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Serum levels of adipokines and cytokines in psoriasis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fan Bai, Wen Zheng, Yan Dong and 5 more

Oncotarget · 2017

doi:10.18632/oncotarget.22260

Abstract

Purpose. To evaluate the association of serum levels of adipokines and cytokines with psoriasis.

Materials and Methods. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science for the available relevant studies published before December 1, 2016. Differences in serum marker levels between patients and controls were pooled as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence interval to combine the effect estimations. We also conducted stratified analysis, meta-regression analysis and sensitivity analysis.

Results. Sixty-three studies containing 2876 psoriasis patients and 2237 healthy controls were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-22, chemerin, lipocalin-2, resistin, sE-selectin, fibrinogen and C3 were higher in psoriasis patients compared with healthy controls (all P < 0.05). In contrast, adiponectin levels were lower. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, visfatin and omentin were not significantly different between psoriasis patients and controls (all P > 0.05). However, increased serum levels of IL-17 correlated with psoriasis in men. For other biomarkers, age, gender and psoriasis area and severity index did not explain the differences in effect size between the studies.

Conclusions. Serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-22, chemerin, lipocalin-2, resistin, sE-selectin, fibrinogen, complement 3, and adiponectin correlate with psoriasis and can be used as potential biomarkers for psoriasis and response to the treatment. Future studies are needed to identify additional players involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and to fully decipher the underlying mechanism.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 26, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

INTRODUCTION

Psoriasis is a serious, chronic, immune-mediated, hyperproliferative, and inflammatory skin disease of varying severity, which may induce itchy or painful lesions and negatively impact quality of life. The prevalence of this disease ranges from 0.51% to 11.43% in different countries.

The genetic, immunological and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, its precise etiology is not yet fully elucidated. The pathological mechanism in psoriasis involves cutaneous inflammation and keratinocytes hyperproliferation induced by an inflammatory cascade in dermis involving innate and adaptive immune cells. White adipose tissue located beneath the skin may contribute to the cutaneous inflammation by secreting adipokines and cytokines. The abnormal cutaneous and systemic expression of adipokines and cytokines could influence the activation, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes as well as immune cells contributing to the development of psoriatic lesions. Although the majority of inflammatory makers produced by adipose tissue and keratinocytes remains in the tissue, a small proportion of these biomarkers could also be identified in the systemic circulation. These biomarkers measured in blood could be used to evaluate the disease severity and to monitor response to the treatment. Recently, several studies have investigated the correlation of serum levels of adipokines and cytokines with psoriasis development and severity, but the results are controversial. Moreover, some of these studies did not explore the effect of potential confounding factors, e.g. age, gender, ethnicity, on the association of adipokines and cytokines with psoriasis.

Therefore, we perform a meta-analysis of all eligible studies to compare the serum levels of 23 markers: tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, adiponectin, chemerin, omentin, visfatin, lipocalin-2, resistin, soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), fibrinogen, and complement 3 (C3), between psoriasis patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, we evaluate whether the strength of the association of these serum markers and risk of psoriasis varies by age, gender, ethnicity, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), or psoriasis type.

RESULTS

In total, 8412 publications matching the search criteria were identified. After the removal of duplicates, titles and abstracts of 7663 publications were screened, and 159 publications were determined to be potentially eligible. Based on the inclusion and excluding criteria, 63 articles were included in this meta-analysis (Figure 1). The characteristics of the included studies are shown in Supplementary Table 2.

Our study included 2876 psoriasis patients and 2237 healthy subjects. Among 63 studies, fifty-nine studies were case-control studies and four were cross-sectional studies, reporting the relationship between serum biomarker levels and psoriasis. Fifty-four studies were conducted in Caucasian populations and nine in Asian populations. The average age ranged from 23.0 to 60.8 in patient groups and 65.1 to 77.0 in control groups. A Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, PASI, was reported in 68.5% studies, with overall mean PASI 12.5 ± 7.8, and the average score from 5.2 to 26.7. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results were reported in 42 studies.

Serum profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis patients

The serum levels of thirteen pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23, were evaluated in this meta-analysis. The mean serum levels of seven of them: TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and IL-22, were significantly higher in psoriasis patients than those in controls (Figure 2, Supplementary Table 3, Supplementary Figures 1–7; TNF-α: SMD = 1.35, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.88; IFN-γ: SMD = 1.84, 95% CI 0.70 to 2.97; IL-2: SMD = 0.77, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.19; IL-6: SMD = 1.32, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.95; IL-8: SMD = 1.59, 95% CI 0.87 to 2.31; IL-18: SMD = 1.62, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.03; IL-22: SMD = 0.84, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.46). The serum levels of remaining six inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-12, IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23) did not show a significant difference between the psoriasis patients and control groups (Figure 2, Supplementary Figures 8–13; IL-1β: SMD = 0.06, 95% CI -0.59 to 0.71; IL-4: SMD = 0.25, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.70; IL-12: SMD = 0.22, 95% CI -0.55 to 1.00; IL-17: SMD = 0.43, 95% CI -0.16 to 1.03; IL-21: SMD = 1.55, 95% CI -0.21 to 3.31; IL-23: SMD = 0.66, 95% CI -0.25 to 1.58). Meta-regression involving adjustment for gender observed that the higher the percentage of men in the study, the larger the difference in IL-17 between psoriasis patients and healthy controls Figure 3, Supplementary Table 3; slope: -17.34, 95% CI -26.60 to -8.07; P = 0.02). Moreover, after adjustment for ethnicity, higher serum levels of IL-17 were associated with psoriasis in Asians, but not in Caucasians (Supplementary Table 1, Asians: SMD = 0.54, 95% CI -0.44 to 1.51, I2 = 96.1%; Caucasians: SMD = 0.27, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.49, I2 = 0%). No difference between Asians and Caucasians was observed for the correlation of other inflammatory cytokines with psoriasis. The increased serum levels of IL-2 were associated with other types of psoriasis, but not with psoriasis vulgaris (Supplementary Table 1, Others: SMD = 0.89, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.52, I2 = 81.9%; Psoriasis vulgaris: SMD = 0.57, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.98, I2 = 0%). However due to the low number of included studies, such correlation needs to be further investigated. Adjustments for age and study quality score did not alter the results (Supplementary Table 3).

Serum profile of anti-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis patients

One anti-inflammatory serum biomarker IL-10 was assessed in our meta-analysis. We found no significant difference of IL-10 serum concentrations between the psoriatic patients and healthy controls (Figure 2; Supplementary Figure 14; SMD = -0.56, 95% CI -2.22 to 1.10). The meta-regression by age, gender, PASI or study quality score and the stratified analysis across ethnicity, study design and psoriasis type showed that these factors did not significantly affect the results (Supplementary Table 3).

Serum profile of other soluble factors

We also evaluated the relation of sE-selectin, fibrinogen, and C3 serum levels to psoriasis and found they were increased in psoriasis patients (Figure 2, Supplementary Figures 15–17, sE-selectin: SMD = 1.90, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.74; Fibrinogen: SMD = 0.98, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.42; C3: SMD = 0.62, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.21). The results of meta-regression for gender showed a borderline association of the higher fibrinogen serum level with the higher percentage of men in the study (Supplementary Table 3, slope: -4.01, 95% CI -8.34 to 0.31; P = 0.06). The results of subgroup analysis by age, ethnicity, study design, and psoriasis type did not show the significant differences (Supplementary Table 3, Supplementary Table 1).

Serum profile of adipokines

Subsequently, we evaluated the association between serum levels of adipokines (adiponectin, omentin, chemerin, visfatin, lipocalin-2, and resistin) and psoriasis. The mean value of adiponectin serum levels was significantly lower, whereas the mean values of lipocalin-2, chemerin and resistin serum levels were significantly higher in psoriasis patients than that in healthy controls (Figure 2; Supplementary Figures 18–21, Adiponectin: SMD = -0.90, 95% CI -1.78 to -0.02; Lipocalin-2: SMD = 0.74, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.02; Chemerin: SMD = 3.55, 95% CI 0.86 to 6.24; Resistin: SMD = 1.97, 95% CI 0.58 to 3.37). No significant differences in serum levels of visfatin and omentin were observed between the psoriasis patients and healthy controls (Figure 2, Supplementary Figure 22, Supplementary Figure 23, Visfatin: SMD = 0.43, 95% CI -0.25 to 1.10; Omentin: SMD = 0.89, 95% CI -1.53 to 3.31;). The results of subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that the lower serum levels of adiponectin were observed in Caucasians, than in Asians (Supplementary Table 1, Caucasians: SMD = -1.17, 95% CI -2.22 to -0.12; I2 = 97.30%; Asians: SMD = 0.03, 95% CI -1.64 to 1.69; I2 = 94.10%). Moreover, no association with psoriasis was found in serum levels of lipocalin-2 in Caucasians (Supplementary Table 1, Caucasians: SMD = 0.85, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.12, I2 = 0). Subgroup analysis by psoriasis type found significant differences in adiponectin serum levels between the psoriasis patients and healthy controls (Supplementary Table 1, Psoriasis vulgaris: SMD = -1.29, 95% CI -2.55 to -0.03; I2 = 97.7%, Others: SMD = -0.15, 95% CI -1.14 to 0.84, I2 = 90.7%). The subgroup and meta-regression analyses found that age, gender, PASI, and study quality score did not significantly affect the results (Supplementary Table 3).

Sensitivity analysis and publication bias

The sensitivity analysis revealed that the results remained stable and reliable. The Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test found no evidence of publication bias (Supplementary Table 3).

DISCUSSION

Our meta-analysis showed systemic inflammation in psoriasis patients compared with healthy individuals, with 13 of 23 analysed pro-inflammatory soluble factors (TNF-α, IFN-γ, sE-selectin, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-22, chemerin, lipocalin-2, resistin, fibrinogen and C3) being increased and one anti-inflammatory marker (adiponectin) being decreased in psoriasis patients. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, visfatin and omentin were not significantly different in patients and controls. The meta-regression by gender observed higher serum levels of IL-17 between psoriasis patients and controls. For other biomarkers, age, gender, study quality and PASI do not explain the differences in effect size between the studies.

Adipose tissue is located under the skin and contains adipocytes, a variety of immune cells and other cells including the vascular endothelial cells. In recent years, adipose tissue has been recognized as a major endocrine organ producing bioactive mediators, such as adipokines (including adiponectin or resistin), chemokine and cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8). Given adipose tissue properties and its widespread localization, it was suggested to affect skin immune system and contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In the current meta analysis we compared the levels of adipokines (adiponectin, omentin, chemerin, visfatin, lipocalin-2 and resistin), circulating cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22 and IL-23) and other inflammatory molecules (sE-selectin, fibrinogen, C3) between psoriasis patients and healthy individuals.

The adipokines can play anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory roles in the systemic inflammation in psoriasis patients. In inflammatory state underlying psoriasis, resistin produced mainly by monocytes and macrophages in adipose tissue, could stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-12, by monocytes in NF-kB-dependent manner. Resistin increases expression of adhesion molecules and production of chemokines in endothelial cells contributing to immune cells infiltration. The expression of resistin is modulated by IL-1β and IL-6. Chemerin, mainly produced by white adipose tissue, is also expressed by keratinocytes and endothelial cells. Its production is increased by IL1β and TNF-α. Chemerin stimulates adipocytes and endothelial cells and may increase angiogenesis in psoriatic skin. Chemerin can induce chemotaxis of plasmatoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and immature myeloid DCs in developing skin lesions of psoriasis patients.

Lipocalin-2, known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, is a protein stored in the specific granules of human neutrophils. It is regarded as an antimicrobial protein against bacterial infection by sequestrating iron. The other well-established biologic functions of Lipocalin-2 include regulating diverse cellular processes, such as cell growth and migration/invasion. In addition, Lipocalin-2 plays a role in the inflammation enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-8. Its expression can be induced by IL-17. Lipocalin-2 was expressed at a higher level in psoriatic skin that induced the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and chemotaxis of neutrophils. However, its exact effect in the pathophysiology of psoriasis requires further study. Visfatin is produced by adipose tissue, macrophages, dendritic cells and epithelial cells. It was shown to induce IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 production by monocytes. Visfatin can promote the expression of a variety of inflammatory cytokines by keratinocytes in NF-κB-dependent manner. Moreover, it can induce endothelial proliferation by upregulating the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in endothelial cells.

Adiponectin is produced by white adipose tissue, mainly by adipocytes. It acts on various cell types including adipocytes, keratinocytes, monocytes, T lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. In general, adiponectin plays anti-inflammatory and protective roles. It was shown to inhibit production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, IL17 and to increase the production of anti-inflammatory factors including IL-10. In addition, adiponetin can suppress the vascular inflammation by inhibiting the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (e.g. E-selectin). Omentin is produced in adipose tissue and its main producers are assumed to be endothelial cells. It acts on adipocytes and endothelial cells. Similar to adiponectin, omentin plays anti-inflammatory role by suppressing TNF-α-stimulated expression of pro-inflammatory factors in vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, blood levels of omentin and adiponectin decreased in obesity.

We found that serum levels of three proinflamatory adipokines (chemerin, lipocalin-2 and resistin) were increased, while serum levels of one anti-inflammatory adipokine, adiponectin, were decreased in psoriasis patients. Contrary to what was expected, pooled serum levels of anti-inflammatory omentin were not significantly decreased in psoriasis patients. This could be due to only two included studies that in addition found opposite effects in the association of omentin levels with psoriasis. Omentin and adiponectin share anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, plasma levels of omentin and adiponectin are positively correlated. More studies are needed to evaluate the association of blood levels of omentin with psoriasis.

Resistin and adiponectin could be potential biomarkers for the response to the anti-psoriatic treatment. Resistin was significantly increased in psoriasis patients (Figure 2, Supplementary Figure 22) and its plasma levels decreased upon anti-psoriatic treatment. Adiponectin was significantly decreased in psoriasis patients (Figure 2, Supplementary Figure 18) and its plasma levels increased in response to anti-psoriatic treatment. Previous studies have found that serum adipokine levels were positively related to PASI score, however our meta-analysis does not support it. In addition, our study showed that the differences were overall independent of age and gender.

In psoriasis, there is a cutaneous and systemic overexpression of various inflammatory cytokines and these cytokines could impact each other. Once the cutaneous inflammation is stimulated by the antigen, macrophages, keratinocytes, Th1 cells, T17 cells, Th22 cells and BDCA-1−inflammatory DCs will produce TNF-α, which plays an important role in the inflammatory process in psoriasis (Figure 4). TNF-α stimulates the migration of Langerhans cells by lowering the level of e-cadherin, and is involved in the NF-κB-mediated inflammation pathway, which contributes to cell survival, proliferation, and transcription of antiapoptotic factors. Moreover, TNF-α can enhance the expression of IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein, which mediate T cell activation, the acute-phase inflammation reaction and provide a powerful signal for the concentration of neutrophils. IFN-γ is mainly produced by Th1 cells and can activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, which regulates many genes expressed in psoriatic skin lesions. In addition, the transcription of IFN-γ and TNF-α can be regulated by IL-2 and IL-12. IL-2 plays a role in the differentiation, proliferation, and maturation of T cells into effector and memory T cells. IL-18 plays an important role in cell adhesion and can stimulate the release of IFN-γ. It is worth noting that IL-22 produced by Th17 and mainly Th22 cells has been observed to stimulate hyperplasia and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. In addition, TNF- α, IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ have been found to increase the production of C3 from the liver and probably from adipose tissue in psoriasis patients. Fibrinogen is a multifunctional circulating glycoprotein involved in inflammation. IL-17 expression is activated by IL-23 and may be inhibited by IL-12. IL-17 has been shown to induce TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. IL-21, produced by activated CD4+ T cells and NKT cells, can promote cell proliferation and mediation of cellular and humoral immunities.

The present meta-analysis found that TNF-α, IFN-γ, sE-selectin, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-22, fibrinogen and C3 were elevated in serum of patients with psoriasis, indicating that serum levels of these cytokines may correlate to their levels in tissue. Therefore, they could act as a novel biomarker to monitor disease occurence. In addition, our study found IL-17 as a risk factor for occurrence of psoriasis in men compared with women, but the mechanisms underlying the gender difference remains unclear.

Study limitations

Some potential limitations could affect the interpretation of our findings. First, we did not include the studies using interquartile ranges and medians. The sample size in these studies was not large, so the distribution of the data might not be symmetrical. Thus, the median was not similar to the mean and it was not possible to estimate a standard deviation from an interquartile range. Although, it limited the sample size, the pooled results might be more precise. Second, there was a significant heterogeneity between the included studies, which could reduce the reliability of our results. Therefore, stratified, sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were carried out to explore potential source of heterogeneity, which could strengthen our analysis. Third, the analysis was primarily based on unadjusted data and did not control for confounding factors including age, gender, and BMI, and therefore cannot exclude the influence of mixed factors. Several inflammatory adipokines and cytokines have been demonstrated to be associated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis in relation to BMI, which exerted a key role in development of psoriasis. We have performed meta-regression analyses adjusted for age and gender, but not for BMI due to insufficient amount of available data. Finally, although apparent publication bias was not found using statistical tests, the potential publication bias could be a concern. It is challenging to completely rule out publication bias, and more studies are needed for its careful evaluation.

In conclusion, serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-22, chemerin, lipocalin-2, resistin, sE-selectin, fibrinogen and C3 were significantly elevated and serum level of adiponectin was significantly decreased in psoriasis patients compared to healthy individuals. Our findings suggested that the difference was overall independent of age, gender, study quality and PASI, except gender difference observed in serum levels of IL-17. The analyzed cytokines and adipokines can be used as markers for disease detection and to evaluate the efficacy of anti-psoriatic treatment. As serum levels of most of the analyzed factors are largely independent of psoriasis type and severity, they are unsuitable as markers to monitor disease progression. Future, carefully designed studies with large study populations are warranted to further evaluate the association of adipokines and cytokines serum levels with the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Study identification

This review was registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD 42017057297). Our meta-analysis was in accordance with the criteria for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

A computer-based literature search was performed to identify the available relevant studies published before December 1, 2016 in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science, using the terms “IFN-γ or TNF-α or sE-selectin or IL-1β or IL-2 or IL-4 or IL-6 or IL-8 or IL-10 or IL-12 or IL-17 or IL-18 or IL-21 or IL-22 or IL-23 or adiponectin or omentin or chemerin or visfatin or resistin or fibrinogen or lipocalin-2 or C3” and “serum” and “psoriasis”. The publication language was limited to English. The reference lists of retrieved articles were hand searched to find additional relevant studies.

Study selection

We determined inclusion and exclusion criteria before the search. The inclusion criteria were as follows: study design was limited to cross-sectional study, case-control study and cohort study; patients had to meet the diagnostic criteria for psoriasis; and the study provided the results as mean and standard deviation (SD) or original data to calculate mean and SD in a patient group and a control group. The exclusion criteria were as follows: the exposure included psoriatic arthritis; the study provided only the plasma biomarker concentration; the studies showed only median and interquartile range; and the psoriasis patients were under 18 years of age. If multiple publications reported results from the same study population, we included only the publication with the most subjects.

Data abstraction and quality assessment

Two independent investigators (F.B. and W.Z.) abstracted data using a standard data extraction form, and any disagreement was resolved by a third author (H.M.). The following information was extracted from each included article: first author, year of publication, study location, study design, number of cases and controls, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), the mean age, male versus female proportion, ethnicity, psoriasis type, and the relevant serum biomarker level (mean ± SD).

The study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, categorized into three groups: the selection of the study groups (4 quality items), the comparability of the groups (2 items), and ascertainment of exposure (3 items). The scores ranged from 0 (the worst) to 9 (the best).

Statistical analysis

The expected outcome from each study was the difference in mean levels of serum marker between psoriasis patients and healthy controls. Because of differences in the measurement methods and units, standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated using Cohen’s d in random-effects or fixed effects models. The between-study heterogeneity was evaluated by Q and I2 statistics. A random-effects model was used when the significant heterogeneity with P < 0.05 or I2 > 50% existed; otherwise, a fixed-effects model was chosen. To explore potential sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was performed according to race (Caucasians vs. Asians), study design (Case control vs. Cross-sectional), and type of psoriasis (Psoriasis vulgaris vs. Others). We also conducted a meta-regression for age, gender, PASI and study quality score. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the stability of the pooled results by removing one study at a time. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s regression test and Begg’s adjusted rank correlation test. All statistical analyses were carried out with Stata version 11.0 (STATA, College Station, TX, USA). P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

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    Gkalpakiotis S, Arenbergerova M, Gkalpakioti P, Potockova J, Arenberger P, Kraml P. Impact of adalimumab treatment on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in psoriasis: Results of a pilot study. J Dermatol. 2017;44:363-369.

    Not in our library10.1111/1346-8138.13661

  25. 25.

    Roh NK, Han SH, Youn HJ, Kim YR, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Tissue and Serum Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Korean Psoriasis Patients: A Comparison between Plaque and Guttate Psoriasis. Ann Dermatol. 2015;27:738-743.

    Not in our library10.5021/ad.2015.27.6.738

  26. 26.

    Zhou ZX, Chen JK, Hong YY, Zhou R, Zhou DM, Sun LY, Qin WL, Wang TC. Relationship Between the Serum Total Bilirubin and Inflammation in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris. J Clin Lab Anal. 2016;30:768-775.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcla.21936

  27. 27.

    Dogan FB, Cicek D, Aydin S, Dertlioglu SB, Halisdemir N, Ucak H, Demir B, Erden I. Serum Preptin and Amylin Values in Psoriasis Vulgaris and Behçet’s Patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2016;30:165-168.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcla.21831

  28. 28.

    Gerdes S, Osadtschy S, Rostami-Yazdi M, Buhles N, Weichenthal M, Mrowietz U. Leptin, adiponectin, visfatin and retinol-binding protein-4- mediators of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis? Exp Dermatol. 2012;21:43-47.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01402.x

  29. 29.

    Johnston A, Arnadottir S, Gudjonsson JE, Aphale A, Sigmarsdottir AA, Gunnarsson SI, Steinsson JT, Elder JT, Valdimarsson H. Obesity in psoriasis: leptin and resistin as mediators of cutaneous inflammation. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:342-350.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08655.x

  30. 30.

    Shibata S, Saeki H, Tada Y, Karakawa M, Komine M, Tamaki K. Serum high molecular weight adiponectin levels are decreased in psoriasis patients. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;55:62-63.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.02.009

  31. 31.

    Kaur S, Zilmer K, Leping V, Zilmer M. The levels of adiponectin and leptin and their relation to other markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25:1328-1333.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03982.x

  32. 32.

    Nakajima H, Nakajima K, Tarutani M, Morishige R, Sano S. Kinetics of circulating Th17 cytokines and adipokines in psoriasis patients. Arch Dermatol Res. 2011;303:451-455.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00403-011-1159-3

  33. 33.

    Alobaidi A, Mothana Z, Najem W, Alsamarai A. Adiponectin, IL-10, IL-23 and trace element serum level in patients with psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012;1:6-23.

    Not in our library

  34. 34.

    Romaní J, Caixàs A, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Carrascosa JM, Ribera M, Rigla M, Vendrell J, Luelmo J. Circulating levels of lipocalin-2 and retinol-binding protein-4 are increased in psoriatic patients and correlated with baseline PASI. Arch Dermatol Res. 2013;305:105-112.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00403-012-1306-5

  35. 35.

    Lora V, Bonaguri C, Gisondi P, Sandei F, Battistelli L, Russo A, Melegari A, Trenti T, Lippi G, Girolomoni G. Autoantibody induction and adipokine levels in patients with psoriasis treated with infliximab. Immunol Res. 2013;56:382-389.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12026-013-8410-2

  36. 36.

    Ataseven A, Kesli R, Kurtipek GS, Ozturk P. Assessment of lipocalin 2, clusterin, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, interleukin-6, homocysteine, and uric acid levels in patients with psoriasis. Dis Markers. 2014;2014:541709.

    Not in our library10.1155/2014/541709

  37. 37.

    Elango T, Dayalan H, Subramanian S, Gnanaraj P, Malligarjunan H. Serum interleukin-6 levels in response to methotrexate treatment in psoriatic patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413:1652-1656.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2012.05.007

  38. 38.

    Murakami M, Hagforsen E, Morhenn V, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Iizuka H. Patients with palmoplantar pustulosis have increased IL-17 and IL-22 levels both in the lesion and serum. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20:845-847.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01325.x

  39. 39.

    Michalak-Stoma A, Bartosińska J, Kowal M, Juszkiewicz-Borowiec M, Gerkowicz A, Chodorowska G. Serum levels of selected Th17 and Th22 cytokines in psoriatic patients. Dis Markers. 2013;35:625-31.

    Not in our library10.1155/2013/856056

  40. 40.

    Zhang L, Yang XQ, Cheng J, Hui RS, Gao TW. Increased Th17 cells are accompanied by FoxP3(+) Treg cell accumulation and correlated with psoriasis disease severity. Clin Immunol. 2010;135:108-117.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clim.2009.11.008

  41. 41.

    Jensen PR, Zachariae C, Hansen P, Skov L. Normal endothelial function in patients with mild-to-moderate psoriasis: a case-control study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91:516-520.

    Not in our library10.2340/00015555-1110

  42. 42.

    Abdel-Hamid MF, Aly DG, Saad NE, Emam HM, Ayoub DF. Serum levels of interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α and γ-interferon in Egyptian psoriatic patients and correlation with disease severity. J Dermatol. 2011;38:442-446.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01018.x

  43. 43.

    Vanizor Kural B, Orem A, Cimşit G, Yandi YE, Calapoglu M. Evaluation of the atherogenic tendency of lipids and lipoprotein content and their relationships with oxidant-antioxidant system in patients with psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;328:71-82.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00373-x

  44. 44.

    Anderson KS, Petersson S, Wong J, Shubbar E, Lokko NN, Carlström M, Enerbäck C. Elevation of serum epidermal growth factor and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in active psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:1085-1089.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09990.x

  45. 45.

    Gisondi P, Malerba M, Malara G, Puglisi Guerra A, Sala R, Radaeli A, Calzavara-Pinton P, Girolomoni G. C-reactive protein and markers for thrombophilia in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010;23:1195-1202.

    Not in our library10.1177/039463201002300423

  46. 46.
    Serum Levels of TNF‐ α , IFN‐ γ , IL‐6, IL‐8,IL‐12, IL‐17, and IL‐18 in Patients With Active Psoriasis andCorrelation With Disease Severity · 2005
    No notice
  47. 47.

    Kamata M, Tada Y, Tatsuta A, Kawashima T, Shibata S, Mitsui H, Asano Y, Sugaya M, Kadono T, Kanda N, Watanabe S, Sato S. Serum lipocalin-2 levels are increased in patients with psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2012;37:296-299.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04265.x

  48. 48.

    Arias-Santiago S, Orgaz-Molina J, Castellote-Caballero L, Arrabal-Polo MÁ, García-Rodriguez S, Perandrés-López R, Ruiz JC, Naranjo-Sintes R, Zubiaur M, Sancho J, Buendía-Eisman A. Atheroma plaque, metabolic syndrome and inflammation in patients with psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol. 2012;22:337-344.

    Not in our library10.1684/ejd.2012.1714

  49. 49.

    Alpsoy S, Akyuz A, Erfan G, Akkoyun DC, Topcu B, Guzel S, Kaya S, Kulac M. Atherosclerosis, some serum inflammatory markers in psoriasis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2014;149:167-175.

    Not in our library

  50. 50.

    Balta I, Balta S, Demirkol S, Mikhailidis DP, Celik T, Akhan M, Kurt O, Kurt YG, Aydin I, Kilic S. Elevated serum levels of endocan in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: correlations with cardiovascular risk and activity of disease. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169:1066-1070.

    Not in our library10.1111/bjd.12525

  51. 51.

    El-Hadidi H, Samir N, Shaker OG, Otb S. Estimation of tissue and serum lipocalin-2 in psoriasis vulgaris and its relation to metabolic syndrome. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014;306:239-245.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00403-013-1414-x

  52. 52.

    Borská L, Fiala Z, Krejsek J, Andrýs C, Vokurková D, Hamáková K, Kremlácek J, Ettler K. Selected immunological changes in patients with Goeckerman’s therapy TNF-alpha, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, sICAM-1 and IL-8. Physiol Res. 2006;55:699-706.

    Not in our library10.33549/physiolres.930928

  53. 53.

    Czech W, Schöpf E, Kapp A. Soluble E-selectin in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis--correlation with disease activity. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:17-21.

    Not in our library

  54. 54.

    De Pita O, Frezzolini A, Cianetti A, De Sanctis G, Fontana L, Bottari V. Squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCCr-Ag), sICAM-1 and beta 2-microglobulin are useful markers of disease activity in psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1999;79:132-135.

    Not in our library10.1080/000155599750011354

  55. 55.

    Gangemi S, Merendino RA, Guarneri F, Minciullo PL, DiLorenzo G, Pacor M, Cannavò SP. Serum levels of interleukin-18 and s-ICAM-1 in patients affected by psoriasis: preliminary considerations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:42-46.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00647.x

  56. 56.

    Jacob SE, Nassiri M, Kerdel FA, Vincek V. Simultaneous measurement of multiple Th1 and Th2 serum cytokines in psoriasis and correlation with disease severity. Mediators Inflamm. 2003;12:309-313.

    Not in our library10.1080/09629350310001619753

  57. 57.

    Kanda N, Ishikawa T, Kamata M, Tada Y, Watanabe S. Increased serum leucine, leucine-37 levels in psoriasis: positive and negative feedback loops of leucine, leucine-37 and pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Hum Immunol. 2010;71:1161-1171.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.humimm.2010.09.005

  58. 58.

    Jadali Z, Izad M, Eslami MB, Mansouri P. Th1/Th2 Cytokines in Psoriasis. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2007;36:87-91.

    Not in our library

  59. 59.

    Karabudak O, Ulusoy RE, Erikci AA, Solmazgul E, Dogan B, Harmanyeri Y. Inflammation and hypercoagulable state in adult psoriatic men. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88:337-340.

    Not in our library10.2340/00015555-0456

  60. 60.

    Laurent MR, Panayi GS, Shepherd P. Circulating immune complexes, serum immunoglobulins, and acute phase proteins in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1981;40:66-69.

    Not in our library10.1136/ard.40.1.66

  61. 61.

    Long JW, Tao J, Pi XM, Wang YY, Tu YT. Effect of Narrow-band UVB Phototherapy on Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris. J Int Med Res. 2010;38:1507-1512.

    Not in our library10.1177/147323001003800434

  62. 62.

    Qiu S, Tan S, Zhang J, Liu P, Ran L, Lei X. Effect of liangxue huoxue xiaoyin tang on serum levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-6 in psoriasis of blood-heat type. J Tradit Chin Med. 2005;25:292-295.

    Not in our library

  63. 63.

    Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A, Rebelo I, Figueiredo A, Quintanilha A, Teixeira F. The inflammatory response in mild and in severe psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:917-928.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05984.x

  64. 64.

    Szegedi A, Aleksza M, Gonda A, Irinyi B, Sipka S, Hunyadi J, Antal-Szalmás P. Elevated rate of Thelper1 (T(H)1) lymphocytes and serum IFN-gamma levels in psoriatic patients. Immunol Lett. 2003;86:277-380.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00025-7

  65. 65.

    Szepietowski J, Wasik F, Bielicka E, Nockowski P, Noworolska A. Soluble E-selectin serum levels correlate with disease activity in psoriatic patients. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1999;24:33-36.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2230.1999.00401.x

  66. 66.

    Szepietowski JC, Bielicka E, Nockowski P, Noworolska A, Wasik F. Increased interleukin-7 levels in the sera of psoriatic patients: lack of correlations with interleukin-6 levels and disease intensity. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25:643-647.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00727.x

  67. 67.

    Toruniowa B, Krasowska D, Kozioł M, Ksiazek A, Pietrzak A. Serum levels of IL-6 in mycosis fungoides, psoriasis, and lichen planus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995;762:432-434.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32358.x

  68. 68.

    Vanizor Kural B, Orem A, Cimşit G, Uydu HA, Yandi YE, Alver A. Plasma homocysteine and its relationships with atherothrombotic markers in psoriatic patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;332:23-30.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00082-2

  69. 69.

    Kitamura T, Tamada Y, Kato M, Yokochi T, Ikeya T. Soluble E-selectin as a marker of disease activity in pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Acta Derm Venereol. 1999;79:462-464.

    Not in our library10.1080/000155599750009924

  70. 70.

    Biasi D, Carletto A, Caramaschi P, Bellavite P, Maleknia T, Scambi C, Favalli N, Bambara LM. Neutrophil functions and IL-8 in psoriatic arthritis and in cutaneous psoriasis. Inflammation. 1998;22:533-543.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1022354212121

  71. 71.

    Christophers E. The immunopathology of psoriasis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996;110:199-206.

    Not in our library10.1159/000237288

  72. 72.

    Gerdes S, Rostami-Yazdi M, Mrowietz U. Adipokines and psoriasis. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20:81-87.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01210.x

  73. 73.

    Wolk K, Sabat R. Adipokines in psoriasis: An important link between skin inflammation and metabolic alterations. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016;17:305-317.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11154-016-9381-0

  74. 74.

    Coimbra S, Catarino C, Santos-Silva A. The triad psoriasis-obesity- adipokine profile. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:1876-1885.

    Not in our library10.1111/jdv.13701

  75. 75.

    Vachatova S, Andrys C, Krejsek J, Salavec M, Ettler K, Rehacek V, Cermakova E, Malkova A, Fiala Z, Borska L. Metabolic Syndrome and Selective Inflammatory Markers in Psoriatic Patients. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:5380792.

    Not in our library10.1155/2016/5380792

  76. 76.

    Pietrzak AT, Zalewska A, Chodorowska G, Krasowska D, Michalak-Stoma A, Nockowski P, Osemlak P, Paszkowski T, Roliński JM. Cytokines and anticytokines in psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;394:7-21.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cca.2008.04.005

  77. 77.

    Kopfnagel V, Wagenknecht S, Brand L, Zeitvogel J, Harder J, Hofmann K, Kleine M, Werfel T. RNase 7 downregulates TH2 cytokine production by activated human T-cells. Allergy. 2017.

    Not in our library10.1111/all.13173

  78. 78.

    Matsuura T, Sato M, Nagai K, Sato T, Arito M, Omoteyama K, Suematsu N, Okamoto K, Kato T, Soma Y, Kurokawa MS. Serum peptides as putative modulators of inflammation in psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci. 2017.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.014

  79. 79.

    Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50:1088-1101.

    Not in our library

  80. 80.

    Song F, Gilbody S. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Increase in studies of publication bias coincided with increasing use of meta-analysis. BMJ. 1998;316:471.

    Not in our library

  81. 81.

    López-Jaramillo P, Gómez-Arbeláez D, López-López J, López-López C, Martínez-Ortega J, Gómez-Rodríguez A, Triana-Cubillos S. The role of leptin/adiponectin ratio in metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2014;18:37-45.

    Not in our library10.1515/hmbci-2013-0053

  82. 82.

    Bondue B, Wittamer V, Parmentier M. Chemerin and its receptors in leukocyte trafficking, inflammation and metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2011;22:331-338.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.11.004

  83. 83.

    Adya R, Tan BK, Punn A, Chen J, Randeva HS. Visfatin induces human endothelial VEGF and MMP-2/9 production via MAPK and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways: novel insights into visfatin-induced angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;78:356-365.

    Not in our library10.1093/cvr/cvm111

  84. 84.
    Update on psoriasis immunopathogenesis and targeted immunotherapy · 2015
    No notice
  85. 85.

    Kupetsky EA, Mathers AR, Ferris LK. Anti-cytokine therapy in the treatment of psoriasis. Cytokine. 2013;61:704-712.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.027

  86. 86.

    Coimbra S, Figueiredo A, Castro E, Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A. The roles of cells and cytokines in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:389-398.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05154.x

  87. 87.

    Verma S, Li SH, Wang CH, Fedak PW, Li RK, Weisel RD, Mickle DA. Resistin promotes endothelial cell activation: further evidence of adipokine-endothelial interaction. Circulation. 2003;108:736-740.

    Not in our library10.1161/01.cir.0000084503.91330.49

  88. 88.

    Cho Y, Lee SE, Lee HC, Hur J, Lee S, Youn SW, Lee J, Lee HJ, Lee TK, Park J, Hwang SJ, Kwon YW, Cho HJ, et al. Adipokine resistinis a key player to modulate monocytes, endothelial cells, and smoot muscle cells, leading to progression of atherosclerosis in rabbit carotidartery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:99-109.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.035

  89. 89.

    Bozaoglu K, Bolton K, McMillan J, Zimmet P, Jowett J, Collier G, Walder K, Segal D. Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology. 2007;148:4687-4694.

    Not in our library10.1210/en.2007-0175

  90. 90.

    Goralski KB, McCarthy TC, Hanniman EA, Zabel BA, Butcher EC, Parlee SD, Muruganandan S, Sinal CJ. Chemerin. A novel adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:28175-28188.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m700793200

  91. 91.

    Wittamer V, Franssen JD, Vulcano M, Mirjolet JF, Le Poul E, Migeotte I, Brézillon S, Tyldesley R, Blanpain C, Detheux M, Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Vassart G, et al. Specific recruitment of antigen-presenting cells by chemerin, a novel processed ligand from human inflammatory fluids. J Exp Med. 2003;198:977-985.

    Not in our library10.1084/jem.20030382

  92. 92.

    Kralisch S, Weise S, Sommer G, Lipfert J, Lossner U, Bluher M, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M. Interleukin-1beta induces the novel adipokine chemerin in adipocytes in vitro. Regul Pept. 2009;154:102-106.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.regpep.2009.02.010

  93. 93.

    Parlee SD, Ernst MC, Muruganandan S, Sinal CJ, Goralski KB. Serum Chemerin Levels Vary with Time of Day and Are Modified by Obesity and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. Endocrinology. 2010;151:2590-2602.

    Not in our library10.1210/en.2009-0794

  94. 94.

    Sell H, Laurencikiene J, Taube A, Eckardt K, Cramer A, Horrighs A, Arner P, Eckel J. Chemerin is a novel adipocyte-derived factor inducing insulin resistance in primary human skeletal muscle cells. Diabetes. 2009;58:2731-2740.

    Not in our library10.2337/db09-0277

  95. 95.

    Bozaoglu K, Curran JE, Stocker CJ, Zaibi MS, Segal D, Konstantopoulos N, Morrison S, Carless M, Dyer TD, Cole SA, Goring HH, Moses EK, Walder K, et al. Chemerin, a Novel Adipokine in the Regulation of Angiogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2476-2485.

    Not in our library10.1210/jc.2010-0042

  96. 96.

    Kaur J, Adya R, Tan BK, Chen J, Randeva HS. Identification of chemerin receptor (ChemR23) in human endothelial cells: chemerin-induced endothelial angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;391:1762-1768.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.150

  97. 97.

    Kjeldsen L, Bainton DF, Sengeløv H, Borregaard N. Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel matrix protein of specific granules in human neutrophils. Blood. 1994;83:799-807.

    Not in our library

  98. 98.

    Flo TH, Smith KD, Sato S, Rodriguez DJ, Holmes MA, Strong RK, Akira S, Aderem A. Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron. Nature. 2004;432:917-921.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature03104

  99. 99.

    Ding G, Fang J, Tong S, Qu L, Jiang H, Ding Q, Liu J. Over-expression of lipocalin 2 promotes cell migration and invasion through activating ERK signaling to increase SLUG expression in prostate cancer. Prostate. 2015;75:957-968.

    Not in our library10.1002/pros.22978

  100. 100.

    Nelson AM, Zhao W, Gilliland KL, Zaenglein AL, Liu W, Thiboutot DM. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mediates 13-cis retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of human sebaceous gland cells. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:1468-1478.

    Not in our library10.1172/jci33869

  101. 101.

    Wang G, Weng YC, Han X, Whaley JD, McCrae KR, Chou WH. Lipocalin-2 released in response to cerebral ischaemia mediates reperfsion injury in mice. J Cell Mol Med. 2015;19:1637-1645.

    Not in our library10.1111/jcmm.12538

  102. 102.

    Lin HH, Liao CJ, Lee YC, Hu KH, Meng HW, Chu ST. Lipocalin-2 induced cytokine production enhances endometrial carcinoma cell survival and migration. Int J Biol Sci. 2011;7:74-86.

    Not in our library10.7150/ijbs.7.74

  103. 103.

    Ferreira MC, Whibley N, Mamo AJ, Siebenlist U, Chan YR, Gaffen SL. Interleukin-17-induced protein lipocalin 2 is dispensable for immunity to oral candidiasis. Infect Immun. 2014;82:1030-1035.

    Not in our library10.1128/iai.01389-13

  104. 104.

    Seo SJ, Ahn JY, Hong CK, Seo EY, Kye KC, Lee WH, Lee SK, Lim JS, Hahn MJ, Kjeldsen L, Borregaard N, Kim CD, Park JK, Lee JH. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in skin epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:510-512.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.jid.5700035

  105. 105.

    Shao S, Cao T, Jin L, Li B, Fang H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Hu J, Wang G. Increased Lipocalin-2 Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis by Modulating Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Cytokine Secretion. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:1418-1428.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.002

  106. 106.

    Moschen AR, Kaser A, Enrich B, Mosheimer B, Theurl M, Niederegger H, Tilg H. Visfatin, an adipocytokine with proinflammatory and immunemodulating properties. J Immunol. 2007;178:1748-1758.

    Not in our library10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1748

  107. 107.

    Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM. AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:10697-10703.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.271.18.10697

  108. 108.

    Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsuara K. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (adipose most abundant gene transcript 1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;425:556-559.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.023

  109. 109.

    Fain JN, Madan AK, Hiler ML, Cheema P, Bahouth SW. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology. 2004;145:2273-2278.

    Not in our library10.1210/en.2003-1336

  110. 110.

    Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science. 1995;269:546-549.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.7624778

  111. 111.

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