No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 20, 2026.

Advances in Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

Maria L. Guevara, Francesca Persano, Stefano Persano

Frontiers in Chemistry · 2020 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.3389/fchem.2020.589959

Abstract

Over the past decade, messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as potent and flexible platform for the development of novel effective cancer immunotherapies. Advances in non-viral gene delivery technologies, especially the tremendous progress in lipid nanoparticles’ manufacturing, have made possible the implementation of mRNA-based antitumor treatments. Several mRNA-based immunotherapies have demonstrated antitumor effect in preclinical and clinical studies, and marked successes have been achieved most notably by its implementation in therapeutic vaccines, cytokines therapies, checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA-based immunotherapies and their applications in cancer treatment. Finally, we also highlight the variety of immunotherapeutic approaches through mRNA delivery and discuss the main factors affecting transfection efficiency and tropism of mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles in vivo.

References 97

1.
Arteta M. Y. Kjellman T. Bartesaghi S. Wallin S. Wu X. Kvist A. J. (2018 ). Successful reprogramming of cellular protein production through mRNA delivered by functionalized lipid nanoparticles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115, E3351–E3360.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1720542115
2.
Bailey A. L. Cullis P. R. (1994 ). Modulation of membrane fusion by asymmetric transbilayer distributions of amino lipids. Biochemistry 33, 12573–12580.
Not in our library10.1021/bi00208a007
3.
Baldin A. V. Savvateeva L. V. Bazhin A. V. Zamyatnin A. A. Jr (2020 ). Dendritic cells in anticancer vaccination: rationale for ex vivo loading or in vivo targeting. Cancers 12:590
Not in our library10.3390/cancers12030590
4.
Ball R. L. Hajj K. A. Vizelman J. Bajaj P. Whitehead K. A. (2018 ). Lipid nanoparticle formulations for enhanced co-delivery of siRNA and mRNA. Nano Lett. 18, 3814–3822.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01101
5.
Belliveau N. M. Huft J. Lin P. J. C. Chen S. Leung A. K. K. Leaver T. J.. (2012 ). Microfluidic synthesis of highly potent limit-size lipid nanoparticles for in vivo delivery of siRNA. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 1:e37.
Not in our library10.1038/mtna.2012.28
6.
Billingsley M. M. Singh N. Ravikumar P. Zhang R. June C. H. Mitchell M. J. (2020 ). Ionizable lipid nanoparticle-mediated mRNA delivery for human CAR T cell engineering. Nano Lett. 20, 1578–1589.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04246
7.
Inside out: optimization of lipid nanoparticle formulations for exterior complexation and in vivo delivery of saRNA · 2019
No notice
8.
Blanco E. Shen H. Ferrari M. (2015 ). Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nat. Biotechnol. 33, 941–951.
Not in our library10.1038/nbt.3330
9.
Brudno J. N. Kochenderfer J. N. (2016 ). Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management. Blood 127, 3321–3330.
Not in our library10.1182/blood-2016-04-703751
10.
Cheng Q. Wei T. Farbiak L. Johnson L. T. Dilliard S. A. Siegwart D. J. (2020 ). Selective organ targeting (SORT) nanoparticles for tissue-specific mRNA delivery and CRISPR-Cas gene editing. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 313–320.
Not in our library10.1038/s41565-020-0669-6
11.
Immunosenescence and human vaccine immune responses · 2019
No notice
12.
Cullis P. R. Hope M. J. (2017 ). Lipid nanoparticle systems for enabling gene therapies. Mol. Ther. 25, 1467–1475.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.013
13.
De Beuckelaer A. Pollard C. Van Lint S. Roose K. Van Hoecke L. Naessens T.. (2016 ). Type I interferons interfere with the capacity of mRNA lipoplex vaccines to elicit cytolytic T cell responses. Mol. Ther. 24, 2012–2020.
Not in our library10.1038/mt.2016.161
14.
Eygeris Y. Patel S. Jozic A. Sahay G. (2020 ). Deconvoluting lipid nanoparticle structure for messenger RNA delivery. Nano Lett. 20, 4543–4549.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01386
15.
Cancer immunotherapy: the beginning of the end of cancer? · 2016
No notice
16.
Felgner P. L. Ringold G. M. (1989 ). Cationic liposome-mediated transfection. Nature 337, 387–388.
Not in our library10.1038/337387a0
17.
Fenton O. S. Kauffman K. J. McClellan R. L. Appel E. A. Dorkin J. R. Tibbitt M. W.. (2016 ). Bioinspired alkenyl amino alcohol ionizable lipid materials for highly potent in vivo mRNA delivery. Adv. Mater. 28, 2939–2943.
Not in our library10.1002/adma.201505822
18.
Foster J. B. Barrett D. M. Karikó K. (2019 ). The emerging role of in vitro-transcribed mRNA in adoptive T cell immunotherapy. Mol Ther. 27, 747–756.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.018
19.
Gall D. (1966 ). The adjuvant activity of aliphatic nitrogenous bases. Immunology 11, 369–386.
Not in our library
20.
Gilleron J. Querbes W. Zeigerer A. Borodovsky A. Marsico G. Schubert U.. (2013 ). Image-based analysis of lipid nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery, intracellular trafficking and endosomal escape. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 638–646.
Not in our library10.1038/nbt.2612
21.
Nanomedicines to Deliver mRNA: State of the Art and Future Perspectives · 2020
No notice
22.
Granot Y. Peer D. (2017 ). Delivering the right message: challenges and opportunities in lipid nanoparticles-mediated modified mRNA therapeutics-An innate immune system standpoint. Semin. Immunol. 34, 68–77.
Not in our library10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.015
23.
Guan S. Rosenecker J. (2017 ). Nanotechnologies in delivery of mRNA therapeutics using nonviral vector-based delivery systems. Gene Ther. 24, 133–143.
Not in our library10.1038/gt.2017.5
24.
Guevara M. L. Jilesen Z. Stojdl D. Persano S. (2019a ). Codelivery of mRNA with α-Galactosylceramide using a new lipopolyplex formulation induces a strong antitumor response upon intravenous administration. ACS Omega 4, 13015–13026.
Not in our library10.1021/acsomega.9b00489
25.
Guevara M. L. Persano S. Persano F. (2019b ). Lipid-based vectors for therapeutic mRNA-based anti-cancer vaccines. Curr Pharm Des. 25, 1443–1454.
Not in our library10.2174/1381612825666190619150221
26.
Haabeth O. A. W. Blake T. R. McKinlay C. J. Tveita A. A. Sallets A. Waymouth R. M.. (2019 ). Local delivery of Ox40l, Cd80, and Cd86 mRNA kindles global anticancer immunity. Cancer Res. 79, 1624–1634.
Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2867
27.
Hajj K. A. Whitehead K. A. (2017 ). Tools for translation: non-viral materials for therapeutic mRNA delivery. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2:17056
Not in our library10.1038/natrevmats.2017.56
28.
Harper P. E. Mannock D. A. Lewis R. N. A. H. McElhaney R. N. Gruner S. (2001 ). X-ray diffraction of some phosphatidylethanolamine lamellar and inverted hexagonal phases. Biophys. J. 81, 2693–2706.
Not in our library10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75912-7
29.
Clinical development of CAR T cells—challenges and opportunities in translating innovative treatment concepts · 2017
No notice
30.
Henriksen-Lacey M. Christensen D. Bramwell V. W. Lindenstrom T. Agger E. M. Andersen P.. (2010 ). Liposomal cationic charge and antigen adsorption are important properties for the efficient deposition of antigen at the injection site and ability of the vaccine to induce a cmi response. J. Control Release 145, 102–108.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.027
31.
How mRNA therapeutics are entering the monoclonal antibody field · 2019
No notice
32.
Holtkamp S. Kreiter S. Selmi A. Simon P. Koslowski M. Huber C.. (2006 ). Modification of antigen-encoding RNA increases stability, translational efficacy, and T-cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. Blood 108, 4009–4017.
Not in our library10.1182/blood-2006-04-015024
33.
Islam M. A. Xu Y. Tao W. Ubellacker J. M. Lim M. Aum D. (2018 ). Restoration of tumour-growth suppression in vivo via systemic nanoparticle-mediated delivery of PTEN mRNA. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 850–864.
Not in our library10.1038/s41551-018-0284-0
34.
Jackson H. J. Rafiq S. Brentjens R. J. (2016 ). Driving CAR T-cells forward. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 13, 370–383.
Not in our library10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.36
35.
The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective · 2020
No notice
36.
Judge A. McClintock K. Phelps J. R. MacLachlan I. (2006 ). Hypersensitivity and loss of disease site targeting caused by antibody responses to PEGylated liposomes. Mol. Ther. 13, 328–337.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.09.014
37.
Advances in the delivery of RNA therapeutics: from concept to clinical reality · 2017
No notice
38.
Kaczmarek J. C. Patel A. K. Kauffman K. J. Fenton O. S. Webber M. J. Heartlein M. W.. (2016 ). Polymer-lipid nanoparticles for systemic delivery of mRNA to the lungs. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55, 13808–13812.
Not in our library10.1002/anie.201608450
39.
Karikó K. Muramatsu H. Ludwig J. Weissman D. (2011 ). Generating the optimal mRNA for therapy: HPLC purification eliminates immune activation and improves translation of nucleoside-modified, protein-encoding mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 39:e142.
Not in our library10.1093/nar/gkr695
40.
Kon E. Hazan-Halevy I. Rosenblum D. Cohen N. Chatterjee S. Veiga N.. (2020 ). Resveratrol enhances mRNA and siRNA lipid nanoparticles primary CLL cell transfection. Pharmaceutics 12:520.
Not in our library10.3390/pharmaceutics12060520
41.
Korsholm K. S. Agger E. M. Foged C. Christensen D. Dietrich J. Andersen C. S.. (2007 ). The adjuvant mechanism of cationic dimethyldioctadecylammonium liposomes. Immunology 121, 216–226.
Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02560.x
42.
Kowalski P. S. Rudra A. Miao L. Anderson D. G. (2019 ). Delivering the messenger: advances in technologies for therapeutic mRNA delivery. Mol. Ther. 27, 710–728.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012
43.
Kranz L. M. Diken M. Haas H. Kreiter S. Loquai C. Reuter K. C.. (2016 ). Systemic RNA delivery to dendritic cells exploits antiviral defence for cancer immunotherapy. Nature 534, 396–401.
Not in our library10.1038/nature18300
44.
Kreiter S. Selmi A. Diken M. Koslowski M. Britten C. M. Huber C.. (2010 ). Intranodal vaccination with naked antigen-encoding RNA elicits potent prophylactic and therapeutic antitumoral immunity. Cancer Res. 70, 9031–9040.
Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0699
45.
Li S. Huang L. (1997 ). In vivo gene transfer via intravenous administration of cationic lipid-protamine-DNA (LPD) complexes. Gene Ther. 4, 891–900.
Not in our library10.1038/sj.gt.3300482
46.
Li S. D. Huang L. (2009 ). Nanoparticles evading the reticuloendothelial system: role of the supported bilayer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1788, 2259–2266.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.06.022
47.
Lonez C. Bessodes M. Scherman D. Vandenbranden M. Escriou V. Ruysschaert J. M. (2014 ). Cationic lipid nanocarriers activate Toll-like receptor 2 and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. Nanomedicine 10, 775–782.
Not in our library10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.003
48.
Malone R. W. Felgner P. L. Verma I. M. (1989 ). Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 6077–6081.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.86.16.6077
49.
Matsui H. Sato Y. Hatakeyama H. Akita H. Harashima H. (2015 ). Size-dependent specific targeting and efficient gene silencing in peritoneal macrophages using a pH-sensitive cationic liposomal siRNA carrier. Int. J. Pharm. 495, 171–178.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.044
50.
Linkage between endosomal escape of LNP-mRNA and loading into EVs for transport to other cells · 2019
No notice
51.
McKinlay C. J. Benner N. L. Haabeth O. A. Waymouth R. M. Wender P. A. (2018 ). Enhanced mRNA delivery into lymphocytes enabled by lipid-varied libraries of charge-altering releasable transporters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115, E5859–E5866.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1805358115
52.
McKinlay C. J. Vargas J. R. Blake T. R. Hardy J. W. Kanada M. Contag C. H.. (2017 ). Charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs) for the delivery and release of mRNA in living animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, E448–E456.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1614193114
53.
Miao L. Li L. Huang Y. Delcassian D. Chahal J. Han J.. (2019 ). Delivery of mRNA vaccines with heterocyclic lipids increases anti-tumor efficacy by STING-mediated immune cell activation. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 1174–1185.
Not in our library10.1038/s41587-019-0247-3
54.
Synergistic lipid compositions for albumin receptor mediated delivery of mRNA to the liver · 2020
No notice
55.
Mohanty R. Chowdhury C. R. Arega S. Sen P. Ganguly P. Ganguly N. (2019 ). CAR T cell therapy: a new era for cancer treatment (Review). Oncol. Rep. 42, 2183–2195.
Not in our library10.3892/or.2019.7335
56.
Intrathecal delivery of frataxin mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles to dorsal root ganglia as a potential therapeutic for Friedreich’s ataxia · 2016
No notice
57.
Oberli M. A. Reichmuth A. M. Dorkin J. R. Mitchell M. J. Fenton O. S. Jaklenec A. (2017 ). Lipid nanoparticle assisted mRNA delivery for potent cancer immunotherapy. Nano Lett. 17, 1326–1335.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03329
58.
Pardi N. Hogan M. J. Porter F. W. Weissman D. (2018 ). mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 17, 261–279.
Not in our library10.1038/nrd.2017.243
59.
Administration of nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibody protects humanized mice from HIV-1 challenge · 2017
No notice
60.
Parhiz H. Shuvaev V. V. Pardi N. Khoshnejad M. Kiseleva R. Y. Brenner J. S.. (2018 ). PECAM-1 directed re-targeting of exogenous mRNA providing two orders of magnitude enhancement of vascular delivery and expression in lungs independent of apolipoprotein E-mediated uptake. J. Control Release 291, 106–115.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.015
61.
Future prospects of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer: from response prediction to overcoming resistance · 2018
No notice
62.
Pastor F. Berraondo P. Etxeberria I. Frederick J. Sahin U. Gilboa E.. (2018 ). An RNA toolbox for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 17, 751–767.
Not in our library10.1038/nrd.2018.132
63.
Patel S. Ashwanikumar N. Robinson E. DuRoss A. Sun C. Murphy-Benenato K. E.. (2017 ). Boosting intracellular delivery of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated messenger RNA. Nano Lett. 17, 5711–5718.
Not in our library10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02664
64.
Naturally-occurring cholesterol analogues in lipid nanoparticles induce polymorphic shape and enhance intracellular delivery of mRNA · 2020
Corrected
65.
Persano S. Guevara M. L. Li Z. Mai J. Ferrari M. Pompa P. P.. (2017 ). Lipopolyplex potentiates anti-tumor immunity of mRNA-based vaccination. Biomaterials 125, 81–89.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.019
66.
Pozzi D. Marchini C. Cardarelli F. Amenitsch H. Garulli C. Bifone A.. (2012 ). Transfection efficiency boost of cholesterol-containing lipoplexes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1818, 2335–2343.
Not in our library10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.017
67.
Reichmuth A. M. Oberli M. A. Jaklenec A. Langer R. Blankschtein D. (2016 ). mRNA vaccine delivery using lipid nanoparticles. Ther. Deliv. 7, 319–334.
Not in our library10.4155/tde-2016-0006
68.
Rybakova Y. Kowalski P. S. Huang Y. Gonzalez J. T. Heartlein M. W. DeRosa F.. (2019 ). mRNA delivery for therapeutic anti-HER2 antibody expression in vivo. Mol. Ther. 27, 1415–1423.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.05.012
69.
Sahin U. Karikó K. Türeci Ö. (2014 ). mRNA-based therapeutics–developing a new class of drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 13, 759–780.
Not in our library10.1038/nrd4278
70.
Sato Y. Okabe N. Note Y. Hashiba K. Maeki M. Tokeshi M.. (2020 ). Hydrophobic scaffolds of pH-sensitive cationic lipids contribute to miscibility with phospholipids and improve the efficiency of delivering short interfering RNA by small-sized lipid nanoparticles. Acta Biomater. 102, 341–350.
Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.022
71.
Schlake T. Thess A. Thran M. Jordan I. (2019 ). mRNA as novel technology for passive immunotherapy. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 76, 301–328,
Not in our library10.1007/s00018-018-2935-4
72.
Stadler C. R. Bähr-Mahmud H. Celik L. Hebich B. Roth A. S. Roth R. P. (2017 ). Elimination of large tumors in mice by mRNA-encoded bispecific antibodies. Nat. Med. 23, 815–817.
Not in our library10.1038/nm.4356
73.
Suzuki M. Kato C. Kato A. (2015 ). Therapeutic antibodies: their mechanisms of action and the pathological findings they induce in toxicity studies. J. Toxicol. Pathol. 28, 133–139.
Not in our library10.1293/tox.2015-0031
74.
Advances in Lipid Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery · 2013
No notice
75.
Thomas A. Garg S. M. De Souza R. A. G. Ouellet E. Tharmarajah G. Reichert D.. (2018 ). Microfluidic production and application of lipid nanoparticles for nucleic acid transfection. Methods Mol. Biol. 1792, 193–203.
Not in our library10.1007/978-1-4939-7865-6_14
76.
mRNA mediates passive vaccination against infectious agents, toxins, and tumors · 2017
No notice
77.
Engineered mRNA-expressed antibodies prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection · 2018
No notice
78.
Turnis M. E. Rooney C. M. (2010 ). Enhancement of dendritic cells as vaccines for cancer. Immunotherapy 2, 847–862.
Not in our library10.2217/imt.10.56
79.
Van der Jeught K. De Koker S. Bialkowski L. Heirman C. Joe P. T. Perche F.. (2018 ). Dendritic cell targeting mRNA lipopolyplexes combine strong antitumor T-cell immunity with improved inflammatory safety. ACS Nano 12, 9815–9829.
Not in our library10.1021/acsnano.8b00966
80.
Van Lint S. Goyvaerts C. Maenhout S. Goethals L. Disy A. Benteyn D.. (2012 ). Preclinical evaluation of TriMix and antigen mRNA-based antitumor therapy. Cancer Res. 72, 1661–1671.
Not in our library10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2957
81.
Verbeke R. Lentacker I. Wayteck L. Breckpot K. Van Bockstal M. Descamps B.. (2017 ). Co-delivery of nucleoside-modified mRNA and TLR agonists for cancer immunotherapy: restoring the immunogenicity of immunosilent mRNA. J. Control Release 266, 287–300.
Not in our library10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.041
82.
Vitale C. Strati P. (2020 ). CAR T-cell therapy for B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical trials and real-world experiences. Front Oncol. 10:849.
Not in our library10.3389/fonc.2020.00849
83.
Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines · 2020
No notice
84.
Role of Lipid-Based and Polymer-Based Non-Viral Vectors in Nucleic Acid Delivery for Next-Generation Gene Therapy · 2020
No notice
85.
Wang Y. Huang L. (2013 ). A window onto siRNA delivery. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 611–612.
Not in our library10.1038/nbt.2634
86.
Wang Y. Zhang L. Xu Z. Miao L. Huang L. (2018 ). mRNA vaccine with antigen-specific checkpoint blockade induces an enhanced immune response against established melanoma. Mol. Ther. 26, 420–434.
Not in our library10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.009
87.
Weissman D. (2014 ). mRNA transcript therapy. Expert Rev. Vaccines 14, 265–281.
Not in our library10.1586/14760584.2015.973859
88.
Weng Y. Li C. Yang T. Hu B. Zhang M. Guo S.. (2020 ). The challenge and prospect of mRNA therapeutics landscape. Biotechnol. Adv. 40:107534.
Not in our library10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107534
89.
Wiesinger M. März J. Kummer M. Schuler G. Dörrie J. Schuler-Thurner B.. (2019 ). Clinical-scale production of CAR-T cells for the treatment of melanoma patients by mRNA transfection of a CSPG4-specific CAR under full GMP compliance. Cancers 11:1198.
Not in our library10.3390/cancers11081198
90.
Wilk A. J. Benner N. L. Vergara R. Haabeth O. A. W. Levy R. Waymouth R. M. (2020 ). Charge-altering releasable transporters enable specific phenotypic manipulation of resting primary natural killer cells. bioRxiv.
Not in our library10.1101/2020.02.28.970491
91.
Xue H. Y. Guo P. Wen W. C. Wong H. L. (2015 ). Lipid-based nanocarriers for RNA Delivery. Curr. Pharm. Des. 21, 3140–3147.
Not in our library10.2174/1381612821666150531164540
92.
Zelphati O. Szoka F. C. Jr. (1996 ). Mechanism of oligonucleotide release from cationic liposomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 11493–11498.
Not in our library10.1073/pnas.93.21.11493
93.
Genetic programming of macrophages to perform anti-tumor functions using targeted mRNA nanocarriers · 2019
No notice
94.
Zhao Z. Chen Y. Francisco N. M. Zhang Y. Wu M. (2018 ). The application of CAR-T cell therapy in hematological malignancies: advantages and challenges. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 8, 539–551.
Not in our library10.1016/j.apsb.2018.03.001
95.
Zhigaltsev I. V. Belliveau N. Hafez I. Leung A. K. K. Huft J. Hansen C.. (2012 ). Bottom-up design and synthesis of limit size lipid nanoparticle systems with aqueous and triglyceride cores using millisecond microfluidic mixing. Langmuir 28, 3633–3640.
Not in our library10.1021/la204833h
96.
Zhong Z. McCafferty S. Combes F. Huysmans H. De Temmerman J. Gitsels A. (2018 ). mRNA therapeutics deliver a hopeful message. Nano Today 23, 16–39.
Not in our library10.1016/j.nantod.2018.10.005
97.
Zhu X. Tao W. Liu D. Wu J. Guo Z. Ji X.. (2017 ). Surface De-PEGylation controls nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. Theranostics 7, 1990–2002.
Not in our library10.7150/thno.18136

Cited by papers we hold 7

mRNA-based vaccines and therapeutics: an in-depth survey of current and upcoming clinical applications · 2023
No notice
Immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles and its impact on the efficacy of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics · 2023
No notice
Recent advances in mRNA-LNP therapeutics: immunological and pharmacological aspects · 2022
No notice
mRNA-based therapeutics: powerful and versatile tools to combat diseases · 2022
No notice
mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy · 2022
No notice
A Survey of Preclinical Studies Evaluating Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines Against Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections · 2021
Not checked
A novel mechanism for the loss of mRNA activity in lipid nanoparticle delivery systems · 2021
No notice

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.