Flea-borne Rickettsioses: Ecologic Considerations

Abstract

Ecologic and economic factors, as well as changes in human behavior, have resulted in the emergence of new and the reemergence of existing but forgotten infectious diseases during the past 20 years. Flea-borne disease organisms (e.g., Yersinia pestis, Rickettsia typhi, R. felis, and Bartonella henselae) are widely distributed throughout the world in endemic-disease foci, where components of the enzootic cycle are present. However, flea-borne diseases could reemerge in epidemic form because of changes in vector-host ecology due to environmental and human behavior modification. The changing ecology of murine typhus in southern California and Texas over the past 30 years is a good example of urban and suburban expansion affecting infectious disease outbreaks. In these areas, the classic rat-flea-rat cycle of R. typhi has been replaced by a peridomestic animal cycle involving, e.g., free-ranging cats, dogs, and opossums and their fleas. In addition to the vector-host components of the murine typhus cycle, we have uncovered a second typhuslike rickettsia, R. felis. This agent was identified from the blood of a hospitalized febrile patient and from opossums and their fleas. We reviewed the ecology of R. typhi and R. felis and present recent data relevant to the vector biology, immunology, and molecular characterization and phylogeny of flea-borne rickettsioses.

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Cited by papers we hold 7

• Survey of rodent-borne pathogens in Singapore reveals the circulation of Leptospira spp., Seoul hantavirus, and Rickettsia typhi · 2022
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• Infection by Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides felis felis Fleas from North of Colombia · 2019
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• Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae · 2011
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• Emerging Rickettsioses of the Thai-Myanmar Border1 · 2003
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• Molecular Detection of Bartonella quintana , B. koehlerae, B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, Rickettsia felis , and Wolbachia pipientis in Cat Fleas, France · 2003
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• A Flea-Associated Rickettsia Pathogenic for Humans · 2001
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• Rickettsial Pathogens and Their Arthropod Vectors · 1998
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