Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 17, 2026.

Pharmacological effects of gallic acid in health and diseases: A mechanistic review.

Niloofar Kahkeshani, Fatemeh Farzaei, Maryam Fotouhi and 8 more

PubMed · 2019 · Review

doi:10.22038/ijbms.2019.32806.7897

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: and animal models to depict the pharmacological status of this compound for future studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All relevant papers in the English language were collected up to June 2018. The keywords of gallic acid, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, gastrointestinal-, cardiovascular-, metabolic-, neuropsychological-, and miscellaneous- diseases were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. RESULTS: Several beneficial effects are reported for gallic acid, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties. This compound has been reported to have therapeutic activities in gastrointestinal, neuropsychological, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. CONCLUSION: Current evidence confirms the pharmacological and therapeutic interventions of gallic acid in multiple health complications; however, available data are limited to just cellular and animal studies. Future investigations are essential to further define the safety and therapeutic efficacy of gallic acid in humans.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 17, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Introduction

The term “phytochemical” points to a vast range of biologically active natural compounds with valuable pharmaceutical and nutritional properties. Phenolic compounds are a group of phytochemicals with at least one hydroxylated benzene ring. The members of this large and diverse group of chemical compounds are usually classified based on the number of carbon atoms in their structures. Simple phenolics, phenolic acids, acetophenones, cinnamic acid derivatives, coumarins, chromones, chalcones, aurones, flavonoids, anthocyanins, betacyanins, benzophenones, xanthones, stilbenes, quinones, lignans, lignins, tannins, and phlobaphenes are the main subgroups of natural phenolic compounds.

Phenolic acids are an important and abundant subgroup of phenolic compounds with the basic chemical structure of C6-C1 (hydroxybenzoic acids) or C6-C3 (hydroxycinnamic acids), consisting of a phenolic ring and a carboxyl substituent. The shikimic acid or phenylpropanoid pathway of plant metabolism usually regulate the biosynthesis of phenolic acids. In some cases, phenolic acids are the precursor of other important phytochemicals, such as tannins, coumarins, benzoquinones, and naphthoquinones. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, and gallic acid are the most common members of phenolic acids.

Today, foodstuff containing phenolic compounds and their metabolites are of the main interest due to their favorable effects on human health. In this case, the positive effect of red wine polyphenols on cardiac health or the protective role of flavonoids against various types of cancer and age-related diseases are important examples.

Gallic acid and its derivatives: from chemistry to medicine

Gallic acid or 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (CAS No 149-91-7) is one of the most abundant phenolic acids in the plant kingdom. It is a colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound, with extensive application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Gallic acid has been isolated from different plant species such as Quercus spp. and Punica spp., via various chromatographical methods; however, from the industrial point of view, gallic acid is produced through the hydrolytic breakdown of tannic acid using a glycoprotein esterase, namely tannase (EC 3.1.1.20).

Gallic acid and its derivatives such as lauryl gallate, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, tetradecyl gallate, and hexadecyl gallate, can inhibit the oxidation and rancidity of oils and fats ascribed to their free radical scavenging and antioxidant nature. Therefore, they can be useful as additives in the food industry.

Besides the edible uses of gallic acid and its ester derivatives as flavoring agents and preservatives in the food industry, there are diverse scientific reports on biological and pharmacological activities of these phytochemicals, with emphasis on antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, and neuroprotective effects (4). This paper reviews the rtant biological and pharmacological activities of gallic acid in order to provide a clear view of the therapeutic aspects of this valuable phenolic acid.

Therapeutic effects of gallic acid and its derivatives

Figure 1 represents the most relevant pharmacological activities of gallic acid and related compounds.

Antimicrobial activity

Structure-activity relationship studies of phenolic acids show that some parameters such as the basic chemical structure, the position, and the number of hydroxyl groups as well as their substituents on the phenolic ring, and the esterification of the carboxyl group, can affect the antimicrobial activity. Generally, hydroxycinnamic acids have higher antibacterial activity compared with hydroxybenzoic acids. Hydroxybenzoic acids with a lower degree of hydroxylation in phenol groups, highly methoxylated phenol groups, highly oxidized phenol groups, or ester derivatives with long alkyl chains showed higher antibacterial activities in comparison with their parent structures. On the other hand, hydroxybenzoic acids with more free –OH groups on the phenol ring were found more potent against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).

From the mechanistic point of view, gallic acid can inhibit motility, adherence and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Listeria monocytogenes. The compound can also disrupt the integrity of the cell membrane in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and change the charge, hydrophobicity, and permeability of the membrane surface. Gallic acid can interfere with the membrane permeability of Campylobacter jejuni and elevate the antibiotic accumulation in the microorganism. Moreover, it can disintegrate the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria via chelation of divalent cations.

In addition to its effects on the bacterial cell membrane, there are some reports on the inhibitory activity of gallic acid against bacterial dihydrofolate reductase and its excitatory activity on topoisomerase IV-mediated DNA cleavage in different bacteria. Alkyl gallates can also penetrate the bacterial cell membrane and interfere with the electron transport chain and cellular respiration.

Some ester derivatives of gallic acid, i.e., octyl gallate, use the hydrophilic catechol part as a hook to bind to the polar surface of the cell membrane and enter the lipid bilayer using the hydrophobic alkyl part. Subsequently, they act as a nonionic surfactant and interfere with the selective permeability of cell membrane in fungi.

Gallic acid can inhibit HIV-1 integrase, HIV-1 transcriptase, HIV-1 protease dimerization, HCV attachment and penetration, HCV replication, HCV serine protease, the herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 attachment and penetration. It also causes disruption in Haemophilus influenza A and B particles.

In connection with protozoa, gallic acid can bind to the glutamate-gated chloride channels in the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans and initiates the hyperpolarization of the cell membranes and excitation of muscles. These events finally result in worm paralysis and death.

Gallic acid, alkyl gallates and chitosan-based formulations of gallic acid can potentiate the antimicrobial activity of other antibiotics, including erythromycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, penicillin, and oxacillin via synergism (Table 1).

Anticancer activity

In normal physiological conditions, the cells of a healthy organism are programmed for collaboration and coordination, thereby disruption in cells can evoke different life-threatening diseases, such as cancer. At the cellular level, cancer is defined as an unusual increase of cell division, the resistance of the produced cells to death, and their tendency to invade and metastasize.

The cancerous cells disturb the normal functions of other cells by invasion or metastasis. No matter where the origin of the problem is, the overall quality of life is overshadowed by cancer. According to the official reports of health- and wellness-related organizations, the magnitude of personal and social consequences of cancer is very significant and the investigation of new drugs to control this problem continues.

Gallic acid can exert its cytotoxic and antitumor effect via modulation of antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance. In some cases, the compound can control the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced carcinogenesis through increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and/or by reducing the lipid peroxidation and ROS production. In other cases, gallic acid can induce the cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis via activating the caspases pathway and ROS generation. In addition, it can inhibit the invasion and metastasis by decreasing the matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity.

Moreover, some derivatives of gallic acid, such as isobutyl gallate-3,5-dimethyl ether and methyl gallate-3,5-dimethyl ether, are able to reduce the tumor size and increase the survival rate in in vivo models of cancer. Gallic acid regulates the cell-cycle-related proteins such as cyclin A, cyclin D1, and cyclin E, and slow down the cell division by induction of the p27KIP enzyme and inhibition of CDK activity. In the case of hepatocellular carcinoma, gallic acid decreased the tumor size and the serum level of tumor marker enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) by inhibiting the proliferation of hepatic cells (Table 1).

Gastrointestinal diseases

Gallic acid protects the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract from ulcer via different mechanisms by reducing the acid secretion, inducing the release of endogenous antioxidant agents and defensive factors (i.e. SOD, CAT, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)), as well as decreasing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In addition, gallic acid has been associated with several other beneficial pathways including reduction of the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (i.e., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS)), up-regulation of the pro-angiogenesis factors (i.e., Von Willebrand factor (vWF) VIII, mucosal hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), promotion of angiogenesis, and inhibition of the expression of apoptosis parameters (i.e., caspase-3 and caspase-9) (Table 1).

Gallic acid interferes with various intra-cellular inflammatory pathways that induce ulcerative colitis. The compound inhibits the expression of nuclear transcription factors, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and down-regulates their inflammatory downstream targets. It also reduces the expression and/or activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory proteins, including TNF-α, interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and i-NOS, and decreases the expression and infiltration of neutrophils and CD68+ macrophages into the colon.

Gallic acid inhibits the lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde production by inducing transcription factors (i.e., Nrf2) and its cytoprotective downstream targets including NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GT).

Beside the gastroprotective activity, gallic acid ameliorates the hepatotoxic effects of xenobiotic agents by acting as an antioxidant compound that scavenges free radicals, such as ROS, and improves the capacity of antioxidant defense systems including SOD, GST, GPx, CAT, GSH, and cytochrome P450-dependent detoxifying enzymes (Table 1).

Cardiovascular diseases

Myocardial ischemia is defined as a condition that is caused by an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium, of which coronary artery atherosclerosis is known to be the main cause. To decrease the risk of myocardial infarction, the ischemia can be treated using different surgical methods and/or pharmacological agents.

Gallic acid pretreatment decreases the harmful oxidative consequences of myocardial infarction in the context of its antioxidant potency, either by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, CAT, GST, and GPx and/or by elevation of the level of non-enzymatic antioxidant agents, such as GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E (58). All of these activities can inhibit the detrimental effects of free radicals on the integrity and function of myocytes membranes, and consequently, the concentration of serum cardiac biomarkers, including cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) decreases after infarction (Table 1).

Metabolic diseases

Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia are the most prevalent metabolic disorders among adults. The ability to store the excess energy in adipocytes and release it in the future is vital for survival. However, genetic susceptibility, excessive energy intake and sedentary lifestyle may provoke increased adipose storage and further cause metabolic disorders.

In metabolic disorders, gallic acid inhibits diet-induced hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, reduces the size of adipocytes, and protects pancreatic β-cells by inducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), a nuclear transcription factor that induces differentiation and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Gallic acid also increases the cellular glucose uptake via stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/p-Akt signaling pathway and translocation of insulin-stimulated glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, GLUT2, and GLUT1.

The compound prevents the diet-induced oxidative stress by stimulating various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. Gallic acid can up-regulate the hepatic glycolysis enzymes, such as hexokinase, aldolase, and phosphofructokinase, and down-regulate the hepatic gluconeogenesis enzyme, named fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, in rodents fed a high fructose diet (Table 1).

Neuropsychological diseases

Alzheimer’s disease is a cognitive neurodegenerative problem, which commonly results in dementia in elderly individuals. Insidious memory loss and progressive dementia over the years are the major clinical presentations of patients. In this disease, the atrophy of the brain starts from the temporal lobe and spreads to the parietal and frontal lobes. In the microscopic scale, plaques of amyloid-β (Aβ) molecules and fibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau filaments are visible in the nervous system.

The protective effect of gallic acid on nerve cells is a controversial issue. On the one hand, gallic acid decreases the Aβ-induced toxicity in cultured cortical neurons of rats via inhibiting Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm or Ca2+ influx, inhibiting ROS generation and apoptosis. The compound restores the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cerebellar oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in rats by scavenging free radical molecules such as ROS, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and stimulating the activity of endogenous antioxidant agents, such as SOD, CAT, and GPx. Gallic acid is also able to reverse the scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice, probably through inhibiting oxidative stress and decreasing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity in the brain.

On the other hand, gallic acid decreases the viability of PC-12 rat pheochromocytoma cells in the H2O2-induced toxicity model. In this manner, gallic acid increases the rate of apoptosis via stimulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein, down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein, inducing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, or even increasing intracellular Ca2+ and ROS generation (Table 1).

Miscellaneous diseases

As shown in Figure 2, gallic acid can extinguish the flames of inflammation via different mechanisms. It decreases the expression and release of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory mediators, such as bradykinin, substance P, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. The compound also inhibits the phagocyte- or polymorphonuclear (PMN)-mediated inflammatory responses by scavenging ROS and decreasing the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity.

As mentioned earlier, gallic acid can partially neutralize the substance-induced toxicity in the liver and neural system. The beneficial and protective effects of gallic acid on substance- or radiation-induced toxicity in connective tissue, especially bone marrow, renal, reproductive, and respiratory systems have been proven. Almost all of the above-mentioned effects are linked to the antioxidant activity of gallic acid.

Topical application of gallic acid prevents the UV-B induced hyperpigmentation and photoaging of mice skin via down-regulating the melanogenic genes such as tyrosinase, increasing the skin hydration and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 induced production of procollagen type I and elastin, and decreasing ROS activation, wrinkle formation, and epidermal thickening (Table 1).

Conclusion

Studies presented here showed that the most important pharmacological properties of gallic acid are attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. In addition, gallic acid is involved in various signaling pathways that regulate the wide range of biological functions including pro- and inflammatory pathways, NO signaling pathway, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis, and NF-κB signaling pathway. Gallic acid and its derivatives demonstrated a broad range of beneficial effects in prevention and/or management of several disorders, also their acceptable safety and stability profiles, make them significant options to be introduced as dietary supplements.

References 142

  1. 1.

    Pengelly A. The Constituents of Medicinal Plants: An Introduction to the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Herbal Medicine. 2004.

    Not in our library

  2. 2.

    Siah M, Farzaei M, Ashrafi-Kooshk M, Adibi H, Arab S, Rashidi M, Khodarahmi R. Inhibition of guinea pig aldehyde oxidase activity by different flavonoid compounds: an in vitro study. Bioorg Chem. 2016;64:74-84.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.12.004

  3. 3.

    Fernandes F, Salgado H. Gallic acid: review of the methods of determination and quantification. Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2016;46:257-265.

    Not in our library10.1080/10408347.2015.1095064

  4. 4.

    Choubey S, Varughese L, Kumar V, Beniwal V. Medicinal importance of gallic acid and its ester derivatives: a patent review. Pharm Pat Anal. 2015;4:305-315.

    Not in our library10.4155/ppa.15.14

  5. 5.

    Borges A, Ferreira C, Saavedra M, Simoes M. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria. Microb Drug Resist. 2013;19:256-265.

    Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2012.0244

  6. 6.

    Cueva C, Moreno-Arribas M, Martin-Alvarez P, Bills G, Francisca Vicente M, Basilio A, et al. Antimicrobial activity of phenolic acids against commensal, probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. Res Microbiol. 2010;161:372-382.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.resmic.2010.04.006

  7. 7.

    Farag M, Al-Mahdy D, Salah El Dine R, Fahmy S, Yassin A, Porzel A, et al. Structure activity relationships of antimicrobial gallic acid derivatives from pomegranate and acacia fruit extracts against potato bacterial wilt pathogen. Chem Biodivers. 2015;12:955-962.

    Not in our library10.1002/cbdv.201400194

  8. 8.

    Rivero-Buceta E, Carrero P, Doyagüez E, Madrona A, Quesada E, Camarasa M, et al. Linear and branched alkyl-esters and amides of gallic acid and other (mono-, di- and tri-) hydroxy benzoyl derivatives as promising anti-HCV inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem. 2015;92:656-671.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.033

  9. 9.

    Sanchez-Maldonado A, Schieber A, Ganzle M. Structure–function relationships of the antibacterial activity of phenolic acids and their metabolism by lactic acid bacteria. J Appl Microbiol. 2011;111:1176-1184.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05141.x

  10. 10.

    Shao D, Li J, Li J, Tang R, Liu L, Shi J, et al. Inhibition of gallic acid on the growth and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans. J Food Sci. 2015;80:1299-1305.

    Not in our library10.1111/1750-3841.12902

  11. 11.

    Borges A, Saavedra MJ, Simoes M. The activity of ferulic and gallic acids in biofilm prevention and control of pathogenic bacteria. Biofouling. 2012;28:755-767.

    Not in our library10.1080/08927014.2012.706751

  12. 12.

    Kang M, Oh J, Kang I, Hong S, Choi C. Inhibitory effect of methyl gallate and gallic acid on oral bacteria. J Microbiol. 2008;46:744-750.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12275-008-0235-7

  13. 13.

    Teodoro G, Ellepola K, Seneviratne C. potential use of phenolic acids as anti-candida agents-a review. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1420.

    Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2015.01420

  14. 14.

    Oh B, Jeon E. Synergistic anti-Campylobacter jejuni activity of fluoroquinolone and macrolide antibiotics with phenolic compounds. Front Microbiol. 2015;13:1129.

    Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2015.01129

  15. 15.

    Nohynek L, Alakomi H, Kahkonen M, Heinonen M, Helander I, Oksman-Caldentey K, et al. Berry phenolics: antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action against severe human pathogens. Nutr Cancer. 2006;54:18-32.

    Not in our library10.1207/s15327914nc5401_4

  16. 16.

    Godstime C, Felix O, Augustina O, Christopher O. Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci. 2014;2:77-85.

    Not in our library

  17. 17.

    Kubo I, Fujita K, Nihei K, Masuoka N. Non-antibiotic antibacterial activity of dodecyl gallate. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003;11:573-580.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00436-4

  18. 18.

    Modi M, Goel T, Das T, Malik S, Suri S, Rawat AK, et al. Ellagic acid & gallic acid from Lagerstroemia speciosa L inhibit HIV-1 infection through inhibition of HIV-1 protease & reverse transcriptase activity. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137:540-548.

    Not in our library

  19. 19.

    Singh A, Pal T. Docking analysis of gallic acid derivatives as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Int J Bioinform Res Appl. 2015;11:540-546.

    Not in our library10.1504/ijbra.2015.073239

  20. 20.

    Ahn C, Jung W, Park S, Kim Y, Kim W, Je J. Gallic acid-g-chitosan modulates inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW2647 cells via NF-kappaB, AP-1, and MAPK pathways. Inflammation. 2016;39:366-374.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10753-015-0258-2

  21. 21.

    Flausino O, Dufau L, Regasini L, Petronio M, Silva D, Rose T, et al. Alkyl hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives that inhibit HIV-1 protease dimerization. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19:4534-4540.

    Not in our library10.2174/092986712803251557

  22. 22.

    Kratz J, Andrighetti-Frohner C, Kolling D, Leal P, Cirne-Santos C, Yunes R, et al. Anti-HSV-1 and anti-HIV-1 activity of gallic acid and pentyl gallate. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:437-442.

    Not in our library10.1590/s0074-02762008000500005

  23. 23.

    Zuo G, Li Z, Chen L, Xu X. In vitro anti-HCV activities of Saxifraga melanocentra and its related polyphenolic compounds. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2005;16:393-398.

    Not in our library10.1177/095632020501600606

  24. 24.

    Govea Salas M, Rivas Estilla A, Morlett Chávez J, Lozano Sepúlveda S, Rodríguez Herrera R, Aguilar González C. P420 gallic acid has antiviral effect against hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is mediated by its antioxidant activity. J Hepatol. 2014;60:S208.

    Not in our library

  25. 25.

    Govea-Salas M, Rivas-Estilla A, Rodriguez-Herrera R, Lozano-Sepulveda S, Aguilar-Gonzalez C, Zugasti-Cruz A, et al. Gallic acid decreases hepatitis C virus expression through its antioxidant capacity. Exp Ther Med. 2016;11:619-624.

    Not in our library10.3892/etm.2015.2923

  26. 26.

    Hsu W, Chang S, Lin L, Li C, Richardson C, Lin C, et al. Limonium sinense and gallic acid suppress hepatitis C virus infection by blocking early viral entry. Antiviral Res. 2015;118:139-147.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.003

  27. 27.

    Lee J, Oh M, Seok J, Kim S, Lee D, Bae G, et al. Antiviral effects of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) seed and its gallic acid against influenza virus infection. Viruses. 2016;6. pii:E157.

    Not in our library10.3390/v8060157

  28. 28.

    Ndjonka D, Abladam E, Djafsia B, Ajonina-Ekoti I, Achukwi M, Liebau E. Anthelmintic activity of phenolic acids from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Helminthol. 2014;88:481-488.

    Not in our library10.1017/s0022149x1300045x

  29. 29.

    Abouelhassan Y, Garrison A, Bai F, Norwood V, Nguyen M, Jin S, et al. A Phytochemical-halogenated quinoline combination therapy strategy for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria. Chem Med Chem. 2015;10:1157-1162.

    Not in our library10.1002/cmdc.201500179

  30. 30.

    Li D, Liu Z, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Niu F. Green synthesis of gallic acid-coated silver nanoparticles with high antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity to normal cells. Process Biochem. 2015;50:357-366.

    Not in our library

  31. 31.

    Lima V, Oliveira-Tintino C, Santos E, Morais L, Tintino S, Freitas T, et al. Antimicrobial and enhancement of the antibiotic activity by phenolic compounds: gallic acid, caffeic acid and pyrogallol. Microb Pathog. 2016;99:56-61.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.004

  32. 32.

    Lee D, Eom S, Kim Y, Kim H, Yim M, Lee S, et al. Antibacterial and synergic effects of gallic acid-grafted-chitosan with beta-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Can J Microbiol. 2014;60:629-638.

    Not in our library10.1139/cjm-2014-0286

  33. 33.

    Choi J, Kang O, Lee Y, Oh Y, Chae H, Jang H, et al. In vitro activity of methyl gallate isolated from galla rhois alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates of salmonella. J microbiol biotechnol. 2008;18:1848-1852.

    Not in our library10.4014/jmb.0800.025

  34. 34.

    Shibata H, Kondo K, Katsuyama R, Kawazoe K, Sato Y, Murakami K, et al. Alkyl gallates, intensifiers of β-lactam susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob agents chemother. 2005;49:549-555.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.49.2.549-555.2005

  35. 35.

    Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Fauci A, Longo D, Loscalzo J. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 2015.

    Not in our library

  36. 36.

    Farzaei M, Bahramsoltani R, Rahimi R. Phytochemicals as adjunctive with conventional anticancer therapies. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22:4201-4218.

    Not in our library10.2174/1381612822666160601100823

  37. 37.

    Shokoohinia Y, Jafari F, Mohammadi Z, Bazvandi L, Hosseinzadeh L, Chow N, et al. Potential anticancer properties of osthol: a comprehensive mechanistic review. Nutrients. 2018;10:36.

    Not in our library10.3390/nu10010036

  38. 38.

    Ahmedin J, Freddie B, Melissa M, Jacques F, Elizabeth W, David F. Global cancer statistics. Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69-90.

    Not in our library10.3322/caac.20107

  39. 39.

    Giftson J, Jayanthi S, Nalini N. Chemopreventive efficacy of gallic acid, an antioxidant and anticarcinogenic polyphenol, against 1, 2-dimethyl hydrazine induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Invest New Drugs. 2010;28:251-259.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10637-009-9241-9

  40. 40.

    Subramanian V, Venkatesan B, Tumala A, Vellaichamy E. Topical application of gallic acid suppresses the 7, 12-DMBA/croton oil induced two-step skin carcinogenesis by modulating anti-oxidants and MMP-2/MMP-9 in Swiss albino mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;66:44-55.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.017

  41. 41.

    Balch C, Gershenwald J, Soong S, Thompson J, Atkins M, Byrd D, et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:6199-6206.

    Not in our library10.1200/jco.2009.23.4799

  42. 42.

    Liao C, Lai K, Huang A, Yang J, Lin J, Wu S, et al. Gallic acid inhibits migration and invasion in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells through suppressing the matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9, protein kinase B (PKB) and PKC signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50:1734-1740.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.033

  43. 43.

    Nemec M, Kim H, Marciante A, Barnes R, Talcott S, Mertens-Talcott S. Pyrogallol, an absorbable microbial gallotannins-metabolite and mango polyphenols (Mangifera Indica L) suppress breast cancer ductal carcinoma in situ proliferation in vitro. Food Funct. 2016;7:3825-3833.

    Not in our library10.1039/c6fo00636a

  44. 44.

    Da Silva S, Chaar J, Yano T. Chemotherapeutic potential of two gallic acid derivative compounds from leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw (Flacourtiaceae). Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;608:76-83.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.02.004

  45. 45.

    Huang P, Hseu Y, Lee M, Kumar K, Wu C, Hsu L, et al. In vitro and in vivo activity of gallic acid and Toona sinensis leaf extracts against HL-60 human premyelocytic leukemia. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50:3489-3497.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.046

  46. 46.

    Jagan S, Ramakrishnan G, Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Devaki T. Antiproliferative potential of gallic acid against diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem. 2008;319:51-59.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11010-008-9876-4

  47. 47.

    Mard S, Mojadami S, Farbood Y, Gharib Naseri M. The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of gallic acid against mucosal inflammation- and erosions-induced by gastric ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Vet Res Forum. 2015;6:305-311.

    Not in our library

  48. 48.

    Pal C, Bindu S, Dey S, Alam A, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, et al. Gallic acid prevents nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy in rat by blocking oxidative stress and apoptosis. Free Radicals Biol Med. 2010;49:258-267.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.013

  49. 49.

    Chatterjee A, Chatterjee S, Biswas A, Bhattacharya S, Chattopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay SK. Gallic acid enriched fraction of Phyllanthus emblica potentiates indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer healing via e-NOS-dependent pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:487380.

    Not in our library10.1155/2012/487380

  50. 50.

    Pandurangan A, Mohebali N, Norhaizan M, Looi C. Gallic acid attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in BALB/c mice. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015b;9:3923-3934.

    Not in our library10.2147/dddt.s86345

  51. 51.

    Pandurangan A, Mohebali N, Mohd Esa N, Looi C, Ismail S, Saadatdoust Z. Gallic acid suppresses inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice: possible mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015a;28:1034-1043.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.019

  52. 52.

    Park J, Han W, Park J, Choi S, Choi J. Changes in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and lipid peroxidation by methanol extract and major compound of Orostachys japonicus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;102:313-318.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.023

  53. 53.

    Anand K, Singh B, Saxena A, Chandan B, Gupta V, Bhardwaj V. 3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (gallic acid), the hepatoprotective principle in the fruits ofterminalia belerica-bioassay guided activity. Pharmacol Res. 1997;36:315-321.

    Not in our library10.1006/phrs.1997.0236

  54. 54.

    Kartkaya K, Oglakci A, Senturk H, Bayramoglu G, Canbek M, Kanbak G. Investigation of the possible protective role of gallic acid on paraoxanase and arylesterase activities in livers of rats with acute alcohol intoxication. Cell Biochem Funct. 2013;31:208-213.

    Not in our library10.1002/cbf.2874

  55. 55.

    Oyagbemi A, Omobowale O, Asenuga E, Akinleye A, Ogunsanwo R, Saba A. Cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats: the modulatory role of gallic acid as a hepatoprotective and chemopreventive phytochemical. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:51-7802.

    Not in our library10.4103/2008-7802.177898

  56. 56.

    Reckziegel P, Dias V, Benvegnú D, Boufleur N, Barcelos R, Segat H, et al. Antioxidant protection of gallic acid against toxicity induced by Pb in blood, liver and kidney of rats. Toxicol Rep. 2016;3:351-356.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.02.005

  57. 57.

    Bayramoglu G, Kurt H, Bayramoglu A, Gunes H, Degirmenci I, Colak S. Preventive role of gallic acid on hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Cytotechnology. 2015;67:845-849.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10616-014-9724-1

  58. 58.

    Priscilla D, Prince P. Cardioprotective effect of gallic acid on cardiac troponin-T, cardiac marker enzymes, lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants in experimentally induced myocardial infarction in wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2009;179:118-124.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2008.12.012

  59. 59.

    Gandhi G, Jothi G, Antony PJ, Balakrishna K, Paulraj M, Ignacimuthu S, et al. Gallic acid attenuates high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced insulin resistance via partial agonism of PPARgamma in experimental type 2 diabetic rats and enhances glucose uptake through translocation and activation of GLUT4 in PI3K/p-Akt signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;745:201-216.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.044

  60. 60.

    Kade I, Ogunbolude Y, Kamdem J, Rocha J. Influence of gallic acid on oxidative stress-linked streptozotocin-induced pancreatic dysfunction in diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2014;25:35-45.

    Not in our library10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0062

  61. 61.

    Bak E, Kim J, Jang S, Woo G, Yoon H, Yoo Y, et al. Gallic acid improves glucose tolerance and triglyceride concentration in diet-induced obesity mice. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013;73:607-614.

    Not in our library10.3109/00365513.2013.831470

  62. 62.

    Hsu C, Yen G. Effect of gallic acid on high fat diet-induced dyslipidaemia, hepatosteatosis and oxidative stress in rats. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:727-735.

    Not in our library10.1017/s000711450774686x

  63. 63.

    Huang D, Chang W, Wu J, Shih R, Shen S. Gallic acid ameliorates hyperglycemia and improves hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Nutr Res. 2016;36:150-160.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.nutres.2015.10.001

  64. 64.

    Ban J, Nguyen H, Lee H, Cho S, Ju H, Kim J. Neuroprotective properties of gallic acid from Sanguisorbae radix on amyloid beta protein (25-35)-induced toxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31:149-153.

    Not in our library10.1248/bpb.31.149

  65. 65.

    Mansouri M, Farbood Y, Sameri M, Sarkaki A, Naghizadeh B, Rafeirad M. Neuroprotective effects of oral gallic acid against oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in rats. Food chem. 2013;138:1028-1033.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.022

  66. 66.

    Nagpal K, Singh S, Mishra D. Nanoparticle mediated brain targeted delivery of gallic acid: in vivo behavioral and biochemical studies for protection against scopolamine-induced amnesia. Drug Deliv. 2013;20:112-119.

    Not in our library10.3109/10717544.2013.779330

  67. 67.

    Kang M, Kang N, Jang Y, Lee K, Lee H. Gallic acid induces neuronal cell death through activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and downregulation of Bcl-2. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1171:514-520.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04728.x

  68. 68.

    Crispo J, Piché M, Ansell D, Eibl J, Tai I, Kumar A. Protective effects of methyl gallate on H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;393:773-778.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.079

  69. 69.

    Nazir N, Koul S, Qurishi M, Taneja S, Ahmad S, Bani S, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of bergenin and norbergenin against adjuvant-induced arthritis—a flowcytometric study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112:401-405.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.023

  70. 70.

    Santos A, De Campos R, Miguel O, Cechinel-Filho V, Yunes R, Calixto J. The involvement of K+ channels and Gi/o protein in the antinociceptive action of the gallic acid ethyl ester. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;379:7-17.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00490-2

  71. 71.

    Kroes B, van den Berg A, Quarles van Ufford H, van Dijk H, Labadie R. Anti-inflammatory activity of gallic acid. Planta Med. 1992;58:499-504.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-2006-961535

  72. 72.

    Choi K, Lee Y, Jung M, Kwon S, Kim M, Jun W, et al. Gallic acid suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-κB signaling by preventing RelA acetylation in A549 lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2009;7:2011-2021.

    Not in our library10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0239

  73. 73.

    Wen L, Qu T, Zhai K, Ding J, Hai Y, Zhou J. Gallic acid can play a chondroprotective role against AGE-induced osteoarthritis progression. J Orthop Sci. 2015;20:734-741.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00776-015-0718-4

  74. 74.

    Canbek M, Bayramoglu G, Senturk H, Oztopcu Vatan A, Uyanoglu M, Ceyhan E, et al. The examination of protective effects of gallic acid against damage of oxidative stress during induced-experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion in experiment. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2014;115:557-562.

    Not in our library10.4149/bll_2014_108

  75. 75.

    Akomolafe S, Akinyemi A, Anadozie S. Phenolic acids (gallic and tannic acids) modulate antioxidant status and cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Int Sch Res Notices. 2014;2014:984709.

    Not in our library10.1155/2014/984709

  76. 76.

    Olusoji M, Oyeyemi O, Asenuga E, Omobowale T, Ajayi O, Oyagbemi A. Protective effect of Gallic acid on doxorubicin-induced testicular and epididymal toxicity. Andrologia. 2016;49:10.

    Not in our library10.1111/and.12635

  77. 77.

    Prasad L, Khan T, Jahangir T, Sultana S. Effect of gallic acid on renal biochemical alterations in male Wistar rats induced by ferric nitriloacetic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2006;25:523-529.

    Not in our library10.1191/0960327106het652oa

  78. 78.

    Yousuf M, Vellaichamy E. Protective activity of gallic acid against glyoxal -induced renal fibrosis in experimental rats. Toxicol Rep. 2015;2:1246-1254.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.007

  79. 79.

    Peng C, Hsieh C, Wang H, Chung J, Chen K, Peng R. Ferulic acid is nephrodamaging while gallic acid is renal protective in long term treatment of chronic kidney disease. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:405-414.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.003

  80. 80.

    Nikbakht J, Hemmati A, Arzi A, Mansouri M, Rezaie A, Ghafourian M. Protective effect of gallic acid against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2015;67:1061-1067.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.012

  81. 81.

    Gandhi N, Nair C. Protection of DNA and membrane from gamma radiation induced damage by gallic acid. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005;278:111-117.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11010-005-6940-1

  82. 82.

    Nair G, Nair C. Radioprotective effects of gallic acid in mice. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:953079.

    Not in our library10.1155/2013/953079

  83. 83.

    Kumar K, Vani M, Wang S, Liao J, Hsu L, Yang H, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies disclosed the depigmenting effects of gallic acid: a novel skin lightening agent for hyperpigmentary skin diseases. Biofactors. 2013;39:259-270.

    Not in our library10.1002/biof.1064

  84. 84.

    Hwang E, Park S, Lee H, Lee T, Sun Z, Yi T. Gallic acid regulates skin photoaging in UVB-exposed fibroblast and hairless mice. Phytother Res. 2014;28:1778-1788.

    Not in our library10.1002/ptr.5198

  85. 85.

    Shaik A, Rasool S, Reddy A, Kareem M, Saayi Krushna G, Lakshmi Devi K. Cardioprotective effect of HPLC standardized ethanolic extract of Terminalia pallida fruits against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141:33-40.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.011

  86. 86.

    Prince P, Priscilla H, Devika P. Gallic acid prevents lysosomal damage in isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity in wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;615:139-143.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.05.003

  87. 87.

    Padma V, Poornima P, Prakash C, Bhavani R. Oral treatment with gallic acid and quercetin alleviates lindane-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013;91:134-140.

    Not in our library10.1139/cjpp-2012-0279

  88. 88.

    Yeh C, Ching L, Yen G. Inducing gene expression of cardiac antioxidant enzymes by dietary phenolic acids in rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2009;20:163-171.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.01.005

  89. 89.

    Umadevi S, Gopi V, Elangovan V. Regulatory mechanism of gallic acid against advanced glycation end products induced cardiac remodeling in experimental rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2014;208:28-36.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2013.11.013

  90. 90.

    Patel S, Goyal R. Cardioprotective effects of gallic acid in diabetes-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats. Pharmacognosy Res. 2011;3:239-245.

    Not in our library10.4103/0974-8490.89743

  91. 91.

    Sutra T, Oiry C, Azay-Milhau J, Youl E, Magous R, Teissedre PL, et al. Preventive effects of nutritional doses of polyphenolic molecules on cardiac fibrosis associated with metabolic syndrome: involvement of osteopontin and oxidative stress. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:11683-11687.

    Not in our library10.1021/jf802357g

  92. 92.

    El-Hussainy E, Hussein A, Abdel-Aziz A, El-Mehasseb I. Effects of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles on ECG, myocardial inflammatory cytokines, redox state, and connexin 43 and lipid profile in rats: possible cardioprotective effect of gallic acid. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016;94:868-878.

    Not in our library10.1139/cjpp-2015-0446

  93. 93.

    Badavi M, Sadeghi N, Dianat M, Samarbafzadeh A. Effects of gallic Acid and cyclosporine a on antioxidant capacity and cardiac markers of rat isolated heart after ischemia/reperfusion. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16:e16424.

    Not in our library10.5812/ircmj.16424

  94. 94.

    Jin L, Lin M, Piao Z, Cho J, Kim G, Choi S, et al. Gallic acid attenuates hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and fibrosis in mice with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced hypertension via regulation of histone deacetylase 1 or histone deacetylase 2. J Hypertens. 2017;35:1502-1512.

    Not in our library10.1097/hjh.0000000000001327

  95. 95.

    Ogunsanwo O, Oyagbemi A, Omobowale T, Asenuga E, Saba A. Biochemical and electrocardiographic studies on the beneficial effects of gallic acid in cyclophosphamide-induced cardiorenal dysfunction. J Complement Integr Med. 2017;144.

    Not in our library10.1515/jcim-2016-0161

  96. 96.

    Eler G, Peralta R, Bracht A. The action of n-propyl gallate on gluconeogenesis and oxygen uptake in the rat liver. Chem Bio Interact. 2009;181:390-399.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2009.07.006

  97. 97.

    Gupta N, Gupta S, Mahmood A. Gallic acid inhibits brush border disaccharidases in mammalian intestine. Nutr Res. 2007;27:230-235.

    Not in our library

  98. 98.

    Hsieh S, Wu C, Wu C, Yen J, Liu M, Hsueh C. Gallic acid selectively induces the necrosis of activated hepatic stellate cells via a calcium-dependent calpain I activation pathway. Life Sci. 2014;102:55-64.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.041

  99. 99.

    Kanbak G, Canbek M, Oglakci A, Kartkaya K, Senturk H, Bayramoglu G, et al. Preventive role of gallic acid on alcohol dependent and cysteine protease-mediated pancreas injury. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39:10249-10255.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11033-012-1901-8

  100. 100.

    Pal C, Bindu S, Dey S, Alam A, Goyal M, Iqbal M, et al. Tryptamine-gallic acid hybrid prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy: correction of mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of apoptosis in gastric mucosal cells. J Biol Chem. 2012;287:3495-3509.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m111.307199

  101. 101.

    Rasool M, Sabina E, Ramya S, Preety P, Patel S, Mandal N, et al. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of gallic acid in paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;62:638-643.

    Not in our library10.1211/jpp.62.05.0012

  102. 102.

    Sachdeva M, Chadha R, Kumar A, Karan M, Singh T, Dhingra S. Hepatoprotective effect of trimethylgallic acid esters against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2015;53:803-809.

    Not in our library

  103. 103.

    Sen S, De B, Devanna N, Chakraborty R. Total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the leaves of Meyna spinosa Roxb an Indian medicinal plant. Chin J Nat Med. 2013;11:149-157.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60042-4

  104. 104.

    Wang Y, Chung F, Lee S, Dykes G. Inhibition of attachment of oral bacteria to immortalized human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) by tea extracts and tea components. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:143.

    Not in our library10.1186/1756-0500-6-143

  105. 105.

    Zhao X, Wang Y, Sun Y. Quantitative and qualitative determination of Liuwei Dihuang tablets by HPLC-UV-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci. 2007;45:549-552.

    Not in our library10.1093/chromsci/45.8.549

  106. 106.

    Sugimoto K, Sakamoto S, Nakagawa K, Hayashi S, Harada N, Yamaji R, et al. Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and amelioration of lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury by polyphenolic compounds in Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract. Food Chem. 2011;125:442-446.

    Not in our library

  107. 107.

    Tung Y, Wu J, Hsieh C, Chen P, Chang S. Free radical-scavenging phytochemicals of hot water extracts of Acacia confusa leaves detected by an on-line screening method. Food Chem. 2009;115:1019-1024.

    Not in our library

  108. 108.

    Padma V, Sowmya P, Felix T, Baskaran R, Poornima P. Protective effect of gallic acid against lindane induced toxicity in experimental rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49:991-998.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2011.01.005

  109. 109.

    Nirala S, Li P, Bhadauria M, Guo G. Combined effects of gallic acid and propolis on beryllium-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Integr Zool. 2008;3:194-207.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00090.x

  110. 110.

    Latha R, Daisy P. Insulin-secretagogue, antihyperlipidemic and other protective effects of gallic acid isolated from Terminalia bellerica Roxb in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interac. 2011;189:112-118.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2010.11.005

  111. 111.

    Oi Y, Hou I, Fujita H, Yazawa K. Antiobesity effects of Chinese black tea (Pu-erh tea) extract and gallic acid. Phytother Res. 2012;26:475-481.

    Not in our library10.1002/ptr.3602

  112. 112.

    Punithavathi V, Prince P, Kumar R, Selvakumari J. Antihyperglycaemic, antilipid peroxidative and antioxidant effects of gallic acid on streptozotocin induced diabetic wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;650:465-471.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.059

  113. 113.

    Punithavathi V, Prince P, Kumar M, Selvakumari C. Protective effects of gallic acid on hepatic lipid peroxide metabolism, glycoprotein components and lipids in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic wistar rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2011;25:68-76.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbt.20360

  114. 114.

    Ramkumar K, Vijayakumar R, Vanitha P, Suganya N, Manjula C, Rajaguru P, et al. Protective effect of gallic acid on alloxan-induced oxidative stress and osmotic fragility in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2014;33:638-649.

    Not in our library10.1177/0960327113504792

  115. 115.

    Mohammed A, Koorbanally N, Islam M. Phytochemistry, antioxidative activity and inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes by various parts of Aframomum meleguetain vitro. Acta Pol Pharm. 2016;73:403-417.

    Not in our library

  116. 116.

    Ahad A, Ahsan H, Mujeeb M, Siddiqui W. Gallic acid ameliorates renal functions by inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK in experimentally induced type 2 diabetic rats and cultured rat proximal tubular epithelial cells. Chem Bio Interact. 2015;240:292-303.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cbi.2015.08.026

  117. 117.

    de Oliveira L, de Oliveira T, da Costa R, de Souza Gil E, Costa E, Passaglia C, et al. The vasorelaxant effect of gallic acid involves endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Vascul Pharmacol. 2016;81:69-74.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vph.2015.10.010

  118. 118.

    Mansouri M, Naghizadeh B, Ghorbanzadeh B, Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Bavarsad K. Gallic acid prevents memory deficits and oxidative stress induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;111:90-96.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pbb.2013.09.002

  119. 119.

    Mansouri M, Soltani M, Naghizadeh B, Farbood Y, Mashak A, Sarkaki A. A possible mechanism for the anxiolytic-like effect of gallic acid in the rat elevated plus maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014;117:40-46.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.011

  120. 120.

    Nabavi S, Habtemariam S, Jafari M, Sureda A, Nabavi S. Protective role of gallic acid on sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012;89:73-77.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00128-012-0645-4

  121. 121.

    Naghizadeh B, Mansouri M. Protective effects of gallic acid against streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage in rat striatum. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2015;65:515-520.

    Not in our library10.1055/s-0034-1377012

  122. 122.

    Yang Y, Wang Z, Zheng J, Wang R. Protective effects of gallic acid against spinal cord injury-induced oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12:3017-3024.

    Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2015.3738

  123. 123.

    Ortega-Arellano H, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Dmp53, basket and drICE gene knockdown and polyphenol gallic acid increase life span and locomotor activity in a Drosophila Parkinson’s disease model. Genet Mol Biol. 2013;36:608-615.

    Not in our library10.1590/s1415-47572013000400020

  124. 124.

    Reckziegel P, Peroza L, Schaffer LF, Ferrari M, de Freitas C, Burger M, et al. Gallic acid decreases vacuous chewing movements induced by reserpine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;104:132-137.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.pbb.2013.01.001

  125. 125.

    Reckziegel P, Dias VT, Benvegnu D, Boufleur N, Barcelos R, Segat H, et al. Locomotor damage and brain oxidative stress induced by lead exposure are attenuated by gallic acid treatment. Toxicol Lett. 2011;203:74-81.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.006

  126. 126.

    Parihar P, Jat D, Ghafourifar P, Parihar M. Efficiency of mitochondrially targeted gallic acid in reducing brain mitochondrial oxidative damage. Cell Mol Biol. 2014;60:35-41.

    Not in our library

  127. 127.

    Sun H, Zhang Y, Xie X, Che Y. Biochemical studies for improved antioxidant and antidepressant-like activity. Drug Deliv. 2012;19:378-391.

    Not in our library10.3109/10717544.2012.738437

  128. 128.

    Dhingra D, Chhillar R, Gupta A. Antianxiety-like activity of gallic acid in unstressed and stressed mice: possible involvement of nitriergic system. Neurochem Res. 2012;37:487-494.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11064-011-0635-7

  129. 129.

    Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Hashemi S, Mansouri M, Dianat M. The effects of gallic acid on pain and memory following transient global ischemia/reperfusion in wistar rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2013;3:329-340.

    Not in our library

  130. 130.

    Hajimoradi M, Fazilati M, Gharib-Naseri M, Sarkaki A. Gallic acid and exercise training improve motor function, nerve conduction velocity but not pain sense reflex after experimental sciatic nerve crush in male rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2015;5:288-297.

    Not in our library

  131. 131.

    Hajipour S, Sarkaki A, Farbood Y, Eidi A, Mortazavi P, Valizadeh Z. Effect of gallic acid on dementia type of Alzheimer disease in rats: electrophysiological and histological studies. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016;7:97-106.

    Not in our library10.15412/j.bcn.03070203

  132. 132.

    Kade I, Rocha J. Gallic acid modulates cerebral oxidative stress conditions and activities of enzyme-dependent signaling systems in streptozotocin-treated rats. Neurochem Res. 2013;38:761-771.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11064-013-0975-6

  133. 133.

    Kim M, Seong A, Yoo J, Jin C, Lee Y, Kim Y, et al. Gallic acid, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, suppresses beta-amyloid neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55:1798-1808.

    Not in our library10.1002/mnfr.201100262

  134. 134.

    Korani M, Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Fathi Moghaddam H, Mansouri M. Protective effects of gallic acid against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced cognitive deficit and brain oxidative damage in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;733:62-67.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.044

  135. 135.

    Lu Z, Nie G, Belton P, Tang H, Zhao B. Structure–activity relationship analysis of antioxidant ability and neuroprotective effect of gallic acid derivatives. Neurochem Int. 2006;48:263-274.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.neuint.2005.10.010

  136. 136.

    Zhang Q, Chen W, Zhao J, Xi W. Functional constituents and antioxidant activities of eight Chinese native goji genotypes. Food Chem. 2016;200:230-236.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.046

  137. 137.

    Yigitturk G, Acara A, Erbas O, Oltulu F, Yavasoglu N, Uysal A, et al. The antioxidant role of agomelatine and gallic acid on oxidative stress in STZ induced type I diabetic rat testes. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;87:240-246.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.102

  138. 138.

    Giftson Senapathy J, Jayanthi S, Viswanathan P, Umadevi P, Nalini N. Effect of gallic acid on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats – a chemopreventive approach. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49:887-892.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.012

  139. 139.

    Ji B, Hsu W, Yang J, Hsia T, Lu C, Chiang J, et al. Gallic acid induces apoptosis via caspase-3 and mitochondrion-dependent pathways in vitro and suppresses lung xenograft tumor growth in vivo. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:7596-7604.

    Not in our library10.1021/jf901308p

  140. 140.

    Kawada M, Ohno Y, Ri Y, Ikoma T, Yuugetu H, Asai T, et al. Anti-tumor effect of gallic acid on LL-2 lung cancer cells transplanted in mice. Anticancer Drugs. 2001;12:847-852.

    Not in our library10.1097/00001813-200111000-00009

  141. 141.

    Nakamura E, Kurosaki F, Arisawa M, Mukainaka T, Takayasu J, Okuda M, et al. Cancer chemopreventive effects of a Brazilian folk medicine, Juca, on in vivo two-stage skin carcinogenesis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81:135-137.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00047-8

  142. 142.

    Thiele W, Rothley M, Teller N, Jung N, Bulat B, Plaumann D, et al. Delphinidin is a novel inhibitor of lymphangiogenesis but promotes mammary tumor growth and metastasis formation in syngeneic experimental rats. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34:2804-2813.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/bgt291

Cited by papers we hold 5

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.