No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 18, 2026.

Fungal Biodiversity and Their Role in Soil Health

Magdalena Frąc, Silja E. Hannula, Marta Bełka and 1 more

Frontiers in Microbiology · 2018 · Review

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00707

Abstract

Soil health, and the closely related terms of soil quality and fertility, is considered as one of the most important characteristics of soil ecosystems. The integrated approach to soil health assumes that soil is a living system and soil health results from the interaction between different processes and properties, with a strong effect on the activity of soil microbiota. All soils can be described using physical, chemical, and biological properties, but adaptation to environmental changes, driven by the processes of natural selection, are unique to the latter one. This mini review focuses on fungal biodiversity and its role in the health of managed soils as well as on the current methods used in soil mycobiome identification and utilization next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. The authors separately focus on agriculture and horticulture as well as grassland and forest ecosystems. Moreover, this mini review describes the effect of land-use on the biodiversity and succession of fungi. In conclusion, the authors recommend a shift from cataloging fungal species in different soil ecosystems toward a more global analysis based on functions and interactions between organisms.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 18, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Fungi in Soils

1Fungi are very successful inhabitants of soil, due to their high plasticity and their capacity to adopt various forms in response to adverse or unfavorable conditions. Due to their ability to produce a wide variety of extracellular enzymes, they are able to break down all kinds of organic matter, decomposing soil components and thereby regulating the balance of carbon and nutrients. Fungi convert dead organic matter into biomass, carbon dioxide, and organic acids (Figure 1). Many species of fungi possess the ability to act as an effective biosorbent of toxic metals such as cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc, by accumulating them in their fruiting bodies. Though these elements may inhibit their growth and affect their reproduction. The diversity and activity of fungi is regulated by various biotic (plants and other organisms) and abiotic (soil pH, moisture, salinity, structure, and temperature) factors. Fungi can be found in almost every environment and can live in wide range of pH and temperature.

2Soil fungi can be classified into three functional groups including: (1) biological controllers, (2) ecosystem regulators, and (3) species participating in organic matter decomposition and compound transformations. Ecosystem regulators are responsible for soil structure formation and modification of habitats for other organisms by regulating the dynamics of physiological processes in the soil environment. Biological controllers can regulate diseases, pests, and the growth of other organisms. For example, the mycorrhizal fungi improve plant growth by increasing the uptake of nutrients and protect them against pathogens.

3Fungal populations are strongly influenced by the diversity and composition of the plant community and in return affect plant growth through mutualism, pathogenicity and their effect on nutrient availability and cycling. Moreover, fungi participate in nitrogen fixation, hormone production, biological control against root pathogens and protection against drought. They also play an important role in stabilization of soil organic matter and decomposition of residues.

Methods and Recent Achievements in Studies of Soil-Borne Fungi

4The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) has facilitated a sea-change in the analysis of soil and plant-associated fungal communities. Standardized pipelines for preparing rhizosphere soil samples for Illumina sequencing are widely available and in a relatively short time following sampling, files with millions of sequences can be generated. Important points to consider when preparing samples for NGS are: sufficient biological replication, sufficient sequencing depth, adequate coverage of target organisms (i.e., primer selection and DNA extraction), and the avoidance of contamination and bias. There are multiple pipelines for the analysis of fungal NGS data available, so it is not data-analysis that is problematic, but the interpretation of results.

5Alpha-diversity, representing either the number of species or diversity indices that account for evenness, was proposed as an indicator for robust, healthy soil. However, it is open to question whether absolute diversity or functional diversity should be emphasized. Usually the second step in analysis is to look at beta-diversity to see the effects of treatment/manipulation on the fungal community. Recently, it has been shown that fungal biodiversity in soils is strongly affected by plant community, soil moisture, and the intensity of agricultural practices. Studies identified key fungal species affected by soil treatments, but it is unknown if results obtained from studies conducted on one particular soil and ecosystem can be used to infer trends and identify key fungal groups at a global or continental scale.

6Unlike the analysis of bacteria and archaea, where 16S rRNA is used as a barcode, fungi are usually identified based on the sequence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region allowing identification up to species level. Although in some cases, such as for soil-dwelling Fusaria, sequencing of additional genes, such as β-tubulin gene (β-Tub), and aminoadipate reductase gene (LYS2) was proposed to obtain the correct taxonomic identification at the species level, whereas others have suggested the use of Translation Elongation Factor. Many researchers have in-house databases for functional classification of fungi but recently online resources for functional annotation of fungi have been made publicly available.

7Species level identification is, however only the first step from ‘What is there?’ toward the question ‘What role does it play?’ (Figure 2). Identification neither implies the microorganisms are alive and active nor does it describe their function. To unravel the function of the community, either (shotgun) metagenomics, metatranscriptomics or time-intensive culture based methods combined with functional tests must be used. A fast, but coarse alternative to molecular methods is MicroResp or community level physiological profiles (CLPP) approach, which gives an indication on substrate use of the total microbial community. This method, however, does not identify the species responsible for the process. Increasingly, especially in studies where plant community is included alongside NGS approaches, microorganisms are isolated from the soils and plant roots for further functional testing.

8To construct a more complete picture of a soil fungi community their interactions with other organisms must be taken into consideration. Strong linkage was proved between functional soil biodiversity and the function of the soil ecosystem. Fungi interact with other soil organisms and thus changes in the fungal community have the potential to affect the function of the whole soil ecosystem. Analysis of the interactions in the soil can be achieved through indirect estimation of species interactions using co-occurrence networks or directly by using isotope tracers and/or gut content analysis.

Fungal Biodiversity and Their Functions in Soil Health of Agricultural and Horticultural Ecosystems

9The term ‘soil health’ is widely used in reference to sustainable agriculture, especially in the context of soil as a dynamic, living organism functioning holistically rather than as an inert substrate. Therefore, in this article we prefer to use the terminology of soil health, rather than soil quality, which is defined as the capacity of the soil to maintain environmental quality, sustain biological productivity, and promote animal, human, and plant health. In recent years the potential application of cultivating soil fungal biodiversity to improve soil quality and increase productivity of agricultural ecosystems has been highlighted as a new and very promising development in plant productivity, which may come be called ‘the 2nd Green Revolution.’ The implementation of such solutions may offer an alternative to the current overuse of fertilizers toward more sophisticated manipulations of plant productivity. Fungi participate in decomposition of organic matter and deliver nutrients for plant growth. Their role is very important in plant protection against pathogenic microorganisms as biological agents, which influences soil health. The assessment of fungal biodiversity as quality indicators cannot be limited only to the determination of biodiversity indexes, but also should include a structure analysis of fungal population in order to determine the functions they play in affecting soil quality and plant health. The use of different kinds of organic manure has a strong influence on soil health, through indirect effects (i.e., via changes in physicochemical characteristics) and a direct effect on soil fungal communities. Soil management is fundamental to all agricultural systems, and the reduction of soil degradation is a priority to sustain future production. This effect can be only achieved by taking soil fungal biodiversity into account. All cultural practices, such as the use of cover and rotational crops, composts and tillage systems, besides their known effects on soil-borne pathogens, are likely to affect also the other groups of soil fungi, especially beneficial fungal populations. It has long been known that the suppressiveness of soils can be enhanced by adding biopolymers such as chitin and its derivatives (i.e., chitosan). This suppressiveness is related to a change in the activity and structure of soil microorganisms. Therefore, we should utilize our knowledge on the interactions between different fungal groups and their ecology in the management of agricultural systems. It is worth mentioning that chitin addition to the soil increases bacteria and fungi that can degrade pathogenic fungal cell walls and can thus, increase the soil suppressiveness against plant pathogens. This might be a good alternative to fungicides that kill all fungi, including beneficial ones. Different tillage treatments can also impact soil fungi by soil disturbances that affect the functioning of fungal communities. Reduced tillage decreases the breakdown of hyphae causing fungal populations to remain more stable, retaining more nutrients and providing more suppressive effects against pathogenic microorganisms. Understanding and selecting the appropriate cultural practices, increasing fungal biodiversity, can prevent or decrease damage of root diseases and play a crucial role in the maintenance of soil quality and health. It should be taken into account that fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability, and productivity.

10Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most important class of beneficial microorganisms in agri- and horticultural soils (, Table 1). Significant increases in the yield of crop plants following inoculation with AMF have been observed in numerous experiments. The key effects of AMF symbiosis include: improvement of rooting and plant establishment, stimulation of nutrient cycling, improvement of soil structure, enhancement of plant tolerance to stresses, increased uptake of low mobility ions, and enhancement of plant community diversity. The diseases of crop plants can be controlled by some antagonistic fungi such as Glomus sp. or Trichoderma sp. suppressing fungal pathogens. Species of Trichoderma (T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. virens, and T. viride) are frequently used in biocontrol and are known as biostimulants for horticultural crops. Other positive effects of fungi on soil quality and plant health include inoculation by microbial consortia of AMF together with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and others such as N-fixing and P-solubilizing microorganisms. A synergistic, favorable impact of AMFs and PGPRs on horticultural plant growth and soil microbial diversity and activity has been reported.

11Besides beneficial fungi, agri- and horticultural ecosystems contain also plant pathogens. The major groups of soil-borne root pathogenic fungi and oomycetes constitute of genera Fusarium, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Phytophthora and many others, of global and local importance. The soil fungal diversity and methods of increasing it, particularly the populations of beneficial fungi within ecosystems should be used in practice for more sustainable plant production, decrease of chemical applications and protection of the soil environment.

Fungal Biodiversity and Their Functions in Soil Health of Grassland Ecosystems

12Soil microorganisms, including fungi are an important component of grassland ecosystems due to their biochemical activity and engagement in nutrient cycling. Grasslands provide many forms of ecosystem services including: supporting, provisioning, regulatory, and cultural services. Importantly, the role of biodiversity has been established as fundamental in ensuring the performance of ecosystem functioning. Grazing activities influence soil fungal community structure by changing edaphic conditions and the vegetation biodiversity in plant communities. It has been proven that moderate grazing sustains plants diversity while heavy grazing results in species loss. Furthermore, plant-fungal interactions can inhibit biodiversity in grasslands due to the production of different root exudates such as enzymes, organic compounds, and polysaccharides.

13Plant pathogenic fungi also have a large impact on plant diversity in grasslands by limiting the abundance of their hosts, affecting biomass production. The study by suggests that fungal pathogens could affect nutrient cycling in grasslands reducing the abundance of dominant grasses and enhancing the growth of legumes. Soil fungal communities in grasslands can also be influenced by human activities and the components of long-term fertilization and other treatments. Unlike in agricultural soils, where ascomycetes dominate, in grasslands, basidiomycetes are major decomposers of dead organic matter.

Fungal Biodiversity and Their Functions in Soil Health of Forest Ecosystems

14Knowledge of the soil chemical and physical properties has always been of interest to foresters to evaluate the capacity of sites and to increase forest productivity. Forest soils (including humus, litter, and coarse woody debris) are an important reservoir of microorganisms and soil biota that in turn influence carbon storage, soil structure, fertility, productivity, and plant/tree growth.

15Ectomycorrhizal associations are created by a specific group of plant families that includes the Pinaceae, Fabaceae, Betulaceae, and Fagaceae. The results of research obtained by, indicate a significant contribution by ectomycorrhizal mycelium to forest soil microbial biomass and by ectomycorrhizal roots to the production of extractable dissolved organic carbon, which is a carbon source for other microbes.

16During the processes of thinning, the transfer of nutrients from aboveground biomass to forest soil takes place. A higher concentration of nutrients comes from the green litter of thinned trees than litter returned to the forest floor after senescence or from the woody residue left on the ground after harvesting. Consequently, the quality and quantity of organic substrates presented to the soil fungal community by thinned and non-thinned forests may vary to a great extent. The community of soil microorganisms depends highly on organic matter as it provides a suitable environment and energy sources for them that are critical to maintain the nutritional quality and water-retaining capacity of forest soils. Soil organic matter is of key relevance in maintaining soil resistance and stability, although it is uncertain how deterioration of soil properties and changes in fungal communities affect the functional stability of soils. Degradation of soil properties followed by deforestation may lead to decreases in soil fungal diversity and functional stability.

Concluding Remarks

17Soil health conditions have a tremendous impact on environmental sustainability including sustainability in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Moreover, soil health is directly connected with the production of healthy food which impacts public and animal health. More research is required to find the best way to maintain fungal biodiversity in soil, taking into consideration fungal functions and ecosystem services, including disease control, contamination detection, and bioremediation. Having the right tools, and being able to both identify species and characterize their role in the environment is important. The ability to compare functional structures between ecosystems and predict responses to environmental changes and interventions would be a useful advance.

Author Contributions

18MF, SH, MB, and MJ: wrote, drafted, read, corrected, improved, revised, and accepted the last version of manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Statement

19The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References 97

1.
Abawi G. S. Widmer T. L. (2000 ). Impact of soil health management practices on soilborne pathogens, nematodes and root diseases of vegetable crops. Appl. Soil Ecol. 15 37–47.
Not in our library10.1016/s0929-1393(00)00070-6
2.
Allan E. Van Ruijven J. Crawley M. J. (2010 ). Foliar fungal pathogens and grassland biodiversity. Ecology 91 2572–2582.
Not in our library10.1890/09-0859.1
3.
Arnolds E. (2001 ). “The future of fungi in Europe: threats, conservation and management,” in Fungal Conservation - Issues and Solutions eds Moore D. Nauta M. M. Evans S. E. Rotheroe M. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 64–80.
Not in our library10.1017/cbo9780511565168.005
4.
Azcón-Aguilar C. Barea J. M. (1997 ). Applying mycorrhiza biotechnology to horticulture: significance and potentials. Sci. Hortic. 68 1–24.
Not in our library10.1016/s0304-4238(96)00954-5
5.
Bagyaraj D. J. Ashwin R. (2017 ). Soil biodiversity: role in sustainable horticulture. Biodivers. Hortic. Crops 5 1–18.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.001
6.
Baldrian P. (2003 ). Interactions of heavy metals with white-rot fungi. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 32 78–91.
Not in our library10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00245-4
7.
Bálint M. Schmidt P. A. Sharma R. Thines M. Schmitt I. (2014 ). An Illumina metabarcoding pipeline for fungi. Ecol. Evol. 4 2642–2653.
Not in our library10.1002/ece3.1107
8.
Bastida F. Torres I. F. Hernandez T. García C. (2017 ). The impacts of organic amendments: do they confer stability against drought on the soil microbial community? Soil Biol. Biochem. 113 173–183.
Not in our library10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.06.012
9.
Baum C. El-Tohamy W. Gruda N. (2015 ). Increasing the productivity and product quality of vegetable crops using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review. Sci. Hortic. 187 131–141.
Not in our library10.1016/j.scienta.2015.03.002
10.
Behnke-Borowczyk J. Kwaśna H. Bełka M. (2012 ). Molecular methods used in studies of diversity of the soil microorganisms. Sylwan 156 294–304.
Not in our library
11.
Blagodatskaya E. Kuzyakov Y. (2013 ). Active microorganisms in soil: critical review of estimation criteria and approaches. Soil Biol. Biochem. 67 192–211.
Not in our library10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.08.024
12.
Cai X. B. Peng Y. L. Yang M. N. Zhang T. Zhang Q. (2014 ). Grassland degradation decrease the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species in Tibet Plateau. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. 42 333–339.
Not in our library10.15835/nbha4229458
13.
Cardoso E. J. B. N. Vasconcellos R. L. F. Bini D. Miyauchi M. Y. H. dos Santos C. A. Alves P. R. L. (2013 ). Soil health: looking for suitable indicators. What should be considered to assess the effects of use and management on soil health? Sci. Agric. 70 274–289.
Not in our library10.1590/s0103-90162013000400009
14.
Cassman N. A. Leite M. F. A. Pan Y. de Hollander M. van Veen J. A. Kuramae E. E. (2016 ). Plant and soil fungal but not soil bacterial communities are linked in long-term fertilized grassland. Sci. Rep. 6:23680.
Not in our library10.1038/srep23680
15.
Castañeda L. E. Barbosa O. (2017 ). Metagenomic analysis exploring taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities in Chilean vineyards and surrounding native forests. PeerJ 5:e3098.
Not in our library10.7717/peerj.3098
16.
Chaer G. Fernandes M. Myrold D. Bottomley P. (2009 ). Comparative resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities and enzyme activities in adjacent native forest and agricultural soils. Microb. Ecol. 58 414–424.
Not in our library10.1007/s00248-009-9508-x
17.
Cookson W. R. O’Donnell A. J. Grant C. D. Grierson P. F. Murphy D. V. (2008 ). Impact of ecosystem management on microbial community level physiological profiles of postmining forest rehabilitation. Microb. Ecol. 55 321–332.
Not in our library10.1007/s00248-007-9278-2
18.
Creamer R. E. Hannula S. E. van Leeuwen J. P. (2016 ). Ecological network analysis reveals the inter-connection between soil biodiversity and ecosystem function as affected by land use across Europe. Appl. Soil Ecol. 97 112–124.
Not in our library10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.08.006
19.
Cretoiu M. S. Korthals G. W. Visser J. H. M. van Elsas J. D. (2013 ). Chitin amendment increases soil suppressiveness toward plant pathogens and modulates the actinobacterial and oxalobacteraceal communities in an experimental agricultural field. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79 5291–5301.
Not in our library10.1128/aem.01361-13
20.
Damon C. Lehembre F. Oger-Desfeux C. Luis P. Ranger J. Fraissinet-Tachet L. (2012 ). Metatranscriptomics reveals the diversity of genes expressed by eukaryotes in forest soils. PLoS One 7:e28967.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0028967
21.
Dawidziuk A. Popiel D. Kaczmarek J. Strakowska J. Jedryczka M. (2016 ). Morphological and molecular properties of Trichoderma species help to control stem canker of oilseed rape. BioControl 61 755–768.
Not in our library
22.
De Coninck B. Timmermans P. Vos C. Cammue B. P. A. Kazan K. (2015 ). What lies beneath: belowground defense strategies in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 20 91–101.
Not in our library10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.007
23.
Deacon L. J. Pryce-Miller E. J. Frankland J. C. Bainbridge B. W. Moore P. D. Robinson C. H. (2006 ). Diversity and function of decomposer fungi from a grassland soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38 7–20.
Not in our library10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.04.013
24.
Delgado-Baquerizo M. Powell J. R. Hamonts K. Reith F. Mele P. Brown M. V. (2017 ). Circular linkages between soil biodiversity, fertility and plant productivity are limited to topsoil at the continental scale. New Phytol. 215 1186–1196.
Not in our library10.1111/nph.14634
25.
Dengler J. Janisová M. Török P. Wellstein C. (2014 ). Biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands: a synthesis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 182 1–14.
Not in our library10.1016/j.agee.2013.12.015
26.
Ding J. Jiang X. Guan D. Zhao B. Ma M. Zhou B. (2017 ). Influence of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure application on fungal communities in a long-term field experiment of Chinese Mollisols. Appl. Soil Ecol. 111 114–122.
Not in our library10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.12.003
27.
Doran J. W. Jones A. J. (1996 ). “Soil quality and health: indicators of sustainability,” in Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. SSSA Special Publication Number 49 eds Doran J. W. Jones A. J. (Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America) XI–XIV.
Not in our library
28.
Doran J. W. Parkin T. B. (1994 ). “Defining and assessing soil quality,” in Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA Special Publication Number 35 eds Doran J. W. Coleman D. C. Bezdicek D. F. Stewart B. A. (Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America) 3–21.
Not in our library10.2136/sssaspecpub35.c1
29.
Characterization of Novel Trichoderma asperellum Isolates to Select Effective Biocontrol Agents Against Tomato Fusarium Wilt · 2015
Not checked
30.
Ferris H. Tuomisto H. (2015 ). Unearthing the role of biological diversity in soil health. Soil Biol. Biochem. 85 101–109. 26198432
Not in our library10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.037
31.
Frąc M. Jezierska-Tys S. Takashi Y. (2015 ). Occurrence, detection, and molecular and metabolic characterization of heat-resistant fungi in soils and plants and their risk to human health. Adv. Agron. 132 161–204.
Not in our library
32.
Frąc M. Weber J. Gryta A. Dêbicka M. Kocowicz A. Jamroz E. (2017 ). Microbial functional diversity in podzol ectohumus horizons affected by alkaline fly ash in the vicinity of electric power plant. Geomicrobiol. J. 34 579–586.
Not in our library
33.
Gałązka A. Gawryjołek K. Grządziel J. Frąc M. Księżak J. (2017 ). Microbial community diversity and the interaction of soil under maize growth in different cultivation techniques. Plant Soil Environ. 63 264–270.
Not in our library10.17221/171/2017-pse
34.
Gardi C. Jeffery S. (2009 ). Soil Biodiversity. Brussels: European Commission 27.
Not in our library
35.
Geiser D. M. del Mar Jiménez-Gasco M. Kang S. Makalowska I. Veeraraghavan N. Ward T. J. (2004 ). FUSARIUM-ID v. 1.0: a DNA sequence database for identifying Fusarium. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110 473–479.
Not in our library
36.
Girisha G. K. Condron L. M. Clinton P. W. Davis M. R. (2003 ). Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of green and freshly fallen radiata pine (Pinus radiata) needles. For. Ecol. Manag. 179 169–181.
Not in our library10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00518-2
37.
Gonzalez M. Pujol M. Metraux J. P. Gonzalez-Garcia V. Bolton M. D. Borrás-Hidalgo O. (2011 ). Tobacco leaf spot and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Mol. Plant Pathol. 12 209–216.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00664.x
38.
Goss M. J. deVarennes A. (2002 ). Soil disturbance reduces the efficacy of mycorrhizal associations for early soybean growth and N2 fixation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34 1167–1173.
Not in our library10.1016/s0038-0717(02)00053-6
39.
PIPITS : an automated pipeline for analyses of fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from the I llumina sequencing platform · 2015
No notice
40.
Hannula S. E. Morrien E. de Hollander M. (2017 ). Shifts in rhizosphere fungal community during secondary succession following abandonment from agriculture. ISME J. 11 2294–2304.
Not in our library10.1038/ismej.2017.90
41.
Hannula S. E. van Veen J. A. (2016 ). Primer sets developed for functional genes reveal shifts in functionality of fungal community in soils. Front. Microbiol. 7:1897.
Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2016.01897
42.
Forest floor community metatranscriptomes identify fungal and bacterial responses to N deposition in two maple forests · 2015
Not checked
43.
Högberg M. N. Högberg P. (2002 ). Extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelium contributes one-third of microbial biomass and produces, together with associated roots, half the dissolved organic carbon in a forest soil. New Phytol. 154 791–795.
Not in our library10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00417.x
44.
Huhe Y. C. Chen X. Hou F. Wu Y. Cheng Y. (2017 ). Bacterial and fungal community structures in loess plateau grasslands with different grazing intensities. Front. Microbiol. 8:606.
Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2017.00606
45.
Jayne B. Quigley M. (2014 ). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth and reproductive response of plants under water deficit: a meta-analysis. Mycorrhiza 24 109–119.
Not in our library10.1007/s00572-013-0515-x
46.
Jiménez-Morillo N. T. González-Pérez J. A. Jordán A. Zavala L. M. de la Rosa J. M. Jiménez-González M. A. (2016 ). Organic matter fractions controlling soil water repellency in sandy soils from the Doñana National Park (Southwestern Spain). Land Degrad. Dev. 27 1413–1423.
Not in our library10.1002/ldr.2314
47.
Johnson D. Vandenkoornhuyse P. J. Leake J. R. Gilbert L. Booth R. E. Grime J. P. (2003 ). Plant communities affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in grassland microcosms. New Phytol. 161 503–515.
Not in our library10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00938.x
48.
Joubert L. Pryke J. S. Samways M. J. (2017 ). Applied vegetation science 20 (2017) 340–351 moderate grazing sustains plant diversity in Afromontane grassland. Appl. Veg. Sci. 20 340–351.
Not in our library10.1111/avsc.12310
49.
Kibblewhite M. G. Ritz K. Swift M. J. (2008 ). Soil health in agricultural systems. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363 685–701.
Not in our library10.1098/rstb.2007.2178
50.
Klosterman S. J. Atallah Z. K. Vallad G. E. Subbarao K. V. (2009 ). Diversity, pathogenicity, and management of Verticillium species. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 47 39–62.
Not in our library10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081748
51.
Kurakov A. V. Kharin S. A. Byzov B. A. (2016 ). Changes in the composition and physiological and biochemical properties of fungi during passage through the digestive tract of earthworms. Biol. Bull. 43 290–299.
Not in our library
52.
Leff J. W. Jones S. E. Prober S. M. Barberán A. Borer E. T. Firn J. L. (2015 ). Consistent responses of soil microbial communities to elevated nutrient inputs in grasslands across the globe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 10967–10972.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1508382112
53.
Fungal community analysis by high‐throughput sequencing of amplified markers – a user's guide · 2013
No notice
54.
Liu J. Sui Y. Yu Z. Shi Y. Chu H. Jin J. (2015 ). Soil carbon content drives the biogeographical distribution of fungal communities in the black soil zone of northeast China. Soil Biol. Biochem. 83 29–39.
Not in our library10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.009
55.
López-Bucio J. Pelagio-Flores R. Herrera-Estrell A. (2015 ). Trichoderma as biostimulant: exploiting the multilevel properties of a plant beneficial fungus. Sci. Hortic. 196 109–123.
Not in our library10.1016/j.scienta.2015.08.043
56.
Lucas R. W. Casper B. B. Jackson J. K. Balser T. C. (2007 ). Soil microbial communities and extracellular enzyme activity in the New Jersey Pinelands. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39 2508–2519.
Not in our library10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.05.008
57.
Małecka I. Blecharczyk A. Sawińska Z. Swêdrzyńska D. Piechota T. (2015 ). Winter wheat yield and soil properties response to long-term non-inversion tillage. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 17 1571–1584.
Not in our library
58.
Michielse C. B. Rep M. (2009 ). Pathogen profile update: Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Plant Pathol. 10 311–324.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00538.x
59.
Soil networks become more connected and take up more carbon as nature restoration progresses · 2017
No notice
60.
Nguyen N. H. Song Z. Bates S. T. Branco S. Tedersoo L. Menke J. (2016 ). FUNGuild: an open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild. Fungal Ecol. 20 241–248.
Not in our library10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.006
61.
Öster M. (2006 ). Biological Diversity Values in Semi-natural Grasslands - Indicators, Landscape Context and Restoration. Doctoral dissertation, Stockholm University Stockholm.
Not in our library
62.
Pal A. Ghosh S. Paul A. K. (2006 ). Biosorption of cobalt by fungi from serpentine soil of Andaman. Bioresour. Technol. 97 1253–1258.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.043
63.
Phosri C. Polme S. Taylor A. F. S. Koljalg U. Suwannasai N. Tedersoo L. (2012 ). Diversity and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a dry deciduous dipterocarp forest in Thailand. Biodivers. Conserv. 21 2287–2298.
Not in our library10.1007/s10531-012-0250-1
64.
Porras-Alfaro A. Herrera J. Natvig D. O. Lipinski K. Sinsabaugh R. L. (2011 ). Diversity and distribution of soil fungal communities in a semiarid grassland. Mycologia 103 10–21.
Not in our library10.3852/09-297
65.
Porras-Alfaro A. Liu K. L. Kuske C. R. Xie G. (2014 ). From genus to phylum: large-subunit and internal transcribed spacer rRNA operon regions show similar classification accuracies influenced by database composition. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80 829–840.
Not in our library10.1128/aem.02894-13
66.
Prosser J. I. (2010 ). Replicate or lie. Environ. Microbiol. 12 1806–1810.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02201.x
67.
Prosser J. I. (2015 ). Dispersing misconceptions and identifying opportunities for the use of ‘omics’ in soil microbial ecology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13 439–446.
Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro3468
68.
Rillig M. C. Mummey D. L. (2006 ). Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytol. 171 41–53.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01750.x
69.
Rouphael Y. Franken P. Schneider C. Schwarz D. Giovannetti M. Agnolucci M. (2015 ). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi act as biostimulants in horticultural crops. Sci. Hortic. 196 91–108.
Not in our library10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.002
70.
Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses · 2014
No notice
71.
Santos-González J. C. (2007 ). Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Grasslands and Arable Fields. Doctor’s dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala.
Not in our library
72.
Schoch C. L. Seifert K. A. Huhndorf S. Robert V. Spouge J. L. Levesque C. A. (2012 ). Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for fungi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 6241–6246.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1117018109
73.
Schoenholtz S. H. Van Miegroet H. Burger J. A. (2000 ). A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality: challenges and opportunities. For. Ecol. Manag. 138 335–356.
Not in our library10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00423-0
74.
Schöler A. Jacquiod S. Vestergaard G. Schulz S. Schloter M. (2017 ). Analysis of soil microbial communities based on amplicon sequencing of marker genes. Biol. Fertil. Soil 53 485–489.
Not in our library10.1007/s00374-017-1205-1
75.
Sequence Depth, Not PCR Replication, Improves Ecological Inference from Next Generation DNA Sequencing · 2014
No notice
76.
Smith S. E. Read D. J. (2008 ). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 3rd Edn. London: Academic Press.
Not in our library
77.
Sun J. M. Irzykowski W. Jędryczka M. Han F. X. (2005 ). Analysis of the genetic structure of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary populations from different regions and host plants by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 47 385–395.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00077.x
78.
Swift M. J. (2005 ). “Human impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services: an overview,” in The Fungal Community its Organization and Role in Ecosystems eds Dighton J. White J. F. Oudemans P. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) 627–641.
Not in our library
79.
Tedersoo L. Bahram M. Põlme S. Kõljalg U. Yorou N. S. Wijesundera R. (2014 ). Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346:1256688.
Not in our library10.1126/science.1256688
80.
Thilagar G. Bagyaraj D. J. (2015 ). Influence of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and yield of chilly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India B Biol. Sci. 85 71–75.
Not in our library10.1007/s40011-013-0262-y
81.
Thomson B. C. Tisserant E. Plassart P. Uroz S. Griffiths R. I. Hannula E. S. (2015 ). Soil conditions and land use intensification effects on soil microbial communities across a range of European field sites. Soil Biol. Biochem. 88 403–413.
Not in our library10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.012
82.
Tian D. L. Peng Y. Y. Yan W. D. Fang X. Kang W. X. Wang G. J. (2010 ). Effects of thinning and litter fall removal on fine root production and soil organic carbon content in Masson pine plantations. Pedosphere 20 486–493.
Not in our library10.1016/s1002-0160(10)60038-0
83.
Treseder K. K. Lennon J. T. (2015 ). Fungal traits that drive ecosystem dynamics on land. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 79 243–262.
Not in our library10.1128/mmbr.00001-15
84.
Turner T. R. Ramakrishna K. Walshaw J. Heavens D. Alston M. Swarbreck D. (2013 ). Comparative metatranscriptomics reveals kingdom level changes in the rhizosphere microbiome of plants. ISME J. 7 2248–2258.
Not in our library10.1038/ismej.2013.119
85.
Uroz S. Ioannidis P. Lengelle J. Cébron A. Morin E. Buée M. (2013 ). Functional assays and metagenomic analyses reveals differences between the microbial communities inhabiting the soil horizons of a Norway spruce plantation. PLoS One 8:e55929.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0055929
86.
van der Heijden M. G. A. Klironomos J. N. Ursic M. Moutoglis P. Streitwolf-Engel R. Boller T. (1998 ). Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396 69–72.
Not in our library10.1038/23932
87.
van West P. Appiah A. A. Gow N. A. R. (2003 ). Advances in research on oomycete root pathogens. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 62 99–113.
Not in our library10.1016/s0885-5765(03)00044-4
88.
Wagg C. Bender S. F. Widmer F. Van der Heijden M. G. A. (2014 ). Soil biodiversity and soil community composition determine ecosystem multifunctionality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 5266–5270.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1320054111
89.
Wakelin S. A. Macdonald L. M. O’Callaghan M. Forrester S. T. Condron L. M. (2014 ). Soil functional resistance and stability are linked to different ecosystem properties. Austral. Ecol. 39 522–531.
Not in our library10.1111/aec.12112
90.
Wardle D. A. (2002 ). Communities and Ecosystems: Linking Aboveground and Belowground Components. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Not in our library
91.
Watanabe M. Yonezawa T. Lee K. Kumagai S. Sugita-Konishi Y. Goto K. (2011 ). Evaluation of genetic markers for identifying isolates of the species of the genus Fusarium. J. Sci. Food Agric. 91 2500–2504.
Not in our library10.1002/jsfa.4507
92.
Weiss S. J. Xu Z. Amir A. Peddada S. Bittinger K. Gonzalez A. (2015 ). Effects of library size variance, sparsity, and compositionality on the analysis of microbiome data. PeerJ 3:e1157v1
Not in our library10.7287/peerj.preprints.1157v1
93.
Winder R. S. Shamoun S. F. (2006 ). Forest pathogens: friends or foe to biodiversity? Can. J. Plant Pathol. 28 221–227.
Not in our library10.1080/07060660609507378
94.
Wolińska A. Frąc M. Oszust K. Szafranek-Nakonieczna A. Zielenkiewicz U. Stêpniewska Z. (2017 ). Microbial biodiversity of meadows under different modes of land use: catabolic and genetic fingerprinting. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 33:154.
Not in our library10.1007/s11274-017-2318-2
95.
Yang T. Adams J. M. Shi Y. He J. Jing X. Chen L. (2017 ). Soil fungal diversity in natural grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau: associations with plant diversity and productivity. New Phytol. 215 756–765.
Not in our library10.1111/nph.14606
96.
Zhou J. Jiang X. Zhou B. Zhao B. Ma M. Guan D. (2016 ). Thirty four years of nitrogen fertilization decreases fungal diversity and alters fungal community composition in black soil in northeast China. Soil Biol. Biochem. 95 135–143.
Not in our library10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.12.012
97.
Žifčáková L. Vetrovský T. Howe A. Baldrian P. (2016 ). Microbial activity in forest soil reflects the changes in ecosystem properties between summer and winter. Environ. Microbiol. 18 288–301.
Not in our library10.1111/1462-2920.13026

Cited by papers we hold 3

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.