Factors in the Emergence of Infectious Diseases

Abstract

"Emerging" infectious diseases can be defined as infections that have newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Among recent examples are HIV/AIDS, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Lyme disease, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (a foodborne infection caused by certain strains of Escherichia coli). Specific factors precipitating disease emergence can be identified in virtually all cases. These include ecological, environmental, or demographic factors that place people at increased contact with a previously unfamiliar microbe or its natural host or promote dissemination. These factors are increasing in prevalence; this increase, together with the ongoing evolution of viral and microbial variants and selection for drug resistance, suggests that infections will continue to emerge and probably increase and emphasizes the urgent need for effective surveillance and control. Dr. David Satcher's article and this overview inaugurate Perspectives, a regular section in this journal intended to present and develop unifying concepts and strategies for considering emerging infections and their underlying factors. The editors welcome, as contributions to the Perspectives section, overviews, syntheses, and case studies that shed light on how and why infections emerge, and how they may be anticipated and prevented.

References 44

1. 1.

   Allan J. S., Short M., Taylor M. E., Su S., Hirsch V. M., Johnson P. R., Shaw G. M., Hahn B. H. Species-specific diversity among simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. J Virol. 1991;65(6):2816-2828.

   Not in our library10.1128/jvi.65.6.2816-2828.1991

2. 2.

   Anderson C. Cholera epidemic traced to risk miscalculation. Nature. 1991;354(6351):255-255.

   Not in our library10.1038/354255a0

3. 3.

   Barbour A. G., Fish D. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science. 1993;260(5114):1610-1616.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.8503006

4. 4.

   Berkelman R. L., Bryan R. T., Osterholm M. T., LeDuc J. W., Hughes J. M. Infectious disease surveillance: a crumbling foundation. Science. 1994;264(5157):368-370.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.8153621

5. 5.

   Bloom B. R., Murray C. J. Tuberculosis: commentary on a reemergent killer. Science. 1992;257(5073):1055-1064.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.257.5073.1055

6. 6.

   Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Aedes albopictus introduction into continental Africa, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1991;40(48):836-838.

   Not in our library

7. 7.

   Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Eastern equine encephalitis virus associated with Aedes albopictus--Florida, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41(7):115-121.

   Not in our library

8. 8.

   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Assessment of inadequately filtered public drinking water--Washington, D.C., December 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43(36):661-669.

   Not in our library

9. 9.

   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections from hamburgers--western United States, 1992-1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42(14):258-263.

   Not in our library

10. 10.

    Cohen M. L. Epidemiology of drug resistance: implications for a post-antimicrobial era. Science. 1992;257(5073):1050-1055.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.257.5073.1050

11. 11.

    Davies J. Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. Science. 1994;264(5157):375-382.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.8153624

12. 12.

    Epstein P. R., Ford T. E., Colwell R. R. Marine ecosystems. Lancet. 1993;342(8881):1216-1219.

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(93)92191-u

13. 13.

    Flahault A., Valleron A. J. HIV and travel, no rationale for restrictions. Lancet. 1990;336(8724):1197-1198.

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(90)92820-8

14. 14.

    Flahault A., Valleron A. A method for assessing the global spread of HIV-1 infection based on air travel. Math Popul Stud. 1992;3(3):161-227.

    Not in our library10.1080/08898489209525336

15. 15.

    Gao F., Yue L., White A. T., Pappas P. G., Barchue J., Hanson A. P., Greene B. M., Sharp P. M., Shaw G. M., Hahn B. H. Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in west Africa. Nature. 1992;358(6386):495-499.

    Not in our library10.1038/358495a0

16. 16.

    Glass R. I., Libel M., Brandling-Bennett A. D. Epidemic cholera in the Americas. Science. 1992;256(5063):1524-1525.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1598586

17. 17.

    Gubler D. J., Trent D. W. Emergence of epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health problem in the Americas. Infect Agents Dis. 1993;2(6):383-393.

    Not in our library

18. 18.

    Hoge C. W., Reichler M. R., Dominguez E. A., Bremer J. C., Mastro T. D., Hendricks K. A., Musher D. M., Elliott J. A., Facklam R. R., Breiman R. F. An epidemic of pneumococcal disease in an overcrowded, inadequately ventilated jail. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(10):643-648.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199409083311004

19. 19.

    Inoue N., Dambaugh T. R., Pellett P. E. Molecular biology of human herpesviruses 6A and 6B. Infect Agents Dis. 1993;2(6):343-360.

    Not in our library

20. 20.

    Kilbourne E. D. The molecular epidemiology of influenza. J Infect Dis. 1973;127(4):478-487.

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/127.4.478

21. 21.

    Krause R. M. The origin of plagues: old and new. Science. 1992;257(5073):1073-1078.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.257.5073.1073

22. 22.

    Le Guenno B., Camprasse M. A., Guilbaut J. C., Lanoux P., Hoen B. Hantavirus epidemic in Europe, 1993. Lancet. 1994;343(8889):114-115.

    Not in our library

23. 23.

    LeDuc J. W., Childs J. E., Glass G. E. The Hantaviruses, etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a possible cause of hypertension and chronic renal disease in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health. 1992;13:79-98.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.pu.13.050192.000455

24. 24.

    Levins R., Epstein P. R., Wilson M. E., Morse S. S., Slooff R., Eckardt I. Hantavirus disease emerging. Lancet. 1993;342(8882):1292-1292.

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(93)92376-5

25. 25.

    Longini I. M., Fine P. E., Thacker S. B. Predicting the global spread of new infectious agents. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123(3):383-391.

    Not in our library10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114253

26. 26.

    Mac Kenzie W. R., Hoxie N. J., Proctor M. E., Gradus M. S., Blair K. A., Peterson D. E., Kazmierczak J. J., Addiss D. G., Fox K. R., Rose J. B. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(3):161-167.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199407213310304

27. 27.

    Moore P. S., Broome C. V. Cerebrospinal meningitis epidemics. Sci Am. 1994;271(5):38-45.

    Not in our library10.1038/scientificamerican1194-38

28. 28.

    Moore P. S. Meningococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a model for the epidemic process. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14(2):515-525.

    Not in our library10.1093/clinids/14.2.515

29. 29.

    Morse S. S. Emerging viruses: defining the rules for viral traffic. Perspect Biol Med. 1991;34(3):387-409.

    Not in our library10.1353/pbm.1991.0038

30. 30.

    Morse S. S. Looking for a link. Nature. 1990;344(6264):297-297.

    Not in our library10.1038/344297b0

31. 31.

    Morse S. S., Schluederberg A. From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health, and the Rockefeller University. Emerging viruses: the evolution of viruses and viral diseases. J Infect Dis. 1990;162(1):1-7.

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/162.1.1

32. 32.

    Myers G., MacInnes K., Korber B. The emergence of simian/human immunodeficiency viruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1992;8(3):373-386.

    Not in our library10.1089/aid.1992.8.373

33. 33.

    Neu H. C. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science. 1992;257(5073):1064-1073.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.257.5073.1064

34. 34.

    Nomura A., Stemmermann G. N., Chyou P. H., Kato I., Perez-Perez G. I., Blaser M. J. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(16):1132-1136.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199110173251604

35. 35.

    Parsonnet J., Friedman G. D., Vandersteen D. P., Chang Y., Vogelman J. H., Orentreich N., Sibley R. K. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(16):1127-1131.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199110173251603

36. 36.

    Peterson W. L. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(15):1043-1048.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199104113241507

37. 37.

    Rogers D. J., Packer M. J. Vector-borne diseases, models, and global change. Lancet. 1993;342(8882):1282-1284.

    Not in our library10.1016/0140-6736(93)92367-3

38. 38.

    Rollin P. E., Coudrier D., Sureau P. Hantavirus epidemic in Europe, 1993. Lancet. 1994;343(8889):115-116.

    Not in our library

39. 39.

    Scholtissek C., Naylor E. Fish farming and influenza pandemics. Nature. 1988;331(6153):215-215.

    Not in our library10.1038/331215a0

40. 40.

    Soares S., Kristinsson K. G., Musser J. M., Tomasz A. Evidence for the introduction of a multiresistant clone of serotype 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae from Spain to Iceland in the late 1980s. J Infect Dis. 1993;168(1):158-163.

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/168.1.158

41. 41.

    Wachsmuth I. K., Evins G. M., Fields P. I., Olsvik O., Popovic T., Bopp C. A., Wells J. G., Carrillo C., Blake P. A. The molecular epidemiology of cholera in Latin America. J Infect Dis. 1993;167(3):621-626.

    Not in our library10.1093/infdis/167.3.621

42. 42.

    Webster R. G., Bean W. J., Gorman O. T., Chambers T. M., Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev. 1992;56(1):152-179.

    Not in our library10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992

43. 43.

    Wilesmith J. W., Ryan J. B., Atkinson M. J. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies on the origin. Vet Rec. 1991;128(9):199-203.

    Not in our library10.1136/vr.128.9.199

44. 44.

    Yamanishi K., Okuno T., Shiraki K., Takahashi M., Kondo T., Asano Y., Kurata T. Identification of human herpesvirus-6 as a causal agent for exanthem subitum. Lancet. 1988;1(8594):1065-1067.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91893-4

Cited by papers we hold 15

• Global discovery of human-infective RNA viruses: A modelling analysis. · 2020
  Not checked
• The Food Systems in the Era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Crisis · 2020
  No notice
• One Health, emerging infectious diseases and wildlife: two decades of progress? · 2017
  No notice
• Assessing the risk of an emerging zoonosis of worldwide concern: anisakiasis · 2017
  No notice
• Predicting virus emergence amid evolutionary noise · 2017
  No notice
• Two Isoforms of Yersinia pestis Plasminogen Activator Pla: Intraspecies Distribution, Intrinsic Disorder Propensity, and Contribution to Virulence. · 2016
  Not checked
• Multi-criteria decision analysis tools for prioritising emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases associated with climate change in Canada. · 2013
  Not checked
• Invasive Snails and an Emerging Infectious Disease: Results from the First National Survey on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in China · 2009
  No notice
• Conflict and Emerging Infectious Diseases · 2007
  No notice
• Biodiversity, traditional medicine and public health: where do they meet? · 2007
  No notice
• Host Range and Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens · 2005
  No notice
• Epidemiologic Clues to SARS Origin in China · 2004
  No notice
• Origin of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus · 2004
  No notice
• Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases · 1996
  No notice
• Velocidade/aceleração temporal e infecções emergentes: epidemiologia e tempo social Speed/temporal acceleration and emerging infections: epidemiology and social time · 1996
  Not checked

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.