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Claudin Family Participates in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer

Liguo Zhu, Jing Han, Li Li and 3 more

Frontiers in Immunology · 2019 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01441

Abstract

Claudins are a multigene transmembrane protein family comprising at least 27 members. In gastrointestinal tract, claudins are mainly located in the intestinal epithelia; many types of claudins form a network of strands in tight junction plaques within the intercellular space of neighboring epithelial cells and build paracellular selective channels, while others act as signaling proteins and mediates cell behaviors. Claudin dysfunction may contribute to epithelial permeation disorder and multiple intestinal diseases. Over recent years, the importance of claudins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has gained focus and is being investigated. This review analyzes the expression pattern and regulatory mechanism of claudins based on existing evidence and elucidates the fact that claudin dysregulation correlates with increased intestinal permeability, sustained activation of inflammation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor progression in IBD as well as consequent colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), possibly shedding new light on further etiologic research and clinical treatments.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 27, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

Claudins, a multigene transmembrane protein family comprising at least 27 members, reportedly contain four transmembrane (TM) helix domains, two extracellular loops (ECLs), a short N-terminus and a C-terminus. In gastrointestinal tract, claudins are mainly located in the intestinal epithelia; many species of claudins form a network of strands in tight junction (TJ) plaques within the intercellular space of neighboring epithelial cells and build paracellular selective channels, while the others act as signaling proteins and modulate cell behaviors. Consequently, claudins dysfunction that occurs in enterocytes may contribute to epithelial permeation disorder and multiple intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD are a series of chronic multifactorial gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders that mainly include Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), with rather high non-response rates and recurrence rates in clinical practice. Moreover, evidence regarding the correlation of IBD with colorectal cancers exists, as sustained extensive colitis is a known independent risk factor for colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). However, owing to sophisticated etiology, the dynamics of IBD and consequent tumorigenesis remain obscure. As the roles of claudins have been gradually better understood in recent years, dysregulation of different claudin types may modulate barrier permeability as TJ proteins and impact tumor behaviors as signaling proteins, therefore participating in the pathogenesis of IBD and consequent tumorigenesis.

Pathogenesis of IBD

IBD are a series of chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, among which CD and UC are the most prevalent and well-studied. The sophisticated etiology of IBD is described in the following sub-sections, along with the relationship of IBD to claudins (Figure 1).

Genetic Variants Related to Disease Susceptibility

Over 200 genetic risk loci are associated with IBD in modulating barrier homeostasis, intestinal epithelial renewal, defense against microbes, and innate/adaptive immune regulation, among other things. In a study on twins discordant for CD, healthy co-twins exhibited barrier function changes similar to their CD co-twins (e.g., increased small molecule permeability and reduced claudin-5 expression) when compared with non-related controls, indicating that genetic predisposition may be an important etiologic factor in IBD onset. Some gene variants may increase IBD predisposition by modulating TJ proteins because they take on the dual role of sealing proteins and signaling proteins. NOD2 mutations engender anti-biotic α-defensin reduction and altered composition of TJ proteins (e.g., claudin-1, claudin-2, occluding, and Zonula Occludens-1), resulting in higher susceptibility to luminal bacterial infection in CD patients and exacerbation of inflammation via interleukin-8 (IL-8)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in epithelia as well as Toll-like receptor-2(TLR2)-dependent interferon-γ (IFN-γ) upregulation in antigen-presenting cells. Similarly, SHANK3 mutations downregulate ZO-1 by inhibiting protein kinase Cε (PKCε), thus engendering bacterial paracellular influx and increasing propensity to inflammation in CD patients, which is also likely a mechanism of claudins dysregulation in IBD onset that awaits further analysis.

Aberrant Responses of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

At their core, IBD are a series of autoimmune diseases, and aberrant immune responses may contribute to IBD in sophisticated ways by involving both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. The function of T cells and relevant cytokines is well-studied and considered important in the pathogenesis of IBD. Under physiological conditions, Treg cells and macrophages secrete transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL-10 to induce immunotolerance. However, under pathological conditions such as infections, the upregulated proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23) and generation of Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 cells, along with the activation of other immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, NK cells), cooperatively construct an elaborate network triggering IBD. For example, Th9 subset exacerbates murine experimental colitis, increases bacteria permeability and impairs wound healing by secreting IL-9 and upregulating pore-forming claudin-2. From a viewpoint of clinical applications, except for anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α agents, the efficacy and safety of other inhibitory agents against the participating immune cells and cytokines, such as anti-integrin and anti-IL-23 agents, still need to be examined through clinical trials.

Dysfunction of Mucosal Barrier

TJ-dependent paracellular passages manage the exchange of paracellular substances between the intestinal lumen and internal environment, thereby playing a role in the balancing of nutrient absorption and waste secretion as well as defense mechanisms against pathogens. In accordance with the well-acknowledged roles of claudins in forming TJs and selective channels, claudins may participate in both types of transepithelial paracellular leakage: proinflammatory cytokines-induced small molecule (e.g., ions and mannitol) channel disruption and cell detachment-induced large molecule (e.g., epidermal growth factor, EGF) leakage. Thus, as barrier-forming proteins, dysregulated expression and redistribution of claudins may lead to increased intestinal permeability, susceptibility to gut infection and bowel symptoms of IBD patients.

Imbalance of Intestinal Microbial Colonization

Dysbiosis of microbiota may influence mucosal homeostasis, immune response, nutrient uptake, and vitamin production with altered metagenome and perturbed microbial metabolism, finally contributing to IBD. For example, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli, a prevalent pathogen in chronic and early recurrent ileal lesions in CD patients, interferes with host immune responses by surviving macrophage phagocytosis, inducing neutrophil autophagy, promoting Th17 differentiation, and upregulating proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Probiotics, such as Bacillus subtilis and Bifidobacterium longum, on the other hand, alleviate inflammation and repair barrier function by downregulating proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-17, IL-23, and TNF-α) and upregulating TJ proteins (e.g., claudin-1, occluding, and ZO-1) in colitis mice models.

Individual and Environmental Risk Factors

Based on existing epidemiologic research, industrialization is regarded as a significant risk factor for IBD because its incidence rate in western countries has increased rapidly since the 1950s and has remained high, while the low incidence rate in newly industrialized countries has steadily begun to rise in the twenty-first century. Age may also be a risk factor for CD and UC, because the first diagnostic peak appears at 20–30 years in CD and at 30–40 years in UC, along with a possible second peak at 60–70 years. Other risk factors, including smoking, appendectomy, dietary habits, antibiotic use, and childhood exposure, may also be relevant to the pathogenesis of IBD. Interestingly, second-hand smoking engenders claudin-3 and ZO-2 upregulation in murine large intestines possibly by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but also increases oxidative stress by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, indicating the complicated role of smoking in modulating inflammation.

Tumorigenesis of IBD

The sophisticated pathogenesis of CAC is associated with genomic alterations, inflammation-induced aberrant immune response, and alterations in bowel microbiota, etc.. Sequencing analysis has revealed that genomic alterations in CAC are significantly different from sporadic colorectal cancer with regard to a higher frequency of TP53, MYC, and IDH1 mutations, along with lower frequency of APC mutations. Moreover, as colitis-associated intestinal barrier leak allows for the paracellular influx of luminal growth factors, EGF triggers sustained activation of Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling, along with secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-17 and IL-23), thus accelerating cell proliferation and engendering tumorigenesis. Additionally, microbial composition is altered in patients with CAC or sporadic colorectal cancer and varies at different stages of colorectal tumorigenesis, possibly owing to infection-associated inflammation, bacterial metabolites, and infection-induced oxidative stress. The changes of claudins in CAC and colorectal cancer are summed up in Table 1.

Expression of Claudins in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Though claudins are widely expressed in various kinds of organs and tissues, only a few of them are detectable in the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple studies have confirmed the tissue-specific physiological heterogeneity in normal gastrointestinal epithelium and pathological modification of claudin expression in IBD patients (Table 2). Hence, deviation from the physiological expression pattern of claudins probably implies a pathological state. The expression and distribution of claudins may be regarded as an indicator or mediator of mucosal function in concerning diseases that cause intestinal mucosal damage, including IBD.

Structures of Claudins

Different types of claudins have basic structures in common (Figure 2), including four transmembrane helices, two extracellular loops, a short N-terminus and a cytoplasmic C-terminus. ECLs and TM mediate the formation of claudin dimers and dimers further assemble themselves into barrier or pores in the paracellular space. ECLs are also able to bind C. perfringens enterotoxin and therefore to participate in infection-induced pathogenesis. On the other hand, the diverse C-terminus of claudins binds cytoplasmic proteins by PSD-95/Disc-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain, which may be the structural foundation for claudins to modulate cell behaviors as signaling proteins.

Functions of Claudins in IBD and CAC

Though it is well-acknowledged that gastrointestinal-specific claudins participate in building intestinal barriers and modulating permeability, there is also ample evidence that claudins may act as signaling proteins and participate in inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenesis via cellular signaling pathways, including EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling and AMPK signaling, etc.. Thus, inflammation-induced claudins dysregulation may mediate the interaction between IBD and CAC.

Claudin-1

Claudin-1 is located in the junctional areas as well as lateral membranes of crypt epithelial cells and upregulated in entire epithelia during CD and UC. Evidence shows that downregulation of claudin-1 contributes to increased intestinal permeability via NF-κB activation and leads to diarrhea in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. On the other hand, claudin-1-overexpressing mice exhibit higher susceptibility to experimental colitis, with impaired goblet cell differentiation, deferred epithelial recovery, sustained inflammation and crypt hyperplasia, possibly resulting from matrix metalloproteinases-9(MMP-9)/ERK-induced Notch signaling activation. Wnt/β-catenin signaling that participates in inflammation, cell differentiation and proliferation, seems to have a strong correlation with claudin-1, as claudin-1-overexpressing mice exhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation, and caudal homeobox protein-2(Cdx-2)-associated Wnt signaling upregulates claudin-1 inversely in colorectal cancer cell lines, along with combined upregulation of claudin-1 and β-catenin in human primary and metastatic colorectal cancer lesions. In addition, TNF-α-induced claudin-1 upregulation leads to ERK and SRC signaling activation, thus contributing to EMT and increased tumor invasion, suggesting the underlying role of claudin-1 in triggering colitis and CAC.

Claudin-2

As claudin-2 is predominantly expressed in TJ region and the apical cytoplasm of surface colonocytes, it is considered to increase paracellular permeability by forming cation-selective and water channels on intestinal epithelia, along with an overall upregulation in IBD and CAC. Contrary to claudin-1, claudin-2-overexpressing mice exhibit higher resistance to experimental colitis by showing decreased cell apoptosis, increased epithelial proliferation and immune tolerance, brought about by downregulation of IL-6-induced NF-κB as well as STAT3 signaling and upregulation of Treg cell population as well as immunoregulatory cytokine TGF-β. However, different from the protective role in colitis, claudin-2 is upregulated by Cdx-associated Wnt signaling activation and contributes to tumorigenicity of CAC by promoting cell proliferation via EGFR/ERK signaling in vitro.

Claudin-3

Claudin-3 is typically located in junctional areas and lateral membranes of healthy colonic surface and crypt epithelia, while its expression in apical regions is lowered in the epithelia of IBD patients. A research conducted on murine postnatal intestinal barrier development revealed that intestinal claudin-3 expression peaks during early stages of life and complies to the process of probiotics-induced MyD88-dependent gut maturation, indicating that claudin-3 forms intestinal epithelial barrier on the basis of probiotics-induced TLR activation in early life. Evidence from in vitro experiments also demonstrated that claudin-3 is downregulated by proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β)-induced myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation.In claudin-3-deficient mice model, colonic epithelial dedifferentiation, barrier dysfunction and rapid tumor progression likely resulted from IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signaling-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling upregulation, indicating the interaction between inflammation and tumorigenesis mediated by claudin-3 deficiency. However, another study on colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line revealed that claudin-3 overexpression promotes tumor malignancy via EGFR/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling. The aforementioned dual role of claudin-3 in tumorigenesis indicates that the imbalance of claudin-3 may participate in tumorigenesis via multiple pathways.

Claudin-4

Claudin-4 is expressed in TJs and lateral membranes of normal colonic surface as well as crypt epithelia, and responsible for physiological chloride reabsorption. Downregulation of claudin-4 are mainly observed in junctional areas of inflamed epithelia, probably due to TNF-α/IFN-γ induced MLCK activation. AMPK and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors-induced ERK activation is also able to trigger claudin-4 phosphorylation, β-arrestin2/clathrin-mediated redistribution from cellular membranes to cytoplasm, and consequent ubiquitination-induced degradation, contributing to increased epithelial paracellular permeability. However, studies on gastrointestinal tumor progression are quite contradictory. Although claudin-4 expression promoted by lncRNA-KRTAP5-AS1 and lncRNA-TUBB2A contributes to aggressive cancer behaviors in gastric cancer and β-catenin expression is synchronous with claudin-4 upregulation in CAC tissues, there is also evidence showing that claudin-4 suppression in colorectal cancer tissues correlates with aggressive cancer behaviors.

Claudin-5

Claudin-5 localizes strictly in junctional areas in normal surface and crypt epithelia, whereas its reduction and redistribution from TJs to sub-junctional membranes are observed in active CD. Alteration in the expression of claudin-5 and other sealing claudins leads to decreased number of TJ strands and reduced depth of TJ meshwork, consequently increasing barrier permeability. Claudin-5 is upregulated by lamina propria lymphocytes for its function in accelerating intestinal epithelia differentiation via Notch-1 signaling to maintain epithelial homeostasis. However, the lymphoepithelial interactions may be a double-edged sword, as PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling upregulated by lamina propria lymphocytes participate in dysregulated epithelial cell maturation and enhanced intestinal antigen presentation, therefore leading to exacerbation of inflammation. On the other hand, as claudin-5 is downregulated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2)/PI3K/Akt signaling and IL-8 in endothelial cells, resulting in impaired endothelial integrity and increased vascular permeability, the reduction of claudin-5 may play a role in weakened cell adhesion and tumor metastasis in various tumor types, such as ovarian cancer, urothelial carcinoma, and prostate cancer. However, to date, the role of claudin-5 in gastrointestinal tumors remains obscure.

Claudin-7

Claudin-7 is found in TJ regions as well as basolateral membranes of colonocytes, whose junctional expression are significantly reduced in active UC. Deficiency of claudin-7 mainly causes dysregulated paracellular flux of small organic solutes, such as microflora products, and triggers colonic inflammation in mice models. In another study, due to claudin-7 deficiency, upregulation of MMPs (e.g., MMP-3 and MMP-7) turns IL-1β precursor into the active form and triggers NF-κB signaling activation, along with MMPs-induced degradation of claudin-7/claudin-1/integrin-α2 complex, finally engendering colonic inflammation and damaged cell-matrix interaction. Further, claudin-7 inhibits ERK and SRC signaling, therefore suppressing EMT and tumor progression in colorectal cancer cell lines. However, there is also in vitro evidence that claudin-7 cooperates with epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and generates EpIC, a co-transcription factor that collaborates with β-catenin in cancer initiating cells, contributing to EMT and cancer metastasis.

Claudin-8

Since claudin-8 acts as sealing claudins in junctional regions of normal epithelial surface as well as crypts and prevents paracellular back-leakage of Na+ in colonic reabsorption, its reduction and redistribution from TJs to cytoplasm may lead to TJ structure disruption and increased epithelial permeability in IBD, especially in active CD. In both IBD patients and mice with experimental colitis, claudin-8 is downregulated by hyperactivation of IL-23/miR-223 and IL-9/miR21 pathways, causing inflammation-induced intestinal mucosal damage and retardation of mucosal healing, while IL-9/STAT5 pathway activation may also account for bowel epithelial inflammation. On the other hand, as CLDN8 is correlated with cancer progression via Akt and MAPK signaling in prostate cancer, the significance of downregulated claudin-8 in colorectal cancer awaits further analysis.

Claudin-12,-15, and -18

The presence of claudin-12 is decreased in the colon epithelia, but increased in the ileum epithelia of CD patients. By forming Ca2+ paracellular channels, claudin-12 mediates Vitamin-D dependent Ca2+ permeability in enterocytes. Although IL-18/p38 MAPK pathway downregulates claudin-12 and promotes tumor invasion in breast cancer, indicating its possible anti-tumor effect, the upregulation of claudin-12 in colorectal cancer needs to be further studied.

Claudin-15 modulates small intestinal Na+ permeability by forming Na+ channels, whose deficiency results in Na+-dependent glucose/amino acid/fat absorption defect in mice models. Interestingly, claudin-15-deficient mice develop dilated and lengthened upper small intestines without signs of epithelial neoplasia, suggesting that claudin-15 may regulate intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and organ size, while the underlying mechanism remains to be discovered. Owing to a scarcity of research, the significance of reduced claudin-15 expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma is still undefined.

CLDN18 gene produces lung-specific and stomach-specific claudin-18. Stomach-specific claudin-18 (claudin-18.2) forms TJ strands in gastric epithelial cells and limits paracellular H+ efflux; its deficiency may trigger gastritis by upregulating IL-1β, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin-E pathway. Intriguingly, claudin-18.2-deficient mice develop gastric mucosal neoplasia, which is associated with the activation of multiple pathways, including CD44, ephrin (EFN)/ ephrin receptor (EPH) and yes-associated protein-1 (YAP1)/HIPPO signaling. However, the existence of claudin-18.2 in primary and metastatic lesions of gastric cancer, along with its significant ectopic expression in various types of cancers (e.g., pancreatic adenocarcinomas, esophageal tumors, and bile duct cancers), indicates the underlying role of claudin-18.2 as a pan-cancer therapeutic target. On the other hand, though lung-specific claudin-18 (claudin-18.1) is expressed in the colonic epithelia of UC patients and experimental colitis mice models, its significance awaits further analysis.

Conclusion

Though claudins participate in the pathogenesis of IBD and consequent tumorigenesis, actual prognostic or therapeutic application of claudins in IBD remains scarce. As for the potential role of claudins in colorectal cancer, anti-claudin-1 antibodies specifically bind claudin-1 on the membrane of tumor cells and inhibit tumor progression in vivo and in vitro, indicating that claudin-1 may be a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer, especially for subtypes with KRAS mutations and Wnt signaling activation. However, even though claudin-1 is upregulated in human colon cancer tissues when compared with adjacent normal epithelia, claudin-1 reduction is strongly correlated with poor prognosis, including high recurrence rate and poor survival, in tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage II colon cancer patients. On the other hand, in a phase IIb study on patients with claudin-18.2 positive gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, the combination of anti-claudin-18.2 antibodies claudiximab and first line chemotherapy improves response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival in comparison with chemotherapy alone, suggesting the potential of claudin-18.2 as a therapeutic target for claudin-18.2-positive gastric cancer and other cancer types with claudin-18.2 ectopic expression (e.g., pancreatic cancer).

Previous studies have shown that claudins modulate barrier function, inflammation and tumorigenesis in gastrointestinal tract, while their roles in genetic propensity, immune response apart from T cells activation and microbial dysbiosis still need to be further studied. Also, for several gastrointestinal claudins (e.g., claudin−12,−15, and−18), where does the dysregulation exactly occur among various types of gastrointestinal cells and the relevant modulating mechanisms remain obscure. Though claudins dysregulation predominantly occurs in epithelial cells, whether it influences other cell types (e.g., intestinal stem cells and goblet cells) awaits further analysis. In addition, the sophisticated modulating mechanism of claudins makes it difficult to determine which signaling pathway is primary in IBD and CAC, especially for different cancer subtypes. Therefore, conclusions from different signaling studies may be contradictory, which has become an obstacle for claudins to be therapeutic targets for IBD and CAC. The potential of claudins in promoting mucosal healing by restoring TJ structures as TJ-forming proteins and regulating inflammation as well as tumor behaviors as signaling proteins awaits further analysis.

Author Contributions

LZ and JH searched for and analyzed referenced articles. LZ and JH wrote the manuscript. LZ, JH, LL, YW, and YL summarized relevant information and designed the tables and figures in the review. SZ designed the study and revised the review. All authors agreed to be responsible for the content of the review.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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  35. 35.

    Viladomiu M Kivolowitz C Abdulhamid A Dogan B Victorio D Castellanos JG. IgA-coated E. coli enriched in Crohn's disease spondyloarthritis promote TH17-dependent inflammation. Sci Transl Med. (2017 ) 9:eaaf9655.

    Not in our library10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9655

  36. 36.

    Gong Y Li H Li Y. Effects of Bacillus subtilis on epithelial tight junctions of mice with inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Interferon Cytokine Res. (2016 ) 36:75–85.

    Not in our library10.1089/jir.2015.0030

  37. 37.

    Chen X Fu Y Wang L Qian W Zheng F Hou X Bifidobacterium longum and VSL#3® amelioration of TNBS-induced colitis associated with reduced HMGB1 and epithelial barrier impairment. Dev Comp Immunol. (2019 ) 92:77–86.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.006

  38. 38.

    Isidro RA Lopez A Cruz ML Gonzalez Torres MI Chompre G Isidro AA The Probiotic VSL#3 modulates colonic macrophages, inflammation, and microflora in acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis. J Histochem Cytochem. (2017 ) 65:445–61.

    Not in our library10.1369/0022155417718542

  39. 39.

    Ng SC Shi HY Hamidi N Underwood FE Tang W Benchimol EI. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet. (2018 ) 390:2769–78.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32448-0

  40. 40.

    Molodecky NA Soon IS Rabi DM Ghali WA Ferris M Chernoff G. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. (2012 ) 142:46–54.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001

  41. 41.

    Kaplan GG. The global burden of IBD: from 2015 to 2025. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2015 ) 12:720–7.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrgastro.2015.150

  42. 42.

    Cosnes J Gower Rousseau C Seksik P Cortot A. Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. (2011 ) 140:1785–94.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.055

  43. 43.

    Ng SC Tang W Leong RW Chen M Ko Y Studd C. Environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based case-control study in Asia-Pacific. Gut. (2015 ) 64:1063–71.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307410

  44. 44.

    Ng SC Bernstein CN Vatn MH Lakatos PL Loftus EV Tysk C. Geographical variability and environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. (2013 ) 62:630–49.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303661

  45. 45.

    Wang H Zhao JX Hu N Ren J Du M Zhu MJ. Side-stream smoking reduces intestinal inflammation and increases expression of tight junction proteins. World J Gastroenterol. (2012 ) 18:2180–7.

    Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v18.i18.2180

  46. 46.

    Kim ER Chang DK. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: the risk, pathogenesis, prevention and diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol. (2014 ) 20:9872–81.

    Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9872

  47. 47.

    Yaeger R Shah MA Miller VA Kelsen JR Wang K Heins ZJ. Genomic alterations observed in colitis-associated cancers are distinct from those found in sporadic colorectal cancers and vary by type of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. (2016 ) 151:278–87.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.001

  48. 48.

    Mullin JM Epithelial barriers, compartmentation, and cancer. Sci STKE. (2004 ) 216:pe2

    Not in our library10.1126/stke.2162004pe2

  49. 49.

    Zeng F Harris RC. Epidermal growth factor, from gene organization to bedside. Semin Cell Dev Biol. (2014 ) 28:2–11.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.011

  50. 50.

    Wu S Rhee KJ Albesiano E Rabizadeh S Wu X Yen HR. A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses. Nat Med. (2009 ) 15:1016–22.

    Not in our library10.1038/nm.2015

  51. 51.

    Grivennikov SI Karin M. Dangerous liaisons: STAT3 and NF-κB collaboration and crosstalk in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. (2010 ) 21:11–9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.11.005

  52. 52.

    Kang M Martin A. Microbiome and colorectal cancer: Unraveling host-microbiota interactions in colitis-associated colorectal cancer development. Semin Immunol. (2017 ) 32:3–13.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.smim.2017.04.003

  53. 53.
    Gut mucosal microbiome across stages of colorectal carcinogenesis · 2015
    No notice
  54. 54.

    Gagnière J Raisch J Veziant J Barnich N Bonnet R Buc E. Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. (2016 ) 22:501–18.

    Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.501

  55. 55.

    Mees ST Mennigen R Spieker T Rijcken E Senninger N Haier J. Expression of tight and adherens junction proteins in ulcerative colitis associated colorectal carcinoma: upregulation of claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-4, and beta-catenin. Int J Colorectal Dis. (2009 ) 24:361–8.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00384-009-0653-y

  56. 56.

    Kinugasa T Yoshida T Shirouzu K Akagi Y Increased expression of claudin-1 contributes to tumorigenesis in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. (2011 ) 140:S352

    Not in our library10.1016/s0016-5085(11)61434-0

  57. 57.

    Wang X Tully O Ngo B Zitin M Mullin JM. Epithelial tight junctional changes in colorectal cancer tissues. Sci World J. (2011 ) 11:826–41.

    Not in our library10.1100/tsw.2011.86

  58. 58.

    Tang W Dou T Zhong M Wu Z. Dysregulation of Claudin family genes in colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. Biofactors. (2011 ) 37:65–73.

    Not in our library10.1002/biof.138

  59. 59.

    Singh AB Sharma A Smith JJ Krishnan M Chen X Eschrich S. Claudin-1 up-regulates the repressor ZEB-1 to inhibit E-cadherin expression in colon cancer cells. Gastroenterology. (2011 ) 141:2140–53.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2011.08.038

  60. 60.

    Bhat AA Sharma A Pope J Krishnan M Washington MK Singh AB. Caudal homeobox protein Cdx-2 cooperates with Wnt pathway to regulate claudin-1 expression in colon cancer cells. PLoS ONE. (2012 ) 7:e37174.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0037174

  61. 61.

    Zeisel MB Dhawan P Baumert TF Tight junction proteins in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Gut. (2019 ) 68:547–61.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316906

  62. 62.

    Hahn-Stromberg V Askari S Ahmad A Befekadu R Nilsson TK. Expression of claudin 1, claudin 4, and claudin 7 in colorectal cancer and its relation with CLDN DNA methylation patterns. Tumour Biol. (2017 ) 39:1010428317697569.

    Not in our library10.1177/1010428317697569

  63. 63.

    Arimura Y Nagaishi K Hosokawa M. Dynamics of claudins expression in colitis and colitis-associated cancer in rat. Methods Mol Biol. (2011 ) 762:409–25.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-1-61779-185-7_29

  64. 64.

    Pope JL Ahmad R Bhat AA Washington MK Singh AB Dhawan P. Claudin-1 overexpression in intestinal epithelial cells enhances susceptibility to adenamatous polyposis coli-mediated colon tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer. (2014 ) 13:167.

    Not in our library10.1186/1476-4598-13-167

  65. 65.

    Paquet-Fifield S Koh SL Cheng L Beyit LM Shembrey C Mølck C. Tight junction protein claudin-2 promotes self-renewal of human colorectal cancer stem-like cells. Cancer Res. (2018 ) 78:2925–38.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1869

  66. 66.

    Hahn-Stromberg V Edvardsson H Bodin L Franzen L Tumor volume of colon carcinoma is related to the invasive pattern but not to the expression of cell adhesion proteins. APMIS. (2009 ) 117:205–11.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00011.x

  67. 67.

    de Oliveira SS de Oliveira IM De Souza W Morgado-Diaz JA. Claudins upregulation in human colorectal cancer. FEBS Lett. (2005 ) 579:6179–85.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.091

  68. 68.
    Claudin-3 overexpression increases the malignant potential of colorectal cancer cells: roles of ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt as modulators of EGFR signaling. · 2013
    Not checked
  69. 69.

    Ahmad R Kumar B Chen Z. Loss of claudin-3 expression induces IL6/gp130/Stat3 signaling to promote colon cancer malignancy by hyperactivating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Oncogene. (2017 ) 36:6592–604.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2017.259

  70. 70.

    Bujko M Kober P Mikula M Ligaj M Ostrowski J Siedlecki JA. Expression changes of cell-cell adhesion-related genes in colorectal tumors. Oncol Lett. (2015 ) 9:2463–70.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2015.3107

  71. 71.

    Philip R Heiler S Mu W Buchler MW Zoller M Thuma F. Claudin-7 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. (2015 ) 6:2046–63.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.2858

  72. 72.

    Wang K Li T Xu C Ding Y Li W Ding L. Claudin-7 downregulation induces metastasis and invasion in colorectal cancer via the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2019 ) 508:797–804.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.049

  73. 73.

    Oshima T Kunisaki C Yoshihara K Yamada R Yamamoto N Sato T. Reduced expression of the claudin-7 gene correlates with venous invasion and liver metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. (2008 ) 19:953–9.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.19.4.953

  74. 74.

    Darido C Buchert M Pannequin J Bastide P Zalzali H Mantamadiotis T. Defective claudin-7 regulation by Tcf-4 and Sox-9 disrupts the polarity and increases the tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res. (2008 ) 68:4258–68.

    Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5805

  75. 75.

    Wang K Xu C Li W Ding L. Emerging clinical significance of claudin-7 in colorectal cancer: a review. Cancer Manag Res. (2018 ) 10:3741–52.

    Not in our library10.2147/cmar.s175383

  76. 76.

    Grone J Weber B Staub E Heinze M Klaman I Pilarsky C. Differential expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins in colorectal cancer: frequent dysregulation of claudin-1,−8 and−12. Int J Colorectal Dis. (2007 ) 22:651–9.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00384-006-0197-3

  77. 77.

    Elkouby-Naor L Ben-Yosef T. Functions of claudin tight junction proteins and their complex interactions in various physiological systems. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. (2010 ) 279:1–32.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1937-6448(10)79001-8

  78. 78.

    Garcia-Hernandez V Quiros M Nusrat A. Intestinal epithelial claudins: expression and regulation in homeostasis and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2017 ) 1397:66–79.

    Not in our library10.1111/nyas.13360

  79. 79.

    Amasheh S Fromm M Günzel D. Claudins of intestine and nephron - a correlation of molecular tight junction structure and barrier function. Acta Physiol. (2011 ) 201:133–40.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02148.x

  80. 80.

    Lameris AL Huybers S Kaukinen K Mäkelä TH Bindels RJ Hoenderop JG. Expression profiling of claudins in the human gastrointestinal tract in health and during inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. (2013 ) 48:58–69.

    Not in our library10.3109/00365521.2012.741616

  81. 81.

    Irudayanathan FJ Wang N Wang X Nangia S. Architecture of the paracellular channels formed by claudins of the blood-brain barrier tight junctions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2017 ) 1405:131–46.

    Not in our library10.1111/nyas.13378

  82. 82.

    Irudayanathan FJ Wang X Wang N Willsey SR Seddon IA Nangia S. Self-assembly simulations of classic claudins-insights into the pore structure, selectivity, and higher order complexes. J Phys Chem B. (2018 ) 122:7463–74.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03842

  83. 83.

    Van Itallie CM Anderson JM. Claudins and epithelial paracellular transport. Annu Rev Physiol. (2006 ) 68:403–29.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131404

  84. 84.

    Weber CR Nalle SC Tretiakova M Rubin DT Turner JR. Claudin-1 and claudin-2 expression is elevated in inflammatory bowel disease and may contribute to early neoplastic transformation. Lab Invest. (2008 ) 88:1110–20.

    Not in our library10.1038/labinvest.2008.78

  85. 85.

    Pope JL Bhat AA Sharma A Ahmad R Krishnan M Washington MK. Claudin-1 regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis through the modulation of Notch-signalling. Gut. (2014 ) 63:622–34.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304241

  86. 86.

    Zhou Q Costinean S Croce CM Brasier AR Merwat S Larson SA. MicroRNA 29 targets nuclear factor-κB-repressing factor and claudin 1 to increase intestinal permeability. Gastroenterology. (2015 ) 148:158–69.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.037

  87. 87.

    Kinugasa T Akagi Y Ochi T Tanaka N Kawahara A Ishibashi Y. Increased claudin-1 protein expression in hepatic metastatic lesions of colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. (2012 ) 32:2309–14.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.03.005

  88. 88.

    Bhat AA Ahmad R Uppada SB Singh AB Dhawan P. Claudin-1 promotes TNF-α-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res. (2016 ) 349:119–27.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.10.005

  89. 89.

    Amasheh S Meiri N Gitter AH Schoneberg T Mankertz J Schulzke JD. Claudin-2 expression induces cation-selective channels in tight junctions of epithelial cells. J Cell Sci. (2002 ) 115:4969–76.

    Not in our library10.1242/jcs.00165

  90. 90.

    Rosenthal R Milatz S Krug SM Oelrich B Schulzke JD Amasheh S. Claudin-2, a component of the tight junction, forms a paracellular water channel. J Cell Sci. (2010 ) 123:1913–21.

    Not in our library10.1242/jcs.060665

  91. 91.

    Zeissig S Bürgel N Günzel D Richter J Mankertz J Wahnschaffe U. Changes in expression and distribution of claudin 2, 5 and 8 lead to discontinuous tight junctions and barrier dysfunction in active Crohn's disease. Gut. (2007 ) 56:61–72.

    Not in our library10.1136/gut.2006.094375

  92. 92.

    Dhawan P Ahmad R Chaturvedi R Smith JJ Midha R Mittal MK. Claudin-2 expression increases tumorigenicity of colon cancer cells: role of epidermal growth factor receptor activation. Oncogene. (2011 ) 30:3234–47.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2011.43

  93. 93.

    Ahmad R Chaturvedi R Olivares-Villagómez D Habib T Asim M Shivesh P. Targeted colonic claudin-2 expression renders resistance to epithelial injury, induces immune suppression and protects from colitis. Mucosal Immunol. (2014 ) 7:1340–53.

    Not in our library10.1038/mi.2014.21

  94. 94.

    Mankertz J Hillenbrand B Tavalali S Huber O Fromm M Schulzke JD. Functional crosstalk between Wnt signaling and Cdx-related transcriptional activation in the regulation of the claudin-2 promoter activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2004 ) 314:1001–7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.185

  95. 95.

    Prasad S Mingrino R Kaukinen K Hayes KL Powell RM MacDonald TT. Inflammatory processes have differential effects on claudins 2, 3 and 4 in colonic epithelial cells. Lab Invest. (2005 ) 85:1139–62.

    Not in our library10.1038/labinvest.3700316

  96. 96.

    Patel RM Myers LS Kurundkar AR Maheshwari A Nusrat A Lin PW. Probiotic bacteria induce maturation of intestinal claudin 3 expression and barrier function. Am J Pathol. (2012 ) 180:626–35.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.025

  97. 97.

    Wang F Graham WV Wang Y Witkowski ED Schwarz BT Turner JR. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergize to induce intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by up-regulating myosin light chain kinase expression. Am J Pathol. (2005 ) 166:409–19.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62264-x

  98. 98.

    Haines RJ Beard RS Chen L Eitnier RA Wu MH. Interleukin-1β mediates β-catenin-driven downregulation of claudin-3 and barrier dysfunction in caco2 cells. Digest Dis Sci. (2016 ) 61:2252–61.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10620-016-4145-y

  99. 99.

    Hou J Renigunta A Yang J Waldegger S. Claudin-4 forms paracellular chloride channel in the kidney and requires claudin-8 for tight junction localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2010 ) 107:18010–5.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1009399107

  100. 100.

    Xiang RL Mei M Cong X Li J Zhang Y Ding C. Claudin-4 is required for AMPK-modulated paracellular permeability in submandibular gland cells. J Mol Cell Biol. (2014 ) 6:486–97.

    Not in our library10.1093/jmcb/mju048

  101. 101.

    Cong X Zhang Y Li J Mei M Ding C Xiang RL. Claudin-4 is required for modulation of paracellular permeability by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in epithelial cells. J Cell Sci. (2015 ) 128:2271–86.

    Not in our library10.1242/jcs.165878

  102. 102.
    Non-coding RNAs participate in the regulatory network of CLDN4 via ceRNA mediated miRNA evasion · 2017
    Corrected
  103. 103.

    Süren D Yildirim M Kaya V Alikanoglu AS Bülbüller N Yildiz M. Loss of tight junction proteins (Claudin 1, 4, and 7) correlates with aggressive behavior in colorectal carcinoma. Med Sci Monit. (2014 ) 20:1255–62.

    Not in our library10.12659/msm.890598

  104. 104.

    Dahan S Rabinowitz KM Martin AP Berin MC Unkeless JC Mayer L. Notch-1 signaling regulates intestinal epithelial barrier function, through interaction with CD4+ T cells, in mice and humans. Gastroenterology. (2011 ) 140:550–9.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.057

  105. 105.

    Dahan S Roda G Pinn D Roth Walter F Kamalu O Marctin AP. Epithelial: lamina propria lymphocyte interactions promote epithelial cell differentiation. Gastroenterology. (2008 ) 134:192–203.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.022

  106. 106.

    Laakkonen JP Lappalainen JP Theelen TL Toivanen PI Nieminen T Jauhiainen S. Differential regulation of angiogenic cellular processes and claudin-5 by histamine and VEGF via PI3K-signaling, transcription factor SNAI2 and interleukin-8. Angiogenesis. (2017 ) 20:109–24.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10456-016-9532-7

  107. 107.

    Bekes I Friedl TW Köhler T Möbus V Janni W Wöckel A. Does VEGF facilitate local tumor growth and spread into the abdominal cavity by suppressing endothelial cell adhesion, thus increasing vascular peritoneal permeability followed by ascites production in ovarian cancer? Mol Cancer. (2016 ) 15:13.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12943-016-0497-3

  108. 108.

    Chung YH Li SC Kao YH Luo HL Cheng YT Lin PR. MiR-30a-5p Inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and upregulates expression of tight junction protein claudin-5 in human upper tract urothelial carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Sci. (2017 ) 18:E1826.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms18081826

  109. 109.

    Gao F Alwhaibi A Artham S Verma A Somanath PR. Endothelial Akt1 loss promotes prostate cancer metastasis via beta-catenin-regulated tight-junction protein turnover. Br J Cancer. (2018 ) 118:1464–75.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41416-018-0110-1

  110. 110.

    Oshima T Miwa H Joh T. Changes in the expression of claudins in active ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2008 ) 23 (Suppl. 2):S146–50.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05405.x

  111. 111.

    Tanaka H Takechi M Kiyonari H Shioi G Tamura A Tsukita S. Intestinal deletion of Claudin-7 enhances paracellular organic solute flux and initiates colonic inflammation in mice. Gut. (2015 ) 64:1529–38.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308419

  112. 112.

    Manicone AM McGuire JK. Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation. Semin Cell Dev Biol. (2008 ) 19:34–41.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.07.003

  113. 113.

    Ding L Lu Z Foreman O Tatum R Lu Q Renegar R. Inflammation and disruption of the mucosal architecture in claudin-7-deficient mice. Gastroenterology. (2012 ) 142:305–15.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.025

  114. 114.

    Bhat AA Pope JL Smith JJ Ahmad R Chen X Washington MK. Claudin-7 expression induces mesenchymal to epithelial transformation (MET) to inhibit colon tumorigenesis. Oncogene. (2015 ) 34:4570–80.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2014.385

  115. 115.

    Amasheh S Milatz S Krug SM Bergs M Amasheh M Schulzke JD. Na+ absorption defends from paracellular back-leakage by claudin-8 upregulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2009 ) 378:45–50.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.164

  116. 116.
    Pro-inflammatory miR-223 mediates the cross-talk between the IL23 pathway and the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease · 2016
    No notice
  117. 117.

    Li L Huang S Wang H Chao K Ding L Feng R. Cytokine IL9 triggers the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease through the miR21-CLDN8 pathway. Inflamm Bowel Dis. (2018 ) 24:2211–23.

    Not in our library10.1093/ibd/izy187

  118. 118.

    Nalleweg N Chiriac MT Podstawa E Lehmann C Rau TT Atreya R. IL-9 and its receptor are predominantly involved in the pathogenesis of UC. Gut. (2015 ) 64:743–55.

    Not in our library10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305947

  119. 119.

    Ashikari D Takayama KI Obinata D Takahashi S Inoue S. CLDN8, an androgen-regulated gene, promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration. Cancer Sci. (2017 ) 108:1386–93.

    Not in our library10.1111/cas.13269

  120. 120.

    Fujita H Sugimoto K Inatomi S Maeda T Osanai M Uchiyama Y. Tight junction proteins claudin-2 and−12 are critical for vitamin D-dependent Ca2+ absorption between enterocytes. Mol Biol Cell. (2008 ) 19:1912–21.

    Not in our library10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0973

  121. 121.

    Yang Y Cheon S Jung MK Song SB Kim D Kim HJ. Interleukin-18 enhances breast cancer cell migration via down-regulation of claudin-12 and induction of the p38 MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2015 ) 459:379–86.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.108

  122. 122.

    Alberini G Benfenati F Maragliano L. A refined model of claudin-15 tight junction paracellular architecture by molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS ONE. (2017 ) 12:e0184190.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0184190

  123. 123.

    Tamura A Hayashi H Imasato M Yamazaki Y Hagiwara A Wada M. Loss of claudin-15, but not claudin-2, causes Na+ deficiency and glucose malabsorption in mouse small intestine. Gastroenterology. (2011 ) 140:913–23.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.006

  124. 124.

    Wada M Tamura A Takahashi N Tsukita S. Loss of claudins 2 and 15 from mice causes defects in paracellular Na+ flow and nutrient transport in gut and leads to death from malnutrition. Gastroenterology. (2013 ) 144:369–80.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.035

  125. 125.

    Tamura A Kitano Y Hata M Katsuno T Moriwaki K Sasaki H. Megaintestine in claudin-15-deficient mice. Gastroenterology. (2008 ) 134:523–34.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.040

  126. 126.

    Niimi T Nagashima K Ward JM Minoo P Zimonjic DB Popescu NC. claudin-18, a novel downstream target gene for the T/EBP/NKX2.1 homeodomain transcription factor, encodes lung- and stomach-specific isoforms through alternative splicing. Mol Cell Biol. (2001 ) 21:7380–90.

    Not in our library10.1128/mcb.21.21.7380-7390.2001

  127. 127.

    Hayashi D Tamura A Tanaka H Yamazaki Y Watanabe S Suzuki K. Deficiency of claudin-18 causes paracellular H+ leakage, up-regulation of interleukin-1β, and atrophic gastritis in mice. Gastroenterology. (2012 ) 142:292–304.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.040

  128. 128.

    Hagen SJ Ang LH Zheng Y Karahan SN Wu J Wang YE. Loss of tight junction protein claudin 18 promotes progressive neoplasia development in mouse stomach. Gastroenterology. (2018 ) 155:1852–67.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.041

  129. 129.

    Sahin U Koslowski M Dhaene K Usener D Brandenburg G Seitz G. Claudin-18 splice variant 2 is a pan-cancer target suitable for therapeutic antibody development. Clin Cancer Res. (2008 ) 14:7624–34.

    Not in our library10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1547

  130. 130.

    Takasawa K Takasawa A Osanai M Aoyama T Ono Y Kono T. Claudin-18 coupled with EGFR/ERK signaling contributes to the malignant potentials of bile duct cancer. Cancer Lett. (2017 ) 403:66–73.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.033

  131. 131.

    Zwiers A Fuss IJ Leijen S Mulder CJ Kraal G Bouma G. Increased expression of the tight junction molecule claudin-18 A1 in both experimental colitis and ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. (2008 ) 14:1652–59.

    Not in our library10.1002/ibd.20695

  132. 132.

    Cherradi S Ayrolles-Torro A Vezzo-Vié N Gueguinou N Denis V Combes E. Antibody targeting of claudin-1 as a potential colorectal cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. (2017 ) 36:89.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13046-017-0558-5

  133. 133.

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