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Beyond Biodiversity: Can Environmental DNA (eDNA) Cut It as a Population Genetics Tool?

Clare I.M. Adams, Michael Knapp, Neil J. Gemmell and 4 more

Genes · 2019 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0048.v1

Abstract

Population genetic data underpin many studies of behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary processes in wild populations and contribute to effective conservation management. However, collecting genetic samples can be challenging when working with endangered, invasive, or cryptic species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a way to sample genetic material non-invasively without requiring visual observation. While eDNA has been trialed extensively as a biodiversity and biosecurity monitoring tool with a strong taxonomic focus, it has yet to be fully explored as a means for obtaining population genetic information. Here, we review current research that employs eDNA approaches for the study of populations. We outline challenges facing eDNA-based population genetic methodologies, and suggest avenues of research for future developments. We advocate that with further optimizations, this emergent field holds great potential as part of the population genetics toolkit.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 27, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

1. Introduction

The study of population genetics describes changes in the genetic diversity of populations through evolutionary mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, the totality of which have evolutionary consequences and can lead to speciation (e.g.,). The direction, magnitude and mechanisms of population connectivity can be examined by quantifying gene flow (e.g.,). Furthermore, genetic data can be used to estimate inbreeding, which has potential fitness consequences (e.g.,). Understanding the genetics of populations can help us understand the past distributions, present status and future prospects of species. Genetic data are, therefore, useful for informing conservation management strategies.

Population genetic research requires genetic sampling from organisms of interest. For example, blood and tissue samples have traditionally been sources of genetic material for large marine mammals, e.g., flipper clips from seal populations. However, sampling tissue has negative effects on the target organism, such as: lethal sampling, causing harm or discomfort, disfigurement, or imposing stress. Sampling can also be expensive, dangerous and time consuming for researchers. For example, studying venomous reptiles may put researchers at risk of a bite and traditional sampling efforts to directly encounter the target species may be more costly than reagents required for eDNA analysis. Furthermore, great sampling effort is required, especially if the target species is rare or difficult to find; in one instance taking >90 person-hours to find a single silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Many statistical models have been conceived to understand rare species ecology based on limited sample sizes. More recently, non-invasive sampling techniques have been developed to reduce harm and expense. In marine environments, for instance, fecal plumes, respiratory blow, parasites, and shed skin have proven to be useful DNA sources. Such indirect samples have been used to amplify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nuDNA) markers, allowing measurement of allelic diversity, kinship, sex ratios, abundance and effective population size, density, evolutionary significant units, mating systems, and patterns of dispersal in species that might otherwise be difficult to sample. The advent of promising new non-invasive technologies, such as environmental DNA (eDNA), creates further options for non-invasive population genetic sampling.

Here we adopt the definition of eDNA from Taberlet et al. defining it as a “complex mixture of genomic DNA from many different organisms found in an environmental sample.” However, we take a narrower view of environmental sample; defining eDNA as DNA taken from soil, water, or air, excluding samples from direct individual remains such as fecal matter, hair, or feeding traces. Direct organismal traces may allow for assignment of genetic data to specific individuals. From these non-invasive samples, DNA may be used to describe abundance, effective population size, density, diet, and sex of individuals. Additionally, estimates of genetic diversity (e.g., inbreeding within a population), gene flow, evolutionary significant units and mating systems (e.g., multiple paternity) have been obtained. However, eDNA samples from soil, water, or air are useful when individual traces cannot easily be identified and sampled. For example, eDNA can be used to target sites of suspected occupancy before intensive, invasive sampling effort is carried out in difficult-to-sample habitat. With eDNA metabarcoding of environmental samples, the use of traditional methodology in tandem with eDNA methodology may reveal more biodiversity than either method alone.

Environmental DNA is already being used to improve biodiversity estimates (e.g., species-level taxa), when a complete snapshot of biodiversity is difficult to obtain via traditional methods (e.g., transects, video, trawl nets, trapping). The sensitivity of eDNA methods makes them ideal for detecting the presence of endangered, low-density invasive, transient, and cryptic species, especially when sampling efforts to detect low density species would be unmanageable. Environmental DNA methods are not without challenges, but because eDNA offers sampling advantages such as sensitivity, simplicity and reduced harm, it is already being employed across a variety of biomes as a biodiversity monitoring tool, frequently in tandem with traditional methodologies. In addition to biodiversity monitoring, eDNA could potentially be used for population genetic studies, mitigating some of the issues around invasive sampling. Population genetic eDNA is a newly emerging field that offers exciting prospects, but at present comes with challenges, discussed below.

Why Use eDNA over Direct Sampling for Population Genetics?

Some of the species in eDNA population genetic studies are of conservation and management interest and can be difficult to sample. Sampling protected species (e.g., endangered or threatened species) and species of cultural significance requires permitting processes that cost time and effort. Data deficient species may not have a good sampling framework in place. Species such as cetaceans may travel widely, while stranded individuals (often a major source of tissue samples) may not correspond to a population’s usual distribution. Although studies using eDNA methods for population genetics to date have been heavily focused on the marine biome, eDNA could also be useful for other difficult-to-sample species in various habitats. For example, eDNA has been used to detect the presence of endangered species such as the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) in freshwater habitat. Terrestrial endangered species, such as the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica), may leave eDNA traces in locations such as salt licks. Given the elusiveness of some imperiled organisms, eDNA may be one of the best options for describing genetic variation in specific cases. Understanding the population dynamics of these species is important for effective conservation management, especially if they fall under a protected status.

Not only can eDNA be useful for managing imperiled species, but invasive species may also be suitable targets. For instance, freshwater invasive species such as bullfrogs (Lithobates catsebeianus) and Asian carp (Hypophthalmichthys sp.), among many others, have already been successfully detected with eDNA methods. In addition to presence, population genetic eDNA methods may be useful for identifying source populations and pathways of invasion spread, as previous population genetic studies have done. We anticipate that developing a widely usable population genetic eDNA toolkit could facilitate monitoring for these invasive species in the future. By sensitively detecting an invasion front and source population, managers may further be able to prevent damage and associated economic costs. However, significant sequencing, bioinformatic, and statistical challenges will need to be overcome to go beyond proof-of-concept studies to answer questions about gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, and natural selection. These challenges, discussed below, include but are not limited to: distinguishing individuals, allelic dropout and false alleles related to amplification error, difficulty in relating eDNA to biologically relevant abundances, and expanding to nuclear markers.

2. Environmental DNA for Population Genetics

The use of eDNA in population genetics is in its infancy, but a handful of notable studies demonstrate the potential of eDNA to obtain within-species population genetic data. A recent landmark study used eDNA from seawater to examine the mtDNA haplotype variation of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus), to assess shark population structure, and their trophic interactions. This work demonstrated that eDNA sampling in areas of known whale shark presence could detect some haplotypes that were also known from directly sampled tissues. Data from eDNA suggested a recently identified Qatar population of whale sharks was more closely related to the Indo-Pacific whale shark aggregation compared to the Atlantic aggregation. In addition to haplotypic variation, this study reported a positive eDNA copy number correlation between quantities of whale shark eDNA and quantities of eDNA from their mackerel tuna prey (Euthynnus affinis) over two years, likely reflective of food web interactions. This research suggests avenues for further eDNA mtDNA haplotype studies, especially that of examining population-specific haplotypic variation.

More recently, seawater eDNA work on Northeast Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca) explored whether eDNA-obtained haplotypes could be assigned to known haplotypic variation, and how long genetic material can be detected after known target animal presence. Using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), a sensitive PCR technique for the absolute quantification of DNA copy number in a sample, killer whale eDNA was detected up to two hours after individuals were observed in the sampled area. Sequencing of these eDNA samples also identified a haplotype belonging to the southern resident killer whale ecotype, a genetically and usually geographically distinct variation of this species, showing that eDNA can be used to detect the genetic diversity of a vagile species like killer whales even after they have passed through an area. It may therefore be possible to detect ecotype movements and interactions through eDNA, genetically confirming visual identification.

Beyond assignment to known haplotypes, eDNA has been used to uncover previously unknown intraspecific genetic diversity. For example, previously unknown harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) mtDNA control region haplotypes have been detected via seawater eDNA. These haplotypes differed from established haplotypes by one base pair, a small difference, and added additional support to the overall population structure previously described among the different sampling locations for this species. The population structure as resolved with the assistance of eDNA derived haplotypes, supports managing the southeast Alaskan harbor porpoise as two separate populations. Importantly, this study featured positive controls (four known harbor porpoise Sanger-sequenced samples) that helped lay the groundwork for strict quality filtering of the sequence data. The inclusion of these sequences allowed for baseline PCR and sequencing error rates to be detected. This strict quality filtering has been emphasized in other studies.

In addition to single-species targets, eDNA metabarcoding primer sets have been used to identify multiple haplotypes across multiple species simultaneously. For instance, multiple arthropod mtDNA haplotype ratios have been identified using eDNA from freshwater streams. After strict data filtering and only considering haplotypes found in multiple replicates, between 177 to 200 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), were recovered with the average number of detected haplotypes for each OTU ranging between 2.40 and 3.30.

Separately, 16S rDNA eDNA metabarcoding primers described multiple intraspecific haplotypes from the Lethrinus (snapper) genus from seawater samples, also using strict sequence read filtering. Both studies required primers that gave enough resolution to discern intraspecific haplotypes while also being broad enough to capture multiple species. These studies help build a framework for determining multi-taxa haplotypic diversity with eDNA metabarcoding technology, but more investigation is needed for other environments and taxa. Importantly, the error profiles around each amplicon need to be carefully considered to differentiate rare haplotypes from sequencing error.

3. Challenges Facing Environmental DNA Population Genetics

Despite recent success and future potential, eDNA population genetic methods require fine tuning before they can be widely applied. Perhaps one of the biggest obstacles in transitioning from species detection to population genetics using eDNA is assigning sequences to individuals. Previous non-invasive genetic techniques for terrestrial organisms have been able to assume different individuals from separate scats or feeding sites. Additionally, DNA extracted from invertebrate stomachs (iDNA) has also been used to obtain host DNA. Indeed, whale shark population structure was confirmed using iDNA from a whale shark copepod (Pandarus rhincodonicus) parasite. However, capture of whole, discrete fecal matter beyond initial deposition, feeding traces, or parasites may be challenging in environmental sampling scenarios. Currently, environmental samples cannot parse apart individuals. The same haplotype from a sample could indicate one individual or multiple individuals with the same haplotype. However obtained, confidence in individually-sorted genetic data is important for downstream analysis (e.g., adegenet for R, or Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS)) as population genetic theory concerns the existence and change of genetic variation within individuals between and among populations.

Even when sequences are obtained in sufficient quantities and can be assigned to individuals, many non-invasive genetic sampling techniques, including eDNA, suffer from amplification challenges. Allelic dropout (the loss of allelic variation during sequencing), and false alleles (the apparent presence of non-existent alleles in samples), are notable examples. Polymerase errors may inflate marker variation, leading to false alleles. As in any population genetic study, regardless of DNA source, missing or false alleles will bias genetic diversity estimates with implications for further analyses. Degraded DNA samples yielding low quality and/or template can contribute to these challenges, requiring increased replicates, increased PCR cycles, or increased sequencing depth. Recent eDNA sampling has shown that allelic variation can be missed in multiple markers depending on extraction and capture methodologies. Therefore, testing methodologies and using multiple markers will be important for reliable, reproducible eDNA capture and amplification in eDNA population genetic studies.

Some techniques for mitigating quantity challenges for eDNA samples, such as PCR, are not without biases which may impact allelic abundance. For example, PCR may exponentially amplify common DNA, decreasing the signals of rare genetic variation. When using next-generation sequencing (NGS), there is a fine line between NGS error rates and low-quantity alleles when filtering and analyzing data. The inclusion of positive controls and stringent sequence read filtering could act as a guideline to determine real genetic variation. Multiple sampling replicates could be used to further verify the legitimacy of low-abundance genetic variation. The same sequencing errors likely will not occur over multiple sampling replicates, and these reads could be considered, even if present at low copy number. Additionally, read depth or eDNA copy number may not to correlate with known biomass. However, a more recent study indicates strong evidence that flow-corrected eDNA abundance reflects salmon count abundance in two species across two years and life stages. Relating allelic abundance to eDNA genetic variation is necessary to understand allelic frequency differences between and within populations. Correlation correction factors may help, but for multicellular species obtained from environmental sampling, variation in individual rates of DNA shedding may obscure true haplotype ratios.

Furthermore, the number of reads from eDNA-obtained genetic data for target species must be sufficient enough to be distinguishable from background noise to ensure confidence that true genetic variation has been obtained. If initial DNA copy numbers are insufficient (e.g., <200 copies/L,), PCR may be too stochastic to amplify genetic variation reliably, or may not amplify it at all. This issue of low copy number (LCN) has been addressed previously in the forensic and ancient DNA (aDNA) fields with technological advancements and modified protocols (e.g., qPCR,; increased reagents,) and awareness of LCN difficulties. Sufficient sampling may increase chances of capturing target eDNA, and limits of detection have been explored for eDNA at the species level. Ensuring confidence in genetic assignments with sufficient copy number is necessary to have confidence in data.

Increasing the length of sequences and diversity of marker types that can be obtained from eDNA would also be advantageous for answering population genetic questions. Thus far, eDNA research has focused primarily on short (100–400 bp) mtDNA fragments. Additionally, commonly barcoded regions (e.g., cytochrome oxidase I) in mtDNA are widely available in public databases for many metazoans. One reason for choosing mtDNA is its high copy number availability in environmental samples. Further, as eDNA degrades over time and space, short (100–400 bp) mtDNA sequences are more likely to be available in environmental samples, although larger (>16 kb) mtDNA fragments have recently been obtained from eDNA. However, it would be useful to expand into other, longer molecular markers as the exclusive use of short, maternally-inherited mtDNA fails to incorporate non-maternal genetic variation for most organisms. For a deeper understanding of population structure, nuDNA data should be considered. Phylogenetically, nuDNA may show different patterns of divergence within populations compared to mtDNA data. For instance, nuclear variation may show evidence of introgression when mtDNA does not, which could be important to understanding how species and populations are interacting. Additionally, nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) occur in eukaryotes and can influence population genetic inferences. Numts are difficult to recognize and have been shown to inflate diversity estimates when used with barcoding techniques. Obtaining more markers is easier with nuDNA (e.g., 10′s of microsatellites or 10,000′s of SNPs) and can also help provide the ability to distinguish individuals with similar genetic signatures. Multi-allelic microsatellites could be used, and they have the added advantage of establishing a minimum number of individuals present in an eDNA sample. For example, in diploid species, if three alleles are found in a mixture, at least two individuals must exist in that environment. Furthermore, markers that identify sex in genetically sex-determined species could give insight into the presence of sexes present in non-sexually dimorphic species.

While much research is focused on obtaining, interpreting, and quantifying these data in an environmental context, there is a clear need for a robust statistical framework for answering population genetic questions from environmentally obtained samples. Most population genetic theory, and thus, statistical software and tools, is founded upon the expectations and observations of individual diversity. The inability to readily distinguish between individuals using eDNA is a current limitation. To complicate the matter, environmental samples may have different, unknown amounts of allelic variation from multiple individuals from different species, which are unlikely to be in equimolar concentrations. Unequal concentrations of allelic diversity would be difficult to correct for, given environmental stochasticity and our current understanding of the physicality of eDNA (which is that environments vary and eDNA accumulation, transport, and degradation vary along with them). It is unlikely that individual heterozygosity will be able to be obtained with eDNA, as eDNA often contains fragmented DNA that cannot be assigned to a specific cell. If individual cells cannot be obtained, population genetic questions using environmental samples will be limited to primarily comparing allelic variation at between different populations.

Due to the aforementioned challenges, and the emergent nature of the eDNA field, population genetic-oriented eDNA sampling methodologies currently lag behind those of contemporary population genetic methods. Population genetic studies now regularly use thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for multiple individuals, not only for comparison of populations across space and year-to-year variation, but also to infer evolutionary histories with coalescence models. Additionally, whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly used to examine population-level genetic variation because it offers very high genomic resolution for detecting selection and the genetic basis of phenotypes (Figure 1). Already, population-level data collected via RADseq and other reduced-representation sequencing approaches can compare exomes or SNP-based genotypes to answer population-level questions (Figure 1). It is likely that eDNA population genetics will continue to lag behind traditional population genetics while the aforementioned challenges are being addressed. However, exciting technological developments suggest that at least some of these challenges can be overcome.

4. Further Developments and Future Technologies

For all eDNA population genetic studies, a robust sampling design will help minimize LCN DNA profiles. Choosing the correct substrate for sampling a target organism based on ecological knowledge, such as the position in the water column with the highest concentration of DNA of the target organism, will maximize potential copy number. On this front, collecting eDNA may become easier with automated sampling systems for standardized, long-term sampling. After this, carefully considering the extraction methodology, assay, sequencing, and bioinformatic approaches best for the biological question asked is key, as method choice influences genotypes obtained. We suggest avenues of further research to move the field forward in Table 1.

Several technologies that could help address the difficulty of assigning genetic information from eDNA samples to individuals, are already available or in development. One way forward might include single-cell sequencing (Table 1). As eDNA contains sloughed cells, collecting and sequencing whole, individual cells could facilitate extraction of individual-level genetic variation. Cells could be collected using flow cytometry and microfluidic technology. From there, extracted DNA from these cells can be sequenced using a variety of sequencing tools (e.g., Illumina, Nanopore). Advances in droplet microfluidics could potentially facilitate the capture and sequencing of DNA from single cells in parallel. For instance, microbial single cell sequencing has already been used to characterize the genomes of marine bacterioplankton after an oil spill. In general, single-cell sequencing technology remains very much the domain of medical and model research systems and there are still issues with biases. Small quantities of DNA can result in allelic dropout and low sequencing coverage. However, bioinformatics tools to address single-cell sequencing challenges are growing and could be developed for eDNA techniques to facilitate the use of single-cell sequencing for obtaining individual variation from eDNA samples.

Good sampling design, in tandem with technological developments, could also help mitigate issues around obtaining allelic ratios and abundance. Increasing sequencing depth also helps to guard against allelic dropout. Previous work has also shown increased PCR replicates and increased sequencing depth increases the number of species detected in samples (Table 1). However, increasing sequencing may also increase noise and incongruency between PCR replicates. Additionally, the inclusion of positive controls during sequencing or PCRs can assist data processing, serving as a benchmark for separating true haplotypic diversity from sequencing noise where NGS is used. This will aid in determining appropriate filter parameters to ensure strict filtering for high quality data without being too restrictive or ignoring real biological signals. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) could also be used to address allelic and copy number abundance in a sensitive way (Table 1). This technology is already being explored for abundance estimations of species using eDNA techniques and could potentially quantify allelic diversity. Other ways to get at quantification of allelic copy number include a correction factor depending on cell type, size, life-history stage and species, which could be integrated into single-cell methodology. Lastly, the more that is understood about the ecology of eDNA in a field setting, the better we can understand and model eDNA abundance.

Another challenge for population genetic eDNA methods will be to fully develop nuDNA markers for the species of interest using eDNA sampling techniques. Capture methodology, where bait molecules bind to target DNA of interest, is currently being explored for eDNA with some success. This methodology can target specific SNPs in nuDNA and may “fish out” extracellular, degraded eDNA (Table 1). Beyond current technologies, future sequencing developments may also enable longer reads to be obtained without sacrificing quality. Longer reads at greater depth may help to string haplotypes together, increasing genomic coverage (Table 1). Long-range PCR has been used to help achieve this and other technologies, such as nanopore sequencing, might also facilitate long-read sequencing projects for eDNA.

Once environmental nuDNA has been captured, statistical programs can be developed specifically to analyze environmental genetic data. It may be possible to use rarefaction methods to estimate how well genetic diversity has been sampled in a location, as has been used in eDNA metabarcoding studies to estimate taxa obtained. Additionally, eDNA may be able to borrow and modify techniques from pool-seq methods. Pool-seq can provide cost-effective, accurate allele frequency estimations when given large population sizes (>20 individuals) with sufficient (>20×) coverage. Reliable estimates of FST, based on an analysis-of-variance framework, have been made using this technique to infer population structure using nuclear markers. However, pool-seq may require statistical modelling to obtain allele frequencies, and because many individuals are often needed, may not work as well for low-density endangered species. This technique cannot identify individuals and has not yet been fully developed for detecting intraspecific genetic diversity from multi-species mixtures and does not necessarily do well with mixtures that are not in equimolar concentrations. Despite multi-species gaps and potential eDNA stochasticity, pool-seq techniques may be a way forward for statistically quantifying allelic variation between populations in environmental samples. Once eDNA samples have been sequenced, regardless of method, alleles that little depth, such as nuclear eDNA, may be haplodized for analysis. Originally used in the ancient DNA (aDNA) field, haplodizing randomly or statistically selects a single allele from each locus for analysis purposes. This provides a way forward for eDNA to be used with already established population genetic statistics. Potentially, statistical models can be built for total variation detection at a specific locus. This has already been done for taxon biodiversity. Additionally, estimates of relatedness between populations could be based on genetic similarities. If nuDNA eDNA techniques are developed for eDNA samples, it would broaden the range of biological questions that eDNA could be used to answer.

These exciting technological advances paired with environmental genetics techniques offer promising new ways to address broad evolutionary genetics questions without direct sampling. Amazing progress is occurring all the time in the use of environmentally derived genetic material. For example, despite the much more rapid degradation of RNA in the environment, even environmental RNA (eRNA) samples are now being used to provide a snapshot of the biological diversity and processes present at the community level (Table 1). Additionally, eRNA has identified foraminiferal taxa not found with eDNA techniques. It is feasible to compare these eDNA and eRNA snapshots between populations to understand differential expression of genes in macrofauna at different sites. Studying community-level genetics may also be a promising research avenue. Universal primers can already target haplotypes of multiple species. Once these technologies are further refined, eDNA and eRNA may become tools for examining selection at the community level. By examining targeted gene expression with eRNA, documenting community responses to common pressures, such as anthropogenic climate shifts, may be possible. Furthermore, combining eDNA with aDNA techniques may give researchers a lens into past communities. With new technology and human ingenuity driving unprecedented datasets, we can answer questions about the patterns and processes of how populations are changing in new ways that may be less harmful.

5. Conclusions

The need for non-invasive sampling, especially for low-density and cryptic populations, will continue to drive technological development. Environmental DNA population genetic methods have the potential to fill this need if developed and tested rigorously. Limited conservation funding and a need to minimize stress to wild animals, coupled with increasing molecular expertise, declining taxonomic expertise, and declining sequencing cost make eDNA an attractive genetic sampling tool. We envision the next step in eDNA for population genetics as describing allelic variation between populations, using previously sequenced traditional samples as a reference. Sampling with eDNA will likely never completely replace invasive sampling because organism capture allows for the collection of additional and important non-genetic data, such as size, age, maturity, isotopic measurements, enzymatic activity, and hormone activity. Population genetic eDNA methods can be a useful complement to traditional, direct-sampling studies; eDNA is another tool in the population genetic toolbox. While there are challenges facing eDNA population genetic methods, the field can profit from—and build upon—the framework of extensive technological development already associated with the fields of aDNA and forensics. Technological advances have facilitated studies of disease, migration, and population dynamics of past organisms with aDNA techniques that were not feasible even 20 years ago. Environmental DNA research faces similar technological challenges to aDNA associated with the recovery and sequencing of degraded, low copy number target DNA. Improving conservation management tools is of critical importance in light of global environmental change. We predict that eDNA technology will have a key role to play in providing rapid and broad scale insights into the population genetics of imperiled and difficult-to-sample species around the globe.

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    Pierszalowski S.P., Ferrari M., Glockner-Ferrari D., Mizroch S., Clapham P.J., Dickerson B.R. Investigating the feasibility of using DNA from sloughed skin for individual identification and kinship analysis in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Mar. Mammal Sci. 2013;29:533-541.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00580.x

  30. 30.

    Swanson B.J., Kelly B.P., Maddox C.K., Moran J.R. Shed skin as a source of DNA for genotyping seals. Mol. Ecol. Notes. 2006;6:1006-1009.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01473.x

  31. 31.

    Meekan M., Austin C.M., Tan M.H., Wei N.-W.V., Miller A., Pierce S.J., Rowat D., Stevens G., Davies T.K., Ponzo A., et al. iDNA at Sea: Recovery of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) mitochondrial DNA sequences from the whale shark copepod (Pandarus rhincodonicus) confirms global population structure. Front. Mar. Sci. 2017;4:420.

    Not in our library10.3389/fmars.2017.00420

  32. 32.

    Gottelli D., Wang J., Bashir S., Durant S.M. Genetic analysis reveals promiscuity among female cheetahs. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2007;274:1993-2001.

    Not in our library10.1098/rspb.2007.0502

  33. 33.

    Parsons K.M., Durban J.W., Claridge D.E., Balcomb K.C., Noble L.R., Thompson P.M. Kinship as a basis for alliance formation between male bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in the Bahamas. Anim. Behav. 2003;66:185-194.

    Not in our library10.1006/anbe.2003.2186

  34. 34.

    Parsons K.M., Durban J.W., Claridge D.E., Herzing D.L., Balcomb K.C., Noble L.R. Population genetic structure of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the northern Bahamas. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2006;22:276-298.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00019.x

  35. 35.

    Lukacs P.M., Burnham K.P. Review of capture-recapture methods applicable to noninvasive genetic sampling. Mol. Ecol. 2005;14:3909-3919.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02717.x

  36. 36.

    Ruell E.W., Riley S.P.D., Douglas M.R., Pollinger J.P., Crooks K.R. Estimating bobcat population sizes and densities in a fragmented urban landscape using noninvasive capture–recapture sampling. J. Mammal. 2009;90:129-135.

    Not in our library10.1644/07-mamm-a-249.1

  37. 37.

    Mondol S., Ullas Karanth K., Samba Kumar N., Gopalaswamy A.M., Andheria A., Ramakrishnan U. Evaluation of non-invasive genetic sampling methods for estimating tiger population size. Biol. Conserv. 2009;142:2350-2360.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biocon.2009.05.014

  38. 38.

    Janečka J.E., Munkhtsog B., Jackson R.M., Naranbaatar G., Mallon D.P., Murphy W.J. Comparison of noninvasive genetic and camera-trapping techniques for surveying snow leopards. J. Mammal. 2011;92:771-783.

    Not in our library10.1644/10-mamm-a-036.1

  39. 39.

    Sharma R., Stuckas H., Bhaskar R., Khan I., Goyal S.P., Tiedemann R. Genetically distinct population of Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) of India. Mamm. Biol. 2011;76:484-490.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.mambio.2010.10.005

  40. 40.

    Taberlet P., Bonin A., Zinger L., Coissac E. Environmental DNA: For Biodiversity Research and Monitoring. 2018.

    Not in our library

  41. 41.

    Gillett R.M., White B.N., Rolland R.M. Quantification and genetic profiling of DNA isolated from free-floating feces of the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2008;24:341-355.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00192.x

  42. 42.

    Aylward M.L., Sullivan A.P., Perry G.H., Johnson S.E., Louis E.E. An environmental DNA sampling method for aye-ayes from their feeding traces. Ecol. Evol. 2018;8:9229-9240.

    Not in our library10.1002/ece3.4341

  43. 43.

    Monge O., Dumas D., Baus I. Environmental DNA from avian residual saliva in fruits and its potential uses in population genetics. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 2018;1-9.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12686-018-1074-4

  44. 44.

    Perez I., Geffen E., Mokady O. Critically endangered Arabian leopards Panthera pardus nimr in Israel: estimating population parameters using molecular scatology. Oryx. 2006;40:295-301.

    Not in our library10.1017/s0030605306000846

  45. 45.

    Farrell L.E., Roman J., Sunquist M.E. Dietary separation of sympatric carnivores identified by molecular analysis of scats. Mol. Ecol. 2000;9:1583-1590.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01037.x

  46. 46.

    Janečka J.E., Jackson R., Yuquang Z., Diqiang L., Munkhtsog B., Buckley-Beason V., Murphy W.J. Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: a pilot study. Anim. Conserv. 2008;11:401-411.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00195.x

  47. 47.

    Borthakur U., Barman R.D., Das C., Basumatary A., Talukdar A., Ahmed M.F., Talukdar B.K., Bharali R. Noninvasive genetic monitoring of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) population of Orang National Park in the Brahmaputra floodplain, Assam, India. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 2011;57:603-613.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10344-010-0471-0

  48. 48.

    Russello M.A., Gladyshev E., Miquelle D., Caccone A. Potential genetic consequences of a recent bottleneck in the Amur tiger of the Russian far east. Conserv. Genet. 2004;5:707-713.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10592-004-1860-2

  49. 49.

    Smith O., Wang J. When can noninvasive samples provide sufficient information in conservation genetics studies? Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2014;14:1011-1023.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12250

  50. 50.

    Ernest H.B., Boyce W.M., Bleich V.C., May B., Stiver S.J., Torres S.G. Genetic structure of mountain lion (Puma concolor) populations in California. Conserv. Genet. 2003;4:353-366.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1024069014911

  51. 51.

    Haag T., Santos A.S., Sana D.A., Morato R.G., Cullen JR L., Cranshaw JR P.G., De Angelo C., Di Bitetti M.S., Salzano F.M., Eizirik E. The effect of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of a top predator: loss of diversity and high differentiation among remnant populations of Atlantic Forest jaguars (Panthera onca). Mol. Ecol. 2010;19:4906-4921.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04856.x

  52. 52.

    Goricki Š., Stankovic D., Snoj A., Kuntner M., Jeffery W.R., Trontelj P., Pavic M., Grizelj Z., Naparus-Aljancic M., Aljancic G. Environmental DNA in subterranean biology: Range extension and taxonomic implications for Proteus. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:45054.

    Not in our library10.1038/srep45054

  53. 53.

    Stat M., John J., DiBattista J.D., Newman S.J., Bunce M., Harvey E.S. Combined use of eDNA metabarcoding and video surveillance for the assessment of fish biodiversity. Conserv. Biol. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1111/cobi.13183

  54. 54.

    Boussarie G., Bakker J., Wangensteen O.S., Mariani S., Bonnin L., Juhel J.-B., Kiszka J.J., Kulbicki M., Manel S., Robbins W.D., et al. Environmental DNA illuminates the dark diversity of sharks. Sci. Adv. 2018;4:eaap9661.

    Not in our library10.1126/sciadv.aap9661

  55. 55.
    Environmental DNA from Seawater Samples Correlate with Trawl Catches of Subarctic, Deepwater Fishes · 2016
    No notice
  56. 56.

    Smart A.S., Weeks A.R., van Rooyen A.R., Moore A., McCarthy M.A., Tingley R. Assessing the cost-efficiency of environmental DNA sampling. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2016;7:1291-1298.

    Not in our library10.1111/2041-210x.12598

  57. 57.
    Assessing vertebrate biodiversity in a kelp forest ecosystem using environmental DNA · 2015
    No notice
  58. 58.

    Rees H.C., Bishop K., Middleditch D.J., Patmore J.R.M., Maddison B.C., Gough K.C. The application of eDNA for monitoring of the great crested newt in the UK. Ecol. Evol. 2014;4:4023-4032.

    Not in our library10.1002/ece3.1272

  59. 59.

    Ardura A., Zaiko A., Martinez J.L., Samulioviene A., Semenova A., Garcia-Vazquez E. eDNA and specific primers for early detection of invasive species – A case study on the bivalve Rangia cuneata, currently spreading in Europe. Mar. Environ. Res. 2015;112:48-55.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.013

  60. 60.

    Smith M.A., Woodley N.E., Janzen D.H., Hallwachs W., Hebert P.D.N. DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006;103:3657-3662.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0511318103

  61. 61.

    Uthicke S., Lamare M., Doyle J.R. eDNA detection of corallivorous seastar (Acanthaster cf. solaris) outbreaks on the Great Barrier Reef using digital droplet PCR. Coral Reefs. 2018;37:1229-1239.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00338-018-1734-6

  62. 62.

    Yamanaka H., Minamoto T. The use of environmental DNA of fishes as an efficient method of determining habitat connectivity. Ecol. Indic. 2016;62:147-153.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.11.022

  63. 63.

    Gargan L.M., Morato T., Pham C.K., Finarelli J.A., Carlsson J.E.L., Carlsson J. Development of a sensitive detection method to survey pelagic biodiversity using eDNA and quantitative PCR: a case study of devil ray at seamounts. Mar. Biol. 2017;164:112.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00227-017-3141-x

  64. 64.

    McKelvey K.S., Young M.K., Knotek W.L., Carim K.J., Wilcox T.M., Padgett-Stewart T.M., Schwartz M.K. Sampling large geographic areas for rare species using environmental DNA: A study of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus occupancy in western Montana. J. Fish Biol. 2016;88:1215-1222.

    Not in our library10.1111/jfb.12863

  65. 65.

    Wilcox T.M., McKelvey K.S., Young M.K., Sepulveda A.J., Shepard B.B., Jane S.F., Whiteley A.R., Lowe W.H., Schwartz M.K. Understanding environmental DNA detection probabilities: A case study using a stream-dwelling char Salvelinus fontinalis. Biol. Conserv. 2016;194:209-216.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.023

  66. 66.

    Snyder D.E. Invited overview: Conclusions from a review of electrofishing and its harmful effects on fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 2004;13:445-453.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11160-004-1095-9

  67. 67.

    Kim P., Kim D., Yoon T.J., Shin S. Early detection of marine invasive species, Bugula neritina (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida), using species-specific primers and environmental DNA analysis in Korea. Mar. Environ. Res. 2018;139:1-10.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.04.015

  68. 68.

    Sigsgaard E.E., Nielsen I.B., Bach S.S., Lorenzen E.D., Robinson D.P., Knudsen S.W., Pedersen M.W., Al Jaidah M., Orlando L., Willerslev E., et al. Population characteristics of a large whale shark aggregation inferred from seawater environmental DNA. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2016;1:0004.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41559-016-0004

  69. 69.
    Water, water everywhere: environmental DNA can unlock population structure in elusive marine species · 2018
    Not checked
  70. 70.

    Elbrecht V., Vamos E.E., Steinke D., Leese F. Assessing intraspecific genetic diversity from community DNA metabarcoding data. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4644.

    Not in our library10.7717/peerj.4644

  71. 71.

    Baker C.S., Steel D., Nieukirk S., Klinck H. Environmental DNA (eDNA) from the wake of the whales: droplet digital PCR for detection and species identification. Front. Mar. Sci. 2018;5:133.

    Not in our library10.3389/fmars.2018.00133

  72. 72.
    Ecosystem biomonitoring with eDNA: metabarcoding across the tree of life in a tropical marine environment · 2017
    No notice
  73. 73.

    Ruru J., O’Lyver P.B., Scott N., Edmunds D. Reversing the decline in New Zealand’s biodiversity: empowering Māori within reformed conservation law. Policy Q. 2017;13.

    Not in our library10.26686/pq.v13i2.4657

  74. 74.

    Tipa G., Nelson K. Eco-cultural restoration across multiple spatial scales: A New Zealand case study. Water Hist. 2017;9:87-106.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12685-016-0175-9

  75. 75.

    Witmer G.W. Wildlife population monitoring: some practical considerations. Wildl. Res. 2005;32:259.

    Not in our library10.1071/wr04003

  76. 76.

    Bland L.M., Collen B., Orme C.D.L., Bielby J. Predicting the conservation status of data-deficient species. Conserv. Biol. 2015;29:250-259.

    Not in our library10.1111/cobi.12372

  77. 77.

    Rees H.C., Baker C.A., Gardner D.S., Maddison B.C., Gough K.C. The detection of great crested newts year round via environmental DNA analysis. BMC Res. Notes. 2017;10:327.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13104-017-2657-y

  78. 78.

    Grillas C., Ugnon-Coussioz E., Priol P., Renet J. Low occurrence of the great crested newt Triturus cristatus at the limits of its range: an alarming preliminary study. Herpetol. Bull. 2018;145:14-18.

    Not in our library

  79. 79.

    Ishige T., Miya M., Ushio M., Sado T., Ushioda M., Maebashi K., Yonechi R., Lagan P., Matsubayashi H. Tropical-forest mammals as detected by environmental DNA at natural saltlicks in Borneo. Biol. Conserv. 2017;210:281-285.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.023

  80. 80.

    Allendorf F.W. Genetics and the conservation of natural populations: allozymes to genomes. Mol. Ecol. 2017;26:420-430.

    Not in our library10.1111/mec.13948

  81. 81.

    Dejean T., Valentini A., Miquel C., Taberlet P., Bellemain E., Miaud C. Improved detection of an alien invasive species through environmental DNA barcoding: The example of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus. J. Appl. Ecol. 2012;49:953-959.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02171.x

  82. 82.

    Peñarrubia L., Alcaraz C., bij de Vaate A., Sanz N., Pla C., Vidal O., Viñas J. Validated methodology for quantifying infestation levels of dreissenid mussels in environmental DNA (eDNA) samples. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:39067.

    Not in our library10.1038/srep39067

  83. 83.

    Gingera T.D., Steeves T.B., Boguski D.A., Whyard S., Li W., Docker M.F. Detection and identification of lampreys in Great Lakes streams using environmental DNA. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 2016;42:649-659.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jglr.2016.02.017

  84. 84.

    Goldstien S.J., Schiel D.R., Gemmell N.J. Regional connectivity and coastal expansion: Differentiating pre-border and post-border vectors for the invasive tunicate Styela clava. Mol. Ecol. 2010;19:874-885.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04527.x

  85. 85.

    Blackman R.C., Hänfling B., Lawson-Handley L. The use of environmental DNA as an early warning tool in the detection of new freshwater invasive non-native species. CAB Rev. 2018;13:1-15.

    Not in our library10.1079/pavsnnr201813010

  86. 86.

    Pimentel D., Zuniga R., Morrison D. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecol. Econ. 2005;52:273-288.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002

  87. 87.
    From Benchtop to Desktop: Important Considerations when Designing Amplicon Sequencing Workflows · 2015
    No notice
  88. 88.

    Nichols R.V., Cromsigt J.P.G.M., Spong G. DNA left on browsed twigs uncovers bite-scale resource use patterns in European ungulates. Oecologia. 2015;178:275-284.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00442-014-3196-z

  89. 89.

    Bohmann K., Schnell I.B., Gilbert M.T.P. When bugs reveal biodiversity. Mol. Ecol. 2013;22:909-911.

    Not in our library10.1111/mec.12221

  90. 90.

    Calvignac-Spencer S., Leendertz F.H., Gilbert M.T.P., Schubert G. An invertebrate stomach’s view on vertebrate ecology: Certain invertebrates could be used as “vertebrate samplers” and deliver DNA-based information on many aspects of vertebrate ecology. BioEssays. 2013.

    Not in our library10.1002/bies.201300060

  91. 91.

    Schnell I.B., Sollmann R., Calvignac-Spencer S., Siddall M.E., Yu D.W., Wilting A., Gilbert M.T.P. iDNA from terrestrial haematophagous leeches as a wildlife surveying and monitoring tool - prospects, pitfalls and avenues to be developed. Front. Zool. 2015;12:24.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12983-015-0115-z

  92. 92.

    Jombart T. adegenet: A R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. Bioinformatics. 2008;24:1403-1405.

    Not in our library10.1093/bioinformatics/btn129

  93. 93.

    Corander J., Waldmann P., Marttinen P., Sillanpää M.J. BAPS 2: Enhanced possibilities for the analysis of genetic population structure. Bioinformatics. 2004;20:2363-2369.

    Not in our library10.1093/bioinformatics/bth250

  94. 94.

    McKelvey K.S., Schwartz M.K. Genetic errors associated with population estimation using non-invasive molecular tagging: problems and new solutions. J. Wildl. Manage. 2004;68:439-448.

    Not in our library10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[0439:geawpe]2.0.co;2

  95. 95.

    Oliver A.K., Brown S.P., Callaham M.A., Jumpponen A. Polymerase matters: Non-proofreading enzymes inflate fungal community richness estimates by up to 15%. Fungal Ecol. 2015;15:86-89.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.funeco.2015.03.003

  96. 96.

    Cooke T.F., Yee M.C., Muzzio M., Sockell A., Bell R., Cornejo O.E., Kelley J.L., Bailliet G., Bravi C.M., Bustamante C.D., et al. GBStools: A statistical method for estimating allelic dropout in reduced representation sequencing data. PLoS Genet. 2016;12:e1005631.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pgen.1005631

  97. 97.

    Ficetola G.F., Taberlet P., Coissac E. How to limit false positives in environmental DNA and metabarcoding? Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2016;16:604-607.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12508

  98. 98.

    Alberdi A., Aizpurua O., Gilbert M.T.P., Bohmann K. Scrutinizing key steps for reliable metabarcoding of environmental samples. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2018;9:134-147.

    Not in our library10.1111/2041-210x.12849

  99. 99.
    Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals local fish communities in a species-rich coastal sea · 2017
    No notice
  100. 100.

    Fonseca V.G. Pitfalls in relative abundance estimation using eDNA metabarcoding. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2018;18:923-926.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12902

  101. 101.

    Fernandez S., Sandin M.M., Beaulieu P.G., Clusa L., Martinez J.L., Ardura A., García-Vázquez E. Environmental DNA for freshwater fish monitoring: insights for conservation within a protected area. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4486.

    Not in our library10.7717/peerj.4486

  102. 102.

    Fernández S., Rodríguez S., Martínez J.L., Borrell Y.J., Ardura A., García-Vázquez E. Evaluating freshwater macroinvertebrates from eDNA metabarcoding: A river Nalón case study. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0201741.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0201741

  103. 103.

    Eisenstein M. Microbiology: making the best of PCR bias. Nat. Methods. 2018;15:317-320.

    Not in our library10.1038/nmeth.4683

  104. 104.
    Can DNA-Based Ecosystem Assessments Quantify Species Abundance? Testing Primer Bias and Biomass—Sequence Relationships with an Innovative Metabarcoding Protocol · 2015
    No notice
  105. 105.

    Raemy M., Ursenbacher S. Detection of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) by environmental DNA: Is eDNA adequate for reptiles? Amphibia-Reptilia. 2018;39:135-143.

    Not in our library10.1163/15685381-17000025

  106. 106.

    Levi T., Allen J.M., Bell D., Joyce J., Russell J.R., Tallmon D.A., Vulstek S.C., Yang C., Yu D.W. Environmental DNA for the enumeration and management of Pacific salmon. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2018;394445.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12987

  107. 107.

    Vasselon V., Bouchez A., Rimet F., Jacquet S., Trobajo R., Corniquel M., Tapolczai K., Domaizon I. Avoiding quantification bias in metabarcoding: Application of a cell biovolume correction factor in diatom molecular biomonitoring. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2018;9:1060-1069.

    Not in our library10.1111/2041-210x.12960

  108. 108.

    Klymus K.E., Richter C.A., Chapman D.C., Paukert C. Quantification of eDNA shedding rates from invasive bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Biol. Conserv. 2015;183:77-84.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.020

  109. 109.

    Dunn N., Priestley V., Herraiz A., Arnold R., Savolainen V. Behavior and season affect crayfish detection and density inference using environmental DNA. Ecol. Evol. 2017;7:7777-7785.

    Not in our library10.1002/ece3.3316

  110. 110.
    Persistence of environmental DNA in marine systems · 2018
    No notice
  111. 111.

    Alonso A., Martín P., Albarrán C., García P., García O., Fernández De Simón L., García-Hirschfeld J., Sancho M., De La Rúa C., Fernández-Piqueras J. Real-time PCR designs to estimate nuclear and mitochondrial DNA copy number in forensic and ancient DNA studies. Forensic Sci. Int. 2004;139:141-149.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.10.008

  112. 112.

    Johnson B.M., Kemp B.M. Rescue PCR: Reagent-rich PCR recipe improves amplification of degraded DNA extracts. J. Archaeol. Sci. Reports. 2017;11:683-694.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.01.006

  113. 113.

    Gill P., Curran J., Elliot K. A graphical simulation model of the entire DNA process associated with the analysis of short tandem repeat loci. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33:632-643.

    Not in our library10.1093/nar/gki205

  114. 114.

    Furlan E.M., Gleeson D., Hardy C.M., Duncan R.P. A framework for estimating the sensitivity of eDNA surveys. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2016;16:641-654.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12483

  115. 115.

    Hunter M.E., Dorazio R.M., Butterfield J.S.S., Meigs-Friend G., Nico L.G., Ferrante J.A. Detection limits of quantitative and digital PCR assays and their influence in presence-absence surveys of environmental DNA. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2017;17:221-229.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12619

  116. 116.

    Xia Z., Zhan A., Gao Y., Zhang L., Haffner G.D., MacIsaac H.J. Early detection of a highly invasive bivalve based on environmental DNA (eDNA). Biol. Invasions. 2018;20:437-447.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10530-017-1545-7

  117. 117.

    Ratnasingham S., Hebert P.D.N. bold: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org). Mol. Ecol. Notes. 2007;7:355-364.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x

  118. 118.

    Hebert P.D.N., Cywinska A., Ball S.L., DeWaard J.R. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2003;270:313-321.

    Not in our library10.1098/rspb.2002.2218

  119. 119.

    Bogenhagen D., Clayton D.A. The number of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid genomes in mouse L and human HeLa cells. Quantitative isolation of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 1974;249:7991-7995.

    Not in our library

  120. 120.

    Taberlet P., Luikart G., Waits L.P. Noninvasive genetic sampling: Look before you leap. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1999;14:323-327.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01637-7

  121. 121.

    Thomsen P.F., Willerslev E. Environmental DNA - An emerging tool in conservation for monitoring past and present biodiversity. Biol. Conserv. 2015;183:4-18.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.019

  122. 122.

    Turner C.R., Barnes M.A., Xu C.C.Y., Jones S.E., Jerde C.L., Lodge D.M. Particle size distribution and optimal capture of aqueous macrobial eDNA. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2014;5:676-684.

    Not in our library10.1111/2041-210x.12206

  123. 123.

    Nukazawa K., Hamasuna Y., Suzuki Y. Simulating the advection and degradation of the environmental DNA of common carp along a river. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018;52:10562-10570.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.est.8b02293

  124. 124.

    Bylemans J., Furlan E.M., Gleeson D.M., Hardy C.M., Duncan R.P. Does size matter? An experimental evaluation of the relative abundance and decay rates of aquatic eDNA. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018;52:6408-6416.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.est.8b01071

  125. 125.
    Persistence of Environmental DNA in Freshwater Ecosystems · 2011
    No notice
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    Deiner K., Renshaw M.A., Li Y., Olds B.P., Lodge D.M., Pfrender M.E. Long-range PCR allows sequencing of mitochondrial genomes from environmental DNA. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2017;8:1888-1898.

    Not in our library10.1111/2041-210x.12836

  127. 127.

    Rubinoff D., Cameron S., Will K. A genomic perspective on the shortcomings of mitochondrial DNA for “barcoding” identification. J. Hered. 2006;97:581-594.

    Not in our library10.1093/jhered/esl036

  128. 128.

    Hurst G.D.D., Jiggins F.M. Problems with mitochondrial DNA as a marker in population, phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies: The effects of inherited symbionts. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2005;272:1525-1534.

    Not in our library10.1098/rspb.2005.3056

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    Rubinoff D. Utility of mitochondrial DNA barcodes in species conservation. Conserv. Biol. 2006;20:1026-1033.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00372.x

  130. 130.

    Carranza J., Salinas M., de Andrés D., Pérez-González J. Iberian red deer: paraphyletic nature at mtDNA but nuclear markers support its genetic identity. Ecol. Evol. 2016;6:905-922.

    Not in our library10.1002/ece3.1836

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    Pratlong M., Rancurel C., Pontarotti P., Aurelle D. Monophyly of Anthozoa (Cnidaria): why do nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies disagree? Zool. Scr. 2017;46:363-371.

    Not in our library10.1111/zsc.12208

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    Weigand H., Weiss M., Cai H., Li Y., Yu L., Zhang C., Leese F. Deciphering the origin of mito-nuclear discordance in two sibling caddisfly species. Mol. Ecol. 2017;26:5705-5715.

    Not in our library10.1111/mec.14292

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    Haran J., Koutroumpa F., Magnoux E., Roques A., Roux G. Ghost mtDNA haplotypes generated by fortuitous NUMTs can deeply disturb infra-specific genetic diversity and phylogeographic pattern. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 2015;53:109-115.

    Not in our library10.1111/jzs.12095

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    Gaziev A.I., Shaikhaev G.O. Nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes. Mol. Biol. 2010;44:358-368.

    Not in our library10.1134/s0026893310030027

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    Molecular Poltergeists: Mitochondrial DNA Copies (numts) in Sequenced Nuclear Genomes · 2010
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    Song H., Buhay J.E., Whiting M.F., Crandall K.A. Many species in one: DNA barcoding overestimates the number of species when nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes are coamplified. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008;105:13486-13491.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0803076105

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    Thalmann O., Hebler J., Poinar H.N., Pääbo S., Vigilant L. Unreliable mtDNA data due to nuclear insertions: a cautionary tale from analysis of humans and other great apes. Mol. Ecol. 2004;13:321-335.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.02070.x

  138. 138.

    Knapp S.M., Craig B.A., Waits L.P. Incorporating genotyping error into non-invasive DNA-based mark–recapture population estimates. J. Wildl. Manage. 2009;73:598-604.

    Not in our library10.2193/2007-156

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    Mills L.S., Citta J.J., Lair K.P., Schwartz M.K., Tallmon D.A. Estimating animal abundance using noninvasive DNA sampling: promise and pitfalls. Ecol. Appl. 2000;10:283-294.

    Not in our library10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0283:eaaund]2.0.co;2

  140. 140.

    Waits L.P., Luikart G., Taberlet P. Estimating the probability of identity among genotypes in natural populations: cautions and guidelines. Mol. Ecol. 2001;10:249-256.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01185.x

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    Sloane M.A., Sunnucks P., Alpers D., Beheregaray L.B., Taylor A.C. Highly reliable genetic identification of individual northern hairy-nosed wombats from single remotely collected hairs: a feasible censusing method. Mol. Ecol. 2000;9:1233-1240.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00993.x

  142. 142.

    Mondol S., R N., Athreya V., Sunagar K., Selvaraj V.M., Ramakrishnan U. A panel of microsatellites to individually identify leopards and its application to leopard monitoring in human dominated landscapes. BMC Genet. 2009;10:79.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2156-10-79

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    Jeunen G.-J., Knapp M., Spencer H.G., Taylor H.R., Lamare M.D., Stat M., Bunce M., Gemmell N.J. Species-level biodiversity assessment using marine environmental DNA metabarcoding requires protocol optimization and standardization. Ecol. Evol. 2019;9:1323-1335.

    Not in our library10.1002/ece3.4843

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    Jeunen G.-J., Knapp M., Spencer H.G., Lamare M.D., Taylor H.R., Stat M., Bunce M., Gemmell N.J. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding reveals strong discrimination among diverse marine habitats connected by water movement. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2019;19:326-438.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12982

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    Cutler D.J., Jensen J.D. To pool, or not to pool? Genetics. 2010;186:41-43.

    Not in our library10.1534/genetics.110.121012

  146. 146.

    Barnes M.A., Turner C.R. The ecology of environmental DNA and implications for conservation genetics. Conserv. Genet. 2016;17:1-17.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10592-015-0775-4

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    Morin P.A., Luikart G., Wayne R.K. SNPs in ecology, evolution and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2004;19:208-216.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.009

  148. 148.

    Fuentes-Pardo A.P., Ruzzante D.E. Whole-genome sequencing approaches for conservation biology: Advantages, limitations and practical recommendations. Mol. Ecol. 2017;26:5369-5406.

    Not in our library10.1111/mec.14264

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    Davey J.W., Blaxter M.L. RADSeq: next-generation population genetics. Brief. Funct. Genomics. 2010;9:416-423.

    Not in our library10.1093/bfgp/elq031

  150. 150.

    Schlötterer C., Tobler R., Kofler R., Nolte V. Sequencing pools of individuals-mining genome-wide polymorphism data without big funding. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2014;15:749-763.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrg3803

  151. 151.

    Luca F., Hudson R.R., Witonsky D.B., Di Rienzo A. A reduced representation approach to population genetic analyses and applications to human evolution. Genome Res. 2011;21:1087-1098.

    Not in our library10.1101/gr.119792.110

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    Choi M., Scholl U.I., Ji W., Liu T., Tikhonova I.R., Zumbo P., Nayir A., Bakkaloğlu A., Ozen S., Sanjad S., et al. Genetic diagnosis by whole exome capture and massively parallel DNA sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009;106:19096-19101.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0910672106

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    Koziol A., Stat M., Simpson T., Jarman S., DiBattista J.D., Harvey E.S., Marnane M., McDonald J., Bunce M. Environmental DNA metabarcoding studies are critically affected by substrate selection. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12971

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    Goldberg C.S., Turner C.R., Deiner K., Klymus K.E., Thomsen P.F., Murphy M.A., Spear S.F., McKee A., Oyler-McCance S.J., Cornman R.S., et al. Critical considerations for the application of environmental DNA methods to detect aquatic species. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2016;7:1299-1307.

    Not in our library10.1111/2041-210x.12595

  155. 155.

    Kalisky T., Quake S.R. Single-cell genomics. Nat. Methods. 2011;8:311-314.

    Not in our library10.1038/nmeth0411-311

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    Single-Cell Multiomics: Multiple Measurements from Single Cells · 2017
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    Lan F., Demaree B., Ahmed N., Abate A.R. Single-cell genome sequencing at ultra-high-throughput with microfluidic droplet barcoding. Nat. Biotechnol. 2017;35:640-646.

    Not in our library10.1038/nbt.3880

  158. 158.
    High-throughput single-cell DNA sequencing of acute myeloid leukemia tumors with droplet microfluidics · 2018
    No notice
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    Mason O.U., Hazen T.C., Borglin S., Chain P.S.G., Dubinsky E.A., Fortney J.L., Han J., Holman H.-Y.N., Hultman J., Lamendella R., et al. Metagenome, metatranscriptome and single-cell sequencing reveal microbial response to Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ISME J. 2012;6:1715-1727.

    Not in our library10.1038/ismej.2012.59

  160. 160.
    Challenges and emerging directions in single-cell analysis · 2017
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    Tanay A., Regev A. Scaling single-cell genomics from phenomenology to mechanism. Nature. 2017;541:331-338.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature21350

  162. 162.

    Zhang C.-Z., Adalsteinsson V.A., Francis J., Cornils H., Jung J., Maire C., Ligon K.L., Meyerson M., Love J.C. Calibrating genomic and allelic coverage bias in single-cell sequencing. Nat. Commun. 2015;6:6822.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncomms7822

  163. 163.

    Ficetola G.F., Pansu J., Bonin A., Coissac E., Giguet-Covex C., De Barba M., Gielly L., Lopes C.M., Boyer F., Pompanon F., et al. Replication levels, false presences and the estimation of the presence/absence from eDNA metabarcoding data. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2015;15:543-556.

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  164. 164.

    Creer S., Deiner K., Frey S., Porazinska D., Taberlet P., Thomas W.K., Potter C., Bik H.M. The ecologist’s field guide to sequence-based identification of biodiversity. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2016;7:1008-1018.

    Not in our library10.1111/2041-210x.12574

  165. 165.

    Nathan L.M., Simmons M., Wegleitner B.J., Jerde C.L., Mahon A.R. Quantifying environmental DNA signals for aquatic invasive species across multiple detection platforms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014;48:12800-12806.

    Not in our library10.1021/es5034052

  166. 166.
    Use of Droplet Digital PCR for Estimation of Fish Abundance and Biomass in Environmental DNA Surveys · 2015
    No notice
  167. 167.

    Carpenter M.L., Buenrostro J.D., Valdiosera C., Schroeder H., Allentoft M.E., Sikora M., Rasmussen M., Gravel S., Guillén S., Nekhrizov G., et al. Pulling out the 1%: whole-genome capture for the targeted enrichment of ancient dna sequencing libraries. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2013;93:852-864.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.002

  168. 168.

    Bleidorn C. Third generation sequencing: Technology and its potential impact on evolutionary biodiversity research. Syst. Biodivers. 2016;14:1-8.

    Not in our library10.1080/14772000.2015.1099575

  169. 169.

    Günther B., Knebelsberger T., Neumann H., Laakmann S., Martínez Arbizu P. Metabarcoding of marine environmental DNA based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:14822.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-018-32917-x

  170. 170.

    Schlötterer C., Kofler R., Versace E., Tobler R., Franssen S.U. Combining experimental evolution with next-generation sequencing: a powerful tool to study adaptation from standing genetic variation. Heredity. 2015;114:431-440.

    Not in our library10.1038/hdy.2014.86

  171. 171.

    Hivert V., Leblois R., Petit E.J., Gautier M., Vitalis R. Measuring genetic differentiation from pool-seq data. Genetics. 2018;210:315-330.

    Not in our library10.1534/genetics.118.300900

  172. 172.

    Neethiraj R., Hornett E.A., Hill J.A., Wheat C.W. Investigating the genomic basis of discrete phenotypes using a Pool-seq-only approach: New insights into the genetics underlying colour variation in diverse taxa. Mol. Ecol. 2017;26:4990-5002.

    Not in our library10.1111/mec.14205

  173. 173.

    Soubrier J., Gower G., Chen K., Richards S.M., Llamas B., Mitchell K.J., Ho S.Y.W., Kosintsev P., Lee M.S.Y., Baryshnikov G., et al. Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison. Nat. Commun. 2016;7:13158.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncomms13158

  174. 174.

    Cahill J.A., Stirling I., Kistler L., Salamzade R., Ersmark E., Fulton T.L., Stiller M., Green R.E., Shapiro B. Genomic evidence of geographically widespread effect of gene flow from polar bears into brown bears. Mol. Ecol. 2015;24:1205-1217.

    Not in our library10.1111/mec.13038

  175. 175.

    Wangensteen O.S., Cebrian E., Palacín C., Turon X. Under the canopy: Community-wide effects of invasive algae in Marine Protected Areas revealed by metabarcoding. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018;127:54-66.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.033

  176. 176.

    Korpelainen H., Pietiläinen M. Biodiversity of pollen in indoor air samples as revealed by DNA metabarcoding. Nord. J. Bot. 2017;35:602-608.

    Not in our library10.1111/njb.01623

  177. 177.

    Pochon X., Zaiko A., Fletcher L.M., Laroche O., Wood S.A. Wanted dead or alive? Using metabarcoding of environmental DNA and RNA to distinguish living assemblages for biosecurity applications. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0187636.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0187636

  178. 178.
    Advantages and Limitations of Environmental DNA/RNA Tools for Marine Biosecurity: Management and Surveillance of Non-indigenous Species · 2018
    Not checked
  179. 179.

    Laroche O., Wood S.A., Tremblay L.A., Lear G., Ellis J.I., Pochon X. Metabarcoding monitoring analysis: the pros and cons of using co-extracted environmental DNA and RNA data to assess offshore oil production impacts on benthic communities. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3347.

    Not in our library10.7717/peerj.3347

  180. 180.

    Pochon X., Wood S.A., Keeley N.B., Lejzerowicz F., Esling P., Drew J., Pawlowski J. Accurate assessment of the impact of salmon farming on benthic sediment enrichment using foraminiferal metabarcoding. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015;100:370-382.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.022

  181. 181.

    Wilson D.S., Swenson W. Community genetics and community selection. Ecology. 2003;84:586-588.

    Not in our library10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0586:cgacs]2.0.co;2

  182. 182.

    Bálint M., Pfenninger M., Grossart H.-P., Taberlet P., Vellend M., Leibold M.A., Englund G., Bowler D. Environmental DNA time series in ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2018;33:945-957.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.003

  183. 183.

    Bohan D.A., Vacher C., Tamaddoni-Nezhad A., Raybould A., Dumbrell A.J., Woodward G. Next-generation global biomonitoring: Large-scale, automated reconstruction of ecological networks. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2017;32:477-487.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.001

  184. 184.

    Thyssen M., Tarran G.A., Zubkov M.V., Holland R.J., Gregori G., Burkill P.H., Denis M. The emergence of automated high-frequency flow cytometry: revealing temporal and spatial phytoplankton variability. J. Plankton Res. 2007;30:333-343.

    Not in our library10.1093/plankt/fbn005

  185. 185.

    Mills A.M., Thurber B.G., Mackenzie S.A., Taylor P.D. Passerines use nocturnal flights for landscape-scale movements during migration stopover. Condor. 2011;113:597-607.

    Not in our library10.1525/cond.2011.100186

  186. 186.

    Magurran A.E., Baillie S.R., Buckland S.T., Dick J.M., Elston D.A., Scott E.M., Smith R.I., Somerfield P.J., Watt A.D. Long-term datasets in biodiversity research and monitoring: assessing change in ecological communities through time. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010;25:574-582.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.016

  187. 187.

    Heupel M.R., Semmens J.M., Hobday A.J. Automated acoustic tracking of aquatic animals: scales, design and deployment of listening station arrays. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2006;57:113.

    Not in our library10.1071/mf05091

  188. 188.

    Liu S., Wang X., Xie L., Tan M., Li Z., Su X., Zhang H., Misof B., Kjer K.M., Tang M., et al. Mitochondrial capture enriches mito-DNA 100 fold, enabling PCR-free mitogenomics biodiversity analysis. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2016;16:470-479.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12472

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    Wilcox T.M., Zarn K.E., Piggott M.P., Young M.K., McKelvey K.S., Schwartz M.K. Capture enrichment of aquatic environmental DNA: A first proof of concept. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2018;18:1392-1401.

    Not in our library10.1111/1755-0998.12928

  190. 190.

    Hamaguchi M., Shimabukuro H., Hori M., Yoshida G., Terada T., Miyajima T. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and droplet digital PCR duplex assays for detecting Zostera marina DNA in coastal sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods. 2018.

    Not in our library10.1002/lom3.10242

  191. 191.

    Miotke L., Lau B.T., Rumma R.T., Ji H.P. High sensitivity detection and quantitation of DNA copy number and single nucleotide variants with single color droplet digital PCR. Anal. Chem. 2014;86:2618-2624.

    Not in our library10.1021/ac403843j

  192. 192.

    Doi H., Takahara T., Minamoto T., Matsuhashi S., Uchii K., Yamanaka H. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) outperforms real-time PCR in the detection of environmental DNA from an invasive fish species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015;49:5601-5608.

    Not in our library10.1021/acs.est.5b00253

  193. 193.

    Hindson C.M., Chevillet J.R., Briggs H.A., Gallichotte E.N., Ruf I.K., Hindson B.J., Vessella R.L., Tewari M. Absolute quantification by droplet digital PCR versus analog real-time PCR. Nat. Methods. 2013;10:1003-1005.

    Not in our library10.1038/nmeth.2633

  194. 194.

    Skelly D.A., Johansson M., Madeoy J., Wakefield J., Akey J.M. A powerful and flexible statistical framework for testing hypotheses of allele-specific gene expression from RNA-seq data. Genome Res. 2011;21:1728-1737.

    Not in our library10.1101/gr.119784.110

  195. 195.

    Kamoroff C., Goldberg C.S. An issue of life or death: using eDNA to detect viable individuals in wilderness restoration. Freshw. Sci. 2018;37:685-696.

    Not in our library10.1086/699203

  196. 196.

    Sims D., Sudbery I., Ilott N.E., Heger A., Ponting C.P. Sequencing depth and coverage: key considerations in genomic analyses. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2014;15:121-132.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrg3642

  197. 197.

    Sboner A., Mu X., Greenbaum D., Auerbach R.K., Gerstein M.B. The real cost of sequencing: higher than you think! Genome Biol. 2011;12:125.

    Not in our library10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-125

  198. 198.

    Bik H.M. Let’s rise up to unite taxonomy and technology. PLOS Biol. 2017;15:e2002231.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pbio.2002231

  199. 199.

    Hopkins G.W., Freckleton R.P. Declines in the numbers of amateur and professional taxonomists: implications for conservation. Anim. Conserv. 2002;5:245-249.

    Not in our library10.1017/s1367943002002299

  200. 200.

    Bearhop S., Adams C.E., Waldron S., Fuller R.A., Macleod H. Determining trophic niche width: A novel approach using stable isotope analysis. J. Anim. Ecol. 2004;73:1007-1012.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00861.x

  201. 201.

    McKinney M.A., Arukwe A., De Guise S., Martineau D., Béland P., Dallaire A., Lair S., Lebeuf M., Letcher R.J. Characterization and profiling of hepatic cytochromes P450 and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence River Estuary and the Canadian Arctic. Aquat. Toxicol. 2004;69:35-49.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.04.010

  202. 202.

    Polich R.L. Stress hormone levels in a freshwater turtle from sites differing in human activity. Conserv. Physiol. 2016;4:cow016.

    Not in our library10.1093/conphys/cow016

  203. 203.

    Greig D.J., Mashburn K.L., Rutishauser M., Gulland F.M.D., Williams T.M., Atkinson S. Seasonal changes in circulating progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). J. Mammal. 2007;88:67-72.

    Not in our library10.1644/06-mamm-a-060r2.1

  204. 204.

    Skoglund P., Posth C., Sirak K., Spriggs M., Valentin F., Bedford S., Clark G.R., Reepmeyer C., Petchey F., Fernandes D., et al. Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific. Nature. 2016;538:510-513.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature19844

  205. 205.

    Schuenemann V.J., Avanzi C., Krause-Kyora B., Seitz A., Herbig A., Inskip S., Bonazzi M., Reiter E., Urban C., Dangvard Pedersen D., et al. Ancient genomes reveal a high diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Europe. PLoS Pathog. 2018;14:e1006997.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.ppat.1006997

  206. 206.

    Fellows Yates J.A., Drucker D.G., Reiter E., Heumos S., Welker F., Münzel S.C., Wojtal P., Lázničková-Galetová M., Conard N.J., Herbig A., et al. Central European Woolly Mammoth population dynamics: Insights from late Pleistocene mitochondrial genomes. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:17714.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-017-17723-1

  207. 207.

    Pimm S.L., Russell G.J., Gittleman J.L., Brooks T.M. The future of biodiversity. Science. 1995;269:347-350.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.269.5222.347

  208. 208.

    Davis M., Faurby S., Svenning J.-C. Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018;115:11262-11267.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1804906115

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