Chonthra Karak, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;165:251-259.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.035 (opens in a new tab)
661.
Maurya R., Akanksha, Jayendra, Singh A.B., Srivastava A.K. Coagulanolide, a withanolide from Withania coagulans fruits and antihyperglycemic activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008;18:6534-6537.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.050 (opens in a new tab)
662.
Jonathan G., Rivka R., Avinoam S., Lumír H., Nirit B. Hypoglycemic activity of withanolides and elicitated Withania somnifera. Phytochemistry. 2015;116:283-289.
Not in our library10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.029 (opens in a new tab)
663.
Mukhija M., Lal Dhar K., Nath Kalia A. Bioactive lignans from Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. Stem bark with cytotoxic potential. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152:106-112.
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664.
Adebayo S.A., Dzoyem J.P., Shai L.J., Eloff J.N. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of 25 plant species used traditionally to treat pain in Southern African. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015;15:159.
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Pamhidzai D., Isaac G. Tlc separation, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of extracts derived from Zanthoxylum humile roots. Intern. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2013;4:482-486.
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Morakinyo A.O., Akindele A.J., Ahmed Z. Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory cytokines: Possible mechanism of anti-diabetic effect of ginger extracts. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 2011;14:195-202.
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Chen T., Cai J., Ni J., Yang F. An UPLC-MS/MS application to investigate chemical compositions in the ethanol extract with hypoglycemic activity from Zingiber striolatum diels. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 2016;25:116-121.
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Romero-Castillo P.A., Pérez Amador Barron M.C., Guevara Fefer P., Muñoz Ocotero V., Reyes Dorantes A., Aguirre Garcia F., Amaya Chavez A. Anti-infammatory activity of Ziziphus amole. Phyton. 2013;82:75-80.
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Sadegh-Nejadi S., Aberomand M., Ghaffari M.A., Mohammadzadeh G., Siahpoosh A., Afrisham R. Inhibitory effect of Ziziphus jujuba and Heracleum persicum on the activity of partial purified rat intestinal alpha glucosidase enzyme. J. Maz. Univ. Med. Sci. 2016;25:135-146.
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670.
<it>Zizyphus lotus </it>L. (Desf.) modulates antioxidant activity and human T-cell proliferation · 2010
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Diallo D., Sanogo R., Yasambou H., Traoré A., Coulibaly K., Maïga A. Study of the chemical compounds of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (rhamnaceace) leaves, used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes in mali. C. R. Chim. 2004;7:1073-1080.
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Ibrahim M.A., Islam M.S. Effects of butanol fraction of Ziziphus mucronata root ethanol extract on glucose homeostasis, serum insulin and other diabetes-related parameters in a murine model for type 2 diabetes. Pharm. Biol. 2017;55:416-422.
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Ahmad R., Ahmad N., Naqvi A.A. “Ziziphus oxyphylla”: Ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017;91:970-998.
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Glombitza K.W., Mahran G.H., Mirhom Y.W., Michel K.G., Motawi T.K. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Zizyphus spina-christi in rats. Planta Med. 1994;60:244-247.
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Modi A., Jain S., Kumar V. Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.) willd: A review of its folkloric, phytochemical and pharmacological perspectives. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2014;4:S1-S6.
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Solanki A., Zaveri M. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Abrus precatorius leaf: A review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2012;13:71-76.
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Liu Y.X., Si M.M., Lu W., Zhang L.X., Zhou C.X., Deng S.L., Wu H.S. Effects and molecular mechanisms of the antidiabetic fraction of Acorus calamus L. On GLP-1 expression and secretion in vivo and in vitro. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;166:168-175.
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Si M.M., Lou J.S., Zhou C.X., Shen J.N., Wu H.H., Yang B., He Q.J., Wu H.S. Insulin releasing and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Acorus calamus in vitro and in vivo. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128:154-159.
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679.
Park H.M., Son M.W., Kim D., Kim S.H., Kim S.H., Kwon H.C., Kim S.Y. Fatty acid components of hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) as IL-4 production inhibitor. Biomol. Ther. 2011;19:126-133.
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Liu X., Zhu L., Tan J., Zhou X., Xiao L., Yang X., Wang B. Glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of flavonoid compound and triterpenoid compound from Agrimonia pilosa ledeb. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014;14:12.
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681.
Kumar D., Bhat Z.A., Singh P., Khatanglakar V., Bhujbal S.S. Antiasthmatic and antiallergic potential of methanolic extract of leaves of Ailanthus excelsa. Braz. J. Pharamacogn. 2011;21:139-145.
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Hepcy Kalarani D., Dinakar A., Senthilkumar N. Antidiabetic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of stem and leaves of Alangium salvifolium and Pavonia zeylanica. Int. J. Drug. Dev. Res. 2012;4:298-306.
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Hepcy Kalarani D., Dinakar A., Senthilkumar N. Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activity of Alangium salvifolium wang in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2011;4:131-133.
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Jong-Anurakkun N., Bhandari M.R., Kawabata J. A-glucosidase inhibitors from devil tree (Alstonia scholaris). Food Chem. 2007;103:1319-1323.
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Babaei H., Sadeghpour O., Nahar L., Delazar A., Nazemiyeh H., Mansouri M.R., Poursaeid N., Asnaashari S., Moghadam S.B., Sarker S.D. Antioxidant and vasorelaxant activities of flavonoids from Amygdalus lycioides var. Horrida. Turk. J. Biol. 2008;32:203-208.
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Rao N.K. Anti-hyperglycemic and renal protective activities of Andrographis paniculata roots chloroform extract. Iran. J. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006;5:47-50.
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Sani Y.N., Haque M., Suryati K., Mohd K.W., Khan A. Isolation and characterisation of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) wall. Ex nees and its total flavonoid effects from Kemaman, Malaysia. Int. J. Pharm. Qual. Assur. 2017;8:119-124.
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Kim J.Y., Shin J.S., Ryu J.H., Kim S.Y., Cho Y.W., Choi J.H., Lee K.T. Anti-inflammatory effect of anemarsaponin B isolated from the rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides in LPS-induced raw 264.7 macrophages is mediated by negative regulation of the nuclear factor-κB and P38 pathways. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009;47:1610-1617.
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Nian S.H., Li H.J., Liu E.H., Li P. Comparison of α-glucosidase inhibitory effect and bioactive constituents of Anemarrhenae rhizoma and fibrous roots. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2017;145:195-202.
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690.
Golmohammadi R., Sabaghzadeh F., Mojadadi M.S. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Anethum graveolens leaves on the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the epileptic mice: A histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2016;11:259-264.
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Devgan M., Bhatia L., Kumar H. Anthocephalus cadamba: A comprehensive review. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2012;5:1478-1483.
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Shaikh S., Dubey R., Dhande S., Joshi Y.M., Kadam V.J. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Aphanamixis polystachya: An overview. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2012;5:1260-1263.
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Xu Z., Ju J., Wang K., Gu C., Feng Y. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of total lignans from Fructus arctii in the spontaneously diabetic goto-kakizaki rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151:548-555.
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695.
Paulke A., Kremer C., Wunder C., Achenbach J., Djahanschiri B., Elias A., Stefan Schwed J., Hübner H., Gmeiner P., Proschak E., et al. Argyreia nervosa (Burm. F.): Receptor profiling of lysergic acid amide and other potential psychedelic LSD-like compounds by computational and binding assay approaches. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;148:492-497.
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696.
Gupta V., Keshari B.B., Tiwari S.K., Narasimha Murthy K.H.H.V.S.S. A review on antidiabetic action of Asanadi gana. Intern. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2013;4:638-646.
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697.
Perez-Gutierrez R.M., Damian-Guzman M. Meliacinolin: A potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor isolated from Azadirachta indica leaves and in vivo antidiabetic property in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2012;35:1516-1524.
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698.
Sujarwo W., Keim A.P., Caneva G., Toniolo C., Nicoletti M. Ethnobotanical uses of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.; meliaceae) leaves in bali (Indonesia) and the indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016;189:186-193.
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699.
Shafie N.I., Samsulrizal N., Sopian N.A., Rajion M.A., Meng G.Y., Ajat M.M.M., Ahmad H. Qualitative phytochemical screening and GC-MS profiling of Azadirachta excelsa leaf extract. Malays. Appl. Biol. 2015;44:87-92.
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700.
Kaur M., Singh G., Mohan C. Barringtonia acutangula: A traditional medicinal plant. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2013;23:168-171.
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701.
Jyothi K.S.N., Hemalatha P., Challa S. Evaluation of α-amylase inhibitory potential of three medicinally important traditional wild food plants of India. Int. J. Green Pharm. 2011;5:95-99.
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Bhandari M.R., Jong-Anurakkun N., Hong G., Kawabata J. A-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of nepalese medicinal herb pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chem. 2008;106:247-252.
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Puri D. The insulinotropic activity of a nepalese medicinal plant Biophytum sensitivum: Preliminary experimental study. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78:89-93.
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704.
Deepika S., Rajagopal S.V. Evaluation of phytochemical and bioactive screening of Blepharis molluginifolia flower extracts. Intl. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2014;5:P204-P211.
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705.
Savithramma N., Linga Rao M., Venkateswarlu P. Histochemical studies of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. & Henry—An endemic, endangered and threatened medicinal plant of Seshachalam Hill range of Eastern Ghats of India. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res. 2014;6:1-6.
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706.
Bljajić K., Petlevski R., Vujić L., Čačić A., Šoštarić N., Jablan J., De Carvalho I.S., Končić M.Z. Chemical composition, antioxidant and α-glucosidase-inhibiting activities of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves. Molecules. 2017;22:703.
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707.
Darsini I.P., Shamshad S., John Paul M. Canna indica (L.): A plant with potential healing powers: A review. Intl. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2015;6:B1-B8.
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Khan H.U., Khan R.A., Ahmed M. Cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of methonol crude extracts of Cardia obaliqua (Linn.). J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2017;27:1723-1726.
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Sabet F., Asgary S., Rahimi P., Mahzouni P., Madani H. Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Carthamus tinctorius L. In alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2012;17:386-392.
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Takahashi T., Miyazawa M. Potent α-glucosidase inhibitors from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. Phytother. Res. 2012;26:722-726.
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711.
Al-Shaqha W.M., Khan M., Salam N., Azzi A., Chaudhary A.A. Anti-diabetic potential of Catharanthus roseus Linn. And its effect on the glucose transport gene (GLUT-2 and GLUT-4) in streptozotocin induced diabetic wistar rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015;15:379.
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712.
Semenya S., Potgieter M., Tshisikhawe M., Shava S., Maroyi A. Medicinal utilization of exotic plants by Bapedi traditional healers to treat human ailments in Limpopo province, South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012;144:646-655.
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Nammi S., Boini K.M., Lodagala S.D., Behara R.B.S. The juice of fresh leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn. Reduces blood glucose in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2003;3:4.
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714.
Rasineni K., Bellamkonda R., Singareddy S.R., Desireddy S. Antihyperglycemic activity of Catharanthus roseus leaf powder in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacogn. Res. 2010;2:195-201.
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715.
Ojewole J.A.O., Adewunmi C.O. Hypoglycaemic effects of methanolic leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don (Apocynaceae) in normal and diabetic mice. Acta Med. Biol. 2000;48:55-58.
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Kumar D., Kumar S., Gupta J., Arya R., Gupta A. A review on chemical and biological properties of Cayratia trifolia Linn. (Vitaceae). Pharmacogn. Rev. 2011;5:184-188.
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717.
Alagawadi Kallangouda R., Shah Amol S. Analgesic and antipyretic effects of Ceiba pentandra L. Seed extracts. Intl. J. Pharm. Res. 2012;4:46-49.
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718.
Oyedemi S.O., Oyedemi B.O., Ijeh I.I., Ohanyerem P.E., Coopoosamy R.M., Aiyegoro O.A. Alpha-amylase inhibition and antioxidative capacity of some antidiabetic plants used by the traditional healers in Southeastern Nigeria. Sci. World J. 2017;2017:3592491.
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719.
Satyaprakash R.J., Rajesh M.S., Bhanumathy M., Harish M.S., Shivananda T.N., Shivaprasad H.N., Sushma G. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of Ceiba pentandra L. Gaertn in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ghana Med J. 2013;47:121-127.
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720.
Tang Y., Xin H.L., Guo M.L. Review on research of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Celosia argentea. Braz. J. Pharamacogn. 2016;26:787-796.
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721.
Fitrianda E., Sukandar E.Y., Elfahmi, Adnyana I.K. Antidiabetic activity of extract, fractions, and asiaticoside compound isolated from Centella asiatica Linn. Leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2017;10:268-272.
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722.
Maulidiani, Abas F., Khatib A., Perumal V., Suppaiah V., Ismail A., Hamid M., Shaari K., Lajis N.H. Metabolic alteration in obese diabetes rats upon treatment with Centella asiatica extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016;180:60-69.
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723.
Zengin G., Nithiyanantham S., Locatelli M., Ceylan R., Uysal S., Aktumsek A., Selvi P.K., Maskovic P. Screening of in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of different extracts from two uninvestigated wild plants: Centranthus longiflorus subsp. longiflorus and Cerinthe minor subsp. auriculata. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2016;8:286-292.
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724.
Paydar M., Moharam B.A., Wong Y.L., Looi C.Y., Wong W.F., Nyamathulla S., Pandy V., Kamalidehghan B., Arya A. Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) kuntze a potential medicinal plant with pleiotropic pharmacological and biological activities. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2013;9:211-226.
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725.
Thakur G.S., Bag M., Sanodiya B.S., Debnath M., Zacharia A., Bhadauriya P., Prasad G.B.K.S., Bisen P.S. Chlorophytum borivilianum: A white gold for biopharmaceuticals and neutraceuticals. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2009;10:650-666.
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726.
Lai W.C., Wu Y.C., Dankó B., Cheng Y.B., Hsieh T.J., Hsieh C.T., Tsai Y.C., El-Shazly M., Martins A., Hohmann J., et al. Bioactive constituents of Cirsium japonicum var. Australe. J. Nat. Prod. 2014;77:1624-1631.
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727.
Xiong W.T., Gu L., Wang C., Sun H.X., Liu X. Anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Cistanche tubulosa in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013;150:935-945.
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728.
Barghamdi B., Ghorat F., Asadollahi K., Sayehmiri K., Peyghambari R., Abangah G. Therapeutic effects of Citrullus colocynthis fruit in patients with type II diabetes: A clinical trial study. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2016;8:130-134.
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729.
Lahfa F.B., Azzi R., Mezouar D., Djaziri R. Hypoglycemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis extracts. Phytotherapie. 2017;15:50-56.
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730.
Alam A., Ferdosh S., Ghafoor K., Hakim A., Juraimi A.S., Khatib A., Sarker Z.I. Clinacanthus nutans: A review of the medicinal uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2016;9:402-409.
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731.
Aslam M.S., Ahmad M.S., Mamat A.S. A review on phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Clinacanthus nutans. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2015;7:30-33.
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732.
Kosai P., Sirisidthi K., Jiraungkoorskul K., Jiraungkoorskul W. Review on ethnomedicinal uses of memory Boosting Herb, Butterfly Pea, Clitoria ternatea. J. Nat. Rem. 2015;15:71-76.
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733.
Kavitha R. Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of ethanolic extracts of leaf and fruit of T. dioica and leaf of C. ternatea in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Intl. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2014;5:B1061-B1068.
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734.
Ramakrishnan G., Kothai R., Jaykar B., Venkata Rathnakumar T. In vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of leaves of Coldenia procumbens. Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2011;3:1000-1004.
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735.
Shirwaikar A., Rajendran K., Punitha I.S.R. Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97:369-374.
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736.
Rai R.V., Rajesh P.S., Kim H.M. Medicinal use of Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) colebr.: An short review. Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med. 2013;13:1-9.
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737.
Priyashree S., Jha S., Pattanayak S. A review on Cressa cretica linn.: A halophytic plant. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2010;4:161-166.
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738.
Mnif S., Aifa S. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from traditional uses to potential biomedical applications. Chem. Biodivers. 2015;12:733-742.
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739.
Selim S.A., Adam M.E., Hassan S.M., Albalawi A.R. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of the mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.). BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2014;14:179.
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740.
Sharma P., Dubey G., Kaushik S. Chemical and medico-biological profile of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) taub: An overview. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2011;1:32-37.
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741.
Li Q., Hu J., Xie J., Nie S., Xie M.Y. Isolation, structure, and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) iljinskaja. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 2017;Volume 1398:20-29.
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742.
Mustarichie R., Warya S., Saptarini N.M., Musfiroh I. Acute and subchronic toxicities of indonesian mistletoes Dendrophthoe pentandra L. (miq.) ethanol extract. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2016;6:109-114.
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743.
Golla U., Gajam P.K., Solomon Sunder Raj B. The effect of Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) extract on physiologically altered glycemic status in non-diabetic rats. J. Med. Sci. 2013;13:221-225.
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744.
Tavana A., Pourrajab F., Hekmatimoghaddam S.H., Khalilzadeh S.H., Lotfi M.H. The hypoglycemic effect of Dorema aucheri (bilhar) extract in diabetic type 2 patients: A first clinical trial. Intl. J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2015;7:343-347.
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745.
Geethika B., Gayathri R., Vishnu Priya V. Comparative in-vivo free radical scavenging activity of Pineapple and Eclipta alba extracts by no assay. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2016;39:69-72.
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746.
Kumar D., Gaonkar R.H., Ghosh R., Pal B.C. Bio-assay guided isolation of α-glucosidase inhibitory constituents from Eclipta alba. Nat. Pro. Comm. 2012;7:989-990.
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747.
Hardainiyan S., Nandy B.C., Kumar K. Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha): A reservoir plant with their pharmacological effects. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2015;34:55-64.
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748.
Febrinda A.E., Yuliana N.D., Ridwan E., Wresdiyati T., Astawan M. Hyperglycemic control and diabetes complication preventive activities of bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) bulbs extracts in alloxan-diabetic rats. Int. Food Res. J. 2014;21:1405-1411.
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749.
Nain P., Saini V., Sharma S., Nain J. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Leaves extract in streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012;142:65-71.
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750.
Sarma U., Borah V.V., Saikia K.K.R., Hazarika N.K. Enhydra fluctuans: A review on its pharmacological importance as a medicinal plant and prevalence and use in North-East India. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2014;6:48-50.
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751.
Asgarpanah J., Amin G., Parviz M. In vitro antiglycation activity of Eremurus persicus (Jaub. Et sp.) boiss. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011;10:11287-11289.
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752.
Tian X., Chang L., Ma G., Wang T., Lv M., Wang Z., Chen L., Wang Y., Gao X., Zhu Y. Delineation of platelet activation pathway of scutellarein revealed its intracellular target as protein kinase C. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2016;39:181-191.
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753.
Kasabri V., Afifi F.U., Hamdan I. Evaluation of the acute antihyperglycemic effects of four selected indigenous plants from Jordan used in traditional medicine. Pharm. Biol. 2011;49:687-695.
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754.
He X., Wang J., Li M., Hao D., Yang Y., Zhang C., He R., Tao R. Eucommia ulmoides oliv.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important Traditional Chinese Medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151:78-92.
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755.
Tatiya A.U., Puranik P.M., Surana S.J., Patil Y.S., Mutha R.E. Evaluation of hypolipidemic, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Eulophia herbacea tubers. Banladesh J. Pharm. 2013;8:269-275.
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756.
Saleem S., Jafri L., Haq I.U., Chang L.C., Calderwood D., Green B.D., Mirza B. Plants Fagonia cretica L. and Hedera nepalensis K. Koch contain natural compounds with potent dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;156:26-32.
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757.
Samal P.K., Dangi J.S., Meena K.P., Beck N.R., Patel A., Maheshwari G. Evaluation of analgesic activity of leaves extracts of Feronia limonia in experimental animal models. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2011;4:710-714.
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758.
Rahimi R., Ardekani M.R.S. Medicinal properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. in traditional iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2013;19:73-79.
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759.
Barros L., Heleno S.A., Carvalho A.M., Ferreira I.C.F.R. Systematic evaluation of the antioxidant potential of different parts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. from portugal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009;47:2458-2464.
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760.
Veeraiah S., Jaganmohan Reddy K. Current strategic approaches in ethnomedicinal plants of Tinospora cordifolia and Gloriosa superba—A review. Intl. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2012;3:320-326.
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761.
Ramesh Petchi R., Vijaya C. Anti-diabetic and anti-arthritic potential of glycosmis pentaphylla stem bark in FCA induced arthritis and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Intl. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2012;3:P328-P336.
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762.
Kulkarni Y., Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological studies on aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea in rodents. Pharm. Biol. 2010;48:1413-1420.
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763.
Attanayake A.P., Jayatilaka K.A.P.W., Pathirana C., Mudduwa L.K.B. Gmelina arborea roxb. (family: Verbenaceae) extract upregulates the β-cell regeneration in stz induced diabetic rats. J. Dia. Res. 2016;2016.
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764.
Devi K., Jain N. Clinical evaluation of the anti-sweet effects of Gymnema sylvestre extract developed into a dispersable oral tablet. J. Herb. Med. 2015;5:184-189.
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765.
Singh V.K., Umar S., Ansari S.A., Iqbal M. Gymnema sylvestre for diabetics. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants. 2008;14:88-106.
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766.
Malik A., Mehmood M.H., Akhtar M.S., Haider G., Gilani A.H. Studies on antihyperlipidemic and endothelium modulatory activities of polyherbal formulation (POL4) and its ingredients in high fat diet-fed rats. Pak. J. Pharma. Sci. 2017;30:295-301.
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767.
Yadav M., Lavania A., Tomar R., Prasad G.B.K.S., Jain S., Yadav H. Complementary and comparative study on hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of various extracts of Eugenia jambolana seed, Momordica charantia fruits, Gymnema sylvestre, and Trigonella foenum graecum seeds in rats. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2010;160:2388-2400.
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768.
Zhang Y.Z., Su G.Y., Xia X.Y., Zhao Y.Q. Research progress in hypoglycemic effect of natural dammarane saponins. Chin. Trad. Herb. Drugs. 2016;47:2758-2763.
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769.
Huyen V.T.T., Phan D.V., Thang P., Hoa N.K., Östenson C.G. Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea improves insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J. Nutr. Metab. 2013;2013:765383.
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770.
Megalli S., Davies N.M., Roufogalis B.D. Anti-hyperlipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the zucker fatty rat. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2006;9:281-291.
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771.
Mahalingam G., Kannabiran K. Hemidesmus indicus root extract ameliorates diabetes-mediated metabolic changes in rats. Int. J. Green Pharm. 2009;3:314-318.
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772.
Patra J.K., Thatoi H. Anticancer activity and chromatography characterization of methanol extract of Heritiera fomes buch. Ham., a mangrove plant from Bhitarkanika, India. Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med. 2013;13:133-142.
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773.
Wang B., Lin L., Ni Q., Su C.L. Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. for treatment of diabetes mellitus: A review. J. Med. Plant Res. 2011;5:2599-2607.
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774.
Naseri M., Khalaj Sereshki Z., Ghavami B., Kamali Nejad M., Naderi G.A., Faghihzadeh S. Effect of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed extract on fasting serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J. Med. Plants. 2010;9:57-66.
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775.
Doi K., Mitoma C., Nakahara T., Uchi H., Hashimoto-Hachiya A., Takahara M., Tsuji G., Nakahara M., Furue M. Antioxidant houttuynia cordata extract upregulates filaggrin expression in an aryl hydrocarbon-dependent manner. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 2014;105:205-213.
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776.
Kumarappan C., Mandal S.C. Antidiabetic effect of polyphenol enriched extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens on key carbohydrate metabolic enzymes. Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries. 2015;35:425-431.
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777.
Vijay Simha G., Kumar M.A., Rajesh S., Panda P., Rao M.M. Evaluation of physicochemical parameters of Imperata cylindrica (Linn) beauv root used in ayurvedic formulations. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2012;5:1352-1355.
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778.
Lee M.R., Lee H.Y., Lee G.H., Kim H.K., Kim N.Y., Kim S.H., Kim H.R., Chae H.J. Ixeris dentata decreases ER stress and hepatic lipid accumulation through regulation of ApoB secretion. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2014;42:639-649.
Not in our library10.1142/s0192415x14500414 (opens in a new tab)
779.
Ravanbakhsh A., Mahdavi M., Jalilzade-Amin G., Javadi S., Maham M., Mohammadnejad D., Rashidi M.R. Acute and subchronic toxicity study of the median septum of Juglans regia in wistar rats. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 2016;6:541-549.
Not in our library10.15171/apb.2016.068 (opens in a new tab)
780.
Boukhari F., Tigrine-Kordjani N., Youcef Meklati B. Phytochemical investigation by microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil of the leaves of walnut cultivated in Algeria. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2013;96:1168-1175.
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781.
Kavalali G., Tuncel H., Göksel S., Hatemi H.H. Hypoglycemic activity of fruits of Juglans regia L. on streptozotocin diabetic rats. Acta Pharm. Turc. 2002;44:243-248.
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782.
Pitschmann A., Zehl M., Atanasov A.G., Dirsch V.M., Heiss E., Glasl S. Walnut leaf extract inhibits PTP1B and enhances glucose-uptake in vitro. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152:599-602.
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783.
Hosseini S., Huseini H.F., Larijani B., Mohammad K., Najmizadeh A., Nourijelyani K., Jamshidi L. The hypoglycemic effect of Juglans regia leaves aqueous extract in diabetic patients: A first human trial. DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 2014;22:19.
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784.
Tewtrakul S., Subhadhirasakul S., Kummee S. Anti-allergic activity of compounds from kaempferia parviflora. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:191-193.
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785.
Park H.J., Nam J.H., Jung H.J., Kim W.B., Park K.K., Chung W.Y., Choi J. In vivo antinociceptive antiinflamatory and antioxidative effects of the leaf and stem bark of Kalopanax pictus in rats. Korean J. Pharmacogn. 2005;36:318-323.
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786.
Amin A., Tuenter E., Foubert K., Iqbal J., Cos P., Maes L., Exarchou V., Apers S., Pieters L. In vitro and in silico antidiabetic and antimicrobial evaluation of constituents from Kickxia ramosissima (Nanorrhinum ramosissimum). Front. Pharmacol. 2017;8:232.
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787.
Kang D.H., Kim M.Y. Antimicrobial activity of Korean camellia mistletoe (Korthalsella japonica (Thunb.) engl.) extracts. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2016;6:226-230.
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788.
Prajapati R., Kalariya M., Parmar S., Sheth N. Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Lagenaria sicereria. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2010;1:266-272.
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789.
Teugwa C.M., Boudjeko T., Tchinda B.T., Mejiato P.C., Zofou D. Anti-hyperglycaemic globulins from selected Cucurbitaceae seeds used as antidiabetic medicinal plants in africa. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013;13:63.
Not in our library10.1186/1472-6882-13-63 (opens in a new tab)
790.
Ichikawa H., Yagi H., Tanaka T., Cyong J.C., Masaki T. Lagerstroemia speciosa extract inhibit TNF-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB in rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128:254-256.
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791.
Tanquilut N.C., Tanquilut M.R.C., Estacio M.A.C., Torres E.B., Rosario J.C., Reyes B.A.S. Hypoglycemic effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) pers. On alloxan-induced diabetic mice. J. Med. Plant Res. 2009;3:1066-1071.
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792.
Hou W., Li Y., Zhang Q., Wei X., Peng A., Chen L., Wei Y. Triterpene acids isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Phytother. Res. 2009;23:614-618.
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793.
Alam M.B., Kwon K.R., Lee S.H., Lee S.H. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) merr. Induces heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and reduces oxidative stress via the p38/c-jun N-terminal kinase-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (p38/JNK-NRF2)-mediated antioxidant pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017;18:266.
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794.
Pitschmann A., Zehl M., Heiss E., Purevsuren S., Urban E., Dirsch V.M., Glasl S. Quantitation of phenylpropanoids and iridoids in insulin-sensitising extracts of Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae). Phytochem. Anal. 2016;27:23-31.
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795.
Rahim A.A., Mohamad J., Alias Z. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of leptospermum flavescens in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Sains Malays. 2014;43:1295-1304.
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796.
Ibrahim S.R.M., Mohamed G.A. Litchi chinensis: Medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;174:492-513.
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797.
Lee Y.J., Kang D.G., Kim J.S., Lee H.S. Lycopus lucidus inhibits high glucose-induced vascular inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Vasc. Pharmacol. 2008;48:38-46.
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798.
Bhartiya A., Aditya J.P., Kant L. Nutritional and remedial potential of an underutilized food legume horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum): A review. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2015;25:908-920.
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799.
Poivre M., Duez P. Biological activity and toxicity of the chinese herb Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E. Wilson (Houpo) and its constituents. J. Zhejiang Uni. Sci. B. 2017;18:194-214.
Not in our library10.1631/jzus.b1600299 (opens in a new tab)
800.
Ma J., Yang B., Zhu W., Sun L., Tian J., Wang X. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Mahonia bealei (berberidaceae) reveals a significant expansion of the inverted repeat and phylogenetic relationship with other angiosperms. Gene. 2013;528:120-131.
Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.037 (opens in a new tab)
801.
Bora K.S., Sharma A. Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Medicago sativa: A review. Pharm. Biol. 2011;49:211-220.
Not in our library10.3109/13880209.2010.504732 (opens in a new tab)
802.
Qazi Majaz A., Molvi Khurshid I. A comprehensive review on meyna Laxiflora robyns (rubiaceae). Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2015;35:22-25.
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803.
Murdifin M., Wahyudin E., Lawrence G.S., Subehan, Manggau M.A., Alam G. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Mezzetia parviflora Becc. Woodbark extract. Pharm. J. 2012;4:18-21.
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804.
Farah Idayu N., Taufik Hidayat M., Moklas M.A.M., Sharida F., Nurul Raudzah A.R., Shamima A.R., Apryani E. Antidepressant-like effect of mitragynine isolated from Mitragyna speciosa korth in mice model of depression. Phytomedicine. 2011;18:402-407.
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805.
Petrus A.J.A. Mukia maderaspatana (Linn.) M. Roemer: A potentially antidiabetic and vasoprotective functional leafy-vegetable. Pharm. J. 2012;4:1-12.
Not in our library10.5530/pj.2012.34.1 (opens in a new tab)
806.
Kunnaja P., Wongpalee S.P., Panthong A. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the ethanol extract from Murdannia loriformis (Hassk.) Rolla Rao et kammathy. BioImpacts. 2014;4:183-189.
Not in our library10.15171/bi.2014.018 (opens in a new tab)
807.
Sun C., Huang H., Xu C., Li X., Chen K. Biological activities of extracts from Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.): A review. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2013;68:97-106.
Not in our library10.1007/s11130-013-0349-x (opens in a new tab)
808.
Sharma B.R., Gautam L.N.S., Adhikari D., Karki R. A comprehensive review on chemical profiling of Nelumbo nucifera: Potential for drug development. Phytother. Res. 2017;31:3-26.
Not in our library10.1002/ptr.5732 (opens in a new tab)
809.
Mani S.S., Subramanian I.P., Pillai S.S., Muthusamy K. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of inorganic constituents in Nelumbo nucifera seeds on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2010;138:226-237.
Not in our library10.1007/s12011-010-8614-4 (opens in a new tab)
810.
Ahmed F., Rahman S., Ahmed N., Hossain M., Biswas A., Sarkar S., Banna H., Khatun M.A., Chowdhury M.H., Rahmatullah M. Evaluation of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) bosser leaf extract on glucose tolerance in glucose-induced hyperglycemic mice. Afr. J. Trad. Complement. Altern. Med. 2011;8:79-81.
Not in our library10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60549 (opens in a new tab)
811.
Desai S.D., Saheb S.H., Das K.K., Haseena S. Phytochemical analysis of Nigella sativa and it’s antidiabetic effect. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2015;7:527-532.
Not in our library
812.
Ahmad A., Husain A., Mujeeb M., Khan S.A., Najmi A.K., Siddique N.A., Damanhouri Z.A., Anwar F. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2013;3:337-352.
Not in our library10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60075-1 (opens in a new tab)
813.
Jamila F., Mostafa E. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by people in Oriental Morocco to manage various ailments. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;154:76-87.
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814.
Amin B., Hosseinzadeh H. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its active constituent, thymoquinone: An overview on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Planta Med. 2016;82:8-16.
Not in our library10.1055/s-0035-1557838 (opens in a new tab)
815.
Benhaddou-Andaloussi A., Martineau L.C., Vallerand D., Haddad Y., Afshar A., Settaf A., Haddad P.S. Multiple molecular targets underlie the antidiabetic effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in skeletal muscle, adipocyte and liver cells. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2010;12:148-157.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01131.x (opens in a new tab)
816.
Meddah B., Ducroc R., El Abbes Faouzi M., Eto B., Mahraoui L., Benhaddou-Andaloussi A., Martineau L.C., Cherrah Y., Haddad P.S. Nigella sativa inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and improves glucose tolerance in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009;121:419-424.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.040 (opens in a new tab)
817.
Yusoff N.A., Yam M.F., Beh H.K., Abdul Razak K.N., Widyawati T., Mahmud R., Ahmad M., Asmawi M.Z. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Vinegar sample from Malaysia. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2015;8:595-605.
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818.
Ojha D., Mukherjee H., Mondal S., Jena A., Dwivedi V.P., Mondal K.C., Malhotra B., Samanta A., Chattopadhyay D. Anti-inflammatory activity of Odina wodier Roxb, an indian folk remedy, through inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e104939.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0104939 (opens in a new tab)
819.
Chen M.H., Chen X.J., Wang M., Lin L.G., Wang Y.T. Ophiopogon japonicas—A phytochemical, ethnomedicinal and pharmacological review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016;181:193-213.
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820.
Ansarullah, Bharucha B., Patel V., Ramachandran A.V. Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) miq leaf water extract improves metabolic alterations in high fructose fed insulin resistant and hypertensive rats. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2010;2:79-87.
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821.
Dinda B., Silsarma I., Dinda M., Rudrapaul P. Oroxylum indicum (L.) kurz, an important asian traditional medicine: From traditional uses to scientific data for its commercial exploitation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:255-278.
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822.
Karthishwaran K., Mirunalini S. Therapeutic potential of Pergularia daemia (Forsk.): The ayurvedic wonder. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2010;6:836-843.
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823.
Yasir M., Das S., Kharya M. The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Persea americana Mill. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2010;4:77-84.
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824.
Odo Christian E., Nwodo Okwesili F., Joshua Parker E., Ugwu Okechukwu P. Acute toxicity investigation and anti-diarrhoeal effect of the chloroform-methanol extract of the leaves of persea Americana. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 2014;13:651-658.
Not in our library
825.
Xu Q., Hu Y.F., Wang D.L., Xu G.B., Wang N. Analysis on peucedani radix coumarin by UPLC/Q-TOF MS and study on its preliminary pharmacodynamics. Chin. Trad. Herb. Drugs. 2015;46:3637-3642.
Not in our library
826.
Ateeq A., Sunil S.D., Varun S.K., Santosh M.K. Phoenix dactylifera linn.(pind kharjura): A review. Intern. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2013;4:447-451.
Not in our library
827.
Batool A., Shah A., Bahadur A. Ethnopharmacological relevance of traditional medicinal flora from semi-tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 2017;49:691-705.
Not in our library
828.
Abdelaziz D.H.A., Ali S.A. The protective effect of Phoenix dactylifera L. Seeds against CCL4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155:736-743.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.026 (opens in a new tab)
829.
Badr J.M. Chemical constituents of Phragmanthera austroarabica A. G. Mill and J. A. Nyberg with potent antioxidant activity. Pharmacogn. Res. 2015;7:335-340.
Not in our library10.4103/0974-8490.158436 (opens in a new tab)
830.
Higa J.K., Liang Z., Williams P.G., Panee J. Phyllostachys edulis compounds inhibit palmitic acid-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) production. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e45082.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0045082 (opens in a new tab)
831.
Bansal P., Paul P., Shankar G., Munjal D., Nayak P.G., Priyadarsini K.I., Unnikrishnan M.K. Flavonoid rich fraction of Pilea microphylla (L.) attenuates metabolic abnormalities and improves pancreatic function in C57BL/KSJ-DB/DB mice. Biomed. Prev. Nutr. 2011;1:268-272.
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832.
Sihoglu Tepe A., Tepe B. Traditional use, biological activity potential and toxicity of Pimpinella species. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2015;69:153-166.
Not in our library10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.069 (opens in a new tab)
833.
Bala Sirisha K., Sujathamma P. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Pimpinella tirupatiensis Bal. & Subr.: An endemic important medicinal plant to tirumala hills of Eastern Ghats, India. Med. Plants. 2017;9:83-87.
Not in our library
834.
Raju R., Nambi S.K., Gurusamy M. In vitro propagation of Pisonia grandis R. Br.: An indigenous vegetable and promising medicinal plant. Phytomorphology. 2015;65:133-138.
Not in our library
835.
Park N.I., Tuan P.A., Li X., Kim Y.K., Yang T.J., Park S.U. An efficient protocol for genetic transformation of platycodon grandiflorum with agrobacterium rhizogenes. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2011;38:2307-2313.
Not in our library10.1007/s11033-010-0363-0 (opens in a new tab)
836.
Arsiningtyas I.S., Gunawan-Puteri M.D.P.T., Kato E., Kawabata J. Identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors from the leaves of Pluchea indica (L.) less., a traditional indonesian herb: Promotion of natural product use. Nat. Prod. Res. 2014;28:1350-1353.
Not in our library10.1080/14786419.2014.904306 (opens in a new tab)
837.
Jothy S.L., Choong Y.S., Saravanan D., Deivanai S., Latha L.Y., Vijayarathna S., Sasidharan S. Polyalthia longifolia sonn: An ancient remedy to explore for novel therapeutic agents. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2013;4:714-730.
Not in our library
838.
Satish Kumar B.N. Phytochemistry and pharmacological studies of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) pierre. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2011;9:12-19.
Not in our library
839.
Badole S.L., Bodhankar S.L. Antihyperglycaemic activity of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol isolated from stem bark of Pongamia pinnata in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Res. J. Phytochem. 2009;3:18-24.
Not in our library
840.
Chang C.L.T., Li T.H., Hou C.C., Yang W.C. Anti-hyperglycemic properties of crude extract and triterpenes from Poria cocos. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2011;2011:128402.
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841.
Chowdhary C.V., Meruva A., Naresh K., Elumalai R.K.A. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Portulaca oleracea Linn. (purslane). Intern. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2013;4:34-37.
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842.
Guenzet A., Krouf D., Berzou S. Portulaca oleracea extract increases lecithin:Cholesterol acyltransferase and paraoxonase 1 activities and enhances reverse cholesterol transport in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Pharm. J. 2014;6:1-9.
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843.
Hashem Dabaghian F., Kamalinejad M., Shojaii A., Abdollahi Fard M., Ghushegir S.A. Review of antidiabetic plants in Iranian traditional medicine and their efficacy. J. Med. Plants. 2012;11:1-11.
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844.
Bai Y., Zang X., Ma J., Xu G. Anti-diabetic effect of Portulaca oleracea L. Polysaccharideandits mechanism in diabetic rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016;17:1201.
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845.
Bautista-Cruz A., Arnaud-Viñas M.R., Martínez-Gutiérrez G.A., Sánchez-Medina P.S., Pacheco R.P. The traditional medicinal and food uses of four plants in oaxaca, mexico. J. Med. Plant Res. 2011;5:3404-3411.
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846.
Ramadan B.K., Schaalan M.F., Tolba A.M. Hypoglycemic and pancreatic protective effects of Portulaca oleracea extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017;17:37.
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847.
Padee P., Nualkaew S., Talubmook C., Sakuljaitrong S. Hypoglycemic effect of a leaf extract of Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Nees) radlk. In normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;132:491-496.
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848.
Tayade P.M., Chandrasekar M.J.N., Borde S.N., Joshi A.S., Angadi S.S., Devdhe S.J. Effect of Psoralea corylifolia Linn in sexual erectile dysfunction in diabetic rats. Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med. 2013;13:35-40.
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849.
Mestry S.N., Juvekar A.R. Aldose reductase inhibitory potential and anti-cataract activity of Punica granatum Linn. Leaves against glucose-induced cataractogenesis in goat eye lens. Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med. 2017;17:277-284.
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850.
Pirbalouti A.G., Shahrzad A., Abed K., Hamedi B. Wound healing activity of Malva sylvestris and Punica granatum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Acta Pol. Pharm. Drug Res. 2010;67:511-516.
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851.
Patel A.N., Bandawane D.D., Mhetre N.K. Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) leaves attenuate disturbed glucose homeostasis and hyperglycemia mediated hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2014;6:307-321.
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852.
Salwe K.J., Sachdev D.O., Bahurupi Y., Kumarappan M. Evaluation of antidiabetic, hypolipedimic and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and fruit peel of Punica granatum in male wistar albino rats. J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med. 2015;6:56-62.
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853.
Sharifi N., Mahernia S., Amanlou M. Comparison of different methods in quercetin extraction from leaves of Raphanus sativus L. Pharm. Sci. 2017;23:59-65.
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854.
Sham T.T., Yuen A.C.Y., Ng Y.F., Chan C.O., Mok D.K.W., Chan S.W. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of raphani semen. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013;2013:636194.
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855.
Shi Z., Gao J., Yuan Y., Zhu S., Yao M. Effect of raw radix rehmanniae on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in rats. Pak. J. Pharma. Sci. 2014;27:537-539.
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856.
Choi H.J., Jang H.J., Chung T.W., Jeong S.I., Cha J., Choi J.Y., Han C.W., Jang Y.S., Joo M., Jeong H.S., et al. Catalpol suppresses advanced glycation end-products-induced inflammatory responses through inhibition of reactive oxygen species in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Fitoterapia. 2013;86:19-28.
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857.
Algandaby M.M., Alghamdi H.A., Ashour O.M., Abdel-Naim A.B., Ghareib S.A., Abdel-Sattar E.A., Hajar A.S. Mechanisms of the antihyperglycemic activity of Retama raetam in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010;48:2448-2453.
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858.
Imam M.U., Ismail M., Chinnappan S.M. Effects of the aqueous extracts of Rhodamnia cinerea on metabolic indices and sorbitol-related complications in type 2 diabetic rats. Sains Malays. 2017;46:589-595.
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859.
Misra A., Srivastava S., Verma S., Rawat A.K.S. Nutritional evaluation, antioxidant studies and quantification of poly phenolics, in Roscoea purpurea tubers. BMC Res. Notes. 2015;8:324.
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860.
Abu-Al-Basal M.A. Healing potential of Rosmarinus officinalis L. On full-thickness excision cutaneous wounds in alloxan-induced-diabetic BALB/C mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;131:443-450.
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861.
Bakirel T., Bakirel U., Keleş O.U., Ülgen S.G., Yardibi H. In vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:64-73.
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862.
Sharma R., Yadav D., Asif M., Jayasri M.A., Agnihotri V.K., Ravikumar P.C. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Roylea cinerea extracts: A comparative study. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2017;55:611-621.
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863.
Devi Priya M., Siril E.A. Traditional and modern use of indian madder (Rubia cordifolia L.): An overview. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2014;25:154-164.
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864.
Rhee M.H., Park H.J., Cho J.Y. Salicornia herbacea: Botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of halophyte marsh plant. J. Med. Plant Res. 2009;3:548-555.
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865.
Hou Z., Zhang Z., Wu H. Effect of Sanguis draxonis (a Chinese traditional herb) on the formation of insulin resistance in rats. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2005;68:3-11.
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866.
Park H.S., Kim G.H. Inhibitory effects of Sasa borealis on mechanisms of adipogenesis. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 2013;42:837-843.
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867.
Kim C.J., Lim J.S., Cho S.K. Anti-diabetic agents from medicinal plants inhibitory activity of Schizonepeta tenuifolia spikes on the diabetogenesis by streptozotocin in mice. Arch. Pharmacal Res. 1996;19:441-446.
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868.
Fallah Huseini H., Hooseini P., Heshmat R., Yazdani D., Hemati Moqadam H.R., Rahmani M., Larijani B., Alavi S.H.R. The clinical investigation of Securigera securidaca (L.) (degen & doerfler) seeds in type II diabetic patients; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Med. Plants. 2006;5:75-79.
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869.
Suzuki Y.A., Tomoda M., Muratal Y., Inui H., Sugiura M., Nakano Y. Antidiabetic effect of long-term supplementation with Siraitia grosvenori on the spontaneously diabetic goto-kakizaki rat. Br. J. Nutr. 2007;97:770-775.
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870.
Makhija I.K., Richard L., Kirti S.P., Saleemullah K., Jessy M., Annie S. Sphaeranthus indicus: A review of its chemical, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2011;7:171-179.
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871.
Salunkhe V.R., Bhise S.B. Stevia rebaudiana: An alternative to synthetic sweeteners. Indian Drugs. 2010;47:5-13.
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872.
Jeppesen P.B., Gregersen S., Alstrup K.K., Hermansen K. Stevioside induces antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects in vivo: Studies in the diabetic goto-kakizaki (GK) rats. Phytomedicine. 2002;9:9-14.
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873.
Abudula R., Jeppesen P.B., Rolfsen S.E.D., Xiao J., Hermansen K. Rebaudioside a potently stimulates insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets: Studies on the dose-, glucose-, and calcium-dependency. Metab. Clin. Exp. 2004;53:1378-1381.
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874.
Balijepalli M.K., Suppaiah V., Chin A.M., Buru A.S., Sagineedu S.R., Pichika M.R. Acute oral toxicity studies of Swietenia macrophylla seeds in sprague dawley rats. Pharmacogn. Res. 2015;7:38-44.
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875.
Havinga R.M., Hartl A., Putscher J., Prehsler S., Buchmann C., Vogl C.R. Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae): Patterns of use in traditional african medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127:573-588.
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876.
Costantino L., Raimondi L., Pirisino R., Brunetti T., Pessotto P., Giannessi F., Lins A.P., Barlocco D., Antolini L., El-Abady S.A. Isolation and pharmacological activities of the Tecoma stans alkaloids. Farmaco. 2003;58:781-785.
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877.
Palbag S., Dey B.K., Singh N.K. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Tephrosia purpurea. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2014;12:1-7.
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878.
Pavana P., Manoharan S., Renju G.L., Sethupathy S. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J. Environ. Biol. 2007;28:833-837.
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879.
Satyanarayana T., Sarita T., Balaji M., Ramesh A., Boini M.K. Antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Thespesia populnea fruit in normal and alloxan-induced diabetes in rabbits. Saudi Pharm. J. 2004;12:107-111.
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880.
Ajao A.A., Moteetee A.N. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray. (asteraceae: Heliantheae), an invasive plant of significant ethnopharmacological importance: A review. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2017;113:396-403.
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881.
Wang X., Li W.Z., Kong D., Duan Y. Ethanol extracts from Toona sinensis seeds alleviate diabetic peripheral neuropathy through inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating growth factor. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2016;78:307-312.
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882.
Mohamed Farook S., Clement Atlee W. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of Tragia involucrata Linn. in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type II diabetic rats. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2011;3:103-109.
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883.
Nagulapalli Venkata K.C., Swaroop A., Bagchi D., Bishayee A. A small plant with big benefits: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) for disease prevention and health promotion. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017;61:1600950.
Not in our library10.1002/mnfr.201600950 (opens in a new tab)
884.
Hamza N., Berke B., Cheze C., Marais S., Lorrain S., Abdouelfath A., Lassalle R., Carles D., Gin H., Moore N. Effect of Centaurium erythraea Rafn, Artemisia herba-alba asso and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. On liver fat accumulation in C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015;171:4-11.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.027 (opens in a new tab)
885.
Hasanzadeh E., Rezazadeh S.H., Shamsa S.F., Dolatabadi R., Zarringhalam J. Review on phytochemistry and therapeutic properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum). J. Med. Plants. 2010;9:1-13.
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886.
Zhou J., Chan L., Zhou S. Trigonelline: A plant alkaloid with therapeutic potential for diabetes and central nervous system disease. Curr. Med. Chem. 2012;19:3523-3531.
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887.
Vats V., Yadav S.P., Grover J.K. Effect of T. foenumgraecum on glycogen content of tissues and the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85:237-242.
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888.
Khlifi S., Jemaa H.B., Hmad H.B., Abaza H., Karmous I., Abid A., Benzarti A., Elati J., Aouidet A. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2016;12:394-400.
Not in our library10.3923/ijp.2016.394.400 (opens in a new tab)
889.
Hannan J.M.A., Ali L., Rokeya B., Khaleque J., Akhter M., Flatt P.R., Abdel-Wahab Y.H.A. Soluble dietary fibre fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. Br. J. Nutr. 2007;97:514-521.
Not in our library10.1017/s0007114507657869 (opens in a new tab)
890.
Balekar N., Nakpheng T., Srichana T. Wedelia trilobata L.: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2014;41:590-605.
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891.
Patil R.N., Patil R.Y., Ahirwar B., Ahirwar D. Evaluation of antidiabetic and related actions of some Indian medicinal plants in diabetic rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2011;4:20-23.
Not in our library10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60025-4 (opens in a new tab)
892.
Hegazy G.A., Alnoury A.M., Gad H.G. The role of Acacia arabica extract as an antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Saudi Med J. 2013;34:727-733.
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893.
Geetha G., Gopinathapillai P.K., Sankar V. Anti diabetic effect of Achyranthes rubrofusca leaf extracts on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pak. J. Pharma. Sci. 2011;24:193-199.
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894.
Ahmed D., Kumar V., Verma A., Gupta P.S., Kumar H., Dhingra V., Mishra V., Sharma M. Antidiabetic, renal/hepatic/pancreas/cardiac protective and antioxidant potential of methanol/dichloromethane extract of Albizzia Lebbeck Benth. Stem bark (ALEx) on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:243.
Not in our library10.1186/1472-6882-14-243 (opens in a new tab)
895.
Patel P.A., Parikh M.P., Johari S., Gandhi T.R. Antihyperglycemic activity of Albizzia lebbeck bark extract in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type II diabetes mellitus rats. Ayu. 2015;36:335-340.
Not in our library10.4103/0974-8520.182752 (opens in a new tab)
896.
Kumar R., Sharma B., Tomar N.R., Roy P., Gupta A.K., Kumar A. In vivo evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of Aloe spp. And identification of its mode of action on GLUT-4 gene expression in vitro. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011;164:1246-1256.
Not in our library10.1007/s12010-011-9210-6 (opens in a new tab)
897.
Noor A., Gunasekaran S., Vijayalakshmi M.A. Improvement of insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with. Pharmacogn. Res. 2017;9:S99-S104.
Not in our library10.4103/pr.pr_75_17 (opens in a new tab)
898.
Rahmatullah M., Hosain M., Rahman S., Akter M., Rahman F., Rehana F., Munmun M., Kalpana M.A. Antihyperglycaemic and antinociceptive activity evaluation of methanolic extract of whole plant of Amaranthus tricolour L. (Amaranthaceae). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013;10:408-411.
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899.
Kamtchouing P., Sokeng S.D., Moundipa P.F., Watcho P., Jatsa H.B., Lontsi D. Protective role of anacardium occidentale extract against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;62:95-99.
Not in our library10.1016/s0378-8741(97)00159-1 (opens in a new tab)
900.
Jaiswal Y.S., Tatke P.A., Gabhe S.Y., Vaidya A.B. Antidiabetic activity of extracts of Anacardium occidentale Linn. leaves on n-streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med. 2017;7:421-427.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.11.007 (opens in a new tab)
901.
Akhtar N., Khan B.A., Majid A., Khan H.M., Mahmood T., Gulfishan S.T. Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical evaluation of extracts from different plant parts of indigenous origin for their hypoglycemic responses in rabbits. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2011;68:919-925.
Not in our library
902.
Dheer R., Bhatnagar P. A study of the antidiabetic activity of Barleria prionitis Linn. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2010;42:70-73.
Not in our library10.4103/0253-7613.64493 (opens in a new tab)
903.
Ojezele M.O., Abatan O.M. Hypoglycaemic and coronary risk index lowering effects of Bauhinia thoningii in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Afr. Health Sci. 2011;11:85-89.
Not in our library
904.
Vasconcelos C.F., Maranhão H.M., Batista T.M., Carneiro E.M., Ferreira F., Costa J., Soares L.A., Sá M.D., Souza T.P., Wanderley A.G. Hypoglycaemic activity and molecular mechanisms of Caesalpinia ferrea martius bark extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:1533-1541.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.059 (opens in a new tab)
905.
Al-Attar A.M., Zari T.A. Influences of crude extract of tea leaves, Camellia sinensis, on streptozotocin diabetic male albino mice. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2010;17:295-301.
Not in our library10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.05.007 (opens in a new tab)
906.
Prakasam A., Sethupathy S., Pugalendi K.V. Influence of Casearia esculenta root extract on protein metabolism and marker enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pol. J. Pharm. 2004;56:587-593.
Not in our library
907.
Agnihotri A., Singh V. Effect of Tamarindus indica Linn. and Cassia fistula Linn. Stem bark extracts on oxidative stress and diabetic conditions. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2013;70:1011-1019.
Not in our library
908.
Lodha S.R., Joshi S.V., Vyas B.A., Upadhye M.C., Kirve M.S., Salunke S.S., Kadu S.K., Rogye M.V. Assessment of the antidiabetic potential of Cassia grandis using an in vivo model. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2010;1:330-333.
Not in our library10.4103/0110-5558.72429 (opens in a new tab)
909.
Singh S.N., Vats P., Suri S., Shyam R., Kumria M.M.L., Ranganathan S., Sridharan K. Effect of an antidiabetic extract of catharanthus roseus on enzymic activities in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001;76:269-277.
Not in our library10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00254-9 (opens in a new tab)
910.
Aragão D.M., Guarize L., Lanini J., da Costa J.C., Garcia R.M., Scio E. Hypoglycemic effects of Cecropia pachystachya in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128:629-633.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.008 (opens in a new tab)
911.
Nabeel M.A., Kathiresan K., Manivannan S. Antidiabetic activity of the mangrove species Ceriops decandra in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Diabetes. 2010;2:97-103.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00068.x (opens in a new tab)
912.
Gorelick J., Kitron A., Pen S., Rosenzweig T., Madar Z. Anti-diabetic activity of Chiliadenus iphionoides. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:1245-1249.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.051 (opens in a new tab)
913.
Lu Z., Jia Q., Wang R., Wu X., Wu Y., Huang C., Li Y. Hypoglycemic activities of A- and B-type procyanidin oligomer-rich extracts from different cinnamon barks. Phytomedicine. 2011;18:298-302.
Not in our library10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.008 (opens in a new tab)
914.
Agarwal V., Sharma A.K., Upadhyay A., Singh G., Gupta R. Hypoglycemic effects of Citrullus colocynthis roots. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2012;69:75-79.
Not in our library
915.
Amin A., Tahir M., Lone K.P. Effect of Citrullus colocynthis aqueous seed extract on beta cell regeneration and intra-islet vasculature in alloxan induced diabetic male albino rats. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2017;67:715-721.
Not in our library
916.
Punitha I.S.R., Rajendran K., Shirwaikar A. Alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum regulates carbohydrate metabolism and improves antioxidant status in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2005;2:375-381.
Not in our library10.1093/ecam/neh099 (opens in a new tab)
917.
Arjun P., Shivesh J., Alakh N.S. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Eucalyptus citriodorahook. in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pharmacogn. Mag. 2009;5:51-54.
Not in our library
918.
Kang M.H., Lee M.S., Choi M.K., Min K.S., Shibamoto T. Hypoglycemic activity of Gymnema sylvestre extracts on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in diabetic rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012;60:2517-2524.
Not in our library10.1021/jf205086b (opens in a new tab)
919.
Okokon J.E., Umoh E.E., Etim E.I., Jackson C.L. Antiplasmodial and antidiabetic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Heinsia crinata. J. Med. Food. 2009;12:131-136.
Not in our library10.1089/jmf.2008.0116 (opens in a new tab)
920.
Venkatesh S., Madhava Reddy B., Dayanand Reddy G., Mullangi R., Lakshman M. Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Helicteres isora roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats: A possible mechanism of action. J. Nat. Med. 2010;64:295-304.
Not in our library10.1007/s11418-010-0406-9 (opens in a new tab)
921.
Tripathi U.N., Chandra D. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative effect of aqueous extract of Momordica charantia pulp and trigonella foenum graecum seed in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 2010;47:227-233.
Not in our library
922.
Ma C., Yu H., Xiao Y., Wang H. Momordica charantia extracts ameliorate insulin resistance by regulating the expression of SOCS-3 and jnk in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Pharm. Biol. 2017;55:2170-2177.
Not in our library10.1080/13880209.2017.1396350 (opens in a new tab)
923.
Gupta R., Mathur M., Bajaj V.K., Katariya P., Yadav S., Kamal R., Gupta R.S. Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera in experimental diabetes. J. Diabetes. 2012;4:164-171.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00173.x (opens in a new tab)
924.
Villarruel-López A., López-de la Mora D.A., Vázquez-Paulino O.D., Puebla-Mora A.G., Torres-Vitela M.R., Guerrero-Quiroz L.A., Nuño K. Effect of Moringa oleifera consumption on diabetic rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018;18:127.
Not in our library10.1186/s12906-018-2180-2 (opens in a new tab)
925.
Pandey J., Maurya R., Raykhera R., Srivastava M.N., Yadav P.P., Tamrakar A.K. Murraya koenigii (L.) spreng. ameliorates insulin resistance in dexamethasone-treated mice by enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2014;94:2282-2288.
Not in our library10.1002/jsfa.6555 (opens in a new tab)
926.
Luo C., Zhang W., Sheng C., Zheng C., Yao J., Miao Z. Chemical composition and antidiabetic activity of Opuntia milpa alta extracts. Chem. Biodivers. 2010;7:2869-2879.
Not in our library10.1002/cbdv.201000077 (opens in a new tab)
927.
Vujicic M., Nikolic I., Kontogianni V.G., Saksida T., Charisiadis P., Orescanin-Dusic Z., Blagojevic D., Stosic-Grujicic S., Tzakos A.G., Stojanovic I. Methanolic extract of Origanum vulgare ameliorates type 1 diabetes through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity. Br. J. Nutr. 2015;113:770-782.
Not in our library10.1017/s0007114514004048 (opens in a new tab)
928.
Montefusco-Pereira C.V., de Carvalho M.J., de Araújo Boleti A.P., Teixeira L.S., Matos H.R., Lima E.S. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects of the leaf extract from Passiflora nitida kunth. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2013;170:1367-1378.
Not in our library10.1007/s12010-013-0271-6 (opens in a new tab)
929.
Jain S., Bhatia G., Barik R., Kumar P., Jain A., Dixit V.K. Antidiabetic activity of Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127:325-328.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.038 (opens in a new tab)
930.
Lima C.R., Vasconcelos C.F., Costa-Silva J.H., Maranhão C.A., Costa J., Batista T.M., Carneiro E.M., Soares L.A., Ferreira F., Wanderley A.G. Anti-diabetic activity of extract from Persea americana Mill. Leaf via the activation of protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141:517-525.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.026 (opens in a new tab)
931.
Ezejiofor A.N., Okorie A., Orisakwe O.E. Hypoglycaemic and tissue-protective effects of the aqueous extract of Persea americana seeds on alloxan-induced albino rats. Malays. J. Med. Sci. 2013;20:31-39.
Not in our library
932.
Mard S.A., Jalalvand K., Jafarinejad M., Balochi H., Naseri M.K. Evaluation of the antidiabetic and antilipaemic activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of Phoenix dactylifera palm leaves and its fractions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Malays. J. Med. Sci. 2010;17:4-13.
Not in our library
933.
Okoli C.O., Ibiam A.F., Ezike A.C., Akah P.A., Okoye T.C. Evaluation of antidiabetic potentials of Phyllanthus niruri in alloxan diabetic rats. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2010;9:248-259.
Not in our library
934.
Giribabu N., Karim K., Kilari E.K., Salleh N. Phyllanthus niruri leaves aqueous extract improves kidney functions, ameliorates kidney oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis and enhances kidney cell proliferation in adult male rats with diabetes mellitus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017;205:123-137.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.002 (opens in a new tab)
935.
Shabeer J., Srivastava R.S., Singh S.K. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of various fractions of Phyllanthus simplex in alloxan diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124:34-38.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.015 (opens in a new tab)
936.
Teugwa C.M., Mejiato P.C., Zofou D., Tchinda B.T., Boyom F.F. Antioxidant and antidiabetic profiles of two African medicinal plants: Picralima nitida (apocynaceae) and Sonchus oleraceus (asteraceae). BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013;13:175.
Not in our library10.1186/1472-6882-13-175 (opens in a new tab)
937.
Nabi S.A., Kasetti R.B., Sirasanagandla S., Tilak T.K., Kumar M.V., Rao C.A. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Piper longum root aqueous extract in stz induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013;13:37.
Not in our library10.1186/1472-6882-13-37 (opens in a new tab)
938.
Bhadoriya S.S., Ganeshpurkar A., Bhadoriya R.P.S., Sahu S.K., Patel J.R. Antidiabetic potential of polyphenolic-rich fraction of Tamarindus indica seed coat in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharm. 2018;29:37-45.
Not in our library10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0193 (opens in a new tab)
939.
Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the chloroform extract of <it>Terminalia </it>chebula Retz. seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats · 2006
Not checked
940.
Nagappa A.N., Thakurdesai P.A., Rao N.V., Singh J. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia catappa Linn fruits. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003;88:45-50.
Not in our library10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00208-3 (opens in a new tab)
941.
Mowla A., Alauddin M., Rahman M.A., Ahmed K. Antihyperglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and its use in diabetes mellitus: A brief qualitative phytochemical and acute toxicity test on the extract. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2009;6:255-261.
Not in our library10.4314/ajtcam.v6i3.57165 (opens in a new tab)
942.
Joshi D.V., Patil R.R., Naik S.R. Hydroalcohol extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed attenuates markers of inflammation and oxidative stress while improving exocrine function in diabetic rats. Pharm. Biol. 2015;53:201-211.
Not in our library10.3109/13880209.2014.913296 (opens in a new tab)
943.
Feshani A.M., Kouhsari S.M., Mohammadi S. Vaccinium arctostaphylos, a common herbal medicine in iran: Molecular and biochemical study of its antidiabetic effects on alloxan-diabetic wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133:67-74.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.002 (opens in a new tab)
944.
Michael U.A., David B.U., Theophine C.O., Philip F.U., Ogochukwu A.M., Benson V.A. Antidiabetic effect of combined aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina and metformin in rats. J. Basic Clin. Pharm. 2010;1:197-202.
Not in our library
945.
Herrera C., García-Barrantes P.M., Binns F., Vargas M., Poveda L., Badilla S. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of Witheringia solanacea in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133:907-910.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.003 (opens in a new tab)
946.
Meenakshi P., Bhuvaneshwari R., Rathi M.A., Thirumoorthi L., Guravaiah D.C., Jiji M.J., Gopalakrishnan V.K. Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Zaleya decandra in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2010;162:1153-1159.
Not in our library10.1007/s12010-009-8871-x (opens in a new tab)
947.
Jarald E.E., Joshi S.B., Jain D.C. Antidiabetic activity of extracts and fraction of Zizyphus mauritiana. Pharm. Biol. 2009;47:328-334.
Not in our library10.1080/13880200902752488 (opens in a new tab)
948.
Mancha-Ramirez A.M., Slaga T.J., Gupta S.C., Prasad S., Aggarwal B.B. Ursolic acid and chronic disease: An overview of ua’s effects on prevention and treatment of obesity and cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Anti-Inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Chronic Diseases. 2016;Volume 928.
Not in our library10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_4 (opens in a new tab)
949.
Christodoulou M., Tchoumtchoua J., Skaltsounis A., Scorilas A., Halabalaki M. Natural alkaloids intervening the insulin pathway: New hopes for anti-diabetic agents? Curr. Med. Chem. 2019.
Not in our library10.2174/0929867325666180430152618 (opens in a new tab)
950.
Pan G.Y., Huang Z.J., Wang G.J., Fawcett J.P., Liu X.D., Zhao X.C., Sun J.G., Xie Y.Y. The antihyperglycaemic activity of berberine arises from a decrease of glucose absorption. Planta Med. 2003;69:632-636.
Not in our library10.1055/s-2003-41121 (opens in a new tab)
951.
Gaikwad S.B., Mohan G.K., Rani M.S. Phytochemicals for diabetes management. Pharm. Crop. 2014;5:11-28.
Not in our library10.2174/2210290601405010011 (opens in a new tab)
952.
Cicero A.F.G., Baggioni A. Berberine and Its Role in Chronic Disease. 2016;Volume 928.
Not in our library10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_2 (opens in a new tab)
953.
Oza M.J., Kulkarni Y.A. Phytochemical and complication in type 2 Diabetes—An update. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2016;7:14-24.
Not in our library
954.
Lau Y.S., Tian X.Y., Mustafa M.R., Murugan D. Boldine improves endothelial function in diabetic db/db mice through inhibition of angiotensin II-mediated BMP4oxidative stress cascade. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2013;170:1190-1198.
Not in our library10.1111/bph.12350 (opens in a new tab)
955.
Lopez P.M., Mora P.G., Wysocka W., Maiztegui B., Alzugaray M.E., Zoto H.D., Borelli M.I. Quinolizidine alkaloids isolated from Lupinus species enhance insulin secretion. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004;504:139-142.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.09.008 (opens in a new tab)
956.
Wiedemann M., Gurrola-Díaz C., Vargas-Guerrero B., Wink M., García-López P., Düfer M. Lupanine improves glucose homeostasis by influencing KATP channels and insulin gene expression. Molecules. 2015;20:19085-19100.
Not in our library10.3390/molecules201019085 (opens in a new tab)
957.
Li G., Xu H., Zhu S., Xu W., Qin S., Liu S., Tu G., Peng H., Qiu S., Yu S., et al. Effects of neferine on CCL5 and CCR5 expression in SCG of type 2 diabetic rats. Brain Res. Bull. 2013;90:79-87.
Not in our library10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.10.002 (opens in a new tab)
958.
Guo C., Han F., Zhang C., Xiao W., Yang Z. Protective effects of oxymatrine on experimental diabetic nephropathy. Planta Med. 2014;80:269-276.
Not in our library10.1055/s-0033-1360369 (opens in a new tab)
959.
Atal S., Atal S., Vyas S., Phadnis P. Bio-enhancing effect of piperine with metformin on lowering blood glucose level in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Pharmacogn. Res. 2016;8:56-60.
Not in our library10.4103/0974-8490.171096 (opens in a new tab)
960.
Wang Q., Zhao Z., Shang J., Xia W. Targets and candidate agents for type 2 diabetes treatment with computational bioinformatics approach. J. Diabetes Res. 2014;2014:763936.
Not in our library10.1155/2014/763936 (opens in a new tab)
961.
Antidiabetic Properties of Naringenin: A Citrus Fruit Polyphenol · 2019
No notice
962.
Mackenzie T., Leary L., Brooks W.B. The effect of an extract of green and black tea on glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Double-blind randomized study. Metabolism. 2007;56:1340-1344.
Not in our library10.1016/j.metabol.2007.05.018 (opens in a new tab)
963.
Prasath G.S., Pillai S.I., Subramanian S.P. Fisetin improves glucose homeostasis through the inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes in hepatic tissues of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2014;740:248-254.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.065 (opens in a new tab)
964.
Fisetin Lowers Methylglyoxal Dependent Protein Glycation and Limits the Complications of Diabetes · 2011
No notice
965.
Prasath G.S., Subramanian S.P. Antihyperlipidemic effect of fisetin, a bioflavonoid of strawberries, studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2014;28.
Not in our library10.1002/jbt.21583 (opens in a new tab)
966.
Alkhalidy H., Moore W., Zhang Y., McMillan R., Wang A., Ali M., Suh K.-S., Zhen W., Cheng Z., Jia Z. Small molecule kaempferol promotes insulin sensitivity and preserved pancreatic b-cell mass in middle-aged obese diabetic mice. J. Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:532984.
Not in our library10.1155/2015/532984 (opens in a new tab)
967.
Wang G.G., Lu X.H., Li W., Zhao X., Zhang C. Protective effects of luteolin on diabetic nephropathy in stz-induced diabetic rats. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2011;2011:323171.
Not in our library10.1155/2011/323171 (opens in a new tab)
968.
Wang G., Li W., Lu X., Bao P., Zhao X. Luteolin ameliorates cardiac failure in type I diabetic cardiomyopathy. J. Diabetes Its Complicat. 2012;26:259-265.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.04.007 (opens in a new tab)
969.
Tsai S.J., Huang C.S., Mong M.C., Kam W.Y., Huang H.Y., Yin M.C. Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of naringenin in diabetic mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012;60:514-521.
Not in our library10.1021/jf203259h (opens in a new tab)
970.
Tang D.Q., Wei Y.Q., Yin X.X., Lu Q., Hao H.H., Zhai Y.P., Wang J.Y., Ren J. In vitro suppression of quercetin on hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial cells cultured by high glucose. Fitoterapia. 2011;82:920-926.
Not in our library10.1016/j.fitote.2011.05.001 (opens in a new tab)
971.
Li X.H., Xin X., Wang Y., Wu J.Z., Jin Z.D., Ma L.N., Nie C.J., Xiao X., Hu Y., Jin M.W. Pentamethylquercetin protects against diabetes-related cognitive deficits in diabetic goto-kakizaki rats. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34:755-767.
Not in our library10.3233/jad-122017 (opens in a new tab)
972.
Prince P., Kamalakkannan N. Rutin improves glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin diabetic tissues by altering glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2006;20:96-102.
Not in our library10.1002/jbt.20117 (opens in a new tab)
973.
Kappel V.D., Cazarolli L.H., Pereira D.F., Postal B.G., Zamoner A., Reginatto F.H., Silva F.R.M.B. Involvement of GLUT-4 in the stimulatory effect of rutin on glucose uptake in rat soleus muscle. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2013;65:1179-1186.
Not in our library10.1111/jphp.12066 (opens in a new tab)
974.
Hsu C.Y., Shih H.Y., Chia Y.C., Lee C.H., Ashida H., Lai Y.K., Weng C.F. Rutin potentiates insulin receptor kinase to enhance insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4 translocation. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014;58:1168-1176.
Not in our library10.1002/mnfr.201300691 (opens in a new tab)
975.
Paoli P., Cirri P., Caselli A., Ranaldi F., Bruschi G., Santi A., Camici G. The insulin-mimetic effect of morin: A promising molecule in diabetes treatment. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2013;1830:3102-3111.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.01.017 (opens in a new tab)
976.
Taguchi K., Hida M., Hasegawa M., Matsumoto T., Kobayashi T. Dietary polyphenol morin rescues endothelial dysfunction in a diabetic mouse model by activating the AKT/ENOS pathway. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2016;60:580-588.
Not in our library10.1002/mnfr.201500618 (opens in a new tab)
977.
Razavi T., Kouhsari S.M., Abnous K. Morin exerts anti-diabetic effects in human HEPG2 cells via down-regulation of miR-29a. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 2018.
Not in our library10.1055/a-0650-4082 (opens in a new tab)
978.
Pandey V.K., Mathur A., Khan M.F., Kakkar P. Activation of PERK-eiF2α-ATF4 pathway contributes to diabetic hepatotoxicity: Attenuation of er stress by morin. Cell. Signal. 2019;59:41-52.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.008 (opens in a new tab)
979.
Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)—Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism · 2017
No notice
980.
Abenavoli L., Izzo A.A., Milić N., Cicala C., Santini A., Capasso R. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases. Phytother. Res. 2018;32:2202-2213.
Not in our library10.1002/ptr.6171 (opens in a new tab)
981.
Jaggi A.S., Singh N. Silymarin and its role in chronic diseases. Drug Discovery from Mother Nature. 2016;25-44.
Not in our library10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_2 (opens in a new tab)
982.
Sheela N., Jose M.A., Sathyamurthy D., Kumar B.N. Effect of silymarin on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic nephropathy in rats. Iran. J. Kidney Dis. 2013;7:117-123.
Not in our library
983.
Meng S., Yang F., Wang Y., Qin Y., Xian H., Che H., Wang L. Silymarin ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting TGF-β1/smad signaling. Cell Biol. Int. 2019;43:65-72.
Not in our library10.1002/cbin.11079 (opens in a new tab)
984.
Mani R., Natesan V. Chrysin: Sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action. Phytochemistry. 2018;145:187-196.
Not in our library10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.016 (opens in a new tab)
985.
Amjid A., Ajaz A.G., Mohd M., Siddiqui W.A. Chrysin, an antiinflammatory molecule, abrogates renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. 2014;279:1-7.
Not in our library10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.007 (opens in a new tab)
986.
Taslimi P., Kandemir F.M., Demir Y., İleritürk M., Temel Y., Caglayan C., Gulçin İ. The antidiabetic and anticholinergic effects of chrysin on cyclophosphamide-induced multiple organ toxicity in rats: Pharmacological evaluation of some metabolic enzyme activities. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2019;33:e22313.
Not in our library10.1002/jbt.22313 (opens in a new tab)
987.
Ahad A., Mujeeb M., Ahsan H., Siddiqui W.A. Prophylactic effect of baicalein against renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats. Biochimie. 2014;106:101-110.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.006 (opens in a new tab)
988.
Hamid K., Alqahtani A., Kim M.-S., Cho J.-L., Cui P.H., Li C.G., Groundwater P.W., Li G.Q. Tetracyclic triterpenoids in herbal medicines and their activities in diabetes and its complications. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2015;15:2406-2430.
Not in our library10.2174/1568026615666150619141940 (opens in a new tab)
989.
Alqahtani A., Hamid K., Kam A., Wong K., Abdelhak Z., Razmovski-Naumovski V., Chan K., Li K.M., Groundwater P.W., Li G.Q. The pentacyclic triterpenoids in herbal medicines and their pharmacological activities in diabetes and diabetic complications. Curr. Med. Chem. 2013;20:908-931.
Not in our library
990.
Ammon H.P.T. Use of Boswellic Acids for the Prophylaxis and/or Treatment of Damage to and/or Inflammation of the Islets of Langerhans. U.S. Patent. 2015.
Not in our library
991.
Jadhav R., Puchchakala G. Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activity of flavonoids: Boswellic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, rutin on streptozotocin-nicotamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Int. J. Pharmcy Pharm. Sci. 2011;4:251-256.
Not in our library
992.
Han L., Li C., Sun B., Xie Y., Guan Y., Ma Z., Chen L. Protective effects of celastrol on diabetic liver injury via TLR4/myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway in type 2 diabetic rats. J. Diabetes Res. 2016;2016.
Not in our library10.1155/2016/2641248 (opens in a new tab)
993.
Wang C., Shi C., Yang X., Yang M., Sun H., Wang C. Celastrol suppresses obesity process via increasing antioxidant capacity and improving lipid metabolism. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015;744:52-58.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.043 (opens in a new tab)
994.
Celastrol, an NF-κB Inhibitor, Improves Insulin Resistance and Attenuates Renal Injury in db/db Mice · 2013
No notice
995.
Camer D., Yu Y., Szabo A., Huang X. The molecular mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic properties of oleanolic acid, its isomer and derivatives for type 2 diabetes and associated complications. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014;58:1750-1759.
Not in our library10.1002/mnfr.201300861 (opens in a new tab)
996.
Oleanolic acid reduces hyperglycemia beyond treatment period with Akt/FoxO1-induced suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis in type-2 diabetic mice. · 2012
Not checked
997.
Na M., Oh W.K., Kim Y.H., Cai X.F. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b by diterpenoids isolated from Acanthopanax koreanum. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006;16:3061-3064.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.053 (opens in a new tab)
998.
Ramirez-Espinosa J.J., Rios M.Y., Lopez-Martinez S., Lopez-Vallejo F. Antidiabetic activity of some pentacyclic acid triterpenoids, role of PTP-1B: In vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011;46:2243-2251.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.005 (opens in a new tab)
999.
De Melo C.L., Queiroz M.G., Fonseca S.G., Bizerra A.M. Oleanolic acid, a natural triterpenoid improves blood glucose tolerance in normal mice and ameliorates visceral obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2010;185:59-65.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.028 (opens in a new tab)
1000.
Ling C., Jinping L., Xia L., Renyong Y. Ursolic acid provides kidney protection in diabetic rats. Curr. Res. 2013;75:59-63.
Not in our library10.1016/j.curtheres.2013.07.001 (opens in a new tab)
1001.
Huang S.H., Lin G.J., Chu C.H., Yu J.C., Chen T.W., Chen Y.W., Chien M.W., Chu C.C., Sytwu H.K. Triptolide ameliorates autoimmune diabetes and prolongs islet graft survival in nonobese diabetic mice. Pancreas. 2013;42:442-451.
Not in our library10.1097/mpa.0b013e318269d076 (opens in a new tab)
1002.
Gao Q., Shen W., Qin W., Zheng C., Zhang M., Zeng C., Wang S., Wang J., Zhu X., Liu Z. Treatment of db/db diabetic mice with triptolide: A novel therapy for diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial Transplant. 2010;25:3539-3547.
Not in our library10.1093/ndt/gfq245 (opens in a new tab)
1003.
Jenkins D.J., Goff D.V., Leeds A.R., Alberti K.G., Wolever T.M., Gassull M.A., Hockaday T.D. Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: Decreased postprandial hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 1976;2:172-177.
Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92346-1 (opens in a new tab)
1004.
Doi K., Matsuura M., Kawara A., Baba S. Treatment of diabetes with glucomannan (konjac mannan). Lancet. 1979;1:987-988.
Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91777-x (opens in a new tab)
1005.
Kays S.J., Nottingham S.F. Biology and Chemistry of Jerusalem Artichoke: Helianthus tuberosus L. 2007;496.
Not in our library
1006.
Ma X.Y., Zhang L.H., Shao H.B., Xu G., Zhang F., Ni F.T., Brestic M. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), a medicinal salt-resistant plant has high adaptability and multiple-use values. J. Med. Plant Res. 2011;5:1272-1279.
Not in our library
1007.
Baur J.A., Pearson K.J., Price N.L., Jamieson H.A., Lerin C., Kalra A., Prabhu V.V., Allard J.S., Lopez-Lluch G., Lewis K., et al. Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature. 2006;444:337-342.
Not in our library10.1038/nature05354 (opens in a new tab)
1008.
Minakawa M., Miura Y., Yagasaki K. Piceatannol, a resveratrol derivative, promotes glucose uptake through glucose transporter 4 translocation to plasma membrane in l6 myocytes and suppresses blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic model db/db mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012;422:469-475.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.017 (opens in a new tab)
1009.
Uchida-Maruki H., Inagaki H., Ito R., Kurita I., Sai M., Ito T. Piceatannol lowers the blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2015;38:629-633.
Not in our library10.1248/bpb.b15-00009 (opens in a new tab)
1010.
Oritani Y., Okitsu T., Nishimura E., Sai M., Ito T., Takeuchi S. Enhanced glucose tolerance by intravascularly administered piceatannol in freely moving healthy rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2016;470:753-758.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.018 (opens in a new tab)
1011.
Jeong S.O., Son Y., Lee J.H., Cheong Y.K., Park S.H., Chung H.T., Pae H.O. Resveratrol analog piceatannol restores the palmitic acid-induced impairment of insulin signaling and production of endothelial nitric oxide via activation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 2015;12:937-944.
Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2015.3553 (opens in a new tab)
1012.
Vallianou N.G., Evangelopoulos A., Kazazis C. Resveratrol and diabetes. Rev. Diabet. Stud. RDS. 2013;10:236.
Not in our library10.1900/rds.2013.10.236 (opens in a new tab)
1013.
Szkudelski T., Szkudelska K. Resveratrol and diabetes: From animal to human studies. Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis. 2015;1852:1145-1154.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.013 (opens in a new tab)
1014.
Bagul P., Banerjee S. Application of resveratrol in diabetes: Rationale, strategies and challenges. Curr. Mol. Med. 2015;15:312.
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