Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 26, 2026.

A Genomotaxonomy View of the Bradyrhizobium Genus

Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo, Esperanza Martínez-Romero

Frontiers in Microbiology · 2019 · CC BY

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01334

Abstract

Whole genome analysis of the Bradyrhizobium genus using average nucleotide identity and phylogenomics showed the genus to be essentially monophyletic with seven robust groups within this taxon that includes nitrogen-fixing nodule forming bacteria as well as free living strains. Despite the wide genetic diversity of these bacteria no indication was found to suggest that the Bradyrhizobium genus have to split in different taxa. Bradyrhizobia have larger genomes than other genera of the Bradyrhizobiaceae family, probably reflecting their metabolic diversity and different lifestyles. Few plasmids in the sequenced strains were revealed from rep gene analysis and a relatively low proportion of the genome is devoted to mobile genetic elements. Sequence diversity of recA and glnII gene metadata was used to theoretically estimate the number of existing species and to predict how many would exist. There may be many more species than those presently described with predictions of around 800 species in nature. Different arguments are presented suggesting that nodulation might have arose in the ancestral genus Bradyrhizobium.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 26, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

Bradyrhizobium is one of the several genera of nitrogen fixing bacteria capable of forming symbiotic nodules in legumes. Bradyrhizobium strains were previously designated the slow growing Rhizobium and recognized as an independent genus in 1982. The number of species in Bradyrhizobium has increased largely in recent years1. Notably, there are photosynthetic bacteria among bradyrhizobia which need no Nod factors to induce nodules and this opened a new research area on plant nodulation. Non-symbiotic bradyrhizobia are dominant in forest soils.

Different Bradyrhizobium species are the main nodule symbionts of important crop legumes such as soybean, Lima bean or peanuts and have been isolated from nodules of many tropical and temperate legumes. The ancestral symbionts in Phaseolus could have been bradyrhizobia with a later symbiont shift to Rhizobium in nodules of some temperate Phaseolus species.

A large diversity of bradyrhizobia has been revealed with the sequence of few genes used as molecular markers. Within bradyrhizobia, 16S rRNA genes are known not to provide adequate sequence diversity to clearly recognize distinct species. For this, markers such as recA, glnII, atpD, dnaK, gyrB, and rpoB, have been frequently used to characterize bradyrhizobial species and strains. Novel markers such as ftsA gene provide congruent phylogenies to those derived from recA and glnII gene sequences. Bradyrhizobium diversity knowledge has expanded recently with studies from native legumes in Africa, from Brazilian and Indian Chamaecrista, from threatened native species in Brazil, from Genisteae plants in Poland, indigenous trees in China as examples. In addition, new bradyrhizobial species have been reported as well.

Additionally, some bradyrhizobial strains are capable of fixing nitrogen as endophytes of some plants. Growth-independent approaches have shown a broad distribution of bradyrhizobia associated with roots of many non-legume plants such as rice, maize and pines and bradyrhizobia have been found in plant tumors and also in earthworm and insect guts.

Nowadays there are publicly available genomes of 187 bradyrhizobial strains. Bradyrhizobia have characteristic large genomes with few plasmids and no symbiosis plasmids with one exception. In Bradyrhizobium chromosomes there are symbiosis islands which carry nod and nif genes that are responsible for nodulation and nitrogen fixation, respectively. Symbiosis markers that are commonly used toward symbiosis phylogenetic reconstructions are nifH and nod genes. In regard to nodulation genes, there is a large diversity of nodA or nodC genes and the phylogenies from these genes support a vertical and also a horizontal transfer of these genes among bradyrhizobia. Symbiovars in relation to host specificity have been identified for some bradyrhizobial species and novel symbiovars have been described.

Novel metrics to recognize species are based on genome analysis and average nucleotide identity, ANI and phylogenomics are proving to be very useful toward this goal. A phylogenomic study of Bradyrhizobium strains showed that the presence and type of flagellum are phylogenetically determined. Other phylogenomic-based studies have been reported for the beta-rhizobia highlighting the existence of novel genera. It is the aim of this work to use a similar genomic-based approach and present an up-dated global genomic-based analysis of the Bradyrhizobium genus to further support its taxonomic status. Previously, such a study was performed for Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Agrobacterium, shedding light on these genera taxonomical designations.

Phylogenomic Analysis

All Bradyrhizobium genome sequences available in GenBank as of December 2018 were retrieved. An all-versus-all average nucleotide identity (ANI) matrix was constructed using OrthoANI. Non-metric multidimensional analysis on the ANI matrix was performed with PAST to identify outlier genome sequences. Species-level clusters were defined at a 95% ANI cutoff value and representative genomes from each cluster were selected for further analysis. For the phylogenomic reconstruction, Prodigal was used for de novo prediction of protein-coding genes for each selected genome. Amino acid sequences of 31 conserved phylogenetic markers were retrieved from each genome using AMPHORA2 and aligned with muscle. Each alignment was processed with trimAl to identify and remove poorly aligned regions. All alignments were concatenated and a maximum likelihood phylogeny was constructed with PhyML. Tree node support was evaluated with bootstrap analysis of 1000 replicates.

Mobilome Analysis

The presence of plasmid replication systems in the sequenced genomes was evaluated by looking for homologs to the replication protein B (RepB) using BLASTP searches against a database of all the Bradyrhizobium proteins obtained in the previous section. The number and size of genomic islands in complete and almost complete genomes were determined with the IslandViewer 4 server.

Species Richness Analysis

Bradyrhizobium nucleotide sequences from the recombinase A protein (recA) and glutamine synthetase type II (glnII) genes were retrieved from the GenBank database and aligned using MAFFT. The multiple sequence alignments were trimmed with Bioedit recovering 336 or 454 bp fragments common to most recA or glnII sequences, respectively, shorter sequences were discarded. An all-versus-all identity distance matrix was constructed from the alignments with the dist.seqs command of mothur. Sequences were classified into species-level OTUs with the cluster command of mothur. OTU abundances were used to calculate species richness estimators with SpadesR2 and EstimateS3, and to construct rarefaction curves with PAST.

Bradyrhizobium Genomes in GenBank

One hundred and eighty-seven genomes of strains named as Bradyrhizobium were available in GenBank at the time of writing this manuscript in December 2018 (Supplementary Table 1). A non-metric multidimensional scaling graph of ANI values shared by these genomes allowed the identification of a core set of 180 related genomes plus 7 outliers (Figure 1). Upon examination of selected phylogenetic markers (rrs, recA, and/or glnII), only the 180 related genomes corresponded to bona fide bradyrhizobia. The outliers were misnamed strains belonging to other genera (see Supplementary Table 1 for details).

Based on a 95% cutoff ANI value, the 180 bona fide bradyrhizobial genomes in GenBank were grouped into 93 species-level clusters (referred here as OTUs), the majority of which (72%) were represented by only one sequenced strain (Table 1). Twenty nine type strains were present among the 180 sequenced bradyrhizobia. The most represented species were Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium canariense, each with 15 strains; followed by B. diazoefficiens and B elkanii with 9 and 8 strains, respectively. The abundance of sequences from species able to nodulate soybean indicates the bias toward genomic studies directed at symbionts from this agronomical important legume.

Phylogenomic Relationships in the Bradyrhizobiaceae

Besides Bradyrhizobium, other genera of the Bradyrhizobiaceae family with sequenced genomes are Bosea, Afipia, Rhodopseudomonas, Nitrobacter, Tardiphaga, Oligotropha, and Variibacter with 30, 24, 18, 6, 4, 3, and 1 sequences, respectively. A phylogenomic analysis of the family showed that most genera segregated as expected with the sole exception of Oligotropha and Afipia which intermingle (see Figure 2 for a condensed tree and Supplementary Figure 1 for a full tree). Bosea was the most distantly related genus in the family and its clustering with the other genera was not significantly supported by bootstrap analysis.

Intrageneric Structure of the Genus Bradyrhizobium

Two Bradyrhizobium superclades are recognized based on analysis of the 16S rDNA gene. Superclade I includes B. japonicum and related species while superclade II contains B. elkanii and allied species. The new phylogenomic analysis supports the existence of those clades but revealed a more complex structure within Bradyrhizobium with additional groups (see Figure 3 for a condensed tree and Supplementary Figure 2 for a full tree).

Superclade III encompassed several photosynthetic strains isolated from Aeschynomene indica, as well as Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum which also forms nodules in that legume. Bradyrhizobium denitrificans, which comprise photosynthetic bacteria able to nodulate A. indica, also belong to superclade III as shown by MLSA analysis. Members of superclade III were the first to be recognized as having the capacity to induce nodulation in the absence of the canonical nod genes.

Superclade IV includes strains isolated from several cultivated and wild legumes such as Phaseolus lunatus and Lupinus maria-josephi. Bacteria from this superclade closely group with B. elkanii in 16S rRNA phylogenies but its distinctiveness was first recognized by dnaK sequence analysis and MLSA and is now confirmed by phylogenomics. These bradyrhizobia have the characteristics of extra slow growth forming punctate colonies on YEM medium and usually strong alkali production.

Superclade V was formed by only two genomes one of them from strain Tv2a.2 from Tachigali versicolor, that was previously shown to occupy instable positions in the Bradyrhizobium phylogeny depending on the marker used. Superclade VI also grouped only two genomes including that of strain Ai1a.2 a representative of neotropical bradyrhizobia which possess a characteristic insertion in their 23S ribosomal gene sequence. Finally, superclade VII included a single strain, GAS401, which was isolated from a forest soil in the United States.

Several Genera Inside Bradyrhizobium?

The wide genotypic and phenotypic diversity within Bradyrhizobium may suggest that it includes several genera. As early as 1990, strains now classified in superclade IV, were proposed to constitute the separate genus Photorhizobium because of their photosynthetic abilities and induction of stem nodulation. The most up to date, although not officially recognized, identity threshold for genus circumscription based on the 16S rRNA gene is 96.4%. When applied to bradyrhizobia, superclade II strains are different enough to be considered a separate genus, however, the same threshold indicates that Bradyrhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Nitrobacter, and Afipia may constitute a single genus. Superclade II strains possess recombinant segments in their 16S ribosomal gene that explains their sequence divergence from other bradyrhizobia but this case of localized recombination with other bacteria do not justify their separation from the genus.

Recently, used the percentage of conserved proteins (POCP) as a genome metric for genus circumscription. According to their proposal, two bacteria may belong to the same genus if they share 50% or more of their proteins. In the case of Bradyrhizobium, all compared strains share >50% of their protein complements supporting a single genus. Different genera of the Bradyrhizobiaceae family had POCPs values between 40 and 50% except for most comparisons between bradyrhizobia and Rhodopseudomonas that can share more than half of their proteins. Thus, in general the POCP metric supports Bradyrhizobium as a single genus but indicate a close relationship with Rhodopseudomonas. Conservation of gene content may indicate not only phylogenetic relationship but also phenotypic similarity. Both Bradyrhizobium and Rhodopseudomonas include nitrogen fixing and photosynthetic strains, and, recently, a study suggest that Rhodopseudomonas can be mutualistic symbionts of some fungi. It will be worth to further explore the common features of both genera based on their genomic sequences.

Genome Size in Bradyrhizobium

Bradyrhizobia are considered bacteria with large genomes, however the range of genome sizes in the genus is still unknown. A graphic showing the size distribution of the 180 genome assemblies of Bradyrhizobium strains is shown in Figure 4. Since only 15 of the genome sequences correspond to strains with closed replicon(s), we determined if the remaining sequences represent partial or whole genomes. A completeness analysis with BUSCO revealed that the four smaller assemblies, all <2 Mbp, represented partially sequenced genomes. Information available from those genomes revealed that they are derived from single cells or metagenomes likely explaining their incompleteness.

The smallest sequence representing a complete genome, was 6.1 Mbp in size and corresponded to strain GAS165 isolated from a forest soil. This size is similar to that found in Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium genomes. The largest complete assembly (11.7 Mbp) was also from an isolate obtained from soil (strain GAS478). Interestingly, both GAS 165 and GAS478 strains which belong to superclade IV, lacked symbiosis genes which may indicate that genome size in Bradyrhizobium is not related to its ability to engage in symbiosis with legumes. It is worth noting that the largest bradyrhizobial genome is close in size to that of Sorangium cellulosum (13 Mbp) the bacteria with the largest known genome.

Most Bradyrhizobium strains had genome sizes between 7 and 10 Mbp with a mean size of 8.6 Mbp (Figure 4). When compared to other genera in its family, bradyrhizobia have the largest genomes (Figure 5) followed by Tardiphaga and Bosea, while the smallest genomes were those from Nitrobacter. The three genera with the biggest genomes can interact with plants. On the other hand the smallest genomes are found in metabolically limited bacteria like Nitrobacter, Oligotropha or Variibacter or in intracellular pathogens like Afipia. Thus, genome size in the Bradyrhizobiaceae seems to be related to lifestyle.

The Bradyrhizobium Mobilome

Given the large genome size in bradyrhizobia we wondered which the proportion of plasmids and genomic islands (GIs) was. Bradyrhizobia are typically regarded as unireplicon bacteria, however, strains with plasmids have been reported including a single case of a symbiosis plasmid. The presence of extra-chromosomal replicons was evaluated in the genome-sequenced strains by searching for genes coding for homologs of the plasmid partitioning protein RepB. We found repB genes in 35 genomes (Supplementary Table 2) with almost half of the strains (n = 17) possessing a single homolog which suggested the presence of a single plasmid. The remaining strains may harbor up to 6 plasmids, although it should be noted that a single plasmid could harbor two repABC operons. The few completely-sequenced plasmids ranged in size from 136 to 285 kbp which is a size range similar to that found by pulse-field gel electrophoresis analysis of plasmids in a diverse population of Bradyrhizobium. Plasmids can represent from 2.7 to 6.6% of the genome in a single strain. The sequence of the single Bradyrhizobium symbiosis plasmid known to date was reported as a scaffold that is larger than other plasmids in the genus (736 kbp) and which represents 9.4% of the corresponding genome.

Mobile elements in unireplicon bacteria are typically present as clusters of genes known as genomic islands (GIs). As mutualistic symbionts of legumes, bradyrhizobia typically possess nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes grouped in a symbiosis island (SI). The percentage of a Bradyrhizobium chromosome devoted to GIs was calculated using the Island Viewer 4 server applied on completely sequenced genomes (Table 2). It was found that from 5.2% and up to 17.8% of the chromosome can be regarded as the GI mobilome of individual strains.

How Many Species of Bradyrhizobium Would Be?

Another aspect related to the wide diversity found among bradyrhizobia is related to their species richness. Up to December 2018, forty one Bradyrhizobium species have been described. As previously mentioned, there would be 93 species among the genome-sequenced Bradyrhizobium strains, i.e., more than twice the number of presently described species. A quick survey of some of the studies published on Bradyrhizobium diversity in different regions like North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia suggest that the number of bradyrhizobial species must be larger than a hundred but the total number is yet unknown.

To estimate the number of potential Bradyrhizobium species we decided to treat the 5678 recA and 3575 glnII sequences available in the GenBank database as meta-samples of the worldwide population of bradyrhizobia. Although other phylogenetic markers have also been used to characterize bradyrhizobia, numbers of their available sequences were much lower in comparison to recA and glnII (2411, 1771, 1758, 1465 for dnaK, rpoB, atpD, gyrB, respectively). We refrain to use the 16S rDNA gene despite having a large number of sequences in the databases because it is already known that sequences of this gene are too conserved in bradyrhizobia to discriminate between species and in some cases are even unable to discriminate between Bradyrhizobium and closely related genera.

Pair wise comparisons between sequences from Bradyrhizobium type strains revealed that nucleotide identities of 98.2% for recA and 98.8% for glnII can be used as cutoff values to discriminate between currently described bradyrhizobial species. Using those cutoff levels, the worldwide sampled bradyrhizobia with sequenced recA genes can be clustered into 648 species-level OTUs while glnII data revealed 431 potential species. Rarefaction curves of both meta-samples did not leveled off (Figure 6) suggesting that there are still species to be discovered. Non-parametric richness estimation applied to both meta-samples indicated that there could be from 750 to 880 species of Bradyrhizobium in nature (Figure 7). It is worth noting that both meta-samples are composed primarily of root nodule isolates. Non-symbiotic bradyrhizobia inhabiting niches such as soil or rhizosphere, or as endophytes of non-legume plants may encompass additional species.

Bradyrhizobium, the Mother of Nodule Symbiosis in Legumes?

The large genomic and phenomic diversity, as well as the high number of predicted species may indicate that the Bradyrhizobium genus is old. Interestingly, up till now this is the only nodule bacteria genus that contains photosynthetic bacteria and rhizobia that do not need Nod factors for nodulation. It is notable that it contains some very efficient strains for nitrogen fixation but also many generalists that form nodules in tropical legumes which in general are considered to precede temperate legumes. Several authors have noted that more “primitive” legume plants form nodules predominantly with Bradyrhizobium, thus lending support to the hypothesis that these rhizobia are their ancestral symbionts. Similarly, in Phaseolus the ancestral symbionts were bradyrhizobia with a later symbiont shift to Rhizobium in nodules of some temperate species. The large diversity and number of different nod genes in bradyrhizobia may be suggestive that nodulation arose in bradyrhizobia. This has been a subject of discussion with alternative views placing the origin of nod genes in beta-proteobacteria based on Nod factor exporter gene phylogenies. Since these exporters are not strictly required for nodulation, we can suppose that accessory nod genes such as those for transporting Nod factors may be later additions after the emergence of common nodulation genes in Bradyrhizobium, then we may conciliate other possible origins for accessory nod genes.

During this article reviewing process, two papers that we must mention were published. The first one by stated that Bradyrhizobiaceae is an illegitimate name that needs to be replaced by Nitrobacteraceae because the latter contains Nitrobacter and was proposed earlier than Bradyrhizobiaceae and therefore takes precedence. Since this nomenclatural change did not affect our conclusions and because Bradyrhizobiaceae is how the family is still known, we choose to retain the name throughout this paper. However, we recognize that future studies will probably have to use Nitrobacteraceae as the proper family name. The second paper reported a phylogenomic analysis of bradyrhizobia and related taxa. Similar to our findings, confirmed the distinctiveness of the japonicum, elkanii and photosynthetic superclades and described additional infrageneric groups, albeit with some differences probably due to the use of different sets of genes for the phylogenomic reconstructions. In their analysis, our superclade IV was scattered in three groups named jicamae, soil 1 and soil 2; and our superclade VI was included in the elkanii group. In the first case we recognized that the larger number of genes used by in comparison to us, may have better resolved strains from our superclade IV, however, in the latter case we consider that superclade VI can be rightly segregated from the elkanii group by the presence of an insertion in their 23S ribosomal genes. Unlike us, tried to relate symbiotic and photosynthetic lifestyles with the infrageneric structure found within Bradyrhizobium but no clear relationship was found probably because those lifestyles are coded by accessory genes that can be gained and loss. On the other hand, our study includes aspects that were not covered by like species richness in Bradyrhizobium and the mobilome and putative plasmid content. We also provide a more thoroughly consideration of genome size in the Bradyrhizobiaceae and whether or not bradyrhizobia may be split into different genera. Thus, our analysis and those of provide complementary views on the highly diverse Bradyrhizobium genus.

Author Contributions

EO-O and EM-R contributed conception and design of the study. EO-O performed the bioinformatics analysis. Both authors analyzed the results and wrote manuscript, and contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References 97

  1. 1.

    Ahnia H. Bourebaba Y. Duran D. Boulila F. Palacios J. M. Rey L. (2018 ). Bradyrhizobium algeriense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from effective nodules of Retama sphaerocarpa from Northeastern Algeria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 41 333–339.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2018.03.004

  2. 2.

    Aoki S. Ito M. Iwasaki W. (2013 ). From beta- to alpha-proteobacteria: the origin and evolution of rhizobial nodulation genes nodIJ. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30 2494–2508.

    Not in our library10.1093/molbev/mst153

  3. 3.

    Araujo J. Flores-Felix J. D. Igual J. M. Peix A. Gonzalez-Andres F. Diaz-Alcantara C. A. (2017 ). Bradyrhizobium cajani sp. nov. isolated from nodules of Cajanus cajan. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 67 2236–2241.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijsem.0.001932

  4. 4.

    Aserse A. A. Räsänen L. A. Aseffa F. Hailemariam A. Lindström K. (2012 ). Phylogenetically diverse groups of Bradyrhizobium isolated from nodules of Crotalaria spp., Indigofera spp., Erythrina brucei and Glycine max growing in Ethiopia. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 65 595–609.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.008

  5. 5.

    Avontuur J. R. Palmer M. Beukes C. W. Chan W. Y. Coetzee M. P. A. Blom J. (2019 ). Genome-informed Bradyrhizobium taxonomy: where to from here? Syst. Appl. Microbiol. [Epub ahead of print].

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2019.03.006

  6. 6.

    Bejarano A. Ramirez-Bahena M. H. Velazquez E. Peix A. (2014 ). Vigna unguiculata is nodulated in Spain by endosymbionts of Genisteae legumes and by a new symbiovar (vignae) of the genus Bradyrhizobium. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 37 533–540.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2014.04.003

  7. 7.
    IslandViewer 4: expanded prediction of genomic islands for larger-scale datasets · 2017
    No notice
  8. 8.
    Genome Data Provides High Support for Generic Boundaries in Burkholderia Sensu Lato · 2017
    Not checked
  9. 9.

    Bunger W. Gronemeyer J. L. Sarkar A. Reinhold-Hurek B. (2018 ). Bradyrhizobium ripae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing symbiont isolated from nodules of wild legumes in Namibia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 68 3688–3695.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijsem.0.002955

  10. 10.

    Capella-Gutierrez S. Silla-Martinez J. M. Gabaldon T. (2009 ). trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics 25 1972–1973.

    Not in our library10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348

  11. 11.

    Cárdenas L. Dominguez J. Santana O. Quinto C. (1996 ). The role of the nodI and nodJ genes in the transport of Nod metabolites in Rhizobium etli. Gene 173 183–187.

    Not in our library10.1016/0378-1119(96)00166-7

  12. 12.

    Chaintreuil C. Giraud E. Prin Y. Lorquin J. Ba A. Gillis M. (2000 ). Photosynthetic bradyrhizobia are natural endophytes of the African wild rice Oryza breviligulata. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 5437–5447.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.66.12.5437-5447.2000

  13. 13.

    Chao A. (2005 ). “Species estimation and applications,” in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, eds Balakrishnan N. Read C. B. Vidakovic B. (New York, NY: Wiley), 7907–7916.

    Not in our library

  14. 14.

    Cobo-Diaz J. F. Martinez-Hidalgo P. Fernandez-Gonzalez A. J. Martinez-Molina E. Toro N. Velazquez E. (2014 ). The endemic Genista versicolor from Sierra Nevada National Park in Spain is nodulated by putative new Bradyrhizobium species and a novel symbiovar (sierranevadense). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 37 177–185.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2013.09.008

  15. 15.

    Cytryn E. J. Jitacksorn S. Giraud E. Sadowsky M. J. (2008 ). Insights learned from pBTAi1, a 229-kb accessory plasmid from Bradyrhizobium sp. strain BTAi1 and prevalence of accessory plasmids in other Bradyrhizobium sp. strains. ISME J. 2 158–170.

    Not in our library10.1038/ismej.2007.105

  16. 16.

    De Meyer S. E. Coorevits A. Willems A. (2012 ). Tardiphaga robiniae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus in the family Bradyrhizobiaceae isolated from Robinia pseudoacacia in Flanders (Belgium). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 35 205–214.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2012.02.002

  17. 17.

    De Meyer S. E. Willems A. (2012 ). Multilocus sequence analysis of Bosea species and description of Bosea lupini sp. nov., Bosea lathyri sp. nov. and Bosea robiniae sp. nov., isolated from legumes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62 2505–2510.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.035477-0

  18. 18.

    Degli Esposti M. Martinez Romero E. (2017 ). The functional microbiome of arthropods. PLoS One 12:e0176573.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0176573

  19. 19.

    Delamuta J. R. Ribeiro R. A. Menna P. Bangel E. V. Hungria M. (2012 ). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of Bradyrhizobium strains: revealing high diversity of tropical diazotrophic symbiotic bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol. 43 698–710.

    Not in our library10.1590/s1517-83822012000200035

  20. 20.

    Delamuta J. R. Ribeiro R. A. Ormeño-Orrillo E. Parma M. M. Melo I. S. Martínez-Romero E. (2015 ). Bradyrhizobium tropiciagri sp. nov. and Bradyrhizobium embrapense sp. nov., nitrogen-fixing symbionts of tropical forage legumes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 65 4424–4433.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijsem.0.000592

  21. 21.

    Delamuta J. R. M. Menna P. Ribeiro R. A. Hungria M. (2017 ). Phylogenies of symbiotic genes of Bradyrhizobium symbionts of legumes of economic and environmental importance in Brazil support the definition of the new symbiovars pachyrhizi and sojae. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 40 254–265.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2017.04.005

  22. 22.

    Delamuta J. R. M. Ribeiro R. A. Ormeño-Orrillo E. Melo I. S. Martínez-Romero E. Hungria M. (2013 ). Polyphasic evidence supporting the reclassification of Bradyrhizobium japonicum Group IA strains as Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63(Pt 9), 3342–3351.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.049130-0

  23. 23.

    Durán D. Rey L. Mayo J. Zúñiga-Dávila D. Imperial J. Ruiz-Argüeso T. (2014 ). Bradyrhizobium paxllaeri sp. nov. and Bradyrhizobium icense sp. nov., nitrogen-fixing rhizobial symbionts of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) in Peru. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64 2072–2078.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.060426-0

  24. 24.

    Eaglesham A. R. J. Ellis J. M. Evans W. R. Fleischman D. E. Hungria M. Hardy R. W. F. (1990 ). “The first photosynthetic N2-fixing Rhizobium: characteristics,” in Nitrogen Fixation: Achievements and Objectives, eds Gresshoff P. M. Roth L. E. Stacey G. Newton W. E. (Boston, MA: Springer), 805–811.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-1-4684-6432-0_69

  25. 25.

    Edgar R. C. (2004 ). MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 32 1792–1797.

    Not in our library10.1093/nar/gkh340

  26. 26.
    Whole Genome Analyses Suggests that Burkholderia sensu lato Contains Two Additional Novel Genera (Mycetohabitans gen. nov., and Trinickia gen. nov.): Implications for the Evolution of Diazotrophy and Nodulation in the Burkholderiaceae · 2018
    No notice
  27. 27.

    Fonseca M. B. Peix A. De Faria S. M. Mateos P. F. Rivera L. P. Simoes-Araujo J. L. (2012 ). Nodulation in Dimorphandra wilsonii Rizz. (Caesalpinioideae), a threatened species native to the Brazilian Cerrado. PLoS One 7:e49520.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0049520

  28. 28.

    Garrido-Sanz D. Redondo-Nieto M. Mongiardini E. Blanco-Romero E. Duran D. Quelas J. I. (2019 ). Phylogenomic analyses of Bradyrhizobium reveal uneven distribution of the lateral and subpolar flagellar systems, which extends to Rhizobiales. Microorganisms 7:E50.

    Not in our library10.3390/microorganisms7020050

  29. 29.

    Giraud E. Moulin L. Vallenet D. Barbe V. Cytryn E. Avarre J. C. (2007 ). Legumes symbioses: absence of Nod genes in photosynthetic bradyrhizobia. Science 316 1307–1312.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1139548

  30. 30.

    Gronemeyer J. L. Bunger W. Reinhold-Hurek B. (2017 ). Bradyrhizobium namibiense sp. nov., a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium from root nodules of Lablab purpureus, hyacinth bean, in Namibia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 67 4884–4891.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijsem.0.002039

  31. 31.

    Guindon S. Dufayard J.-F. Lefort V. Anisimova M. Hordijk W. Gascuel O. (2010 ). New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 59 307–321.

    Not in our library10.1093/sysbio/syq010

  32. 32.

    Hall T. A. (1999 ). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 41 95–98.

    Not in our library

  33. 33.

    Hammer O. Harper D. A. T. Ryan P. D. (2001 ). PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4 1–9.

    Not in our library

  34. 34.

    Helene L. C. F. Delamuta J. R. M. Ribeiro R. A. Hungria M. (2017 ). Bradyrhizobium mercantei sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing symbiont isolated from nodules of Deguelia costata (syn. Lonchocarpus costatus). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 67 1827–1834.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijsem.0.001870

  35. 35.

    Islam M. S. Kawasaki H. Muramatsu Y. Nakagawa Y. Seki T. (2008 ). Bradyrhizobium iriomotense sp. nov., isolated from a tumor-like root of the legume Entada koshunensis from Iriomote Island in Japan. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72 1416–1429.

    Not in our library10.1271/bbb.70739

  36. 36.

    Jaiswal S. K. Dakora F. D. (2019 ). Widespread distribution of highly adapted Bradyrhizobium species nodulating diverse legumes in Africa. Front. Microbiol. 10:310.

    Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2019.00310

  37. 37.

    Jordan D. C. (1982 ). Transfer of Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan 1980 to Bradyrhizobium gen. nov., a genus of slow-growing, root nodule bacteria from leguminous plants. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32 136–139.

    Not in our library10.1099/00207713-32-1-136

  38. 38.
    Genomic islands: tools of bacterial horizontal gene transfer and evolution · 2009
    No notice
  39. 39.

    Kalita M. Malek W. (2017 ). Molecular phylogeny of Bradyrhizobium bacteria isolated from root nodules of tribe Genisteae plants growing in southeast Poland. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 40 482–491.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2017.09.001

  40. 40.

    Kalita M. Malek W. (2019 ). The ftsA gene as a molecular marker for phylogenetic studies in Bradyrhizobium and identification of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. J. Appl. Genet. 60 123–126.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13353-018-0479-9

  41. 41.

    Kaneko T. Nakamura Y. Sato S. Minamisawa K. Uchiumi T. Sasamoto S. (2002 ). Complete genomic sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110. DNA Res. 9 189–197.

    Not in our library10.1093/dnares/9.6.189

  42. 42.

    Katoh K. Standley D. M. (2013 ). MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30 772–780.

    Not in our library10.1093/molbev/mst010

  43. 43.

    Kundig C. Hennecke H. Gottfert M. (1993 ). Correlated physical and genetic map of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 genome. J. Bacteriol. 175 613–622.

    Not in our library10.1128/jb.175.3.613-622.1993

  44. 44.

    Ladha J. K. So R. B. (1994 ). Numerical taxonomy of photosynthetic rhizobia nodulating Aeschynomene species. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 44 62–73.

    Not in our library10.1099/00207713-44-1-62

  45. 45.

    Le Roux C. Tournier E. Lies A. Sanguin H. Chevalier G. Duponnois R. (2016 ). Bacteria of the genus Rhodopseudomonas (Bradyrhizobiaceae): obligate symbionts in mycelial cultures of the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber brumale. Springerplus 5:1085.

    Not in our library10.1186/s40064-016-2756-6

  46. 46.

    Lee I. Ouk Kim Y. Park S. C. Chun J. (2016 ). OrthoANI: an improved algorithm and software for calculating average nucleotide identity. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 66 1100–1103.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijsem.0.000760

  47. 47.

    López-López A. Negrete-Yankelevich S. Rogel M. A. Ormeño-Orrillo E. Martínez J. Martínez-Romero E. (2013 ). Native bradyrhizobia from Los Tuxtlas in Mexico are symbionts of Phaseolus lunatus (Lima bean). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 36 33–38.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2012.10.006

  48. 48.

    Martín M. J. Herrero J. Mateos A. Dopazo J. (2003 ). Comparing bacterial genomes through conservation profiles. Genome Res. 13 991–998.

    Not in our library10.1101/gr.678303

  49. 49.

    Martínez-Romero E. (1994 ). Recent developments in Rhizobium taxonomy. Plant Soil 161 11–20.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijsem.0.003426

  50. 50.

    Martínez-Romero J. C. Ormeño-Orrillo E. Rogel M. A. López-López A. Martínez-Romero E. (2010 ). “Trends in rhizobial evolution and some taxonomic remarks,” in Evolutionary Biology: Concepts, Molecular and Morphological Evolution, ed. Pontarotti P. (Berlin: Springer), 301–315.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-3-642-12340-5_18

  51. 51.

    Martins da Costa E. Soares De Carvalho T. Azarias Guimaraes A. Ribas Leao A. C. Magalhaes Cruz L. De Baura V. A. (2019 ). Classification of the inoculant strain of cowpea UFLA03-84 and of other strains from soils of the Amazon region as Bradyrhizobium viridifuturi (symbiovar tropici). Braz. J. Microbiol. 50 335–345.

    Not in our library10.1007/s42770-019-00045-x

  52. 52.

    Menna P. Hungria M. (2011 ). Phylogeny of nodulation and nitrogen-fixation genes in Bradyrhizobium: supporting evidence for the theory of monophyletic origin, and spread and maintenance by both horizontal and vertical transfer. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61(Pt 12), 3052–3067.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.028803-0

  53. 53.

    Moulin L. Bena G. Boivin-Masson C. Stepkowski T. (2004 ). Phylogenetic analyses of symbiotic nodulation genes support vertical and lateral gene co-transfer within the Bradyrhizobium genus. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30 720–732.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00255-0

  54. 54.

    Okazaki S. Noisangiam R. Okubo T. Kaneko T. Oshima K. Hattori M. (2015 ). Genome analysis of a novel Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9 carrying a symbiotic plasmid. PLoS One 10:e0117392.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0117392

  55. 55.

    Okubo T. Fukushima S. Itakura M. Oshima K. Longtonglang A. Teaumroong N. (2013 ). Genome analysis suggests that the soil oligotrophic bacterium Agromonas oligotrophica (Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum) is a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Aeschynomene indica. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79 2542–2551.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.00009-13

  56. 56.

    Ormeño-Orrillo E. Rogel-Hernández M. A. Lloret L. López-López A. Martínez J. Barois I. (2012 ). Change in land use alters the diversity and composition of Bradyrhizobium communities and led to the introduction of Rhizobium etli into the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas (Mexico). Microb. Ecol. 63 822–834.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00248-011-9974-9

  57. 57.

    Ormeño-Orrillo E. Servín-Garcidueñas L. E. Rogel M. A. González V. Peralta H. Mora J. (2015 ). Taxonomy of rhizobia and agrobacteria from the Rhizobiaceae family in light of genomics. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 38 287–291.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.002

  58. 58.

    Ormeño-Orrillo E. Vinuesa P. Zúñiga-Dávila D. Martínez-Romero E. (2006 ). Molecular diversity of native bradyrhizobia isolated from Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) in Peru. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29 253–262.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2005.09.002

  59. 59.

    Parker M. A. (2000 ). Divergent Bradyrhizobium symbionts on Tachigali versicolor from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 23 585–590.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0723-2020(00)80034-x

  60. 60.

    Parker M. A. (2015 ). The spread of Bradyrhizobium lineages across host legume clades: from Abarema to Zygia. Microb. Ecol. 69 630–640.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00248-014-0503-5

  61. 61.

    Piromyou P. Songwattana P. Greetatorn T. Okubo T. Kakizaki K. C. Prakamhang J. (2015 ). The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a determinant for rice-endophyte colonization by non-photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium. Microbes Environ. 30 291–300.

    Not in our library10.1264/jsme2.me15080

  62. 62.

    Puozaa D. K. Jaiswal S. K. Dakora F. D. (2019 ). Phylogeny and distribution of Bradyrhizobium symbionts nodulating cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and their association with the physicochemical properties of acidic African soils. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 42 403–414.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2019.02.004

  63. 63.

    Qian J. Kwon S. W. Parker M. A. (2003 ). rRNA and nifD phylogeny of Bradyrhizobium from sites across the Pacific Basin. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 219 159–165.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00043-0

  64. 64.

    Qin Q.-L. Xie B.-B. Zhang X.-Y. Chen X.-L. Zhou B.-C. Zhou J. (2014 ). A proposed genus boundary for the Prokaryotes based on genomic insights. J. Bacteriol. 196 2210–2215.

    Not in our library10.1128/jb.01688-14

  65. 65.

    Ramírez-Bahena M.-H. Chahboune R. Peix A. Velázquez E. (2013 ). Reclassification of Agromonas oligotrophica into the genus Bradyrhizobium as Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63 1013–1016.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.041897-0

  66. 66.

    Ramirez-Bahena M. H. Flores-Felix J. D. Chahboune R. Toro M. Velazquez E. Peix A. (2016 ). Bradyrhizobium centrosemae (symbiovar centrosemae) sp. nov., Bradyrhizobium americanum (symbiovar phaseolarum) sp. nov. and a new symbiovar (tropici) of Bradyrhizobium viridifuturi establish symbiosis with Centrosema species native to America. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 39 378–383.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2016.06.001

  67. 67.

    Ramírez-Bahena M. H. Peix A. Rivas R. Camacho M. Rodríguez-Navarro D. N. Mateos P. F. (2009 ). Bradyrhizobium pachyrhizi sp. nov. and Bradyrhizobium jicamae sp. nov., isolated from effective nodules of Pachyrhizus erosus. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59 1929–1934.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.006320-0

  68. 68.

    Rathi S. Tak N. Bissa G. Chouhan B. Ojha A. Adhikari D. (2018 ). Selection of Bradyrhizobium or Ensifer symbionts by the native Indian caesalpinioid legume Chamaecrista pumila depends on soil pH and other edaphic and climatic factors. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 94:fiy180.

    Not in our library10.1093/femsec/fiy180

  69. 69.

    Richter M. Rossello-Mora R. (2009 ). Shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 19126–19131.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0906412106

  70. 70.

    Rivas R. Martens M. De Lajudie P. Willems A. (2009 ). Multilocus sequence analysis of the genus Bradyrhizobium. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 32 101–110.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2008.12.005

  71. 71.

    Rivas R. Willems A. Palomo J. L. Garcia-Benavides P. Mateos P. F. Martinez-Molina E. (2004 ). Bradyrhizobium betae sp. nov., isolated from roots of Beta vulgaris affected by tumour-like deformations. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 1271–1275.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.02971-0

  72. 72.

    Rogel M. A. Ormeño-Orrillo E. Martínez Romero E. (2011 ). Symbiovars in rhizobia reflect bacterial adaptation to legumes. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 34 96–104.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2010.11.015

  73. 73.

    Salmi A. Boulila F. Bourebaba Y. Le Roux C. Belhadi D. De Lajudie P. (2018 ). Phylogenetic diversity of Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating Calicotome spinosa in the Northeast of Algeria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 41 452–459.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2018.05.005

  74. 74.

    Sanchez-Cañizares C. Rey L. Duran D. Temprano F. Sanchez-Jimenez P. Navarro A. (2011 ). Endosymbiotic bacteria nodulating a new endemic lupine Lupinus mariae-josephi from alkaline soils in Eastern Spain represent a new lineage within the Bradyrhizobium genus. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 34 207–215.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2010.11.020

  75. 75.

    Santos J. M. Casaes Alves P. A. Silva V. C. Kruschewsky Rhem M. F. James E. K. Gross E. (2017 ). Diverse genotypes of Bradyrhizobium nodulate herbaceous Chamaecrista (Moench) (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) species in Brazil. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 40 69–79.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2016.12.004

  76. 76.

    Schloss P. D. Westcott S. L. Ryabin T. Hall J. R. Hartmann M. Hollister E. B. (2009 ). Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75 7537–7541.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.01541-09

  77. 77.

    Schneiker S. Perlova O. Kaiser O. Gerth K. Alici A. Altmeyer M. O. (2007 ). Complete genome sequence of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. Nat. Biotechnol. 25 1281–1289.

    Not in our library10.1038/nbt1354

  78. 78.

    Servín-Garcidueñas L. E. Zayas-Del Moral A. Ormeño-Orrillo E. Rogel M. A. Delgado-Salinas A. Sánchez F. (2014 ). Symbiont shift towards Rhizobium nodulation in a group of phylogenetically related Phaseolus species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 79 1–11.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.006

  79. 79.

    Sprent J. I. Ardley J. James E. K. (2017 ). Biogeography of nodulated legumes and their nitrogen-fixing symbionts. New Phytol. 215 40–56.

    Not in our library10.1111/nph.14474

  80. 80.

    Steenkamp E. T. Stepkowski T. Przymusiak A. Botha W. J. Law I. J. (2008 ). Cowpea and peanut in southern Africa are nodulated by diverse Bradyrhizobium strains harboring nodulation genes that belong to the large pantropical clade common in Africa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 48 1131–1144.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.032

  81. 81.

    Stepkowski T. Hughes C. E. Law I. J. Markiewicz L. Gurda D. Chlebicka A. (2007 ). Diversification of lupine Bradyrhizobium strains: evidence from nodulation gene trees. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 3254–3264.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.02125-06

  82. 82.

    Stepkowski T. Watkin E. Mcinnes A. Gurda D. Gracz J. Steenkamp E. T. (2012 ). Distinct Bradyrhizobium communities nodulate legumes native to temperate and tropical monsoon Australia. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 63 265–277.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.020

  83. 83.

    Tan Z. Hurek T. Vinuesa P. Muller P. Ladha J. K. Reinhold-Hurek B. (2001 ). Specific detection of Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium strains colonizing rice (Oryza sativa) roots by 16S-23S ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer-targeted PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 3655–3664.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.67.8.3655-3664.2001

  84. 84.

    Thakuria D. Schmidt O. Finan D. Egan D. Doohan F. M. (2010 ). Gut wall bacteria of earthworms: a natural selection process. ISME J. 4 357–366.

    Not in our library10.1038/ismej.2009.124

  85. 85.

    Tindall B. J. (2019 ). The name Bradyrhizobiaceae Garrity et al. 2006 contains Nitrobacter Winogradsky 1892 (Approved Lists 1980), the nomenclatural type of the family Nitrobacteraceae Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980), is illegitimate and proposals to alter the wording of Rule 54 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes to clarify the fact that the family name Bradyrhizobiaceae Garrity et al. 2006 is replaced by the family name Nitrobacteraceae Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980) the only correct name. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 69 998–1000.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijsem.0.003253

  86. 86.

    Van Berkum P. Leibold J. M. Eardly B. D. (2006 ). Proposal for combining Bradyrhizobium spp. (Aeschynomene indica) with Blastobacter denitrificans and to transfer Blastobacter denitrificans (Hirsch and Muller, 1985) to the genus Bradyrhizobium as Bradyrhizobium denitrificans (comb. nov.). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29 207–215.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2005.07.014

  87. 87.

    Van Berkum P. Terefework Z. Paulin L. Suomalainen S. Lindström K. Eardly B. D. (2003 ). Discordant phylogenies within the rrn loci of rhizobia. J. Bacteriol. 185 2988–2998.

    Not in our library10.1128/jb.185.10.2988-2998.2003

  88. 88.

    VanInsberghe D. Maas K. R. Cardenas E. Strachan C. R. Hallam S. J. Mohn W. W. (2015 ). Non-symbiotic Bradyrhizobium ecotypes dominate North American forest soils. ISME J. 9 2435–2441.

    Not in our library10.1038/ismej.2015.54

  89. 89.

    Vinuesa P. Leon-Barrios M. Silva C. Willems A. Jarabo-Lorenzo A. Perez-Galdona R. (2005a ). Bradyrhizobium canariense sp. nov., an acid-tolerant endosymbiont that nodulates endemic genistoid legumes (Papilionoideae: Genisteae) from the Canary Islands, along with Bradyrhizobium japonicum bv. genistearum, Bradyrhizobium genospecies alpha and Bradyrhizobium genospecies beta. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55 569–575.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.63292-0

  90. 90.

    Vinuesa P. Silva C. Lorite M. J. Izaguirre-Mayoral M. L. Bedmar E. J. Martínez-Romero E. (2005b ). Molecular systematics of rhizobia based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies inferred from rrs, atpD, recA and nifH sequences, and their use in the classification of Sesbania microsymbionts from Venezuelan wetlands. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 28 702–716.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.syapm.2005.05.007

  91. 91.

    Vinuesa P. Rojas-Jiménez K. Contreras-Moreira B. Mahna S. K. Prasad B. N. Moe H. (2008 ). Multilocus sequence analysis for assessment of the biogeography and evolutionary genetics of four Bradyrhizobium species that nodulate soybeans on the Asiatic continent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 6987–6996.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.00875-08

  92. 92.

    Willems A. Coopman R. Gillis M. (2001 ). Phylogenetic and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses of Bradyrhizobium species. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 111–117.

    Not in our library10.1099/00207713-51-1-111

  93. 93.

    Wu M. Scott A. J. (2012 ). Phylogenomic analysis of bacterial and archaeal sequences with AMPHORA2. Bioinformatics 28 1033–1034.

    Not in our library10.1093/bioinformatics/bts079

  94. 94.

    Xu L. M. Ge C. Cui Z. Li J. Fan H. (1995 ). Bradyrhizobium liaoningense sp. nov., isolated from the root nodules of soybeans. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 706–711.

    Not in our library10.1099/00207713-45-4-706

  95. 95.

    Yao Y. Sui X. H. Zhang X. X. Wang E. T. Chen W. X. (2015 ). Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei sp. nov. and Bradyrhizobium ferriligni sp. nov., isolated from effective nodules of Erythrophleum fordii. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 65 1831–1837.

    Not in our library10.1099/ijs.0.000183

  96. 96.

    Yao Y. Wang R. Lu J. K. Sui X. H. Wang E. T. Chen W. X. (2014 ). Genetic diversity and evolution of Bradyrhizobium populations nodulating Erythrophleum fordii, an evergreen tree indigenous to the southern subtropical region of China. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80 6184–6194.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.01595-14

  97. 97.

    Yarza P. Yilmaz P. Pruesse E. Glockner F. O. Ludwig W. Schleifer K. H. (2014 ). Uniting the classification of cultured and uncultured bacteria and archaea using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 12 635–645.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro3330

Cited by papers we hold 1

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.