Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen

Abstract

Enterococci are gastrointestinal commensals whose hardiness allowed them to colonize very diverse environments, including soils, water, food, and feed. This ability to overcome adverse conditions makes enterococci problematic once they colonize hospital niches. Together with the malleability of their genomes, the capacity to acquire and disseminate determinants of antibiotic resistance has contributed to converting what was once just another opportunistic pathogen into a first-class clinical problem. This review discusses the dimension of the emergence of enterococcal resistance to key antimicrobial agents, the dissemination of this resistance, and its significance in terms of public health, with the aim of raising awareness of the need to devise and implement surveillance programs and more effective antibiotic stewardship.

References 84

1. 1.

   Lengfelder I., Sava I.G., Hansen J.J., Kleigrewe K., Herzog J., Neuhaus K., Hoffman T., Sartor R.B., Haller D. Complex bacterial consortia reprogram the colitogenic activity of Enterococcus faecalis in a gnotobiotic mouse model of chronic, immune-mediated colitis. Front. Immunol. 2019;10:1420.

   Not in our library10.3389/fimmu.2019.01420

2. 2.

   Escobedo-Hinojosa W., Pardo-López L. Analysis of bacterial metagenomes from the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico for pathogens detection. Pathog. Dis. 2017;75:ftx058.

   Not in our library10.1093/femspd/ftx058

3. 3.

   Comerlato C.B., Ritter A.C., Miyamoto K.N., Brandelli A. Proteomic study of Enterococcus durans LAB18S growing on prebiotic oligosaccharides. Food Microbiol. 2020;89:103430.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.fm.2020.103430

4. 4.

   Nilsson O. Vancomycin resistant enterococci in farm animals—Occurrence and importance. Infect. Ecol Epidemiol. 2012;2.

   Not in our library10.3402/iee.v2i0.16959

5. 5.

   Werner G., Coque T.M., Franz C.M.A.P., Grohmann E., Hegstad K., Jensen L., van Schaik W., Weaver K. Antibiotic resistant enterococci—Tales of a drug resistance gene trafficker. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2013;303:360-379.

   Not in our library10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.03.001

6. 6.

   Dubin K., Pamer E.G. Enterococci and their interactions with the intestinal microbiome. Microbiol. Spectr. 2016;5.

   Not in our library10.1128/microbiolspec.bad-0014-2016

7. 7.
   Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a One-Health continuum · 2020

   Corrected
8. 8.

   Torres C., Alonso C.A., Ruiz-Ripa L., León-Sampedro R., del Campo R., Coque T.M. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. of animal origin. Microbiol. Spectr. 2018;6:185-227.

   Not in our library10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0032-2018

9. 9.

   Qiao X., Du R., Wang Y., Han Y., Zhou Z. Isolation, characterisation and fermentation optimisation of bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus faecium. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2019;11:3173-3181.

   Not in our library10.1007/s12649-019-00634-9

10. 10.

    Fisher K., Phillips C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiology. 2009;155:1749-1757.

    Not in our library10.1099/mic.0.026385-0

11. 11.

    De Almeida C.V., Taddei A., Amedei A. The controversial role of Enterococcus faecalis in colorectal cancer. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2018;11:1756284818783606.

    Not in our library10.1177/1756284818783606

12. 12.

    El-Kersh T.A., Marie M.A., Al-Sheikh Y.A., Al-Agamy M.H., Al Bloushy A.A. Prevalence and risk factors of early fecal carriage of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus spp. and their antimicrobial resistant patterns among healthy neonates born in a hospital setting in central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J. 2016;37:280-287.

    Not in our library10.15537/smj.2016.3.13871

13. 13.

    Liu L., Wang Q., Wu X., Qi H., Das R., Lin H., Shi J., Wang S., Yang J., Xue Y., et al. Vancomycin exposure caused opportunistic pathogens bloom in intestinal microbiome by simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME). Environ. Pollut. 2020;265:114399.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114399

14. 14.

    Arias C.A., Murray B.E. The rise of the Enterococcus: Beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012;10:266-278.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrmicro2761

15. 15.

    Hendrickx A.P.A., van Schaik W., Willems R.J.L. The cell wall architecture of Enterococcus faecium: From resistance to pathogenesis. Future Microbiol. 2013;8:993-1010.

    Not in our library10.2217/fmb.13.66

16. 16.

    García-Solache M., Rice L.B. The Enterococcus: A model of adaptability to its environment. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2019;32:e00058-18.

    Not in our library10.1128/cmr.00058-18

17. 17.

    Ahmed M.O., Baptiste K.E. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: A review of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and perspectives of human and animal health. Microb. Drug Resist. 2017;24:590-606.

    Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2017.0147

18. 18.

    Bonten M.J.M., Willems R., Weinstein R.A. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Why are they here, and where do they come from? Lancet Infect. Dis. 2001;1:314-325.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(01)00145-1

19. 19.

    Top J., Willems R., Bonten M. Emergence of CC17 Enterococcus faecium: From commensal to hospital-adapted pathogen. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2008;52:297-308.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00383.x

20. 20.

    Rios R., Reyes J., Carvajal L.P., Rincon S., Panesso D., Echeverri A.M., Dihn A., Kolokotronis S.-O., Narechania P., Tran T.T., et al. Genomic epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in Latin America: Revisiting the global VRE population structure. Sci. Rep. 2020;10:5636.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-020-62371-7

21. 21.

    Freitas A.R., Coque T.M., Novais C., Hammerum A.M., Lester C.H., Zervos M.J., Donabedian S., Jensen L.B., Francia M.V., Baquero F., et al. Human and swine hosts share vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium CC17 and CC5 and Enterococcus faecalis CC2 clonal clusters harboring Tn1546 on indistinguishable plasmids. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011;49:925-931.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.01750-10

22. 22.

    Donabedian S.M., Perri M.B., Abdujamilova N., Gordoncillo M.J., Naqvi A., Reyes K.C., Zervus M.J., Bartlett P. Characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from swine in three Michigan counties. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010;48:4156-4160.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.02346-09

23. 23.

    ECDC. Antimicrobial Consumption in the EU/EEA, Annual Epidemiological Report for 2018. 2019.

    Not in our library

24. 24.

    Terkuran M., Turhan E.Ü., Erginkaya Z., Malik A., Erginkaya Z., Erten H. The risk of vancomycin resistant enterococci infections from food industry. Health and Safety Aspects of Food Processing Technologies. 2019;513-535.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-3-030-24903-8_18

25. 25.

    Werner G., Pana M. Current trends of emergence and spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antibiotic Resistant-Bacteria—A Continuous Challenge in the New Millenium. 2012;303-354.

    Not in our library10.5772/29791

26. 26.

    Ramos S., Igrejas G., Rodrigues J., Capelo-Martinez J.-L., Poeta P. Genetic characterisation of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in vanA-containing enterococci from cattle, sheep and pigs subsequent to the discontinuation of the use of avoparcin. Vet. J. 2012;193:301-303.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.12.007

27. 27.

    Wist V., Morach M., Schneeberger M., Cernela N., Stevens M.J.A., Zurfluh K., Stephan R., Nüesch-Inderbinen M. Phenotypic and genotypic traits of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from healthy food-producing animals. Microorganisms. 2020;8:261.

    Not in our library10.3390/microorganisms8020261

28. 28.

    Orsi G.B., Ciorba V. Vancomycin resistant enterococci healthcare associated infections. Ann Ig. 2013;25:485-492.

    Not in our library10.1590/s1517-838246320140403

29. 29.

    Markwart R., Willrich N., Haller S., Noll I., Koppe U., Werner G., Eckmanns T., Reuss A. The rise in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany: Data from the German Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ARS). Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2019;8:147.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13756-019-0594-3

30. 30.

    Reinseth I.S., Ovchinnikov K.V., Tønnesen H.H., Carlsen H., Diep D.B. The increasing issue of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and the bacteriocin solution. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins. 2019.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12602-019-09618-6

31. 31.

    Ford C.D., Lopansri B.K., Gazdik M.A., Webb B., Snow G.L., Hoda D., Adams B., Petersen F.B. Room contamination, patient colonization pressure, and the risk of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonization on a unit dedicated to the treatment of hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am. J. Infect. Control. 2016;44:1110-1115.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.044

32. 32.

    Suleyman G., Alangaden G., Bardossy A.C. The role of environmental contamination in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens and healthcare-associated infections. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2018;20:12.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11908-018-0620-2

33. 33.

    Drees M., Snydman D.R., Schmid C.H., Barefoot L., Hansjosten K., Vue P.M., Cronin M., Nasraway S.A., Golan Y. Prior environmental contamination increases the risk of acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008;46:678-685.

    Not in our library10.1086/527394

34. 34.

    Reyes K., Bardossy A.C., Zervos M. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Epidemiology, infection, prevention and control. Infect. Dis Clin. N. Am. 2016;30:953-965.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.idc.2016.07.009

35. 35.

    Correa-Martinez C.L., Tönnies H., Froböse N.J., Mellmann A., Kampmeier S. Transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the hospital setting: Uncovering the patient-environment interplay. Microorganisms. 2020;8:203.

    Not in our library10.3390/microorganisms8020203

36. 36.

    Abbo L., Shukla B.S., Giles A., Aragon L., Jimenez A., Camargo J.F., Simkins J., Sposato K., Tran T.C., Diaz L., et al. Linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in solid organ transplant recipients: Infection control and antimicrobial stewardship using whole genome sequencing. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2019;69:259-265.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciy903

37. 37.

    Liese J., Schüle L., Oberhettinger P., Tschörner L., Nguyen T., Dörfel D., Vogel W., Marschal M., Autenrieth I., Willmann M., et al. Expansion of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an academic tertiary hospital in Southwest Germany: A large scale whole-genome-based outbreak investigation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2019;63:e01978-18.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.01978-18

38. 38.

    Raven K.E., Gouliouris T., Brodrick H., Coll F., Brown N.M., Reynolds R., Reuter S., Török M.E., Parkhill J., Peacock S.J. Complex routes of nosocomial vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium transmission revealed by genome sequencing. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2017;64:886-893.

    Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciw872

39. 39.

    Dalton K.R., Rock C., Carroll K.C., Davis M.F. One Health in hospitals: How understanding the dynamics of people, animals, and the hospital built-environment can be used to better inform interventions for antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive infections. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2020;9:78.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13756-020-00737-2

40. 40.

    Contreras G., Munita J.M., Arias C.A. Novel strategies for the management of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2019;21:22.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11908-019-0680-y

41. 41.
    Economic burden of antibiotic resistance in ESKAPE organisms: a systematic review · 2019

    No notice
42. 42.

    Bradley J.S. Which antibiotic for resistant Gram-positives, and why? J. Infect. 2014;68:S63-S75.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.016

43. 43.

    Irfan S., Qamar S. A case report on isolation of linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium species from cerebrospinal fluid of a patient suffering from ventriculoperitoneal shunt-associated meningitis. Cureus. 2019;11:e5631.

    Not in our library10.7759/cureus.5631

44. 44.

    Marshall S.H., Donskey C.J., Hutton-Thomas R., Salata R.A., Rice L.B. Gene dosage and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002;46:3334-3336.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.46.10.3334-3336.2002

45. 45.

    Bourgeois-Nicolaos N., Massias L., Couson B., Butel M.-J., Andremont A., Doucet-Populaire F. Dose dependence of emergence of resistance to linezolid in Enterococcus faecalis in vivo. J. Infect. Dis. 2007;195:1480-1488.

    Not in our library10.1086/513876

46. 46.

    Freitas A.R., Tedim A.P., Duarte B., Elghaieb H., Abbassi M.S., Hassen A., Read A., Alves V., Novais C., Peixe L. Linezolid-resistant (Tn6246::fexB-poxtA) Enterococcus faecium strains colonizing humans and bovines on different continents: Similarity without epidemiological link. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2020;dkaa227.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkaa227

47. 47.

    Egan S.A., Corcoran S., McDermott H., Fitzpatrick M., Hoyne A., McCormack O., Cullen A., Brennan G.I., O’Connell B., Coleman D.C. A hospital outbreak of linezolid-resistant and vancomycin-resistant ST80 Enterococcus faecium harbouring an optrA-encoding conjugative plasmid investigated by whole-genome sequencing. J. Hosp. Infect. 2020;S0195-6701:30244-30249.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.013

48. 48.

    Kerschner H., Cabal A., Hartl R., Machherndl-Spandl S., Allerberger F., Ruppitsch W., Apfalter P. Hospital outbreak caused by linezolid resistant Enterococcus faecium in Upper Austria. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 2019;8:150.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13756-019-0598-z

49. 49.

    Hollenbeck B.L., Rice L.B. Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus. Virulence. 2012;3:421-433.

    Not in our library10.4161/viru.21282

50. 50.

    Monteiro da Silva B.N., Faria A.R., Souza S.d.S.R., Colodette S.S., Morais J.M., Teixeira L.M., Merquior V.L.C. Expression of VanA-type vancomycin resistance in a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecium showing insertion of IS19 in the vanS gene. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2020;55:105897.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105897

51. 51.

    Kohler V., Vaishampayan A., Grohmann E. Broad-host-range Inc18 plasmids: Occurrence, spread and transfer mechanisms. Plasmid. 2018;99:11-21.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.06.001

52. 52.

    Rice L.B. Antimicrobial stewardship and antimicrobial resistance. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2018;102:805-818.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mcna.2018.04.004

53. 53.

    Lemen S.W., Lewalter K. Antibiotic stewardship and horizontal infection control are more effective than screening, isolation and eradication. Infection. 2018;46:581-590.

    Not in our library10.1007/s15010-018-1137-1

54. 54.

    Akpan M.R., Isemin N.U., Udoh A.E., Ashiru-Oredope D. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in African countries: A systematic literature review. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2020;22:317-324.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jgar.2020.03.009

55. 55.

    EU. EU Guidelines for the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials Inhuman Health (2017/C 212/01).

    Not in our library

56. 56.

    CDC. Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs. 2019.

    Not in our library

57. 57.
    Application of swine manure on agricultural fields contributes to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli spread in Tai’an, China · 2015

    Not checked
58. 58.

    Manson J.M., Hancock L.E., Gilmore M.S. Mechanism of chromosomal transfer of Enterococcus faecalis pathogenicity island, capsule, antimicrobial resistance, and other traits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2010;107:12269-12274.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1000139107

59. 59.

    Breuer R.J., Hirt H., Dunny G.M. Mechanistic features of the enterococcal pCF10 sex pheromone response and the biology of Enterococcus faecalis in its natural habitat. J. Bacteriol. 2018;200:e00733-17.

    Not in our library10.1128/jb.00733-17

60. 60.

    Ch’ng J.-H., Chong K.K.L., Lam L.N., Wong J.J., Kline K.A. Biofilm-associated infection by enterococci. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2019;17:82-94.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41579-018-0107-z

61. 61.

    Fiore E., Van Tyne D., Gilmore M.S. Pathogenicity of enterococci. Microbiol. Spectr. 2019;7.

    Not in our library10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0053-2018

62. 62.
    Global Emergence and Dissemination of Enterococci as Nosocomial Pathogens: Attack of the Clones? · 2016

    No notice
63. 63.

    Lee T., Pang S., Abraham S., Coombs G.W. Antimicrobial-resistant CC17 Enterococcus faecium: The past, the present and the future. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2019;16:36-47.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jgar.2018.08.016

64. 64.

    Ekwanzala M.D., Dewar J.B., Kamika I., Momba M.N.B. Comparative genomics of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. revealed common resistome determinants from hospital wastewater to aquatic environments. Sci. Total Environ. 2020;719:137275.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137275

65. 65.

    Araújo C., Torres C., Gonçalves A., Carneiro C., López M., Radhouani H., Pardal M., Igrejas G., Poeta P. Genetic detection and multilocus sequence typing of vanA-containing Enterococcus strains from mullets fish (Liza ramada). Microb. Drug Resist. 2011;17:357-361.

    Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2010.0171

66. 66.

    Araújo C., Torres C., Silva N., Carneiro C., Gonçalves A., Radhouani H., Correia S., Costa P.M., Pacheco R., Zarazaga M., et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from Portuguese wastewater treatment plants. J. Basic Microbiol. 2010;50:605-609.

    Not in our library10.1002/jobm.201000102

67. 67.

    Gonçalves A., Poeta P., Silva N., Araújo C., López M., Ruiz E., Ulyiakina I., Direitinho J., Igrejas G., Torres C. Characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from fecal samples of ostriches by molecular methods. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2010;7:1133-1136.

    Not in our library10.1089/fpd.2010.0548

68. 68.

    Moura I., Radhouani H., Torres C., Poeta P., Igrejas G. Detection and genetic characterisation of vanA-containing Enterococcus strains in healthy Lusitano horses. Equine Vet. J. 2010;42:181-183.

    Not in our library10.2746/042516409x480386

69. 69.

    Radhouani H., Igrejas G., Carvalho C., Pinto L., Gonçalves A., Lopez M., Sargo R., Cardoso L., Martinho A., Rego V., et al. Clonal lineages, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from fecal samples of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). J. Wildl. Dis. 2011;47:769-773.

    Not in our library10.7589/0090-3558-47.3.769

70. 70.

    Braga T.M., Pomba C., Lopes M.F.S. High-level vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium related to humans and pigs found in dust from pig breeding facilities. Vet. Microbiol. 2013;161:344-349.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.034

71. 71.

    Silva V., Igrejas G., Carvalho I., Peixoto F., Cardoso L., Pereira J.E., del Campo R., Poeta P. Genetic characterization of vanA-Enterococcus faecium isolates from wild red-legged partridges in Portugal. Microb. Drug Resist. 2017;24:89-94.

    Not in our library10.1089/mdr.2017.0040

72. 72.

    Silva V., Peixoto F., Igrejas G., Parelho C., Garcia P., Carvalho I., Sousa M., Pereira J.E., Rodrigues A., Poeta P. First report on vanA-Enterococcus faecalis recovered from soils subjected to long-term livestock agricultural practices in Azores Archipelago. Int. J. Environ. Res. 2018;12:39-44.

    Not in our library10.1007/s41742-018-0068-0

73. 73.

    Aarestrup F.M. Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium (GRE) from broilers and pigs in Denmark: Genetic evidence that persistence of GRE in pig herds is associated with coselection by resistance to macrolides. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000;38:2774-2777.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.38.7.2774-2777.2000

74. 74.

    Sabença C., de Sousa T., Oliveira S., Viala D., Théron L., Chambon C., Hébraud M., Beyrouthy R., Bonnet R., Caniça M. Next-generation sequencing and MALDI mass spectrometry in the study of multiresistant processed meat vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Biology (Basel). 2020;9:89.

    Not in our library10.3390/biology9050089

75. 75.

    Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R., Soltan Dallal M.M., Abbaspour M., Rajabi Z. Study of VanA, B, C, D, E genes in vancomycin resistant enterococci isolated from retailed dried vegetables in Tehran, Iran. Int. J. Enteric. Pathog. 2019;7:9-14.

    Not in our library10.15171/ijep.2019.03

76. 76.

    Jahansepas A., Sharifi Y., Aghazadeh M., Rezaee M.A. Comparative analysis of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from clinical samples and traditional cheese types in the Northwest of Iran: Antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence traits. Arch. Microbiol. 2019;1-8.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00203-019-01792-z

77. 77.

    Al-Shammary A.H.A. Run-off patterns of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE clones) in cows raw milk and imported milk powders at Baghdad markets. Iraqi J. Vet. Med. (ISSN-P 1609-5693 ISSN-E 2410-7409). 2019;43:61-66.

    Not in our library10.30539/iraqijvm.v43i2.532

78. 78.

    Alonso V.P.P., Queiroz M.M., Gualberto M.L., Nascimento M.S. Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase (KPC), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) in the food production chain and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2019;26:79-86.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cofs.2019.04.002

79. 79.

    Novais C., Coque T.M., Costa M.J., Sousa J.C., Baquero F., Peixe L.V. High occurrence and persistence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci in poultry food samples in Portugal. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005;56:1139-1143.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dki360

80. 80.

    Freitas A.R., Novais C., Correia R., Monteiro M., Coque T.M., Peixe L. Non-susceptibility to tigecycline in enterococci from hospitalized patients, food products and community sources. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2011;38:174-176.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.04.014

81. 81.

    Barbosa J., Ferreira V., Teixeira P. Antibiotic susceptibility of enterococci isolated from traditional fermented meat products. Food Microbiol. 2009;26:527-532.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fm.2009.03.005

82. 82.

    Ribeiro T., Oliveira M., Fraqueza M.J., Lauková A., Elias M., Tenreiro R., Barreto A.S., Semedo-Lemsaddek R. Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among enterococci isolated from chouriço, a raditional Portuguese dry fermented sausage. J. Food Prot. 2011;74:465-469.

    Not in our library10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-309

83. 83.

    Domingos-Lopes M., Stanton C., Ross P.R., Dapkevicius M.L.N.E., Silva C.C.G. Genetic diversity, safety and technological characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from artisanal Pico cheese. Food Microbiol. 2017;63:178-190.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.014

84. 84.

    Câmara S.P.A., Dapkevicius A., Silva C.C.G., Malcata F.X., Dapkevicius M.L.N.E. Artisanal Pico cheese as reservoir of Enterococcus species possessing virulence and antibiotic resistance properties: Implications for food safety. Food Biotechnol. 2020;34:25-41.

    Not in our library10.1080/08905436.2019.1710844

Cited by papers we hold 2

• The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review · 2023
  No notice
• Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: The Most Critical Pathogens · 2021
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.