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Promising Therapeutic Targets for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Jie Huang, Xuekun Fu, Xinxin Chen and 3 more

Frontiers in Immunology · 2021 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.686155

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic poly-articular chronic autoimmune joint disease that mainly damages the hands and feet, which affects 0.5% to 1.0% of the population worldwide. With the sustained development of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), significant success has been achieved for preventing and relieving disease activity in RA patients. Unfortunately, some patients still show limited response to DMARDs, which puts forward new requirements for special targets and novel therapies. Understanding the pathogenetic roles of the various molecules in RA could facilitate discovery of potential therapeutic targets and approaches. In this review, both existing and emerging targets, including the proteins, small molecular metabolites, and epigenetic regulators related to RA, are discussed, with a focus on the mechanisms that result in inflammation and the development of new drugs for blocking the various modulators in RA.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 19, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

1Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is classified as a systemic poly-articular chronic autoimmune joint disease that primarily affects hands and feet. RA is pathologically manifested as immune cell infiltration, hyperplasia of the synovial lining, pannus formation, and destruction of articular cartilage and bone. Although the exact etiology of RA is unclear, it is certain that genetic and environmental factors have influences on RA occurrence. At present, RA affects approximately 0.5% to 1.0% of the population worldwide, and in particular, females are at higher risk of the disease (two to three times than males). RA patients typically experience morning stiffness. If left untreated, they could appear small focal necrosis, adhesion of granulation, and fibrous tissue on the articular surface, which lead to progressive joint ankylosis, destruction, deformities, and disability.

2To date, a large number of clinical trials have been performed by scientists and clinicians for testing different types of agents in RA treatment. Some of these agents have been approved for daily clinical practice. In the first place, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including acetylsalicylate, naproxen, ibuprofen, and etodolac, are used to alleviate pain, swelling, and decrease inflammation. NSAIDs exert their actions by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of the cyclooxygenase (COX) involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG). Inhibition of COX-2 by NSAIDs blocks PG production at sites of inflammation, whereas inhibition of COX-1 in other tissues (platelets and the gastroduodenal mucosa) leads to common adverse effects of NSAIDs, such as bleeding and gastrointestinal ulceration. In addition, corticosteroids, like glucocorticoids, are another kind of potent anti-inflammatory drug, which modulates gene expression by binding to glucocorticoid receptors to display anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. However, their side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, ulcers, osteoporosis, and diabetes.

3Owing to the adverse effects of NSAIDs and corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a class of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory agents, are developed to prevent and relieve RA aggression. As the first treatment strategy, conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs like methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, chloroquine, and gold salts should be used as soon as RA is diagnosed. Notably, methotrexate is preferred for use in patients. csDMARDs are popular because of their low price and good efficacies. However, their mechanisms of action are not fully understood and multiple signal pathways could be involved. If a patient shows nonresponse for csDMARDs, biological (b) DMARDs or targeted synthetic (ts) DMARDs should be added. bDMARDs (i.e., adalimumab, infliximab, certolizumab, canakinumab, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and secukinumab) are monoclonal antibodies and have special targets like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-17. tsDMARDs also have special targets, for example, janus kinases (JAK) is the special target of tofacitinib, baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, and decernotinib.

4Although the above mentioned DMARDs have been quite successful in mitigating RA, it is still an undeniable fact that a significant proportion of patients could experience treatment failure, including nonresponse and limited efficacy. To achieve the maximum therapeutic effectiveness, rheumatologists recommend using combination therapy for RA patients. For instance, the combination of methotrexate and glucocorticoid can relieve RA in about 25% of patients within 6 months. If methotrexate plus glucocorticoid is insufficient, any bDMARDs or tsDMARDs can be recommended to add to csDMARDs, such as methotrexate plus tocilizumab, methotrexate plus rituximab, methotrexate plus tofacitinib, and so on. Apart from nonresponse, some DMARDs do cause adverse clinical effects, such as stomatitis, exanthema, diarrhea, anemia, pneumonia, and nephritis, further aggravating the disease condition.

5With the deepening of research and exploration, many molecules are identified to exert important roles and bring novel insights to prevent RA. For example, emerging protein targets like IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-4 have been revealed to have a strong implication with innate and adaptive immune response in RA. Small molecular metabolites, including prostaglandins (PGs), lipoxins (LXs), platelet-activating factor (PAF) and leukotrienes (LTs), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are also vital participants and mediators in the physiopathology of RA. Besides, an increasing number of studies show that epigenetic regulators play important roles in RA, like non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation, RNA methylation, and histone modifications. Up to now, researchers have explored and developed some new agents for RA according to these classical or emerging targets. This review searched literature published between 2005 and 2021 using keywords cytokines,” “chemokines,” “protein targets,” “small molecular metabolites,” and “epigenetics,” and summarizes recent advances in these novel targets. The review provides insights that contribute to future directions and drug discoveries for the treatment of RA.

Protein Targets for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

6Currently, many agents aiming at various protein targets have been explored and tested to ease the progression of RA, and some agents have been used in the clinic to treat RA patients ( Table 1 ). In addition to cytokine targets and chemokine targets, several important proteins participate in inflammatory cellular pathways as well, such as JAK and IRAK-4.

Cytokine Targets

7Cytokines have long been explored and studied as potential targets of RA because cytokines are directly involved in the RA process, which can be classified as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines based on their different functions against antigen response.

8Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, interferon (IFN)-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have been found to govern inflammation in RA occurrence. The level of these cytokines elevated in the synovium, synovial fluid, serum, or peripheral blood of RA patients. In addition, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, and GM-CSF have a strong relation to rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) seropositivity, and RA activity, which could become diagnostic biomarkers for RA. IL-7 would also be taken as a diagnostic biomarker for early RA because of the different levels in the stages of RA occurrence.

9Macrophages can secrete various cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-18, IL-23. TNF-α can induce the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and synovial cells by activating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and extracellular regulated protein kinases (Erk)-1/2-E26 transformation-specific (ETS)-1 signaling pathway, respectively, resulting in the secretion of a variety of inflammatory mediators like IL-6, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, and MMP-3 to increase inflammation. IL-1β enhances MMPs production and the adhesion of leukocytes to RA FLS by activating ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), apetala (AP)-1, and NF-κB. IL-6 causes bone resorption and cartilage degeneration by inducing the production of MMPs and NF-κB ligand (RANKL) receptors. Blockade of IL-7 ameliorates joint inflammation by reducing T cells trafficking and proinflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MMPs. IL-15 increases the level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II on macrophages to result in enhancing proliferation of antigen-specific cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells. IL-18 acts in synergy with IL-12 to stimulate T cells production of IFN-γ, which in turn stimulates synovial macrophages to produce TNF-α and IL-1β, leading to joint inflammation and cartilage destruction. IL-23-induced synovial inflammation is primarily linked to the activation of JAK-STAT, tyrosine kinase 2, NF-κB, and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs). IL-17 produced by T helper (Th) 17 cells upregulates RANKL expression, which is dependent on the IL-17/IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA)/STAT-3 signaling cascade in FLS. IFN-γ is produced mainly by nature killing (NK) cells and increases CD31 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, resulting in the expansion of innate immune cell infiltration. Th1 cells are the predominant Th cell subset to produce GM-CSF, which can upregulate macrophage/monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) numbers via GM-CSFR signaling. Understanding these mechanisms is beneficial for the development of agents in RA. As Table 1 shows, many agents aiming at different cytokine targets have been developed and applied in practice, such as TNF inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors, IL-1 inhibitors, IL-15 inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors, and so on. Most of these agents act as inhibitors to affect downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines by blocking the corresponding targets, reducing symptoms and pain ( Figure 1 ). For example, adalimumab as a TNF inhibitor blocks the bind of TNF and its receptors to reduce cytokines (like MMP-1 and MMP-3)-driven inflammatory processes, which suppresses the destruction of cartilage and bone.

10On the other hand, several cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β, exert anti-inflammatory effects in RA. Unsurprisingly, serum IL-10 level is remarkably lower in RA patients. A higher expression of IL-4 and IL-13 is uncovered in the synovial fluid of early RA rather than established RA, which means IL-4 and IL-13 would be the diagnostic biomarkers for early RA patients. However, the level of TGF-β is high in the FLS and synovial fluids from RA patients.

11As anti-inflammatory factors, the injection of L-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, or their agonist can play therapeutic roles. IL-4 secreted by activated T cells has anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting VEGF production in RA FLS, which helps relieve RA. IL-10, produced by regulatory T (Treg) cells, suppresses Th17 cells and promotes Treg cells in the CD4+ T cells population. IL-13 is a cytokine of Th2 cell-mediated immune response. IL-13 exerts its anti-angiogenic function via activation of protein kinase C (PKC) α/β II and ERK-1/2, with concomitant down-regulation of the NF-κB/p65 pathway, and it also can reduce the death of chondrocytes to protect the cartilage from destruction probably because of the reduction of Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is principally expressed by macrophages and T lymphocytes. TGF-β1 promotes FLS migration and invasion by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via activating Smad-2/3 in RA. Clinical trials observed that dekavil (an agonist of IL-10) shows a significant efficacy in RA patients ( Figure 1 ). These types of agents (agonist) can bind and initiate receptors to induce corresponding target reactions.

Chemokine Targets

12It is reported that chemokines are involved in the underlying pathogenesis of RA by recruiting leukocyte and affecting angiogenesis. Chemokines are divided into four categories based on different structures, which are as follows: CXC chemokines, CC chemokines, XC−chemokines, and CX3C chemokines.

13CXC chemokines, including CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL12, CXCL13, and CXCL16, have been identified with abnormal expression levels in synovial fluids, synovial tissues, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells of RA patients. In addition, CXC chemokine receptors also implicate in RA, such as CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6, and CXCR8. The level of these receptors is higher in RA patients than in healthy controls.

14CXC chemokines,like CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCR1, and CXCR2, generally, are involved in neutrophil chemotaxis, but CXCL10 and CXCL13 promote effector T cells and B cells recruitment into the joint, respectively. CXCL12, CXCL16, and CXCR6 increase the endothelial progenitor cell recruitment and blood vessel formation in the RA joint. CXCR3, CXCR4, and CXCR5 enhance Th1 cells, lymphocytes, B cells, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells into joint, respectively. However, CXCL9 can diminish neutrophil recruitment of joints. As shown in Table 1, inhibitors or antagonists of these targets have shown good results in animals, such as CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCL10, CXCL12, and CXCL13, especially the antibody of CXCL10 (MDX-1100) has entered clinical trials ( Figure 2 ).

15CC chemokines including CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, CCL14, CCL16, CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, and CCL25 are abnormally expressed in plasma and synovia in RA. Levels of some CC chemokines are significantly correlated with the swollen joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reaction protein (CRP), like CCL2, CCL5, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19. Besides, the synovium also is rich in CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR9, and CCR10 in RA. CCR2, CCR4, and CCR6 are proven to positively implicate disease activity in RA.

16In RA, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCR1, CCR2, CCR5-7, CCR9, and CCR10 induce monocytes to enter the joint synovial. CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL25, CCR5, and CCR6 recruit T cells into the joint. CCL20 induces B cells, and CCL14, CCL16, CCR3 recruit endothelial cells to enter into the inflamed joint. CCL13 has chemoattractant activity for both human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CCR4 can attract skin-specific memory T cells to enter the joints. CCR9 can also increase the number of dendritic cells in the joint. Researchers find blocking or reducing these CC chemokines and their receptors, such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCR1-5, CCR9, and CCR10, can ameliorate tissue swelling and bone erosion. Among them, CCL2, CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 have achieved good clinical results ( Figure 2 ).

17XC- chemokines and their receptors (like XCL1, XCR1), CX3C chemokines and their receptors (like CX3CL1 and CX3CR1) have an up-regulation in mononuclear cells (MNCs) and FLS, respectively, in RA patients. Many inflammatory chemokines are mainly produced by synovial macrophages and FLS in the joints of RA patients, whereas CX3CL1 is produced by synovial endothelial cells. XC and CX3C chemokines are involved in the recruitment of T cells and synovial fibroblasts. Moreover, CX3CL1 and XCL1 also promote the migration of monocytes and subchondral mesenchymal progenitor cells, respectively, into RA synovium. Currently, a clinical trial of E6011 (an anti-CX3CL1 mAb) has been demonstrated to have a promising role in active RA patients ( Figure 2 ).

Other Protein Targets

18Similar to the cytokine targets described above, many other important proteins also play remarkable roles in the pathogenesis of RA, and corresponding agents have been used in clinical settings as part of continuous research into treating RA ( Table 1 ).

19In a large number of experiments, JAK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK, JNK, IRAK-4, MMPs, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-2, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), CD3, CD11a, CD19, CD20, and CD80 are demonstrated as examples of such important proteins in RA. JAK are a part of the JAK/STAT pathway, and this signaling is continuously activated, resulting in the elevated level of MMPs and apoptotic chondrocytes in RA synovial joints. p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK activations are almost exclusively found in synovial. As a member of the MAPK family, p38MAPK, ERK, JNK are activated by MAPKK to influence pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1. Specifically, p38MAPK may phosphorylate MAPKAP2, which in turn affects downstream cells. JNK involves in effector T cells function by stimulating Th1 differentiation in RA synovial tissue. IRAK-4 is an essential protein kinase in mediating pathogen recognition and local cytokine release (like IL-1, IL-6, TNF) through TLR and IL-1R signaling. Furthermore, the activity of IRAK-4 kinase regulates Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases like RA through the involvement of Th17 differentiation. MMPs break cartilage and bone by degrading all components of the extracellular matrix. TLR4 can enhance the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6 and IL-17, by binding with exogenous ligands, like peptidoglycan, in FLS and peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) from RA patients, and trigger cartilage inflammation and degeneration. GRK2 prevents the shift of M1 into M2 macrophages by mediating PGE2-EP4-cAMP-CREB signaling in synovial macrophages. BTK activation induces B cells survival, proliferation, and differentiation by the SYK-BTK axis, which is an attractive therapeutic target for RA. CD3 expressed by mature T cells and thymocytes can activate T cells signaling and regulate TCR expression by the formation of T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex. As an adhesion molecule, CD11a can facilitate the recruitment and entry of T cells into the synovial tissue via LFA-1(CD11a/CD18)/intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 pathway. CD19 amplifies the activation of Lyn and Src-family protein tyrosine kinases, thereby enhancing the signals generated by the B-cell antigen receptor to regulate B-cell development, activation, and differentiation. Although the biological activity of CD20 and CD80 are not fully elucidated, CD20 allows specific and effective B-cell depletion and CD80 involves in T cell co−stimulation. Inhibitors for these abovementioned protein targets have entered clinical trials ( Figure 1 ).

Small Molecular Metabolite Targets for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

20Previous research has shown that small molecular metabolites, like PGs, LTs, LXs, PAF, ROS, and NO, support to induce, maintain, or relieve inflammation in RA. Therefore, such compounds could be potential therapeutic targets ( Table 2 ).

PGs Targets

21In some reports, the key function of PGs is shown in physiological immune responses and pathological conditions related to inflammation and tissue damage. The expressions of PGs, including PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, PGJ2, and TXA2, are abnormal in RA. It is worth noting that PGD2 and PGJ2 are anti-inflammatory small molecules. The binding of PGD2 to DP1(a PGD receptor) inhibits IL-1–induced production of MMP-1 and MMP-13 by chondrocytes. It is likely that PGJ2 decreases the production of IL-1β and reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the NF-κB pathway. 15d-PGJ2, as the metabolite of PGD2, ameliorates disease through the suppression of Th17 cells and the induction of CD4+CD25-FOXP3 +cells. PGE2 enhances cyclic AMP production by an EP4 (a PGE2 receptor)-dependent mechanism to increase immune inflammation. Although the mechanism of PGF2α in RA is unclear, it can prevent cell proliferation, inflammation, tissue remodeling via MMP-3, and angiogenesis via VEGF. PGI2 probably increases Th2 cell function by IP (PGI2 receptor) to reduce the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. The TP receptor antagonist (SQ29548) inhibits both cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and FLS proliferation, and TP agonist U46619 enhances them. Therefore, TXA2 exerts its function probably through the IP-COX-2 pathway ( Figure 3 ).

LTs Targets

22In the LTs family, LTB-4 and cysteinyl (Cys)LT-1 are involved in the inflammatory response of RA. Synovial fluid LTB4 levels are upregulated in RA patients. Although the underlying mechanism of LTs is not rather clear, some trials show their function in RA. The major effect of LTB4 and its receptor is to enhance the movement of leucocytes from the circulation toward the site of tissue damage. An antagonist of LTB4 receptor, BIIL 284 inhibits the LTB4-stimulated expression of Mac-1 on neutrophils in RA patients. A potent CysLT1 receptor antagonist, montelukast inhibits the activation of the NF-κB pathway and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in FLS, next to reducing the disease incidence and its activity. These results mean that the inhibition of CysLT1 and LTB4 receptors would be a potential and promising new therapeutic method to prevent inflammation and disease progression in RA patients ( Figure 3 ).

LXs Targets

23The family of LXs, like LXA4 and LXB4, generated from arachidonic acid display anti-inflammatory activities. LXA4 can decrease memory B-cell response via engagement of lipoxin A4 receptor (ALX)/formyl peptide receptor-2 (FPR-2) in synovial tissues of patients with RA, further enhancing the reduction of inflammation. BML-111 (an ALX/FPR2 agonist) partly downregulates the immune response in CIA. LXB4 has anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the adhesion and motility of monocytes and neutrophils and enhancing antibody production by human memory B cells ( Figure 3 ).

PAF Targets

24Studies suggest that PAF plays a prominent role in RA. The activation of circulating platelets further influences leukocyte activity and participates in inflammation formation in RA patients. It is reported that pathways based on TNF-α regulate PAF, and TNF-α antagonists inhibit platelet activation in active patients with RA. WB2086, a human PAF receptor antagonist, inhibits PAF-induced platelet aggregation in animal models. Based on current studies, targeted agents inhibiting PAF and its receptor needed more research because of the limitation of experience with the therapeutic effects of this target.

25In these mechanisms of PGs, LTs, LXs, PAF, receptors play significant roles, therefore inhibitors or agonists of these receptors can exert therapeutic functions, and the therapeutic effects are proven in animal experiments ( Figure 3 ).

ROS and NO Targets

26ROS and NO belong to oxidant molecules, which involve in the pathogenesis of many chronic autoimmune diseases, including RA. There is a strong positive correlation between serum ROS level and disease severity in both RA patients and arthritic rodent models. ROS regulates MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, further affecting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in joints. NO and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions are changed in patients with RA. NO regulates T and B cells infiltration by inhibiting their chemotaxis and adhesion into joints. Treatments with the NOS inhibitor L-NAME and iNOS inhibitor GW274150 are proven to improve inflammation response, and a trend toward a reduction in synovial thickness is observed.

Other Small Molecular Targets

27The receptor activation of cannabinoid (CB)-1/2 involves the production of endocannabinoids, subsequently, endocannabinoids are quickly metabolized by specific fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The levels of CB1 and CB2 increase in the synovial membrane with RA. CB2 inhibits IL-1β–induced proliferation of RA FLS and the activation of MAPK pathway. In addition, the reduction of arthritis severity and activity in FAAH knock-down mice is observed. Similarly, the treatment with URB597 and N-arachidonic glycine (FAAH inhibitors) prevents the occurrence of CIA in mice as well. These results mean that the new agents targeting the endocannabinoid system are potential and promising therapeutics for further research.

Epigenetic Targets for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

28Epigenetic modifications can regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulation, DNA methylation, RNA methylation, and histone modifications are seen as the main mechanisms of epigenetic regulations. Numerous research has established that several abnormalities in these mechanisms eventuate in the development of RA. Corresponding target agents have been applied for patients ( Table 3 ).

ncRNAs

29With the increasing advancement of bioinformatics analysis and microarray sequencing techniques, tremendous ncRNAs are identified in different tissues. Compared with healthy individuals, aberrant levels of abundant ncRNAs are observed, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Because a large number of ncRNAs especially miRNAs are found, ncRNAs involved in the development and progression of RA are summarized in this review since 2019 sourcing from PubMed ( Table 4 ).

30miRNAs are small, mature, non-coding RNA molecules (about 22 nucleotides long) that can affect the processing of target mRNAs at the post-transcriptional level by translational inhibition or promoting mRNA degradation. Accumulating studies have revealed that altered expression and dysregulation of miRNAs have something to do with RA occurrence. miRNA-23b, miR-221/222 levels positively correlate with the ESR, rheumatoid factor (RF), CRP, disease activity score (DAS), and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), which will become promising targets for RA detection. miR-16 and miR-223 are also identified as targets to distinguish patients with early RA from healthy individuals.

31Most of the aberrant miRNA levels can alter the secretion of inflammatory cytokines or MMPs, further affecting the procession of RA. In FLS, miR-34a-3p, miR-129-5p, miR-410-3p, miR-506, miR-22, miR-101-3p, miR-495, miRNA-17-5p, miRNA-140-5p, miR-21, miRNA-15a/16, miR-9, miR-20a, miR-145-5p, miR-365, and miR-124a overexpression significantly inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis by aiming different proteins or other targets. On the contrary, miR-138, miR-142-3p, miR-98, miR-26a-5p, miR-191, miR-15, and miR-483-3p enhance the inflammatory milieu and subsequently tissues could be damaged. Moreover, miRNA-486-5p upregulation in exosomes can repress FLS proliferation and migration, which proves exosomes to be a suitable vector for the delivery of therapeutic miRNA-486-5p.

32As shown in Table 4, miRNA levels change various intracellular pathways, and the most prominent implicated pathways are those of NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, TLR, β-catenin, and Wnt. In parallel, the efficacy of several miRNAs against RA has been verified in animal experiments. Injections of miR-141-3p agomir, miR-411 mimics, miR-9, miR-21 lentivirus, miR-26a, miRNA-147 mimics have been proven to ameliorate cartilage injury and bone erosion, further inhibiting inflammatory arthritic development in CIA animal models. On the other hand, miRNA-17-5p lipoplex and miR−145−5p agomir given to mice are found to increase inflammatory cytokine levels (MMP−3, MMP−9, MMP−13), aggravating arthritis in the future. The abovementioned studies about the mechanism of miRNAs have shown promising results in experimental models of arthritis, and their efficacy needs more clinical trials to prove.

33Consisting of more than 200 nucleotides in length, lncRNAs are identified as long non-coding RNAs and are widely expressed in various tissues of the human body. Many studies have suggested lncRNA could become a diagnostic tool for RA. For example, lnc-AL928768.3 and lnc-AC091493.1 are positively associated with CRP, DAS, and RF. Apart from those two, lncRNA ENST00000483588, ENST00000456270, RNA143598, RNA143596, HIX0032090, IGHCγ1, and XLOC_002730 could also become targets to diagnose RA.

34lncRNA FER1L4 and MEG3 regulate RA via targeting nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors 5 (NLRC5) in RA FLS. Overexpression of lncRNA MEG3 plays an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. lncRNA PICSAR alters cell proliferation, migration, invasion, IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-3 production through sponging miR-4701-5p, in other words, lncRNA PICSAR can competitively combine miR-4701-5p to affect downstream target genes. As a competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNA), lncRNA HIX003209 exaggerates inflammation through sponging miR-6089 via TLR-4/NF-κB pathway in RA macrophages. miR-222-3p/Sirt1 axis is also found to be critical for the function of lncRNA GAS5 in mitigating the proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis of RA FLS. In particular, lncRNA NEAT1 and lncRNA HAND2-AS1 are found in PBMC and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), respectively, and are involved in the regulation of RA.

35In an arthritic model experiment, silencing lncRNA ZFAS1 can mitigate inflammation and hyperplasia by competitively binding to miR-296-5p and regulating MMP-15 expression. Additionally, injecting lentivirus expressing shRNA for lncRNA-H19 intra-articularly at the ankle of CIA mice ameliorates the progression of CIA by competitively binding with miR-124a, which directly targets CDK2 and MCP-1. The injection of lentivirus carrying sh-lncRNA XIST plasmids reduces levels of TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6 to suppress inflammatory and damage in cartilage tissues. Taken together, these mechanisms described above reveal that identification of lncRNA-miRNA interaction provides new insights into the pathogenesis of RA. Thus, lncRNAs are potential and valuable targets for treating RA.

36circRNAs are a category of newly endogenous non-coding RNA, and they are becoming significant members of the gene regulation environment, the most representative characteristic of which is the covalently closed RNA circle without 5′ end caps and 3′ poly tails. circRNAs have been reported to involve in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases and have a wide range of functions, such as RNA polymerase (RNAP) II elongation, miRNA and RBP sponge, RNA maturation regulation, protein localization, and so on. Also, several circRNAs might be important targets in clinical blood samples for RA diagnosis, which show a significant association with DAS28, RF, CRP, such as circ0003972, circ0002715.

37Several studies reveal the partial and hidden molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of RA. circ0088036 is found to be aberrantly upregulated in RA FLS, and it facilitates RA progression by acting as a miR-140-3p sponge to upregulate SIRT 1 expression. circFADS2 protects chondrocytes from apoptosis by acting as an interceptor in miR-498/mTOR singling pathway. circ_0000396 regulates miR-203/HBP1 axis to inhibit the growth of RA FLS. Besides, circRNA_09505 can promote AKT1 expression via regulating the IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages, the most interesting is circRNA_09505 knockdown significantly alleviates arthritis and inflammation in CIA mice. These emerging studies elucidate that circRNAs are potential and promising targets for RA therapy. In the future, more mechanisms of circRNAs in RA need to be uncovered.

DNA Methylation

38Methylation of DNA is carried out by the activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and leads to the formation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), which further affect various life activities. Altered DNA methylation patterns have been identified in clinical RA. In RA patients, an alteration of DNA methylome signature in PBMC and a reduction of 5-mC amounts in synovial tissues were observed, the alteration of FLS gene expression, including chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), caspase 1 (CASP1), STAT3, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAP3K5), familial Mediterranean fever (MEFV), and wnt1-inducible signaling protein 3 (WISP3), is caused by differentially methylated genes leading to the pathogenesis of RA. In addition, the change of DNA methylation is rather different between early and late stage. Studies have shown that several DNMT inhibitors including azacitidine, decitabine, procainamide, hydralazine, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate are applied in animals, which show excellent efficacies via decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF).

RNA Methylation

39The most common methylated modification of RNA is N6-methyladenosine (m6A). m6A methyltransferase, m6A demethylase, and m6A RNA-binding protein are essential for m6A RNA modification. It is reported that WTAP, RIPK2, JAK3, and TNFRSF10A genes identified by transcriptome-wide high-throughput m6A sequencing are in accordance with m6A, which are increased in inflammation-related pathways, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in FLS. In the RA patient’s peripheral blood, m6A demethylases (ALKBH5 and FTO) and m6A RNA-binding protein (YTHDF2) are proven to have an association with DAS28, complement 3 (C3), and immunoglobulin G (IgG). As a key methyltransferase of m6A, METTL3 can inhibit the activation of pTHP-1 macrophages by preventing the generation of IL-6 and TNF-α, and attenuate inflammatory response induced by LPS via the NF-κB signaling pathway. These studies provide novel prospects for us in recognizing the pathogenesis of RA and finding promising targets for RA.

Histone Modifications

40The histones can be modified in many ways posttranslationally, including acetylation, methylation, citrullination, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and sumoylation. These modifications implicate RA occurrence.

Histone Acetylation

41For histone acetylation, most studies mainly focus on histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC). There are four types of HDAC, including class I (HDAC1-3, HDAC8), class II (HDAC4-7, HDAC9-10), class III (SIRT1-7), and class IV (HDAC11). It has been reported that HDAC activity is involved in RA synovial are significantly increased compared with normal controls and are in direct proportion to TNF-α mRNA levels. In contrast, inflammatory stimuli diminish the expression of HDAC5 to regulate the generation of cytokines and chemokines through modulation of IRF1 in RA FLS. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1 in RA LFS are lower than normal FLS, and increased SIRT1 expression strikingly suppresses the invasiveness of RA FLS by inhibiting MMP1 and MMP13 expression. An animal study also shows that knockout specifically of SIRT1 in myeloid cells alleviates synovial inflammation and bone destruction of RA by decreasing Th1 and Th17 differentiation.

42Two inhibitors of histone acetyltransferase (delphinidin and anacardic acid) suppress FLS proliferation and invasion, which further ameliorates inflammatory. In addition, many HDAC inhibitors aiming at different HDAC types are also shown to suppress inflammation in cell or animal experiments, entinostat, MI192, trichostatin A, and valproic acid ( Table 2 ). These experiment results display potent therapeutic efficacies of HDAC inhibitors in RA remission. Moreover, bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins can identify acetylated histones. I-BET151 (a selective inhibitor of BET) can reduce joint inflammation and bone loss by blocking MMP-1, MMP-3, IL-6, and IL-8 production in RA FLS. Similar results are seen with another BET inhibitor, JQ1, suggesting that this family of proteins may be promising therapeutic targets.

Other Histone Modifications

43The involvement of histone methylation is important in the pathogenesis of RA. H3K4me3 in SF is associated with the onset of arthritis-activated chromatin. GSK-J4 can inhibit the H3K27me3 methylation at the TLR2 promoter, which significantly relieves the articular cartilage destruction and inflammation. The histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is discovered to overexpress in RA FLS and can be induced by TNF-α through the JAK and NF-κB pathways. EZH2-mediated epigenetic alteration of secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) significantly correlates with the activation of RA FLS.

Conclusion and Perspective

44RA is an autoimmune disease with complex etiology. To date, under unremitting efforts, RA has been altered from a highly disabling disease without effective treatment to a disease that can be well controlled. Many patients achieve remission or low disease state, which can be attributed to the development of specific DMARDs. However, the main problems of marketed biologics/drugs are nonresponses and partial responses as well as the occurrence of adverse effects like stomatitis, exanthema, and diarrhea. This review summarizes new targets, including proteins, small molecular metabolites, and epigenetics regulators. They are promising molecular targets for drug discovery to alleviate the onset of diseases and solve nonresponses and partial responses as well as adverse effects for current DMARDs.

45It is undeniable that greater efforts are still needed to more accurately define the underlying signaling pathways affected by these newly discovered molecules and to develop appropriate therapy methods. Extensive pre-clinic studies and clinical trials also are required for proving the druggable potential of these targets. With the great success of biologic drugs targeting TNF, it seems that cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-7) and chemokines (i.e., CXCL1, CCR2, and CX3CL1) could be more potent molecular targets when compared to intracellular protein targets (i.e., p38MAPK, ERK, and JNK). However, some cutting-edge technologies like PROTACs (proteolysis-targeting chimeras), RNA interference, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-based genome editing, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based drug design, allow screening of therapeutics targeting almost all kinds of molecules, like proteins and epigenetic regulators. For example, PROTACs could be used to degrade intracellular signal transducers or undruggable protein molecules. lncRNAs or miRNAs could be manipulated by small interfering RNAs, antisense RNAs, RNA mimics, or CRISPR/Cas9 carried by nanoparticle-based delivery systems. There are also inhibitors targeting methylation, acetylation, or other epigenetic modifications, which may have promising potential for RA treatment.

46At present, different medication combinations are common strategies to relieve the pain and joint inflammation of RA patients. Because of the high heterogeneity of RA, researchers realize that the current efforts are far from enough to recommend specific DMARDs for individual patients. Precision medicine is an emerging medical model that considers the genetics, environment, and lifestyle of patients to select the treatment that could work best for them. Future studies could separate RA patients into subgroups and establish precision medicine strategies to realize personalized therapy.

Author Contributions

47CL designed and supervised the manuscript. JH and XF consulted literatures and wrote the manuscript in equal contribution. ZL, XC, and YH proposed advice to the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

48This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation Council of China (81922081and 81700780).

Conflict of Interest

49The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Bouchareychas L Grössinger EM Kang M Qiu H Adamopoulos IE. Critical Role of LTB4/BLT1 in IL-23-Induced Synovial Inflammation and Osteoclastogenesis via NF-κb. J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950) (2017 ) 198(1):452–60.
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.1601346
81.
Ganesan R Rasool M. Interleukin 17 Regulates SHP-2 and IL-17ra/STAT-3 Dependent Cyr61, IL-23 and GM-CSF Expression and RANKL Mediated Osteoclastogenesis by Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Immunol (2017 ) 91:134–44.
Not in our library10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.003
82.
Ma H Xu M Song Y Zhang T Yin H Yin S. Interferon-γ Facilitated Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis at Early Stage. Scand J Immunol (2019 ) 89(5):e12757.
Not in our library10.1111/sji.12757
83.
Qu CH Hou Y Bi YF Han QR Jiao CH Zou QF. Diagnostic Values of Serum IL-10 and IL-17 in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Correlation With Serum 14-3-3η Protein. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci (2019 ) 23(5):1899–906.
Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201903_17227
84.
Early rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a distinct and transient synovial fluid cytokine profile of T cell and stromal cell origin · 2005
No notice
85.
Brzustewicz E Bryl E. The Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis–Practical and Potential Application of Cytokines as Biomarkers and Targets of Personalized Therapy. Cytokine (2015 ) 76(2):527–36.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.260
86.
Eliçabe RJ Silva JE Dave MN Lacoste MG Tamashiro H Blas R. Association Between IL-17 and IgA in the Joints of Patients With Inflammatory Arthropathies. BMC Immunol (2017 ) 18(1):8.
Not in our library10.1186/s12865-017-0189-9
87.
Loss of Smad7 Promotes Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis · 2018
Not checked
88.
Hong KH Cho ML Min SY Shin YJ Yoo SA Choi JJ. Effect of Interleukin-4 on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production in Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblasts. Clin Exp Immunol (2007 ) 147(3):573–9.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03295.x
89.
Heo YJ Joo YB Oh HJ Park MK Heo YM Cho ML. IL-10 Suppresses Th17 Cells and Promotes Regulatory T Cells in the CD4+ T Cell Population of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Immunol Lett (2010 ) 127(2):150–6.
Not in our library10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.006
90.
Haas CS Amin MA Ruth JH Allen BL Ahmed S Pakozdi A. In Vivo Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Interleukin-13 Gene Therapy in a Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (2007 ) 56(8):2535–48.
Not in our library10.1002/art.22823
91.
Nabbe KC van Lent PL Holthuysen AE Kolls JK Verbeek S van den Berg WB. FcgammaRI Up-Regulation Induced by Local Adenoviral-Mediated Interferon-Gamma Production Aggravates Chondrocyte Death During Immune Complex-Mediated Arthritis. Am J Pathol (2003 ) 163(2):743–52.
Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63701-7
92.
Zhu D Zhao J Lou A Huang Q OuYang Q Zhu J. Transforming Growth Factor β1 Promotes Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Migration and Invasion via TGF-β1/Smad Signaling in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Cell Biochem (2019 ) 459(1-2):141–50.
Not in our library10.1007/s11010-019-03557-0
93.
Galeazzi M Sebastiani GD Bazzichi L Garcia Gonzalez E Ravenni N Giovannoni L. SAT0196 Dekavil (F8-IL10), A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Ongoing Phase IB Clinical Trial Results. Ann Rheumatic Dis (2015 ) 74(Suppl 2):726.
Not in our library10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.3889
94.
Vergunst CE Tak PP. Chemokines: Their Role in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep (2005 ) 7(5):382–8.
Not in our library10.1007/s11926-005-0026-7
95.
Kuan WP Tam LS Wong CK Ko FW Li T Zhu T. CXCL 9 and CXCL 10 as Sensitive Markers of Disease Activity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol (2010 ) 37(2):257–64.
Not in our library10.3899/jrheum.090769
96.
Szekanecz Z Vegvari A Szabo Z Koch AE. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Arthritis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) (2010 ) 2:153–67.
Not in our library10.2741/s53
97.
Ruth JH Haas CS Park CC Amin MA Martinez RJ Haines GK 3rd. CXCL16-Mediated Cell Recruitment to Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Tissue and Murine Lymph Nodes Is Dependent Upon the MAPK Pathway. Arthritis Rheum (2006 ) 54(3):765–78.
Not in our library10.1002/art.21662
98.
Blockade of XCL1/Lymphotactin Ameliorates Severity of Periprosthetic Osteolysis Triggered by Polyethylene-Particles · 2020
Not checked
99.
Miyabe Y Miyabe C Murooka TT Kim EY Newton GA Kim ND. Complement C5a Receptor is the Key Initiator of Neutrophil Adhesion Igniting Immune Complex-Induced Arthritis. Sci Immunol (2017 ) 2(7):eaaj2195.
Not in our library10.1126/sciimmunol.aaj2195
100.
Pathogenic roles of CXCL10 signaling through CXCR3 and TLR4 in macrophages and T cells: relevance for arthritis · 2017
No notice
101.
Armas-González E Domínguez-Luis MJ Díaz-Martín A Arce-Franco M Castro-Hernández J Danelon G. Role of CXCL13 and CCL20 in the Recruitment of B Cells to Inflammatory Foci in Chronic Arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther (2018 ) 20(1):114.
Not in our library10.1186/s13075-018-1611-2
102.
Isozaki T Arbab AS Haas CS Amin MA Arendt MD Koch AE. Evidence That CXCL16 is a Potent Mediator of Angiogenesis and is Involved in Endothelial Progenitor Cell Chemotaxis: Studies in Mice With K/BxN Serum-Induced Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (2013 ) 65(7):1736–46.
Not in our library10.1002/art.37981
103.
Moschovakis GL Bubke A Friedrichsen M Falk CS Feederle R Förster R. T Cell Specific Cxcr5 Deficiency Prevents Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sci Rep (2017 ) 7(1):8933.
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-017-08935-6
104.
Boff D Crijns H Janssens R Vanheule V Menezes GB Macari S. The Chemokine Fragment CXCL9(74-103) Diminishes Neutrophil Recruitment and Joint Inflammation in Antigen-Induced Arthritis. J Leukoc Biol (2018 ) 104(2):413–22.
Not in our library10.1002/jlb.3ma1217-502r
105.
Yang MH Wu FX Xie CM Qing YF Wang GR Guo XL. Expression of CC Chemokine Ligand 5 in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and its Correlation With Disease Activity and Medication. Chin Med Sci J = Chung-kuo i hsueh k’o hsueh tsa chih (2009 ) 24(1):50–4.
Not in our library10.1016/s1001-9294(09)60059-6
106.
Radstake TR van der Voort R ten Brummelhuis M de Waal Malefijt M Looman M Figdor CG. Increased Expression of CCL18, CCL19, and CCL17 by Dendritic Cells From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Regulation by Fc Gamma Receptors. Ann Rheum Dis (2005 ) 64(3):359–67.
Not in our library10.1136/ard.2003.017566
107.
Stankovic A Slavic V Stamenkovic B Kamenov B Bojanovic M Mitrovic DR. Serum and Synovial Fluid Concentrations of CCL2 (MCP-1) Chemokine in Patients Suffering Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Reflect Disease Activity. Bratislavske lekarske listy (2009 ) 110(10):641–6.
Not in our library
108.
Iwamoto T Okamoto H Iikuni N Takeuchi M Toyama Y Tomatsu T. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-4 (MCP-4)/CCL13 is Highly Expressed in Cartilage From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2006 ) 45(4):421–4.
Not in our library10.1093/rheumatology/kei209
109.
Asquith DL Bryce SA Nibbs RJ. Targeting Cell Migration in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol (2015 ) 27(2):204–11.
Not in our library10.1097/bor.0000000000000150
110.
Haringman JJ Smeets TJ Reinders-Blankert P Tak PP. Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Expression in Paired Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Synovial Tissue of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, and Reactive Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (2006 ) 65(3):294–300.
Not in our library10.1136/ard.2005.037176
111.
Chen Z Kim SJ Essani AB Volin MV Vila OM Swedler W. Characterising the Expression and Function of CCL28 and its Corresponding Receptor, CCR10, in RA Pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis (2015 ) 74(10):1898–906.
Not in our library10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204530
112.
Bachelerie F Ben-Baruch A Burkhardt AM Combadiere C Farber JM Graham GJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [Corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the Extended Family of Chemokine Receptors and Introducing a New Nomenclature for Atypical Chemokine Receptors. Pharmacol Rev (2014 ) 66(1):1–79.
Not in our library10.1124/pr.113.007724
113.
Talbot J Bianchini FJ Nascimento DC Oliveira RD Souto FO Pinto LG. CCR2 Expression in Neutrophils Plays a Critical Role in Their Migration Into the Joints in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol (Hoboken NJ) (2015 ) 67(7):1751–9.
Not in our library10.1002/art.39117
114.
Li N Wei W Yin F Chen M Ma TR Wu Q. The Abnormal Expression of CCR4 and CCR6 on Tregs in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Clin Exp Med (2015 ) 8(9):15043–53.
Not in our library
115.
Haringman JJ Ludikhuize J Tak PP. Chemokines in Joint Disease: The Key to Inflammation? Ann Rheum Dis (2004 ) 63(10):1186–94.
Not in our library10.1136/ard.2004.020529
116.
Yokoyama W Kohsaka H Kaneko K Walters M Takayasu A Fukuda S. Abrogation of CC Chemokine Receptor 9 Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis of Mice. Arthritis Res Ther (2014 ) 16(5):445.
Not in our library10.1186/s13075-014-0445-9
117.
Rump L Mattey DL Kehoe O Middleton J. An Initial Investigation Into Endothelial CC Chemokine Expression in the Human Rheumatoid Synovium. Cytokine (2017 ) 97:133–40.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.023
118.
Wengner AM Höpken UE Petrow PK Hartmann S Schurigt U Bräuer R. CXCR5- and CCR7-Dependent Lymphoid Neogenesis in a Murine Model of Chronic Antigen-Induced Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (2007 ) 56(10):3271–83.
Not in our library10.1002/art.22939
119.
Yamaguchi A Nozawa K Fujishiro M Kawasaki M Suzuki F Takamori K. CC Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 is Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis. Modern Rheumatol (2013 ) 23(5):856–63.
Not in our library10.1007/s10165-012-0752-4
120.
Flytlie HA Hvid M Lindgreen E Kofod-Olsen E Petersen EL Jørgensen A. Expression of MDC/CCL22 and its Receptor CCR4 in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Osteoarthritis. Cytokine (2010 ) 49(1):24–9.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cyto.2009.10.005
121.
Jordan LA Erlandsson MC Fenner BF Davies R Harvey AK Choy EH. Inhibition of CCL3 Abrogated Precursor Cell Fusion and Bone Erosions in Human Osteoclast Cultures and Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2018 ) 57(11):2042–52.
Not in our library10.1093/rheumatology/key196
122.
Amat M Benjamim CF Williams LM Prats N Terricabras E Beleta J. Pharmacological Blockade of CCR1 Ameliorates Murine Arthritis and Alters Cytokine Networks In Vivo. Br J Pharmacol (2006 ) 149(6):666–75.
Not in our library10.1038/sj.bjp.0706912
123.
Brühl H Cihak J Plachý J Kunz-Schughart L Niedermeier M Denzel A. Targeting of Gr-1+,CCR2+ Monocytes in Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (2007 ) 56(9):2975–85.
Not in our library10.1002/art.22854
124.
Vierboom MP Zavodny PJ Chou CC Tagat JR Pugliese-Sivo C Strizki J. Inhibition of the Development of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rhesus Monkeys by a Small Molecular Weight Antagonist of CCR5. Arthritis Rheum (2005 ) 52(2):627–36.
Not in our library10.1002/art.20850
125.
Dairaghi DJ Zhang P Wang Y Seitz LC Johnson DA Miao S. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of the Novel CCR1 Antagonist CCX354 in Healthy Human Subjects: Implications for Selection of Clinical Dose. Clin Pharmacol Ther (2011 ) 89(5):726–34.
Not in our library10.1038/clpt.2011.33
126.
Vergunst CE Gerlag DM von Moltke L Karol M Wyant T Chi X. MLN3897 Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Safety, Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of an Oral CCR1 Antagonist in a Phase IIa, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Proof-of-Concept Study. Arthritis Rheum (2009 ) 60(12):3572–81.
Not in our library10.1002/art.24978
127.
Panezai J Ali A Ghaffar A Benchimol D Altamash M Klinge B. Upregulation of Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers Under the Influence of Periodontal Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Cytokine (2020 ) 131:155117.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155117
128.
Nanki T Urasaki Y Imai T Nishimura M Muramoto K Kubota T. Inhibition of Fractalkine Ameliorates Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis. J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950) (2004 ) 173(11):7010–6.
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.7010
129.
Endres M Andreas K Kalwitz G Freymann U Neumann K Ringe J. Chemokine Profile of Synovial Fluid From Normal, Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: CCL25, CXCL10 and XCL1 Recruit Human Subchondral Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells. Osteoarthr Cartil (2010 ) 18(11):1458–66.
Not in our library10.1016/j.joca.2010.08.003
130.
Malemud CJ. The Role of the JAK/STAT Signal Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis (2018 ) 10(5-6):117–27.
Not in our library10.1177/1759720x18776224
131.
Schett G Tohidast-Akrad M Smolen JS Schmid BJ Steiner CW Bitzan P. Activation, Differential Localization, and Regulation of the Stress-Activated Protein Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase, C-JUN N-Terminal Kinase, and P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, in Synovial Tissue and Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (2000 ) 43(11):2501–12.
Not in our library10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2501::aid-anr18>3.0.co;2-k
132.
Schett G Zwerina J Firestein G. The P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (2008 ) 67(7):909–16.
Not in our library10.1136/ard.2007.074278
133.
Umar S Palasiewicz K Van Raemdonck K Volin MV Romay B Amin MA. IRAK4 Inhibition: A Promising Strategy for Treating RA Joint Inflammation and Bone Erosion. Cell Mol Immunol (2020 ) 10:41412–23.
Not in our library10.1038/s41423-020-0433-8
134.
Burrage PS Mix KS Brinckerhoff CE. Matrix Metalloproteinases: Role in Arthritis. Front Biosci (2006 ) 11:529–43.
Not in our library10.2741/1817
135.
Liu Y Yin H Zhao M Lu Q. TLR2 and TLR4 in Autoimmune Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol (2014 ) 47(2):136–47.
Not in our library10.1007/s12016-013-8402-y
136.
Yang X Li S Zhao Y Li S Zhao T Tai Y. GRK2 Mediated Abnormal Transduction of PGE2-EP4-cAMP-CREB Signaling Induces the Imbalance of Macrophages Polarization in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice. Cells (2019 ) 8(12):1596.
Not in our library10.3390/cells8121596
137.
Cheung TT McInnes IB. Future Therapeutic Targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis? Semin Immunopathol (2017 ) 39(4):487–500.
Not in our library10.1007/s00281-017-0623-3
138.
Ciszak L Pawlak E Kosmaczewska A Potoczek S Frydecka I. Alterations in the Expression of Signal-Transducing CD3 Zeta Chain in T Cells From Patients With Chronic Inflammatory/Autoimmune Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) (2007 ) 55(6):373–86.
Not in our library10.1007/s00005-007-0042-6
139.
Yusuf-Makagiansar H Anderson ME Yakovleva TV Murray JS Siahaan TJ. Inhibition of LFA-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4/VCAM-1 as a Therapeutic Approach to Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. Med Res Rev (2002 ) 22(2):146–67.
Not in our library10.1002/med.10001
140.
Tedder TF. CD19: A Promising B Cell Target for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol (2009 ) 5(10):572–7.
Not in our library10.1038/nrrheum.2009.184
141.
Nakken B Munthe LA Konttinen YT Sandberg AK Szekanecz Z Alex P. B-Cells and Their Targeting in Rheumatoid Arthritis — Current Concepts and Future Perspectives. Autoimmun Rev (2011 ) 11(1):28–34.
Not in our library10.1016/j.autrev.2011.06.010
142.
Maicas N Ibáñez L Alcaraz MJ Úbeda A Ferrándiz ML. Prostaglandin D2 Regulates Joint Inflammation and Destruction in Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum (2012 ) 64(1):130–40.
Not in our library10.1002/art.30656
143.
Chen Q Muramoto K Masaaki N Ding Y Yang H Mackey M. A Novel Antagonist of the Prostaglandin E(2) EP(4) Receptor Inhibits Th1 Differentiation and Th17 Expansion and Is Orally Active in Arthritis Models. Br J Pharmacol (2010 ) 160(2):292–310.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00647.x
144.
Pharmacological characterisation of CR6086, a potent prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 antagonist, as a new potential disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug · 2018
Not checked
145.
Boehme MW Gao IK Norden C Lemmel EM. Decrease in Circulating Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule and Thrombomodulin Levels During Oral Iloprost Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Preliminary Results. Rheumatol Int (2006 ) 26(4):340–7.
Not in our library10.1007/s00296-004-0563-9
146.
Therapeutic Treatment of Arthritic Mice with 15-Deoxy Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) Ameliorates Disease through the Suppression of Th17 Cells and the Induction of CD4+CD25−FOXP3+ Cells · 2016
Not checked
147.
Ahmad SF Akoum A Horne AW. Selective Modulation of the Prostaglandin F2α Pathway Markedly Impacts on Endometriosis Progression in a Xenograft Mouse Model. Mol Hum Reprod (2015 ) 21(12):905–16.
Not in our library10.1093/molehr/gav056
148.
Chu YL Huang QC Huang RY Yan JY Chen XM Zhen-Xiong XU. Thromboxane A2 Receptor Induces Proliferation of Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Cells by Up-Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2. Chin J Pathophysiol (2014 ) 30(6):1110–97.
Not in our library10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2014.06.026
149.
Díaz-González F Alten RH Bensen WG Brown JP Sibley JT Dougados M. Clinical Trial of a Leucotriene B4 Receptor Antagonist, BIIL 284, in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (2007 ) 66(5):628–32.
Not in our library10.1136/ard.2006.062554
150.
Xu M Hong R Zhang X Zou H Zhang Y Hou Z. CysLT1 Receptor Antagonist Alleviates Pathogenesis of Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mouse Model. Oncotarget (2017 ) 8(65):108418–29.
Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.22664
151.
Zhang L Zhang X Wu P Li H Jin S Zhou X. BML-111, a Lipoxin Receptor Agonist, Modulates the Immune Response and Reduces the Severity of Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Inflammation Res (2008 ) 57(4):157–62.
Not in our library10.1007/s00011-007-7141-z
152.
Svetlov SI Barton JM Olson MS. The Specific Binding of the Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Antagonist WEB 2086 and the Benzodiazepine Flunitrazepam to Rat Hepatocytes. Life Sci (1996 ) 58(5):Pl 81–6.
Not in our library10.1016/0024-3205(95)02302-x
153.
Mateen S Rehman MT Shahzad S Naeem SS Faizy AF Khan AQ. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol on Mononuclear Cells of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Eur J Pharmacol (2019 ) 852:14–24.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.031
154.
Seymour M Pétavy F Chiesa F Perry H Lukey PT Binks M. Ultrasonographic Measures of Synovitis in an Early Phase Clinical Trial: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo and Comparator Controlled Phase IIa Trial of GW274150 (a Selective Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor) in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol (2012 ) 30(2):254–61.
Not in our library
155.
Dey S Bishayi B. Effect of iNOS Inhibitor LNMMA Along With Antibiotics Chloramphenicol or Ofloxacin in Murine Peritoneal Macrophages Regulates S.aureus Infection as Well as Inflammation: An In Vitro Study. Microb Pathog (2017 ) 105:307–20.
Not in our library10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.031
156.
Gui H Liu X Wang ZW He DY Su DF Dai SM. Expression of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 and Its Inhibitory Effects on Synovial Fibroblasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2014 ) 53(5):802–9.
Not in our library10.1093/rheumatology/ket447
157.
Fechtner S Singh AK Srivastava I Szlenk CT Muench TR Natesan S. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist JWH-015 Inhibits Interleukin-1β-Induced Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts and in Adjuvant Induced Arthritis Rat via Glucocorticoid Receptor. Front Immunol (2019 ) 10:1027.
Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2019.01027
158.
Kinsey SG Naidu PS Cravatt BF Dudley DT Lichtman AH. Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Blockade Attenuates the Development of Collagen-Induced Arthritis and Related Thermal Hyperalgesia in Mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav (2011 ) 99(4):718–25.
Not in our library10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.022
159.
Burstein SH. N-Acyl Amino Acids (Elmiric Acids): Endogenous Signaling Molecules With Therapeutic Potential. Mol Pharmacol (2018 ) 93(3):228–38.
Not in our library10.1124/mol.117.110841
160.
Zayed N Afif H Chabane N Mfuna-Endam L Benderdour M Martel-Pelletier J. Inhibition of Interleukin-1beta-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 13 Production in Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes by Prostaglandin D2. Arthritis Rheum (2008 ) 58(11):3530–40.
Not in our library10.1002/art.23958
161.
Duffin R O’Connor RA Crittenden S Forster T Yu C Zheng X. Prostaglandin E₂ Constrains Systemic Inflammation Through an Innate Lymphoid Cell-IL-22 Axis. Sci (New York NY) (2016 ) 351(6279):1333–8.
Not in our library10.1126/science.aad9903
162.
Takahashi Y Tokuoka S Masuda T Hirano Y Nagao M Tanaka H. Augmentation of Allergic Inflammation in Prostanoid IP Receptor Deficient Mice. Br J Pharmacol (2002 ) 137(3):315–22.
Not in our library10.1038/sj.bjp.0704872
163.
Yokomizo T Nakamura M Shimizu T. Leukotriene Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets. J Clin Invest (2018 ) 128(7):2691–701.
Not in our library10.1172/jci97946
164.
Alten R Gromnica-Ihle E Pohl C Emmerich J Steffgen J Roscher R. Inhibition of Leukotriene B4-Induced CD11B/CD18 (Mac-1) Expression by BIIL 284, a New Long Acting LTB4 Receptor Antagonist, in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (2004 ) 63(2):170–6.
Not in our library10.1136/ard.2002.004499
165.
Dong H Liu F Ma F Xu L Pang L Li X. Montelukast Inhibits Inflammatory Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Int Immunopharmacol (2018 ) 61:215–21.
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.042
166.
Venugopal N Acharya P Zarei M Talahalli RR. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonism: A Promising Pharmacological Strategy for Lowering the Severity of Arthritis. Inflammopharmacology (2019 ) 27(5):923–31.
Not in our library10.1007/s10787-019-00618-0
167.
Ramon S Bancos S Serhan CN Phipps RP. Lipoxin A₄ Modulates Adaptive Immunity by Decreasing Memory B-Cell Responses via an ALX/FPR2-Dependent Mechanism. Eur J Immunol (2014 ) 44(2):357–69.
Not in our library10.1002/eji.201343316
168.
Hashimoto A Hayashi I Murakami Y Sato Y Kitasato H Matsushita R. Antiinflammatory Mediator Lipoxin A4 and Its Receptor in Synovitis of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol (2007 ) 34(11):2144–53.
Not in our library
169.
Kim N Lannan KL Thatcher TH Pollock SJ Woeller CF Phipps RP. Lipoxin B(4) Enhances Human Memory B Cell Antibody Production via Upregulating Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression. J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950) (2018 ) 201(11):3343–51.
Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.1700503
170.
Zarbock A Polanowska-Grabowska RK Ley K. Platelet-Neutrophil-Interactions: Linking Hemostasis and Inflammation. Blood Rev (2007 ) 21(2):99–111.
Not in our library10.1016/j.blre.2006.06.001
171.
Manfredi AA Baldini M Camera M Baldissera E Brambilla M Peretti G. Anti-Tnfα Agents Curb Platelet Activation in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (2016 ) 75(8):1511–20.
Not in our library10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208442
172.
Mateen S Moin S Shahzad S Khan AQ. Level of Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Correlation With 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D and Reactive Oxygen Species. PloS One (2017 ) 12(6):e0178879.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0178879
173.
Wang KC Liu YC El-Shazly M Shih SP Du YC Hsu YM. The Antioxidant From Ethanolic Extract of Rosa Cymosa Fruits Activates Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog In Vitro and In Vivo: A New Insight on Its Antileukemic Effect. Int J Mol Sci (2019 ) 20(8):1935–58.
Not in our library10.3390/ijms20081935
174.
Liu Y Wei W Hong C Wang Y Sun X Ma J. Calreticulin Induced Endothelial ICAM-1 Up-Regulation Associated With Tristetraprolin Expression Alteration Through PI3K/Akt/eNOS/p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Immunol (2019 ) 107:10–20.
Not in our library10.1016/j.molimm.2019.01.005
175.
Takatani Y Ono K Suzuki H Inaba M Sawada M Matsuda N. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase During the Late Phase of Sepsis Is Associated With Hypothermia and Immune Cell Migration. Lab Invest (2018 ) 98(5):629–39.
Not in our library10.1038/s41374-018-0021-z
176.
Di Marzo V Bifulco M De Petrocellis L. The Endocannabinoid System and its Therapeutic Exploitation. Nat Rev Drug Discovery (2004 ) 3(9):771–84.
Not in our library10.1038/nrd1495
177.
Ciechomska M Roszkowski L Maslinski W. DNA Methylation as a Future Therapeutic and Diagnostic Target in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells (2019 ) 8(9):953–68.
Not in our library10.3390/cells8090953
178.
METTL3 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in Macrophages via NF- κ B Signaling Pathway · 2019
No notice
179.
Seong AR Yoo JY Choi K Lee MH Lee YH Lee J. Delphinidin, a Specific Inhibitor of Histone Acetyltransferase, Suppresses Inflammatory Signaling via Prevention of NF-κb Acetylation in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte MH7A Cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2011 ) 410(3):581–6.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.029
180.
Yang GH Zhang C Wang N Meng Y Wang YS. Anacardic Acid Suppresses Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Proliferation and Invasion and Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in a Mouse Model. Cytokine (2018 ) 111:350–6.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.008
181.
Ntougkos E Chouvardas P Roumelioti F Ospelt C Frank-Bertoncelj M Filer A. Genomic Responses of Mouse Synovial Fibroblasts During Tumor Necrosis Factor-Driven Arthritogenesis Greatly Mimic Those in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol (Hoboken NJ) (2017 ) 69(8):1588–600.
Not in our library10.1002/art.40128
182.
Choo QY Ho PC Tanaka Y Lin HS. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors MS-275 and SAHA Induced Growth Arrest and Suppressed Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated NF-kappaB P65 Nuclear Accumulation in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblastic E11 Cells. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2010 ) 49(8):1447–60.
Not in our library10.1093/rheumatology/keq108
183.
Angiolilli C Baeten DL Radstake TR Reedquist KA. The Acetyl Code in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases. Epigenomics (2017 ) 9(4):447–61.
Not in our library10.2217/epi-2016-0136
184.
The effect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 on migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis · 2020
Not checked
185.
Therapeutic potential of CKD-506, a novel selective histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor, in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis · 2020
Not checked
186.
Therapeutic effect of a novel histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor, CKD-L, on collagen-induced arthritis in vivo and regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis in vitro · 2017
Not checked
187.
Li M Liu X Sun X Wang Z Guo W Hu F. Therapeutic Effects of NK-HDAC-1, a Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, on Collagen-Induced Arthritis Through the Induction of Apoptosis of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Inflammation (2013 ) 36(4):888–96.
Not in our library10.1007/s10753-013-9616-0
188.
Ahmed S Riegsecker S Beamer M Rahman A Bellini JV Bhansali P. Largazole, a Class I Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Enhances TNF-α-Induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2013 ) 270(2):87–96.
Not in our library10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.014
189.
Vojinovic J Damjanov N. HDAC Inhibition in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Mol Med (2011 ) 17(5-6):397–403.
Not in our library10.2119/molmed.2011.00030
190.
Park-Min KH Lim E Lee MJ Park SH Giannopoulou E Yarilina A. Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis and Inflammatory Bone Resorption by Targeting BET Proteins and Epigenetic Regulation. Nat Commun (2014 ) 5:5418.
Not in our library10.1038/ncomms6418
191.
Xiao Y Liang L Huang M Qiu Q Zeng S Shi M. Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain Bromodomain Inhibition Prevents Synovial Inflammation via Blocking Iκb Kinase-Dependent NF-κb Activation in Rheumatoid Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2016 ) 55(1):173–84.
Not in our library10.1093/rheumatology/kev312
192.
Shao L Hou C. miR-138 Activates NF-κb Signaling and PGRN to Promote Rheumatoid Arthritis via Regulating HDAC4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2019 ) 519(1):166–71.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.092
193.
Hou C Wang D Zhang L. MicroRNA−34a−3p Inhibits Proliferation of Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast−Like Synoviocytes. Mol Med Rep (2019 ) 20(3):2563–70.
Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2019.10516
194.
Liu K Zhang Y Liu L Yuan Q. miR-125 Regulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis Rats via PARP2. Biosci Rep (2019 ) 39(1):BSR20180890.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20180890
195.
MicroRNA-27b-3p inhibits apoptosis of chondrocyte in rheumatoid arthritis by targeting HIPK2 · 2019
Not checked
196.
Qu SP Li GW Ma H Xing Q. MicroRNA-193a-3p Participates in the Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Regulating Proliferation and Apoptosis of MH7A Cells Through Targeting IGFBP5. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci (2019 ) 23(11):4850–7.
Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201906_18072
197.
Chen Y Wang W Chen Y Tang Q Zhu W Li D. MicroRNA-19a-3p Promotes Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via Targeting SOCS3. J Cell Biochem(2019 ) 120(7):11624–32.
Not in our library10.1002/jcb.28442
198.
Qiang J Lv T Wu Z Yang X. Down-Regulation of microRNA-142-3p Inhibits the Aggressive Phenotypes of Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Through Inhibiting Nuclear Factor-κb Signaling. Biosci Rep (2019 ) 39(7):3245-58.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20190700
199.
Qu Y Zhang YP Wu J Jie LG Deng JX Zhao DB. Downregulated microRNA-135a Ameliorates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Inactivation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Signaling Pathway via Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit 2. J Cell Physiol (2019 ) 234(10):17663–76.
Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28390
200.
Zheng J Zhu L Iok In I Chen Y Jia N Zhu W. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Secreted Exosomal microRNA-192-5p Delays Inflammatory Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol (2020 ) 78:105985.
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105985
201.
Li Z Chen H Wang F Wang Z Zhao Q Liu S. Down-Regulation of microRNA-98 Promoted Apoptosis of TNF-α Stimulated Human Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via Up-Regulating IL-10. Gene (2019 ) 706:124–30.
Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.019
202.
Zhang Y Yan N Wang X Chang Y Wang Y. MiR-129-5p Regulates Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis via IGF-1r/Src/ERK/Egr-1 Pathway in RA-Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Biosci Rep (2019 ) 39(12):BSR20192009.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20192009
203.
Huang Z Xing S Liu M Deng W Wang Y Huang Z. MiR-26a-5p Enhances Cells Proliferation, Invasion, and Apoptosis Resistance of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Regulating PTEN/PI3K/AKT Pathway. Biosci Rep (2019 ) 39(7):BSR20182192.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20182192
204.
Abo ElAtta AS Ali YBM Bassyouni IH Talaat RM. Upregulation of miR-221/222 Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Patients: Correlation With Disease Activity. Clin Exp Med (2019 ) 19(1):47–53.
Not in our library10.1007/s10238-018-0524-3
205.
Yu S Lu Y Zong M Tan Q Fan L. Hypoxia-Induced miR-191-C/Ebpβ Signaling Regulates Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther (2019 ) 21(1):78.
Not in our library10.1186/s13075-019-1861-7
206.
miR-449a inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and inflammation by regulating high-mobility group box protein 1 and forms a mutual inhibition loop with Yin Yang 1 in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes · 2019
Not checked
207.
Wang Y Xu N Zhao S Jiao T Fu W Yang L. miR-410-3p Suppresses Cytokine Release From Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Regulating NF-κb Signaling in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inflammation (2019 ) 42(1):331–41.
Not in our library10.1007/s10753-018-0896-2
208.
Li D Zhou Q Hu G Wang G. MiRNA-506 Inhibits Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis by Targetting TLR4. Biosci Rep (2019 ) 39(5):BSR20182500.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20182500
209.
Lin K Su HY Jiang LF Chu TG Li Z Chen XL. Influences of miR-320a on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Targeting MAPK-Erk1/2. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci (2019 ) 23(5):1907–14.
Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201903_17228
210.
Ren B Liu J Wu K Zhang J Lv Y Wang S. TNF-α-Elicited miR-29b Potentiates Resistance to Apoptosis in Peripheral Blood Monocytes From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Apoptosis Int J Programmed Cell Death (2019 ) 24(11-12):892–904.
Not in our library10.1007/s10495-019-01567-3
211.
Wang Y Feng T Duan S Shi Y Li S Zhang X. miR-155 Promotes Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Proliferation and Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Targeting FOXO3a. Exp Ther Med (2020 ) 19(2):1288–96.
Not in our library10.3892/etm.2019.8330
212.
Wang X Tang K Wang Y Chen Y Yang M Gu C. Elevated microRNA−145−5p Increases Matrix Metalloproteinase−9 by Activating the Nuclear Factor−κb Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Med Rep (2019 ) 20(3):2703–11.
Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2019.10499
213.
Yang QY Yang KP Li ZZ. MiR-22 Restrains Proliferation of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Targeting IL6R and may be Concerned With the Suppression of NF-κb Pathway. Kaohsiung J Med Sci (2020 ) 36(1):20–6.
Not in our library10.1002/kjm2.12124
214.
Zhang C Fang L Liu X Nie T Li R Cui L. miR-22 Inhibits Synovial Fibroblasts Proliferation and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in RASF via Targeting SIRT1. Gene (2020 ) 724:144144.
Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2019.144144
215.
Wang J Wang Y Zhang H Chang J Lu M Gao W. Identification of a Novel microRNA-141-3p/Forkhead Box C1/β-Catenin Axis Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblast Function In Vivo and In Vitro. Theranostics (2020 ) 10(12):5412–34.
Not in our library10.7150/thno.45214
216.
Wei Q Lv F Zhang H Wang X Geng Q Zhang X. MicroRNA-101-3p Inhibits Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Proliferation and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Targeting PTGS2. Biosci Rep (2020 ) 40(1):BSR20191136.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20191136
217.
Fang L Xu XF Lu Y Wu YY Li JJ. MicroRNA-495 Attenuates Proliferation and Inflammatory Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Through Attenuating β-Catenin Pathway. J Biol Regul Homeostat Agents (2020 ) 34(3):837–44.
Not in our library10.23812/20-47-a-22
218.
Najm A Masson FM Preuss P Georges S Ory B Quillard T. MicroRNA-17-5p Reduces Inflammation and Bone Erosions in Mice With Collagen-Induced Arthritis and Directly Targets the JAK/STAT Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol (Hoboken NJ) (2020 ) 72(12):2030–9.
Not in our library10.1002/art.41441
219.
Zhu J Wang J Huang J Du W He Y Pan H. MicroRNA-140-5p Regulates the Proliferation, Apoptosis and Inflammation of RA FLSs by Repressing STAT3. Exp Ther Med (2021 ) 21(2):171.
Not in our library10.3892/etm.2020.9602
220.
Fu D Xiao C Xie Y Gao J Ye S. MiR-3926 Inhibits Synovial Fibroblasts Proliferation and Inflammatory Cytokines Secretion Through Targeting Toll Like Receptor 5. Gene (2019 ) 687:200–6.
Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.014
221.
Liu L Zuo Y Xu Y Zhang Z Li Y Pang J. MiR-613 Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion and Induces Apoptosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts by Direct Down-Regulation of DKK1. Cell Mol Biol Lett (2019 ) 24:8.
Not in our library10.1186/s11658-018-0130-0
222.
Li G Qiu Z. Deletion of miR-15 Protects Against Rheumatoid Arthritis via Deregulating Its Target Gene BCL2L2 and Repressing NF-κb Pathway. Ann Clin Lab Sci (2019 ) 49(5):581–9.
Not in our library
223.
Liu XG Zhang Y Ju WF Li CY Mu YC. MiR-21 Relieves Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats via targeting Wnt signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci (2019 ) 23(3 Suppl):96–103.
Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201908_18635
224.
Wei H Wu Q Shi Y Luo A Lin S Feng X. MicroRNA-15a/16/SOX5 Axis Promotes Migration, Invasion and Inflammatory Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Aging (2020 ) 12(14):14376–90.
Not in our library10.18632/aging.103480
225.
Yu Z Liu H Fan J Chen F Liu W. MicroRNA-155 Participates in the Expression of LSD1 and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Synovial Cells. Mediators Inflammation (2020 ) 2020:4092762.
Not in our library10.1155/2020/4092762
226.
Jiang L Cao S. Role of microRNA-26a in Cartilage Injury and Chondrocyte Proliferation and Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Rats by Regulating Expression of CTGF. J Cell Physiol (2020 ) 235(2):979–92.
Not in our library10.1002/jcp.29013
227.
Liu D Fang Y Rao Y Tan W Zhou W Wu X. Synovial Fibroblast-Derived Exosomal microRNA-106b Suppresses Chondrocyte Proliferation and Migration in Rheumatoid Arthritis via Down-Regulation of PDK4. J Mol Med (Berlin Germany) (2020 ) 98(3):409–23.
Not in our library10.1007/s00109-020-01882-2
228.
Serum a proliferation-inducing ligand and MicroRNA-223 are associated with rheumatoid arthritis: diagnostic and prognostic implications · 2020
Not checked
229.
Huang Y Chen K Yu H Chen D Deng L Zhang Y. Up-Regulated microRNA-411 or Declined RIPK1 Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Mice via decreased NF-κB pathway. Cell Cycle (Georgetown Tex) (2020 ) 19(6):666–83.
Not in our library10.1080/15384101.2020.1717033
230.
Lee WS Yasuda S Kono M Kudo Y Shimamura S Kono M. MicroRNA-9 Ameliorates Destructive Arthritis Through Down-Regulation of NF-κb1-RANKL Pathway in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Clin Immunol (2020 ) 212:108348.
Not in our library10.1016/j.clim.2020.108348
231.
Chen J Liu M Luo X Peng L Zhao Z He C. Exosomal miRNA-486-5p Derived From Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Induces Osteoblast Differentiation Through the Tob1/BMP/Smad Pathway. Biomater Sci (2020 ) 8(12):3430–42.
Not in our library10.1039/c9bm01761e
232.
Sui X Liu H Zhou Y. Expression of miR-495 and miR-326 in Peripheral Blood of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Its Significance. Exp Ther Med (2020 ) 20(4):3766–74.
Not in our library10.3892/etm.2020.9124
233.
Song AF Kang L Wang YF Wang M. MiR-34a-5p Inhibits Fibroblast−Like Synoviocytes Proliferation via XBP1. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci (2020 ) 24(22):11675–82.
Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_202011_23812
234.
Xie Z Shen P Qu Y Xu J Zheng C Gao Y. MiR-20a Inhibits the Progression of Human Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes and Inflammatory Factor Expression by Targeting ADAM10. Environ Toxicol (2020 ) 35(8):867–78.
Not in our library10.1002/tox.22923
235.
Dinesh P Kalaiselvan S Sujitha S Rasool M. MiR-145-5p Mitigates Dysregulated Wnt1/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol (2020 ) 82:106328.
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106328
236.
Wang X Gong S Pu D Hu N Wang Y Fan P. Up-Regulation of miR-365 Promotes the Apoptosis and Restrains Proliferation of Synoviocytes Through Downregulation of IGF1 and the Inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Mice With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol (2020 ) 79:106067.
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106067
237.
Wu H Zhou X Wang X Cheng W Hu X Wang Y. miR-34a in Extracellular Vesicles From Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces Rheumatoid Arthritis Inflammation via the Cyclin I/ATM/ATR/p53 Axis. J Cell Mol Med (2021 ) 25(4):1896–910.
Not in our library10.1111/jcmm.15857
238.
Yang B Ge Y Zhou Y Wang J Xie X Li S. miR-124a Inhibits the Proliferation and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via Targeting PIK3/NF-κb Pathway. Cell Biochem Funct (2019 ) 37(4):208–15.
Not in our library10.1002/cbf.3386
239.
Li Z Li Y Li Q Zhang Z Jiang L Li X. Role of miR-9-5p in Preventing Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis by Targeting REST/miR-132 Pathway. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim (2019 ) 55(1):52–61.
Not in our library10.1007/s11626-018-0310-2
240.
Zhao F Dong J Guo J Bi L. Inhibiting Role of Long non-Coding RNA LINC01197 in Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Through the microRNA-150/THBS2 Axis. Exp Cell Res (2020 ) 394(2):112136.
Not in our library10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112136
241.
Rao Y Fang Y Tan W Liu D Pang Y Wu X. Delivery of Long Non-Coding RNA NEAT1 by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells-Derived Exosomes Promotes the Occurrence of Rheumatoid Arthritis via the MicroRNA-23a/MDM2/SIRT6 Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol (2020 ) 8:551681.
Not in our library10.3389/fcell.2020.551681
242.
Xiao J Wang R Zhou W Cai X Ye Z. LncRNA NEAT1 Regulates the Proliferation and Production of the Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Targeting miR-204-5p. Hum Cell (2021 ) 34(2):372–82.
Not in our library10.1007/s13577-020-00461-4
243.
Chen J Luo X Liu M Peng L Zhao Z He C. Silencing Long non-Coding RNA NEAT1 Attenuates Rheumatoid Arthritis via the MAPK/ERK Signalling Pathway by Downregulating microRNA-129 and microRNA-204. RNA Biol (2021 ) 18(5):657–68.
Not in our library10.1080/15476286.2020.1857941
244.
LncRNA NEAT1 Targets Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis via the miR-410-3p/YY1 Axis · 2020
Not checked
245.
Tang J Yi S Liu Y. Long non-Coding RNA PVT1 can Regulate the Proliferation and Inflammatory Responses of Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Targeting microRNA-145-5p. Hum Cell (2020 ) 33(4):1081–90.
Not in our library10.1007/s13577-020-00419-6
246.
Wang J Kong X Hu H Shi S. Knockdown of Long non-Coding RNA PVT1 Induces Apoptosis of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Through Modulating miR-543-Dependent SCUBE2 in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Orthopaed Surg Res (2020 ) 15(1):142.
Not in our library10.1186/s13018-020-01641-6
247.
Zhang CW Wu X Liu D Zhou W Tan W Fang YX. Long non-Coding RNA PVT1 Knockdown Suppresses Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Inflammation and Induces Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Demethylation of Sirt6. J Biol Eng (2019 ) 13:60.
Not in our library10.1186/s13036-019-0184-1
248.
Qing P Liu Y. Inhibitory Role of Long non-Coding RNA OIP5-AS1 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Progression Through the microRNA-448-Paraoxonase 1-Toll-Like Receptor 3-Nuclear Factor κb Axis. Exp Physiol (2020 ) 105(10):1708–19.
Not in our library10.1113/ep088608
249.
Zheng J Zeng P Zhang H Zhou Y Liao J Zhu W. Long Noncoding RNA ZFAS1 Silencing Alleviates Rheumatoid Arthritis via Blocking miR-296-5p-Mediated Down-Regulation of MMP-15. Int Immunopharmacol (2020 ) 90:1061–70.
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107061
250.
Yang S Yin W Ding Y Liu F. Lnc RNA ZFAS1 Regulates the Proliferation, Apoptosis, Inflammatory Response and Autophagy of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via miR-2682-5p/ADAMTS9 Axis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Biosci Rep (2020 ) 40(8):BSR20201273.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20201273
251.
Wang W Guo P Chen M Chen D Cheng Y He L. FOXM1/LINC00152 Feedback Loop Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Biosci Rep (2020 ) 40(1):BSR20191900.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20191900
252.
Wan L Liu J Huang C Zhao L Jiang H Liu L. Decreased Long-Chain non-Coding RNA MALAT1 Expression and Increased Hsa-Mir155-3p Expression Involved in Notch Signaling Pathway Regulation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Xi bao yu fen zi mian yi xue za zhi = Chin J Cell Mol Immunol (2020 ) 36(6):535–41.
Not in our library
253.
Peng T Ji D Jiang Y. Long non-Coding RNA GAS5 Suppresses Rheumatoid Arthritis Progression via miR-128-3p/HDAC4 Axis. Mol Cell Biochem (2021 ) 476(6):2491–501.
Not in our library10.1007/s11010-021-04098-1
254.
Li M Wang N Shen Z Yan J. Long non-Coding RNA Growth Arrest-Specific Transcript 5 Regulates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Targeting Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 2. Clin Exp Rheumatol (2020 ) 38(6):1145–54.
Not in our library
255.
Su Y Liu Y Ma C Guan C Ma X Meng S. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Originated Exosomal lncRNA HAND2-AS1 Impairs Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Activation Through miR-143-3p/TNFAIP3/NF-κb Pathway. J Orthopaed Surg Res (2021 ) 16(1):116.
Not in our library10.1186/s13018-021-02248-1
256.
Jiang H Liu J Fan C Wang J Li W. Lncrnas56464.1 as a ceRNA Promotes the Proliferation of Fibroblast−Like Synoviocytes in Experimental Arthritis via the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Sponges Mir−152−3p. Int J Mol Med (2021 ) 47(3):1.
Not in our library10.3892/ijmm.2021.4850
257.
Bi X Guo XH Mo BY Wang ML Luo XQ Chen YX. LncRNA PICSAR Promotes Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Sponging miRNA-4701-5p in Rheumatoid Arthritis. EBioMedicine (2019 ) 50:408–20.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.024
258.
Li G Liu Y Meng F Xia Z Wu X Fang Y. LncRNA MEG3 Inhibits Rheumatoid Arthritis Through miR-141 and Inactivation of AKT/mTOR Signalling Pathway. J Cell Mol Med (2019 ) 23(10):7116–20.
Not in our library10.1111/jcmm.14591
259.
Yue T Fan X Zhang Z Liu Z Guo M Bai F. Downregulation of lncRNA ITSN1-2 Correlates With Decreased Disease Risk and Activity of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and Reduces RA Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Proliferation and Inflammation via Inhibiting NOD2/RIP2 Signaling Pathway. Am J Transl Res (2019 ) 11(8):4650–66.
Not in our library
260.
Sun L Tu J Liu C Pan A Xia X Chen X. Analysis of lncRNA Expression Profiles by Sequencing Reveals That lnc-AL928768.3 and lnc-AC091493.1 are Novel Biomarkers for Disease Risk and Activity of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inflammopharmacology (2020 ) 28(2):437–50.
Not in our library10.1007/s10787-019-00666-6
261.
Hu X Tang J Hu X Bao P Deng W Wu J. Silencing of Long Non-Coding RNA HOTTIP Reduces Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Demethylation of SFRP1. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids (2020 ) 19:468–81.
Not in our library10.1016/j.omtn.2019.11.015
262.
Yan S Wang P Wang J Yang J Lu H Jin C. Long Non-Coding RNA HIX003209 Promotes Inflammation by Sponging miR-6089 via TLR4/NF-κb Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol (2019 ) 10:2218.
Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2019.02218
263.
Yu H Ding C Dai S Sun J Wang S Zhang Z. Long Noncoding RNA FER1L4 Regulates Rheumatoid Arthritis via Targeting NLRC5. Clin Exp Rheumatol (2020 ) 38(4):713–23.
Not in our library
264.
Liu C Guo X Bai S Zeng G Wang H. lncRNA CASC2 Downregulation Participates in Rheumatoid Arthritis, and CASC2 Overexpression Promotes the Apoptosis of Fibroblast−Like Synoviocytes by Downregulating IL−17. Mol Med Rep (2020 ) 21(5):2131–7.
Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2020.11018
265.
Wang Y Li G Guo W Ji B Aisikeerbayi A Boratibai Y. LncRNA PlncRNA-1 Participates in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Regulating Transforming Growth Factor β1. Autoimmunity (2020 ) 53(6):297–302.
Not in our library10.1080/08916934.2020.1750010
266.
Zhi LQ Zhong Q Ma JB Xiao L Yao SX Wang X. LncRNA H19 Inhibitor Represses Synovial Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Rats With Rheumatoid Arthritis via Notch Signaling Pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci (2020 ) 24(8):4088–94.
Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_202004_20985
267.
Fu X Song G Ni R Liu H Xu Z Zhang D. LncRNA-H19 Silencing Suppresses Synoviocytes Proliferation and Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis Progression by Modulating miR-124a. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2021 ) 60(1):430–40.
Not in our library10.1093/rheumatology/keaa395
268.
Piao X Zhou J Hu J. Role of RP11-83J16.1, a Novel Long non-Coding RNA, in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Am J Transl Res (2020 ) 12(4):1397–414.
Not in our library
269.
Yang J Li Y Wang L Zhang Z Li Z Jia Q. LncRNA H19 Aggravates TNF-α-Induced Inflammatory Injury via TAK1 Pathway in MH7A Cells. BioFactors (Oxford England) (2020 ) 46(5):813–20.
Not in our library10.1002/biof.1659
270.
Wang ZQ Xiu DH Jiang JL Liu GF. Long non-Coding RNA XIST Binding to Let-7c-5p Contributes to Rheumatoid Arthritis Through its Effects on Proliferation and Differentiation of Osteoblasts via Regulation of STAT3. J Clin Lab Anal (2020 ) 34(11):e23496.
Not in our library10.1002/jcla.23496
271.
Liu F Feng XX Zhu SL Lin L Huang HY Zhang BY. Long non-Coding RNA SNHG1 Regulates Rheumatoid Synovial Invasion and Proliferation by Interaction With PTBP1. Int Immunopharmacol (2021 ) 90:107182.
Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107182
272.
Liang Y Li H Gong X Ding C. Long Non-Coding RNA THRIL Mediates Cell Growth and Inflammatory Response of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Activating PI3K/AKT Signals in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inflammation (2020 ) 43(3):1044–53.
Not in our library10.1007/s10753-020-01189-x
273.
Zhong S Ouyang Q Zhu D Huang Q Zhao J Fan M. Hsa_circ_0088036 Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Sponging miR-140-3p and Upregulating SIRT 1 Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Immunol (2020 ) 125:131–9.
Not in our library10.1016/j.molimm.2020.07.004
274.
Circ_0000396 inhibits rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast growth and inflammatory response via miR-203/HBP1 axis · 2021
Not checked
275.
Zhi L Liang J Huang W Ma J Qing Z Wang X. Circ_AFF2 Facilitates Proliferation and Inflammatory Response of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis via the miR-375/TAB2 Axis. Exp Mol Pathol (2021 ) 119:104617.
Not in our library10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104617
276.
Yang X Li J Wu Y Ni B Zhang B. Aberrant Dysregulated Circular RNAs in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Revealed by RNA Sequencing: Novel Diagnostic Markers for RA. Scand J Clin Lab Invest (2019 ) 79(8):551–9.
Not in our library10.1080/00365513.2019.1674004
277.
Luo Q Liu J Fu B Zhang L Guo Y Huang Z. Circular RNAs Hsa_circ_0002715 and Hsa_circ_0035197 in Peripheral Blood Are Novel Potential Biomarkers for New-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis. Dis Markers (2019 ) 2019:2073139–.
Not in our library10.1155/2019/2073139
278.
CircRNA_09505 aggravates inflammation and joint damage in collagen-induced arthritis mice via miR-6089/AKT1/NF-κB axis · 2020
No notice
279.
Li B Li N Zhang L Li K Xie Y Xue M. Hsa_circ_0001859 Regulates ATF2 Expression by Functioning as an MiR-204/211 Sponge in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Immunol Res (2018 ) 2018:9412387–.
Not in our library10.1155/2018/9412387
280.
Luo Q Zeng L Zeng L Rao J Zhang L Guo Y. Expression and Clinical Significance of Circular RNAs Hsa_Circ_0000175 and Hsa_Circ_0008410 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Med (2020 ) 45(4):1203–12.
Not in our library10.3892/ijmm.2020.4498
281.
Bartel DP. Metazoan MicroRNAs. Cell (2018 ) 173(1):20–51.
Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.006
282.
Wang Y Hou L Yuan X Xu N Zhao S Yang L. miR-483-3p Promotes Cell Proliferation and Suppresses Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Targeting IGF-1. Biomed Pharmacother = Biomed Pharmacother (2020 ) 130:110519.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110519
283.
The inhibition by human MSCs-derived miRNA-124a overexpression exosomes in the proliferation and migration of rheumatoid arthritis-related fibroblast-like synoviocyte cell · 2020
Not checked
284.
Zhao W Li D Su Y Zhao H Pang W Sun Y. MicroRNA-147 Negatively Regulates Expression of Toll-Like Receptor-7 in Rat Macrophages and Attenuates Pristane Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats. Am J Transl Res (2019 ) 11(4):2219–31.
Not in our library
285.
Yuan M Wang S Yu L Qu B Xu L Liu L. Long Noncoding RNA Profiling Revealed Differentially Expressed lncRNAs Associated With Disease Activity in PBMCs From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. PloS One (2017 ) 12(11):e0186795.
Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0186795
286.
Zhang Y Xu YZ Sun N Liu JH Chen FF Guan XL. Long Noncoding RNA Expression Profile in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther (2016 ) 18(1):227.
Not in our library10.1186/s13075-016-1129-4
287.
Xu D Jiang Y Yang L Hou X Wang J Gu W. Long Noncoding RNAs Expression Profile and Functional Networks in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Oncotarget (2017 ) 8(56):95280–92.
Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.20036
288.
Liu YR Yang L Xu QQ Lu XY Ma TT Huang C. Long Noncoding RNA MEG3 Regulates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Targeting NLRC5. J Cell Physiol (2019 ) 234(8):14270–84.
Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28126
289.
Yang Z Lin SD Zhan F Liu Y Zhan YW. LncRNA GAS5 Alleviates Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Regulating miR-222-3p/Sirt1 Signalling Axis. Autoimmunity (2020 ) 54(1):13–22.
Not in our library10.1080/08916934.2020.1846183
290.
Xia X Tang X Wang S. Roles of CircRNAs in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol (2019 ) 10:639.
Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2019.00639
291.
Wen J Liu J Zhang P Jiang H Xin L Wan L. RNA-Seq Reveals the Circular RNA and miRNA Expression Profile of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Biosci Rep (2020 ) 40(4):BSR20193160.
Not in our library10.1042/bsr20193160
292.
Li G Tan W Fang Y Wu X Zhou W Zhang C. Circfads2 Protects LPS-Treated Chondrocytes From Apoptosis Acting as an Interceptor of miR-498/mTOR Cross-Talking. Aging (2019 ) 11(10):3348–61.
Not in our library10.18632/aging.101986
293.
Nakano K Whitaker JW Boyle DL Wang W Firestein GS. DNA Methylome Signature in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (2013 ) 72(1):110–7.
Not in our library10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201526
294.
Karouzakis E Raza K Kolling C Buckley CD Gay S Filer A. Analysis of Early Changes in DNA Methylation in Synovial Fibroblasts of RA Patients Before Diagnosis. Sci Rep (2018 ) 8(1):7370–.
Not in our library10.1038/s41598-018-24240-2
295.
Pitaksalee R Burska AN Ajaib S Rogers J Parmar R Mydlova K. Differential CpG DNA Methylation in Peripheral Naïve CD4(+) T-Cells in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Clin Epigenet (2020 ) 12(1):54–.
Not in our library10.1186/s13148-020-00837-1
296.
Gilbert WV Bell TA Schaening C. Messenger RNA Modifications: Form, Distribution, and Function. Sci (New York NY) (2016 ) 352(6292):1408–12.
Not in our library10.1126/science.aad8711
297.
Meclofenamic acid selectively inhibits FTO demethylation of m6A over ALKBH5 · 2014
No notice
298.
Jiang H Cao K Fan C Cui X Ma Y Liu J. Transcriptome-Wide High-Throughput M6a Sequencing of Differential M6a Methylation Patterns in the Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Cell Line MH7A. J Inflammation Res (2021 ) 14:575–86.
Not in our library10.2147/jir.s296006
299.
Tessarz P Kouzarides T. Histone Core Modifications Regulating Nucleosome Structure and Dynamics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol (2014 ) 15(11):703–8.
Not in our library10.1038/nrm3890
300.
Wang F Chen FF Gao WB Wang HY Zhao NW Xu M. Identification of Citrullinated Peptides in the Synovial Fluid of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Using LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF. Clin Rheumatol (2016 ) 35(9):2185–94.
Not in our library10.1007/s10067-016-3247-4
301.
Increased activity and expression of histone deacetylase 1 in relation to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis · 2010
No notice
302.
Angiolilli C Grabiec AM Ferguson BS Ospelt C Malvar Fernandez B van Es IE. Inflammatory Cytokines Epigenetically Regulate Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Activation by Suppressing HDAC5 Expression. Ann Rheum Dis (2016 ) 75(2):430–8.
Not in our library10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205635
303.
Hao L Wan Y Xiao J Tang Q Deng H Chen L. A Study of Sirt1 Regulation and the Effect of Resveratrol on Synoviocyte Invasion and Associated Joint Destruction in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Med Rep (2017 ) 16(4):5099–106.
Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2017.7299
304.
Woo SJ Lee SM Lim HS Hah YS Jung ID Park YM. Myeloid Deletion of SIRT1 Suppresses Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice by Modulating Dendritic Cell Maturation. Exp Mol Med (2016 ) 48(3):e221.
Not in our library10.1038/emm.2015.124
305.
Angiolilli C Kabala PA Grabiec AM Van Baarsen IM Ferguson BS García S. Histone Deacetylase 3 Regulates the Inflammatory Gene Expression Programme of Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Ann Rheum Dis (2017 ) 76(1):277–85.
Not in our library10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-209064
306.
Klein K Kabala PA Grabiec AM Gay RE Kolling C Lin LL. The Bromodomain Protein Inhibitor I-BET151 Suppresses Expression of Inflammatory Genes and Matrix Degrading Enzymes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts. Ann Rheum Dis (2016 ) 75(2):422–9.
Not in our library10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205809
307.
Cribbs AP Terlecki-Zaniewicz S Philpott M Baardman J Ahern D Lindow M. Histone H3K27me3 Demethylases Regulate Human Th17 Cell Development and Effector Functions by Impacting on Metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2020 ) 117(11):6056–66.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1919893117
308.
Trenkmann M Brock M Gay RE Kolling C Speich R Michel BA. Expression and Function of EZH2 in Synovial Fibroblasts: Epigenetic Repression of the Wnt Inhibitor SFRP1 in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (2011 ) 70(8):1482–8.
Not in our library10.1136/ard.2010.143040

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