Emerging Viral Diseases of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific

Abstract

Conference PresentationsWith a few exceptions, most interest and attention regarding emerging viral diseases in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific have been directed at zoonotic and vectorborne diseases.However, other viral diseases have also been prominent and will be mentioned briefly.Enterovirus 71, for example, one of the common causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease, has caused a number of regional epidemics that have included cases of encephalitis.It is also not possible to discuss emerging viruses without briefly referring to HIV infection and AIDS in the region.Several reviews have described the emergence of viruses in one or more countries in the region (1-8).Building on these earlier papers, this article will provide an up-to-date summary of the major viruses and their recent outbreaks (Figure). Vector-borne Viral Disease AgentsDengue viruses and Japanese encephalitis (JE) viruses are the major vector-borne disease agents in the Asia-Pacific region, with Ross River, Chikungunya, and Barmah Forest viruses important in relatively restricted geographic areas.Dengue viruses cause frequent epidemics throughout the region and are endemic in a number of countries, including Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.Epidemic activity in northeastern Australia and the Pacific island nations is the result of reintroductions by viremic travelers (8).This report will focus

References 68

1. 1.

   AbuBakar S., Chee H. Y., Al-Kobaisi M. F., Xiaoshan J., Chua K. B., Lam S. K. Identification of enterovirus 71 isolates from an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) with fatal cases of encephalomyelitis in Malaysia. Virus Res. 1999;61(1):1-9.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00019-2

2. 2.

   Alexander J. P., Baden L., Pallansch M. A., Anderson L. J. Enterovirus 71 infections and neurologic disease--United States, 1977-1991. J Infect Dis. 1994;169(4):905-908.

   Not in our library10.1093/infdis/169.4.905

3. 3.

   Banerjee K. Emerging viral infections with special reference to India. Indian J Med Res. 1996;103:177-200.

   Not in our library

4. 4.

   Beaman M. H. Emerging infections in Australia. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997;26(5):609-615.

   Not in our library

5. 5.

   Brown B. A., Oberste M. S., Alexander J. P., Kennett M. L., Pallansch M. A. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from 1970 to 1998. J Virol. 1999;73(12):9969-9975.

   Not in our library10.1128/jvi.73.12.9969-9975.1999

6. 6.

   Burke D. S., Nisalak A., Nimmannitya S. Disappearance of Chikungunya virus from Bangkok. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985;79(3):419-420.

   Not in our library10.1016/0035-9203(85)90398-0

7. 7.

   Cardosa M. J., Krishnan S., Tio P. H., Perera D., Wong S. C. Isolation of subgenus B adenovirus during a fatal outbreak of enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in Sibu, Sarawak. Lancet. 1999;354(9183):987-991.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(98)11032-2

8. 8.

   Chang L. Y., Huang Y. C., Lin T. Y. Fulminant neurogenic pulmonary oedema with hand, foot, and mouth disease. Lancet. 1998;352(9125):367-368.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(98)24031-1

9. 9.

   Chant K., Chan R., Smith M., Dwyer D. E., Kirkland P. Probable human infection with a newly described virus in the family Paramyxoviridae. The NSW Expert Group. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(2):273-275.

   Not in our library10.3201/eid0402.980215

10. 10.

    Chua K. B., Bellini W. J., Rota P. A., Harcourt B. H., Tamin A., Lam S. K., Ksiazek T. G., Rollin P. E., Zaki S. R., Shieh W. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science. 2000;288(5470):1432-1435.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.288.5470.1432

11. 11.

    Corwin A., Simanjuntak C. H., Ansari A. Emerging disease surveillance in Southeast Asia. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997;26(5):628-631.

    Not in our library

12. 12.

    Field H. E., Barratt P. C., Hughes R. J., Shield J., Sullivan N. D. A fatal case of Hendra virus infection in a horse in north Queensland: clinical and epidemiological features. Aust Vet J. 2000;78(4):279-280.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11758.x

13. 13.

    Field H., McCall B., Barrett J. Australian bat lyssavirus infection in a captive juvenile black flying fox. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(3):438-440.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid0503.990316

14. 14.

    Field H., Young P., Yob J. M., Mills J., Hall L., Mackenzie J. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 2001;3(4):307-314.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01384-3

15. 15.

    Flexman J. P., Smith D. W., Mackenzie J. S., Fraser J. R., Bass S. P., Hueston L., Lindsay M. D., Cunningham A. L. A comparison of the diseases caused by Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus. Med J Aust. 1998;169(3):159-163.

    Not in our library10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb116019.x

16. 16.
    Encephalitis Caused by a Lyssavirus in Fruit Bats in Australia · 1996

    No notice
17. 17.

    Goh K. J., Tan C. T., Chew N. K., Tan P. S., Kamarulzaman A., Sarji S. A., Wong K. T., Abdullah B. J., Chua K. B., Lam S. K. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(17):1229-1235.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm200004273421701

18. 18.

    Gould A. R., Hyatt A. D., Lunt R., Kattenbelt J. A., Hengstberger S., Blacksell S. D. Characterisation of a novel lyssavirus isolated from Pteropid bats in Australia. Virus Res. 1998;54(2):165-187.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00025-2

19. 19.

    Halpin K., Young P. L., Field H. E., Mackenzie J. S. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol. 2000;81(Pt 8):1927-1932.

    Not in our library10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-1927

20. 20.

    Hanna J. N., Carney I. K., Smith G. A., Tannenberg A. E., Deverill J. E., Botha J. A., Serafin I. L., Harrower B. J., Fitzpatrick P. F., Searle J. W. Australian bat lyssavirus infection: a second human case, with a long incubation period. Med J Aust. 2000;172(12):597-599.

    Not in our library10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb124126.x

21. 21.

    Hanna J. N., Ritchie S. A., Phillips D. A., Lee J. M., Hills S. L., van den Hurk A. F., Pyke A. T., Johansen C. A., Mackenzie J. S. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998. Med J Aust. 1999;170(11):533-536.

    Not in our library10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127878.x

22. 22.

    Hanna J. N., Ritchie S. A., Phillips D. A., Shield J., Bailey M. C., Mackenzie J. S., Poidinger M., McCall B. J., Mills P. J. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. Med J Aust. 1996;165(5):256-260.

    Not in our library10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb124960.x

23. 23.

    Harcourt B. H., Tamin A., Ksiazek T. G., Rollin P. E., Anderson L. J., Bellini W. J., Rota P. A. Molecular characterization of Nipah virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus. Virology. 2000;271(2):334-349.

    Not in our library10.1006/viro.2000.0340

24. 24.

    Hayward J. C., Gillespie S. M., Kaplan K. M., Packer R., Pallansch M., Plotkin S., Schonberger L. B. Outbreak of poliomyelitis-like paralysis associated with enterovirus 71. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8(9):611-616.

    Not in our library10.1097/00006454-198909000-00009

25. 25.

    Ho M., Chen E. R., Hsu K. H., Twu S. J., Chen K. T., Tsai S. F., Wang J. R., Shih S. R. An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. Taiwan Enterovirus Epidemic Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(13):929-935.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199909233411301

26. 26.

    Hooper P. T., Fraser G. C., Foster R. A., Storie G. J. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of bats infected by Australian bat lyssavirus. Aust Vet J. 1999;77(9):595-599.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb13198.x

27. 27.

    Hooper P. T., Gould A. R., Hyatt A. D., Braun M. A., Kattenbelt J. A., Hengstberger S. G., Westbury H. A. Identification and molecular characterization of Hendra virus in a horse in Queensland. Aust Vet J. 2000;78(4):281-282.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11759.x

28. 28.

    Hooper P. T., Gould A. R., Russell G. M., Kattenbelt J. A., Mitchell G. The retrospective diagnosis of a second outbreak of equine morbillivirus infection. Aust Vet J. 1996;74(3):244-245.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb15414.x

29. 29.

    Huang C. C., Liu C. C., Chang Y. C., Chen C. Y., Wang S. T., Yeh T. F. Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(13):936-942.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199909233411302

30. 30.

    Hyatt A. D., Selleck P. W. Ultrastructure of equine morbillivirus. Virus Res. 1996;43(1):1-15.

    Not in our library10.1016/0168-1702(96)01307-x

31. 31.

    Johansen C. A., van den Hurk A. F., Ritchie S. A., Zborowski P., Nisbet D. J., Paru R., Bockarie M. J., Macdonald J., Drew A. C., Khromykh T. I. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, 1997-1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62(5):631-638.

    Not in our library10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.631

32. 32.

    Komatsu H., Shimizu Y., Takeuchi Y., Ishiko H., Takada H. Outbreak of severe neurologic involvement associated with Enterovirus 71 infection. Pediatr Neurol. 1999;20(1):17-23.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0887-8994(98)00087-3

33. 33.

    Lam S. K. Emerging infectious diseases--Southeast Asia. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(2):145-147.

    Not in our library10.3201/eid0402.980201

34. 34.

    Landry M. L., Fonseca S. N., Cohen S., Bogue C. W. Fatal enterovirus type 71 infection: rapid detection and diagnostic pitfalls. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(12):1095-1100.

    Not in our library10.1097/00006454-199512000-00013

35. 35.

    Lindsay M. D., Johansen C. A., Smith D. W., Wallace M. J., Mackenzie J. S. An outbreak of Barmah Forest virus disease in the south-west of Western Australia. Med J Aust. 1995;162(6):291-294.

    Not in our library10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb139902.x

36. 36.
    Emergence of Barmah Forest Virus in Western Australia · 1995

    Not checked
37. 37.

    Liu C. C., Tseng H. W., Wang S. M., Wang J. R., Su I. J. An outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan, 1998: epidemiologic and clinical manifestations. J Clin Virol. 2000;17(1):23-30.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1386-6532(00)00068-8

38. 38.

    Lum L. C., Wong K. T., Lam S. K., Chua K. B., Goh A. Y., Lim W. L., Ong B. B., Paul G., AbuBakar S., Lambert M. Fatal enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. J Pediatr. 1998;133(6):795-798.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70155-6

39. 39.

    Lum L. C., Wong K. T., Lam S. K., Chua K. B., Goh A. Y. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema and enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1998;352(9137):1391-1391.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60789-1

40. 40.

    Mackenzie J. S., Broom A. K., Hall R. A., Johansen C. A., Lindsay M. D., Phillips D. A., Ritchie S. A., Russell R. C., Smith D. W. Arboviruses in the Australian region, 1990 to 1998. Commun Dis Intell. 1998;22(6):93-100.

    Not in our library10.33321/cdi.1998.22.17

Cited by papers we hold 5

• Co-infections with Chikungunya Virus and Dengue Virus in Delhi, India · 2009
  No notice
• Post-Epidemic Chikungunya Disease on Reunion Island: Course of Rheumatic Manifestations and Associated Factors over a 15-Month Period · 2009
  No notice
• Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Mayotte, Indian Ocean, 2005-2006: A Population-Based Survey · 2008
  No notice
• Chikungunya Outbreaks Caused by African Genotype, India · 2006
  No notice
• Chikungunya Disease Outbreak, Reunion Island · 2006
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.