Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 18, 2026.

Pulse Wave Velocity in Atherosclerosis

Hack-Lyoung Kim, Sang-Hyun Kim

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · 2019 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00041

Abstract

Early detection of subclinical atherosclerosis is important to reduce patients' cardiovascular risk. However, current diagnostic strategy focusing on traditional risk factors or using risk scoring is not satisfactory. Non-invasive imaging tools also have limitations such as cost, time, radiation hazard, renal toxicity, and requirement for specialized techniques or instruments. There is a close interaction between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis. Increased luminal pressure and shear stress by arterial stiffening causes endothelial dysfunction, accelerates the formation of atheroma, and stimulates excessive collagen production and deposition in the arterial wall, leading to the progression of atherosclerosis. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), the most widely used measure of arterial stiffness, has emerged as a useful tool for the diagnosis and risk stratification of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The measurement of PWV is simple, non-invasive, and reproducible. There have been many clinical studies and meta-analyses showing the association between PWV and coronary/cerebral/carotid atherosclerosis. More importantly, longitudinal studies have shown that PWV is a significant risk factor for future CVD independent of well-known cardiovascular risk factors. The measurement of PWV may be a useful tool to select subjects at high risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis or CVD especially in mass screening.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 18, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In the majority of cases, the underlying cause of CVD is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous elements in the wall of large arteries causing progressive luminal narrowing of the arteries. Narrowed arteries limit the flow of oxygen-rich blood to vital organs such as the brain and the heart, leading to myocardial and cerebral ischemia. Sometimes, acute occlusion due to the formation of a thrombus results in serious vascular event such as acute myocardial infarction and stroke.

Arterial walls are thickened and stiffened with age. This arterial remodeling process usually occurs at the level of elastic arteries, which is called “arteriosclerosis.” Loss of elastic fibers and increased fibrosis of arterial walls as a consequence of repetitive cyclic stress is the main pathophysiological feature of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is the stiffening or hardening of the artery walls (= arterial stiffness), and it is different from the term “atherosclerosis,” which is the narrowing of the artery by the deposition of plaque. Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis. Emerging evidence indicates that arterial stiffness is one of the earliest markers of functional and structural changes in arterial walls. From clinical point of view, recognition, and measurement of arterial stiffness is important, because increased arterial stiffness is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes, independent of traditional risk factors such as aging, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and smoking. The most widely used measure of arterial stiffness is pulse wave velocity (PWV). As PWV is the measure of the speed of arterial pressure waves traveling along the aorta and large arteries, it is usually calculated by dividing distance with pressure wave transit time at the two points of recording arteries. The distance between the two sites along an arterial segment can be directly measured or estimated from the body height using regression model. The most commonly used method for estimating transit time is the foot-to-foot method: time difference between the feet of the two pulse waveforms. According to the two targeting arteries, various types of PWV measurements were determined such as carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) and brachial-ankle (baPWV). These two PWV are most widely used in clinical and research fields. In the measurement of aortic PWV, two arterial points are aortic root and descending thoracic aorta. Arterial pulse waveforms for PWV measurement can be obtained using applanation tonometry, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Detailed information on specific method of each modality can be found elsewhere. PWV becomes faster in stiffened artery, and PWV value is elevated. The measurement of PWV is clinically valuable because it is simple, non-invasive, inexpensive, and reproducible.

Although there has been significant improvement in CVD prognosis by controlling risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, the burden of CVD is till substantial. It has generally been suggested that these classic risk factors cannot fully explain the increasing burden of CVD, and that more than 50% of patients with CVD do not have any of these risk factors. In addition, many patients suffering from fatal CVD such as sudden cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or stroke do not have prior symptoms or warning signs. Therefore, it is very important to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in early stages, and to identify individuals who are at high risk for future CVD such as angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Recently, special attention has been focused on PWV as a simple and reliable non-invasive tool to improve detection and risk stratification for CVD. This article will review the role of PWV in atherosclerosis and CVD.

PWV in Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Recently, many studies have revealed the association between PWV and coronary atherosclerosis using cfPWV or baPWV. In symptomatic patients, PWV was associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) assed by invasive coronary angiography (ICA). It was reported that there was a strong positive correlation between CAD severity and cfPWV (r = 0.838, P = 0.001) in 103 patients undergoing ICA. Hofmann et al. also used cfPWV as a measure of arterial stiffness in 155 patients undergoing ICA, and reported a positive association of elevated cfPWV with the presence and severity of CAD. Kim et al. investigated 501 patients with stable angina showed that baPWV is significantly associated with the presence and severity of CAD on ICA. In accordance with these findings, Xiong et al. measured baPWV in 321 symptomatic patients undergoing ICA, and demonstrated a significant correlation between baPWV and CAD severity assessed by SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score. Chung et al. reported the same finding of the positive correlation between baPWV and SYNTAX score in a study of 703 patients undergoing ICA. In asymptomatic diabetic population, both cfPWV and baPWV was associated with the presence and progression of coronary stenosis or plaque on computed tomography coronary angiography (CCTA). Our group investigated 470 patients with chest discomfort, and showed that baPWV has positive correlations with CAD extent and severity evaluated CCTA. Nam et al. evaluated 615 asymptomatic individuals, and demonstrated that elevated baPWV was an independent predictor of the presence of obstructive CAD detected by CCTA. Similarly, other studies enrolling healthy individuals consistently showed the positive association between PWV and coronary atherosclerosis assessed by luminal stenosis or coronary artery calcium (CAC) score on CCTA. There have been a few longitudinal studies assessing the impact of baseline PWV on the development or progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Lee et al. investigated 1,124 subjects undergoing general health examination annually, and showed that baseline higher baPWV was significantly correlated with the progression of CAC during 2.7 year of follow-up. In a more recent study of 45 patients with type 2 diabetes, baseline cfPWV was associated with high-risk subtype of coronary plaque volume on CCTA measured after 5-years follow-up, independently of age, sex, diabetes, and blood pressure.

Summary of recent studies showing the association between PWV and coronary atherosclerosis is demonstrated in Table 1.

PWV in Cerebral Artery Atherosclerosis

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), such as cerebral microbleeds, white matter hyperintensity, or lacunar infarction, is commonly observed in older people, and it is recognized as major vascular contributor to stroke, cognitive impairment, and geriatric syndrome. Previous studies have reported an association between cerebral SVD and baPWV in the general population and patients with acute ischemic stroke, lacunar infarction or CAD. Similar finding showing the association between increased PWV and cerebral SVD were reported in studies using cfPWV and aortic PWV. It has also been suggested that PWV is associated with cognitive dysfunction and the longitudinal progression of cognitive decline in the elderly.

PWV is also associated with large cerebral artery calcification, stenosis, or occlusion. The association between increased cfPWV and cerebral artery calcification or stenosis has been revealed in hypertensive subjects and in patients with acute ischemic stroke. A case-control study performed in Japan has indicated that a higher baPWV, in addition to traditional risk factors, is associated with a higher risk of cerebral infarction. In that study, baPWV ≥ 16 m/s had about three times higher risk of cerebral infarction compared to those with baPWV < 16 m/s. baPWV was significantly correlated with cerebral artery calcification or stenosis in patient with acute ischemic stroke. However, there was also a negative report showing that a significant association between baPWV and ischemic stroke was abolished after controlling for potential confounders such as high blood pressure (BP). The authors also showed that baPWV was not independently associated with the severity of white matter hyperintensity lesion or cerebral microbleeds.

Summary of recent studies showing the association between PWV and crebral atherosclerosis is demonstrated in Table 2.

PWV in Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis

Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is a marker of atherosclerosis, and is associated with CAD and stroke. There was a positive linear correlation between carotid IMT and cfPWV in general population, hypertensive, and diabetic patients. Kubozono et al. first reported that high baPWV was a strong predictor of increased carotid IMT (≥1.0 mm) in 1,583 Japanese male subjects undergoing routine health check-up. Following cross-sectional studies have also showed the association between baPWV and increased carotid IMT or carotid plaque formation in general population, and patients with type 2 diabetes, end-stage renal disease, and cerebral artery thrombosis. Other PWV of other arterial tree segments including carotid-cerebral PWV, aorto-popliteal PWV, and heart-carotid PWV also showed significant association with carotid atherosclerosis. A recently published longitudinal study showed that baPWV was independently associated with the risk of carotid plaque formation. As similar findings, baseline cfPWV was independently associated with an increase in carotid IMT during the 4-year follow-up. However, another study involving patients with acute ischemic stroke, revealed that baPWV was associated with the burden of intracranial atherosclerosis but not with extracranial carotid atherosclerosis. Lu et al. demonstrated that, only cfPWV, but not baPWV showed significant association with carotid IMT in general population.

Summary of recent studies showing the association between PWV and carotid atherosclerosis is demonstrated in Table 3.

Predictive Value of PWV

The predictive value of PWV for the occurrence of CVD has been reported in the general population and patients with various clinical conditions. Mattace-Raso et al. investigated 2,835 community healthy subjects and showed that cfPWV is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke during 4 years of clinical follow-up. Another population study involving 1,678 community subjects over a median follow-up of 9.4 years, showed a similar finding that aortic PWV predicted composite cardiovascular outcomes beyond traditional risk factors. PWV also play a role as an independent predictor of future CVD in patients with hypertension, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, stroke, and CAD.

There are several meta-analyses showing the prognostic value of PWV for the future cardiovascular events. A meta-analysis of 10 studies showed that increased cfPWV is a significant predictor of future CVD independent of Framingham risk factors. More recent meta-analysis of 19 studies have reported similar finding showing the association between cfPWV and CVD: 1 m/s increase of cfPWV was associated with 1.12-fold increase future CVD events. Findings based on individual participant meta-analysis of 17,636 subjects from 16 studies demonstrated that per 1-SD change in loge cfPWV was an independent predictor for future CVD events by 1.45-fold. In regard to baPWV, a meta-analysis of 12 cohort studies indicated that an increase of 1 m/s of baPWV was associated with a 12% increase in the risk of CVD. More recently, meta-analysis of 14,673 Japanese participants without preexisting CVD showed that every 1-standard deviation (SD) increase of the baPWV was associated with a 1.19-fold increase in the risk of CVD during 6.4-year follow-up period.

Mean and Cutoff Value of PWV

As PWV value can be affected by many clinical factors such as age and blood pressure, mean, or cutoff values of PWV are various among study population. However, PWV value are usually higher in patients with CVD than those without. cfPWV is higher in subjects with CVD (ranged 6 ~ 9 m/s) than those without (ranged 8 ~ 13 m/s). In middle aged and elderly subjects, mean baPWV value has been reported ranged 15 ~ 18 m/s, and 13 ~ 15 m/s in with and without CVD or its risk factors, respectively. Several studies have indicated cutoff value of PWV in the prediction of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular events, which is summarized in Table 4. Current guidelines suggested that cfPWV > 10 m/s and baPWV > 18 m/s are indicative of individual's high risk in current guidelines in Europe and Japan, respectively.

Mechanisms Linking PWV and Atherosclerosis

Mechanisms linking arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis have not been well-elucidated. However, several hypotheses could be suggested. Increased arterial stiffness leads to increased BP, and promote vascular remodeling. Also, increased luminal pressure and shear stress accelerates the formation of atheroma, and stimulates excessive collagen production and deposition in the arterial wall, leading to the progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, increased pulse pressure may be associated with the development of plaque and later its rupture. Indeed, both arterial stiffening and plaque formation depend partly on the same systemic pathophysiological process causing the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the arterial walls. Shared common risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia may be another important mechanism linking PWV and atherosclerosis. Mechanical aspect should be also considered in coronary atherosclerosis. Systolic BP increases and diastolic BP decreases in the stiffened artery. Increased systolic BP and pulse pressure are hemodynamic burdens to the left ventricle leading to ventricular hypertrophy, and decreased diastolic BP is associated with reduced coronary perfusion. Two well-known major risk factors for cerebral SVD are age and high BP, which are also major determinants of PWV. Increased pulse pressure by arterial stiffening may lead to endothelial dysfunction, and damages the microcirculation and blood-brain barrier, finally leading to both cerebral large artery atherosclerosis and SVD. Possible mechanisms linking arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis are demonstrated in Figure 1.

Clinical Implications

Recognition of subclinical atherosclerotic vascular changes before clinical manifestation in an asymptomatic population is important for risk stratification and optimal management, which finally leads to the prevention of CVD. Intensive modification of traditional risk factors has significantly reduced the development of CVD; however, the high residual prevalence of CVD requires further improvements in identification and risk stratification strategies. It has been suggested that the value of traditional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking for the identification of atherosclerotic burden in an asymptomatic population are limited. Also, several scoring strategies for CVD estimation are not sufficient to identify high risk subjects. In this purpose, several non-invasive tests such as carotid ultrasound, coronary computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have been developed, and these tests are recommended for the evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis especially in subjects with intermediate or uncertain risk. However, these imaging modalities are expensive, nephrotoxic, and hazardous in terms of radiation exposure and require specialized techniques or instruments. Arterial stiffening is one of the earliest manifestations of vascular damage, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis. This functional and structural changes in arterial wall can be detected using PWV which a simple, non-invasive, simple and reliable measurement. As mentioned above, many cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have indicated that PWV can detect subclinical atherosclerosis and predict future CVD. PWV allows a greater convenience of screening subclinical atherosclerosis in the general population. Improved ability to identify high risk patients would lead to better risk stratification and more effective preventive therapy. Recent studies have also shown an additional role of PWV for the diagnosis and prediction of future cardiovascular events when combined with other tests. Additionally, PWV can be a target or monitoring tool for CVD risk-lowing therapeutic intervention. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches able to reduce PWV may offer potential advantages in the management of patients at high risk of CVD. However, further studies are required to confirm whether PWV reduction by this approach can directly prevent CVD.

Comparisons Between cfPWV and baPWV

cfPWV measurement started in the 1960s, and thus, it has been most validated, and has a large amount of clinical data. cfPWV is a direct measurement, and it corresponds to the widely accepted propagative model of arterial system. Since aorta and its first branches are responsible for the most of the pathophysiological effects of arterial stiffness, cfPWV has been considered as the gold standard measurement of large artery stiffness. However, cfPWV measurement requires some skills, and carotid and femoral pulse acquisition are difficult especially in obese patients. In addition, palpation of carotid and femoral arteries causes patients' discomfort. By these reasons, the primary use of cfPWV remains in research settings, and it has not yet been implemented in clinical practice. In 2000, a more simplified method for the evaluation of arterial stiffness has been developed in Japan. Compared to cfPWV, baPWV is easier, less time-consuming, and less stressful for the patients, because baPWV value can be obtained by just wrapping pressure cuffs of upper arms and ankles. There have been many clinical data showing the usefulness of baPWV in the prediction of organ damage and cardiovascular outcomes in general population and patients with various medical conditions. However, there are several criticism on baPWV measurement: (1) baPWV includes large portion of peripheral muscular artery although muscular arteries may not be relevant for the CV risk assessment, (2) the height-based formula to estimate pulse transit distance for the calculation of baPWV is not validated, (3) the value of baPWV is usually higher than other PWV, because it overestimates arterial path lengths, and includes fast pulse wave traveling toward legs, and (4) baPWV is underestimated in subjects with arterial stenosis of extremities, aortic aneurysm, or aortic stenosis, otherwise, it is overestimated in subjects with aortic regurgitation. Therefore, application of a more specific exclusion criteria is important in baPWV researches of cohorts with severe disease. It has been generally suggested that patients with ankle-brachial index < 0.9 should be excluded when using baPWV for any purpose. Comparisons of strengths and limitations between cfPWV and baPWV are summarized in Table 5.

Limitations of PWV

Although information of PWV is useful in the early detection and risk prediction of cardiovascular disease, incorporation of PWV measurement in routine clinical practice has been barely performed, mainly due to several limitations of PWV. During the PWV measurement, distance between target points of arteries should be measured precisely because small inaccuracies may cause a greater error in the absolute value of PWV. Therefore, it is very important to recognize the differences in the methods used to assess path length, especially when comparing results between patient group and among different studies. In addition, the interpretation of PWV value should be cautious because many clinical factors affect the PWV value such as age, BP, and other cardiovascular risk factors. In particular, the most powerful confounders of PWV interpretation is BP. Increased BP augments the arterial wall tension and adds functional arterial stiffness. Therefore, BP effect should be controlled during the analysis using PWV. Although there have been few studies showing that several methods such as anti-hypertensive medications, exercise, statin, and smoking cessation improves arterial stiffness and decreases PWV value, these results are from small-sized and non-randomized studies. Randomized control studies with large sample size on whether PWV-based management improves patients' outcome and the quality of daily clinical practice are required.

Conclusions

PWV is well-correlated with the presence and extent of coronary, cerebral, and carotid atherosclerosis. More importantly, PWV had a predictive value in CVD beyond traditional risk factors in the general population and patients with various diseases. Considering its non-invasiveness, simplicity and abundant clinical data, measurement of PWV may be a useful tool to select subjects at a high risk of developing atherosclerosis especially in mass screening.

Author Contributions

H-LK participate in drafting the manuscript, and S-HK participate in revising the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References 112

  1. 1.

    Benjamin EJ Virani SS Callaway CW Chamberlain AM Chang AR Cheng S. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. (2018 ) 137:e67–492.

    Not in our library10.1161/cir.0000000000000558

  2. 2.

    Nabel EG Braunwald E A tale oref coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. (2012 ) 366:54–63.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmra1112570

  3. 3.

    Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. (2000 ) 407:233–41.

    Not in our library10.1038/35025203

  4. 4.

    Lee HY Oh BH. Aging and arterial stiffness. Circ J. (2010 ) 74:2257–62.

    Not in our library10.1253/circj.cj-10-0910

  5. 5.

    Cavalcante JL Lima JA Redheuil A Al-Mallah MH. Aortic stiffness: current understanding and future directions. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2011 ) 57:1511–22.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2010.12.017

  6. 6.

    Cohn JN Quyyumi AA Hollenberg NK Jamerson KA. Surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease: functional markers. Circulation. (2004 ) 109(25 Suppl. 1):Iv31–46.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.0000133442.99186.39

  7. 7.

    Mattace-Raso FU van der Cammen TJ Hofman A van Popele NM Bos ML Schalekamp MA. Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. (2006 ) 113:657–63.

    Not in our library10.1161/circulationaha.105.555235

  8. 8.

    Willum-Hansen T Staessen JA Torp-Pedersen C Rasmussen S Thijs L Ibsen H. Prognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general population. Circulation. (2006 ) 113:664–70.

    Not in our library10.1161/circulationaha.105.579342

  9. 9.

    Vlachopoulos C Aznaouridis K Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2010 ) 55:1318–27.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.061

  10. 10.

    Hansen TW Staessen JA Torp-Pedersen C Rasmussen S Li Y Dolan E. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index predicts stroke in a general population. J Hypertens. (2006 ) 24:2247–53.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.hjh.0000249703.57478.78

  11. 11.

    Sutton-Tyrrell K Najjar SS Boudreau RM Venkitachalam L Kupelian V Simonsick EM. Elevated aortic pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, predicts cardiovascular events in well-functioning older adults. Circulation. (2005 ) 111:3384–90.

    Not in our library10.1161/circulationaha.104.483628

  12. 12.

    Najjar SS Scuteri A Shetty V Wright JG Muller DC Fleg JL. Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2008 ) 51:1377–83.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.065

  13. 13.

    Laurent S Katsahian S Fassot C Tropeano AI Gautier I Laloux B. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of fatal stroke in essential hypertension. Stroke. (2003 ) 34:1203–6.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.str.0000065428.03209.64

  14. 14.

    Gasecki D Rojek A Kwarciany M Kowalczyk K Boutouyrie P Nyka W. Pulse wave velocity is associated with early clinical outcome after ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis. (2012 ) 225:348–52.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.024

  15. 15.

    Cruickshank K Riste L Anderson SG Wright JS Dunn G Gosling RG. Aortic pulse-wave velocity and its relationship to mortality in diabetes and glucose intolerance: an integrated index of vascular function? Circulation. (2002 ) 106:2085–90.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.0000033824.02722.f7

  16. 16.

    Boutouyrie P Tropeano AI Asmar R Gautier I Benetos A Lacolley P. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. (2002 ) 39:10–5.

    Not in our library10.1161/hy0102.099031

  17. 17.

    Blacher J Guerin AP Pannier B Marchais SJ Safar ME London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. (1999 ) 99:2434–9.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.99.18.2434

  18. 18.

    Kim J Song TJ Song D Lee KJ Kim EH Lee HS. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is a strong predictor for mortality in patients with acute stroke. Hypertension. (2014 ) 64:240–6.

    Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03304

  19. 19.
    Prognostic Value of Aortic Stiffness in Patients After ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction · 2017
    Not checked
  20. 20.

    Ki YJ Choi DH Lee YM Lim L Song H Koh YY. Predictive value of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity for long-term clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in a Korean cohort. Int J Cardiol. (2014 ) 175:554–9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.032

  21. 21.

    van Sloten TT Sedaghat S Laurent S London GM Pannier B Ikram MA. Carotid stiffness is associated with incident stroke: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2015 ) 66:2116–25.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.888

  22. 22.

    Sugawara J Hayashi K Tanaka H. Arterial path length estimation on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: validity of height-based formulas. J Hypertens. (2014 ) 32:881–9.

    Not in our library10.1097/hjh.0000000000000114

  23. 23.

    Laurent S Cockcroft J Van Bortel L Boutouyrie P Giannattasio C Hayoz D. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. (2006 ) 27:2588–605.

    Not in our library10.1093/eurheartj/ehl254

  24. 24.

    Podolec P Kopec G Podolec J Wilkolek P Krochin M Rubis P. Aortic pulse wave velocity and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity: similarities and discrepancies. Hypertens Res. (2007 ) 30:1151–8.

    Not in our library10.1291/hypres.30.1151

  25. 25.

    Munakata M. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in the measurement of arterial stiffness: recent evidence and clinical applications. Curr Hypertens Rev. (2014 ) 10:49–57.

    Not in our library10.2174/157340211001141111160957

  26. 26.

    Witteman JC Grobbee DE Valkenburg HA van Hemert AM Stijnen T Burger H. J-shaped relation between change in diastolic blood pressure and progression of aortic atherosclerosis. Lancet. (1994 ) 343:504–7.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91459-1

  27. 27.

    Hennekens CH. Increasing burden of cardiovascular disease: current knowledge and future directions for research on risk factors. Circulation. (1998 ) 97:1095–102.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.97.11.1095

  28. 28.

    Myerburg RJ Interian A Jr. Mitrani RM Kessler KM Castellanos A. Frequency of sudden cardiac death and profiles of risk. Am J Cardiol. (1997 ) 80:10f−9.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00477-3

  29. 29.

    Choi EK Choi SI Rivera JJ Nasir K Chang SA Chun EJ. Coronary computed tomography angiography as a screening tool for the detection of occult coronary artery disease in asymptomatic individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2008 ) 52:357–65.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.086

  30. 30.

    Bechlioulis A Vakalis K Naka KK Bourantas CV Papamichael ND Kotsia A. Increased aortic pulse wave velocity is associated with the presence of angiographic coronary artery disease in overweight and obese patients. Am J Hypertens. (2013 ) 26:265–70.

    Not in our library10.1093/ajh/hps039

  31. 31.
    Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Extent and Severity Using Pulse Wave Velocity. · 2016
    Not checked
  32. 32.

    Duman OO Goldeli O Gursul E Baris N Ozpelit E Simsek MA. The value of aortic pulse wave velocity in predicting coronary artery disease diagnosis and severity. Acta Cardiol. (2015 ) 70:315–22.

    Not in our library10.1080/ac.70.3.3080636

  33. 33.

    Funck KL Laugesen E Ovrehus K Jensen JM Norgaard BL Dey D. Increased high-risk coronary plaque burden is associated with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes without clinical signs of coronary artery disease: a computed tomography angiography study. J Hypertens. (2017 ) 35:1235–43.

    Not in our library10.1097/hjh.0000000000001308

  34. 34.

    Hofmann B Riemer M Erbs C Plehn A Navarrete Santos A Wienke A. Carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity reflects the extent of coronary artery disease. J Clin Hypertens. (2014 ) 16:629–33.

    Not in our library10.1111/jch.12382

  35. 35.
    Identifying Coronary Artery Disease in Asymptomatic Middle-Aged Sportsmen: The Additional Value of Pulse Wave Velocity. · 2015
    Not checked
  36. 36.

    Chae MJ Jung IH Jang DH Lee SY Hyun JY Jung JH The brachial ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with the presence of significant coronary artery disease but not the extent. Korean Circ J. (2013 ) 43:239–45.

    Not in our library10.4070/kcj.2013.43.4.239

  37. 37.

    Chung CM Yang TY Lin YS Chang ST Hsiao JF Pan KL. Relation of arterial stiffness assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to complexity of coronary artery disease. Am J Med Sci. (2014 ) 348:294–9.

    Not in our library10.1097/maj.0000000000000285

  38. 38.

    Kim BH Jang JS Kwon YS Kim JH Kim IJ Lee CW. High brachial ankle pulse wave velocity as a marker for predicting coronary artery stenosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab. (2018 ) 33:88–96.

    Not in our library10.3803/enm.2018.33.1.88

  39. 39.

    Kim HL Jin KN Seo JB Choi YH Chung WY Kim SH. The association of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity with coronary artery disease evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography. PLoS ONE. (2015 ) 10:e0123164.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0123164

  40. 40.

    Kim JH Rhee MY Kim YS Bae JH Nah DY Kim YK. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity for the prediction of the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Clin Exp Hypertens. (2014 ) 36:404–9.

    Not in our library10.3109/10641963.2013.846354

  41. 41.

    Lee JY Ryu S Lee SH Kim BJ Kim BS Kang JH. Association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and progression of coronary artery calcium: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. (2015 ) 14:147.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12933-015-0311-3

  42. 42.

    Nam HJ Jung IH Kim J Kim JH Suh J Kim HS. Association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and occult coronary artery disease detected by multi-detector computed tomography. Int J Cardiol. (2012 ) 157:227–32.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.045

  43. 43.

    Torii S Arima H Ohkubo T Fujiyoshi A Kadota A Takashima N. Association between pulse wave velocity and coronary artery calcification in Japanese men. J Atheroscl Thromb. (2015 ) 22:1266–77.

    Not in our library10.5551/jat.30247

  44. 44.

    Vishnu A Choo J Wilcox B Hisamatsu T Barinas-Mitchell EJ Fujiyoshi A. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with coronary calcification among 1131 healthy middle-aged men. Int J Cardiol. (2015 ) 189:67–72.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.020

  45. 45.

    Xiong Z Zhu C Zheng Z Wang M Wu Z Chen L. Relationship between arterial stiffness assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and coronary artery disease severity assessed by the SYNTAX score. J Atheroscl Thromb. (2012 ) 19:970–6.

    Not in our library10.5551/jat.13326

  46. 46.

    Cainzos-Achirica M Rampal S Chang Y Ryu S Zhang Y Zhao D. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with coronary calcium in young and middle-aged asymptomatic adults: the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. Atherosclerosis. (2015 ) 241:350–6.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.031

  47. 47.

    Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol. (2010 ) 9:689–701.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70104-6

  48. 48.

    Wardlaw JM Smith EE Biessels GJ Cordonnier C Fazekas F Frayne R. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. (2013 ) 12:822–38.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70124-8

  49. 49.

    Ochi N Tabara Y Igase M Nagai T Kido T Miki T. Silent cerebral microbleeds associated with arterial stiffness in an apparently healthy subject. Hypertens Res. (2009 ) 32:255–60.

    Not in our library10.1038/hr.2009.13

  50. 50.
    Arterial Stiffness and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease · 2018
    Not checked
  51. 51.

    Kim J Cha MJ Lee DH Lee HS Nam CM Nam HS. The association between cerebral atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in acute ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis. (2011 ) 219:887–91.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.013

  52. 52.

    Kim YB Park KY Chung PW Kim JM Moon HS Youn YC. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with both acute and chronic cerebral small vessel disease. Atherosclerosis. (2016 ) 245:54–9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.006

  53. 53.

    Kim DH Choi JH Moon JS Kim HJ Cha JK. Association between the severity of cerebral small vessel disease, pulsatility of cerebral arteries, and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity in patients with lacunar infarction. Eur Neurol. (2010 ) 64:247–52.

    Not in our library10.1159/000319923

  54. 54.

    Tabata N Sueta D Yamashita T Utsunomiya D Arima Y Yamamoto E. Relationship between asymptomatic intra-cranial lesions and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in coronary artery disease patients without stroke. Hypertens Res. (2017 ) 40:392–8.

    Not in our library10.1038/hr.2016.159

  55. 55.

    Henskens LH Kroon AA van Oostenbrugge RJ Gronenschild EH Fuss-Lejeune MM Hofman PA. Increased aortic pulse wave velocity is associated with silent cerebral small-vessel disease in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. (2008 ) 52:1120–6.

    Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.119024

  56. 56.

    Poels MM Zaccai K Verwoert GC Vernooij MW Hofman A van der Lugt A. Arterial stiffness and cerebral small vessel disease: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke. (2012 ) 43:2637–42.

    Not in our library10.1161/strokeaha.111.642264

  57. 57.

    Rosano C Watson N Chang Y Newman AB Aizenstein HJ Du Y. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts focal white matter hyperintensities in a biracial cohort of older adults. Hypertension. (2013 ) 61:160–5.

    Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.198069

  58. 58.

    Brandts A van Elderen SG Westenberg JJ van der Grond J van Buchem MA Huisman MV. Association of aortic arch pulse wave velocity with left ventricular mass and lacunar brain infarcts in hypertensive patients: assessment with MR imaging. Radiology. (2009 ) 253:681–8.

    Not in our library10.1148/radiol.2533082264

  59. 59.

    King KS Chen KX Hulsey KM McColl RW Weiner MF Nakonezny PA. White matter hyperintensities: use of aortic arch pulse wave velocity to predict volume independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. Radiology. (2013 ) 267:709–17.

    Not in our library10.1148/radiol.13121598

  60. 60.

    van Elderen SG Brandts A Westenberg JJ van der Grond J Tamsma JT van Buchem MA. Aortic stiffness is associated with cardiac function and cerebral small vessel disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. (2010 ) 20:1132–8.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00330-009-1655-4

  61. 61.

    Taniguchi Y Fujiwara Y Nofuji Y Nishi M Murayama H Seino S. Prospective study of arterial stiffness and subsequent cognitive decline among community-dwelling older Japanese. J Epidemiol. (2015 ) 25:592–9.

    Not in our library10.2188/jea.je20140250

  62. 62.

    Li X Lyu P Ren Y An J Dong Y. Arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment. J Neurol Sci. (2017 ) 380:1–10.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.018

  63. 63.

    Zhang J Li Y Wang Y Niu W Zhang Y Gao P. Arterial stiffness and asymptomatic intracranial large arterial stenosis and calcification in hypertensive chinese. Am J Hypertens. (2011 ) 24:304–9.

    Not in our library10.1038/ajh.2010.246

  64. 64.

    De Silva DA Woon FP Gan HY Chen CP Chang HM Koh TH. Arterial stiffness is associated with intracranial large artery disease among ethnic Chinese and South Asian ischemic stroke patients. J Hypertens. (2009 ) 27:1453–8.

    Not in our library10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832a8dc5

  65. 65.

    Yokokawa H Goto A Watanabe K Yasumura S. Evaluation of atherosclerosis-associated factors and pulse wave velocity for predicting cerebral infarction: a hospital-based, case-control study in Japan. Intern Med J. (2007 ) 37:161–7.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1445-5994.2006.01278.x

  66. 66.

    Park KY Kim YB Moon HS Suh BC Chung PW. Association between cerebral arterial calcification and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol. (2009 ) 61:364–70.

    Not in our library10.1159/000210549

  67. 67.

    Choi JC Lee JS Kang SY Kang JH Bae JM Lee DH. Limitation of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in assessing the risk of stroke: importance of instantaneous blood pressure. Cerebrovasc Dis. (2009 ) 27:417–25.

    Not in our library10.1159/000209236

  68. 68.

    O'Leary DH Polak JF Kronmal RA Manolio TA Burke GL Wolfson SK Jr.. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. (1999 ) 340:14–22.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199901073400103

  69. 69.

    Nambi V Chambless L Folsom AR He M Hu Y Mosley T. Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2010 ) 55:1600–7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.075

  70. 70.

    Shen L Wu W You B Gao H Wang C Liu Y. Relationship between pulse wave velocity and carotid atherosclerosis in geriatric people. Cerebrovasc Dis. (2011 ) 32(Suppl. 1):16–20.

    Not in our library10.1159/000330316

  71. 71.
    Comparison of Carotid‐Femoral and Brachial‐Ankle Pulse‐Wave Velocity in Association With Target Organ Damage in the Community‐Dwelling Elderly Chinese: The Northern Shanghai Study · 2017
    Not checked
  72. 72.

    Taniwaki H Kawagishi T Emoto M Shoji T Kanda H Maekawa K. Correlation between the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and aortic pulse-wave velocity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Vessel wall properties in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. (1999 ) 22:1851–7.

    Not in our library10.2337/diacare.22.11.1851

  73. 73.

    Zureik M Temmar M Adamopoulos C Bureau JM Courbon D Thomas F. Carotid plaques, but not common carotid intima-media thickness, are independently associated with aortic stiffness. J Hypertens. (2002 ) 20:85–93.

    Not in our library10.1097/00004872-200201000-00013

  74. 74.

    Sumbul HE Koc AS Demirtas D. Increased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and common carotid artery intima-media thickness obtained to assess target organ damage in hypertensive patients are closely related. Clin Exp Hypertens. (2018 ).. [Epub ahead of print].

    Not in our library10.1080/10641963.2018.1506471

  75. 75.

    Kubozono T Miyata M Kawasoe S Ojima S Yoshifuku S Miyahara H. High pulse wave velocity has a strong impact on early carotid atherosclerosis in a Japanese general male population. Circ J. (2017 ) 81:310–5.

    Not in our library10.1253/circj.cj-16-0687

  76. 76.

    Joo HJ Cho SA Cho JY Lee S Park JH Hwang SH. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with composite carotid and coronary atherosclerosis in a middle-aged asymptomatic population. J Atheroscl Thromb. (2016 ) 23:1033–46.

    Not in our library10.5551/jat.33084

  77. 77.

    Masugata H Senda S Yoshikawa K Yoshihara Y Daikuhara H Ayada Y. Relationships between echocardiographic findings, pulse wave velocity, and carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. Hypertens Res. (2005 ) 28:965–71.

    Not in our library10.1291/hypres.28.965

  78. 78.

    Munakata M Sakuraba J Tayama J Furuta T Yusa A Nunokawa T. Higher brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with more advanced carotid atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease. Hypertens Res. (2005 ) 28:9–14.

    Not in our library10.1291/hypres.28.9

  79. 79.

    Tomonori T Keiko S Shinkichi H Yoji N Akira T. Carotid atherosclerosis and arterial peripheral pulse wave velocity in cerebral thrombosis. J Clin Neurosci. (2006 ) 13:45–9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jocn.2005.02.012

  80. 80.

    Fu X Liu Q Zeng X Huang S Huang R Gao Q. Association between cerebral arterial stiffness and large artery atherosclerosis in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2018 ) 27:2993–3000.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.033

  81. 81.

    Koivistoinen T Virtanen M Hutri-Kahonen N Lehtimaki T Jula A Juonala M. Arterial pulse wave velocity in relation to carotid intima-media thickness, brachial flow-mediated dilation and carotid artery distensibility: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study and the Health 2000 Survey. Atherosclerosis. (2012 ) 220:387–93.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.007

  82. 82.

    Li C Xiong H Pirbhulal S Wu D Li Z Huang W. Heart-carotid pulse wave velocity a useful index of atherosclerosis in chinese hypertensive patients. Medicine. (2015 ) 94:e2343.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000002343

  83. 83.

    Yang Y Fan F Kou M Yang Y Cheng G Jia J. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is associated with the risk of new carotid plaque formation: data from a chinese community-based cohort. Sci Rep. (2018 ) 8:7037.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-018-25579-2

  84. 84.

    Zhao XX Liu J Zhao H Zhou Y Li L Wang H. The effect of cardiovascular risk factors on the carotid intima-media thickness in an old-aged cohort with hypertension: a longitudinal evolution with 4-year follow-up of a random clinical trial. Clin Exp Hypertens. (2018 ) 41:49–57.

    Not in our library10.1080/10641963.2018.1441860

  85. 85.

    Zhong Q Hu MJ Cui YJ Liang L Zhou MM Yang YW. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in the prediction of cardiovascular events and mortality: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Angiology. (2018 ) 69:617–29.

    Not in our library10.1177/0003319717742544

  86. 86.

    Ben-Shlomo Y Spears M Boustred C May M Anderson SG Benjamin EJ. Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2014 ) 63:636–46.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.063

  87. 87.

    Ohkuma T Ninomiya T Tomiyama H Kario K Hoshide S Kita Y. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and the risk prediction of cardiovascular disease: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Hypertension. (2017 ) 69:1045–52.

    Not in our library10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09097

  88. 88.

    Lim HE Park CG Shin SH Ahn JC Seo HS Oh DJ. Aortic pulse wave velocity as an independent marker of coronary artery disease. Blood Press. (2004 ) 13:369–75.

    Not in our library10.1080/08037050410004800

  89. 89.

    Lee HS Kim HL Kim H Hwang D Choi HM Oh SW. Incremental prognostic value of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. J Atheroscl Thromb. (2015 ) 22:1040–50.

    Not in our library10.5551/jat.29918

  90. 90.

    Williams B Mancia G Spiering W Agabiti Rosei E Azizi M Burnier M. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. (2018 ) 39:3021–104.

    Not in our library10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339

  91. 91.

    Dao HH Essalihi R Bouvet C Moreau P. Evolution and modulation of age-related medial elastocalcinosis: impact on large artery stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. (2005 ) 66:307–17.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.01.012

  92. 92.

    Zieman SJ Melenovsky V Kass DA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (2005 ) 25:932–43.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.atv.0000160548.78317.29

  93. 93.

    Intengan HD Schiffrin EL. Vascular remodeling in hypertension: roles of apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Hypertension. (2001 ) 38(3 Pt 2):581–7.

    Not in our library10.1161/hy09t1.096249

  94. 94.

    Palombo C Kozakova M. Arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk: Pathophysiologic mechanisms and emerging clinical indications. Vasc Pharmacol. (2016 ) 77:1–7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vph.2015.11.083

  95. 95.

    Dart AM Kingwell BA. Pulse pressure–a review of mechanisms and clinical relevance. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2001 ) 37:975–84.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01108-1

  96. 96.

    Leung MC Meredith IT Cameron JD. Aortic stiffness affects the coronary blood flow response to percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. (2006 ) 290:H624–30.

    Not in our library10.1152/ajpheart.00380.2005

  97. 97.

    Saji N Shimizu H Kawarai T Tadano M Kita Y Yokono K. Clinical features of a first-ever lacunar infarction in Japanese patients: poor outcome in females. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2011 ) 20:231–5.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.12.005

  98. 98.

    Kandula NR Kanaya AM Liu K Lee JY Herrington D Hulley SB. Association of 10-year and lifetime predicted cardiovascular disease risk with subclinical atherosclerosis in South Asians: findings from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study. J Am Heart Assoc. (2014 ) 3:e001117.

    Not in our library10.1161/jaha.114.001117

  99. 99.

    Saji N Kimura K Kawarai T Shimizu H Kita Y. Arterial stiffness and progressive neurological deficit in patients with acute deep subcortical infarction. Stroke. (2012 ) 43:3088–90.

    Not in our library10.1161/strokeaha.112.670737

  100. 100.

    Malik S Wong ND. Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk and screening for subclinical atherosclerosis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. (2009 ) 7:273–80.

    Not in our library10.1586/14779072.7.3.273

  101. 101.

    Law MR Wald NJ Morris JK. The performance of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors as screening tests for ischaemic heart disease and stroke. J Med Screen. (2004 ) 11:3–7.

    Not in our library10.1177/096914130301100102

  102. 102.

    Brindle P Beswick A Fahey T Ebrahim S. Accuracy and impact of risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Heart. (2006 ) 92:1752–9.

    Not in our library10.1136/hrt.2006.087932

  103. 103.

    Goff DC Jr. Lloyd-Jones DM Bennett G Coady S D'Agostino RB Sr Gibbons R. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2014 ) 63(25 Pt B):2935–59.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.005

  104. 104.

    Hwang IC Jin KN Kim HL Kim YN Im MS Lim WH. Additional prognostic value of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to coronary computed tomography angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. (2018 ) 268:127–37.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.026

  105. 105.

    Jang K Kim HL Park M Oh S Oh SW Lim WH. Additional value of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to single-photon emission computed tomography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Atheroscl Thromb. (2017 ) 24:1249–57.

    Not in our library10.5551/jat.40071

  106. 106.

    Nielsen BL Nielsen JS Roin J Fabricius J. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Am Geriatr Soc. (1968 ) 16:658–65.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1532-5415.1968.tb01274.x

  107. 107.

    Laurent S Cockcroft J Van Bortel L Boutouyrie P Giannattasio C Hayoz Daniel Abridged version of the expert consensus document on arterial stiffness. Artery Res. (2007 ) 1:2–12.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.artres.2007.03.003

  108. 108.

    Van Bortel LM Laurent S Boutouyrie P Chowienczyk P Cruickshank JK De Backer T. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens. (2012 ) 30:445–8.

    Not in our library10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834fa8b0

  109. 109.

    Yamashina A Tomiyama H Takeda K Tsuda H Arai T Hirose K. Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens Res. (2002 ) 25:359–64.

    Not in our library10.1291/hypres.25.359

  110. 110.

    Sugawara J Tanaka H. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: myths, misconceptions, and realities. Pulse. (2015 ) 3:106–13.

    Not in our library10.1159/000430771

  111. 111.

    Ato D. Pitfalls in the ankle-brachial index and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Vasc Health Risk Manag. (2018 ) 14:41–62.

    Not in our library10.2147/vhrm.s159437

  112. 112.

    Munakata M. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: background, method, and clinical evidence. Pulse. (2016 ) 3:195–204.

    Not in our library10.1159/000443740

Cited by papers we hold 5

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.