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Drosophila as a Genetic Model for Hematopoiesis

Utpal Banerjee, Juliet R Girard, Lauren M Goins and 1 more

Genetics · 2019 · Review

doi:10.1534/genetics.118.300223

Abstract

In this FlyBook chapter, we present a survey of the current literature on the development of the hematopoietic system in Drosophila. The Drosophila blood system consists entirely of cells that function in innate immunity, tissue integrity, wound healing, and various forms of stress response, and are therefore functionally similar to myeloid cells in mammals. The primary cell types are specialized for phagocytic, melanization, and encapsulation functions. As in mammalian systems, multiple sites of hematopoiesis are evident in Drosophila and the mechanisms involved in this process employ many of the same molecular strategies that exemplify blood development in humans. Drosophila blood progenitors respond to internal and external stress by coopting developmental pathways that involve both local and systemic signals. An important goal of these Drosophila studies is to develop the tools and mechanisms critical to further our understanding of human hematopoiesis during homeostasis and dysfunction.

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    Not in our library10.1002/dvg.20285

  108. 108.
  109. 109.

    Ganesan S. Aggarwal K. Paquette N. Silverman N., 2011 NF-kappaB/Rel proteins and the humoral immune responses of Drosophila melanogaster. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 349: 25–60.

    Not in our library10.1007/82_2010_107

  110. 110.

    Gao H. Wu X. Fossett N., 2009 Upregulation of the Drosophila friend of GATA gene U-shaped by JAK/STAT signaling maintains lymph gland prohemocyte potency. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29: 6086–6096.

    Not in our library10.1128/mcb.00244-09

  111. 111.

    Gao H. Wu X. Fossett N., 2013 Drosophila E-cadherin functions in hematopoietic progenitors to maintain multipotency and block differentiation. PLoS One 8: e74684

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0074684

  112. 112.

    Gao H. Wu X. Simon L. Fossett N., 2014 Antioxidants maintain E-cadherin levels to limit Drosophila prohemocyte differentiation. PLoS One 9: e107768

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0107768

  113. 113.

    Gateff E., 1994 Tumor-suppressor and overgrowth suppressor genes of Drosophila-Melanogaster - developmental aspects. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 38: 565–590.

    Not in our library

  114. 114.

    Gehring W. J., 1996 The master control gene for morphogenesis and evolution of the eye. Genes Cells 1: 11–15.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2443.1996.11011.x

  115. 115.

    Gerttula S. Jin Y. S. Anderson K. V., 1988 Zygotic expression and activity of the Drosophila Toll gene, a gene required maternally for embryonic dorsal-ventral pattern formation. Genetics 119: 123–133.

    Not in our library10.1093/genetics/119.1.123

  116. 116.

    Ghosh S. Singh A. Mandal S. Mandal L., 2015 Active hematopoietic hubs in Drosophila adults generate hemocytes and contribute to immune response. Dev. Cell 33: 478–488.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.014

  117. 117.

    Gold K. S. Brückner K., 2015 Macrophages and cellular immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. Semin. Immunol 6: 357–368. doi.org/

    Not in our library10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.010

  118. 118.

    Goto A. Kadowaki T. Kitagawa Y., 2003 Drosophila hemolectin gene is expressed in embryonic and larval hemocytes and its knock down causes bleeding defects. Dev. Biol. 264: 582–591.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.06.001

  119. 119.

    Gramates L. S. Marygold S. J. Santos G. D. Urbano J. M. Antonazzo G., 2017 FlyBase at 25: looking to the future. Nucleic Acids Res. 45: D663–D671.

    Not in our library10.1093/nar/gkw1016

  120. 120.

    Grigorian M. Hartenstein V., 2013 Hematopoiesis and hematopoietic organs in arthropods. Dev. Genes Evol. 223: 103–115.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00427-012-0428-2

  121. 121.

    Grigorian M. Mandal L. Hakimi M. Ortiz I. Hartenstein V., 2011a The convergence of Notch and MAPK signaling specifies the blood progenitor fate in the Drosophila mesoderm. Dev. Biol. 353: 105–118.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.024

  122. 122.

    Grigorian M. Mandal L. Hartenstein V., 2011b Hematopoiesis at the onset of metamorphosis: terminal differentiation and dissociation of the Drosophila lymph gland. Dev. Genes Evol. 221: 121–131.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00427-011-0364-6

  123. 123.

    Grigorian M. Liu T. Banerjee U. Hartenstein V., 2013 The proteoglycan Trol controls the architecture of the extracellular matrix and balances proliferation and differentiation of blood progenitors in the Drosophila lymph gland. Dev. Biol. 384: 301–312.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.007

  124. 124.

    Gueguen G. Kalamarz M. E. Ramroop J. Uribe J. Govind S., 2013 Polydnaviral ankyrin proteins aid parasitic wasp survival by coordinate and selective inhibition of hematopoietic and immune NF-kappa B signaling in insect hosts. PLoS Pathog. 9: e1003580

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.ppat.1003580

  125. 125.

    Guillou A. Troha K. Wang H. Franc N. C. Buchon N., 2016 The Drosophila CD36 homologue croquemort is required to maintain immune and Gut homeostasis during development and aging. PLoS Pathog. 12: e1005961

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.ppat.1005961

  126. 126.

    Han Z. Olson E. N., 2005 Hand is a direct target of Tinman and GATA factors during Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis. Development 132: 3525–3536.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.01899

  127. 127.

    Han Z. Yi P. Li X. Olson E. N., 2006 Hand, an evolutionarily conserved bHLH transcription factor required for Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis. Development 133: 1175–1182.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.02285

  128. 128.

    Hanoun M. Maryanovich M. Arnal-Estape A. Frenette P. S., 2015 Neural regulation of hematopoiesis, inflammation, and cancer. Neuron 86: 360–373.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.026

  129. 129.

    Hanratty W. P. Dearolf C. R., 1993 The Drosophila tumorous-lethal hematopoietic oncogene is a dominant mutation in the hopscotch locus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 238: 33–37.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf00279527

  130. 130.

    Hao Y. Jin L. H., 2017 Dual role for Jumu in the control of hematopoietic progenitors in the Drosophila lymph gland. Elife 6: e25094

    Not in our library10.7554/elife.25094

  131. 131.

    Harrison D. A. Binari R. Nahreini T. S. Gilman M. Perrimon N., 1995 Activation of a Drosophila Janus kinase (JAK) causes hematopoietic neoplasia and developmental defects. EMBO J. 14: 2857–2865.

    Not in our library10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07285.x

  132. 132.

    Hartenstein V., 2006 Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22: 677–712.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317

  133. 133.

    Hartenstein V. Chipman A. D., 2015 Hexapoda: a Drosophila’s view of development, pp. 1–91 in Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 5: Ecdysozoa III: Hexapoda, edited by Wanninger. A. Springer Verlag, Vienna

    Not in our library10.1007/978-3-7091-1868-9_1

  134. 134.

    Hartenstein V. Mandal L., 2006 The blood/vascular system in a phylogenetic perspective. BioEssays 28: 1203–1210.

    Not in our library10.1002/bies.20497

  135. 135.

    Hauling T. Krautz R. Markus R. Volkenhoff A. Kucerova L., 2014 A Drosophila immune response against Ras-induced overgrowth. Biol. Open 3: 250–260.

    Not in our library10.1242/bio.20146494

  136. 136.

    Heino T. I. Karpanen T. Wahlstrom G. Pulkkinen M. Eriksson U., 2001 The Drosophila VEGF receptor homolog is expressed in hemocytes. Mech. Dev. 109: 69–77.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00510-x

  137. 137.

    Hoffmann J. A. Reichhart J. M., 2002 Drosophila innate immunity: an evolutionary perspective. Nat. Immunol. 3: 121–126.

    Not in our library10.1038/ni0202-121

  138. 138.

    Holz A. Bossinger B. Strasser T. Janning W. Klapper R., 2003 The two origins of hemocytes in Drosophila. Development 130: 4955–4962.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.00702

  139. 139.

    Hombría J. C. Brown S. Hader S. Zeidler M. P., 2005 Characterisation of Upd2, a Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway ligand. Dev. Biol. 288: 420–433.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.040

  140. 140.

    Honti V. Kurucz E. Csordas G. Laurinyecz B. Markus R., 2009 In vivo detection of lamellocytes in Drosophila melanogaster. Immunol. Lett. 126: 83–84.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.imlet.2009.08.004

  141. 141.

    Honti V. Csordas G. Markus R. Kurucz E. Jankovics F., 2010 Cell lineage tracing reveals the plasticity of the hemocyte lineages and of the hematopoietic compartments in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Immunol. 47: 1997–2004.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.017

  142. 142.

    Honti V. Cinege G. Csordas G. Kurucz E. Zsamboki J., 2013 Variation of NimC1 expression in Drosophila stocks and transgenic strains. Fly (Austin) 7: 263–266.

    Not in our library10.4161/fly.25654

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    Honti V. Csordas G. Kurucz E. Markus R. Ando I., 2014 The cell-mediated immunity of Drosophila melanogaster: hemocyte lineages, immune compartments, microanatomy and regulation. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 42: 47–56.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.005

  144. 144.

    Inamdar M. S., 2002 Stem cell identity: life is plastic, it’s fantastic! J. Biosci. 27: 93–95.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf02703764

  145. 145.

    Irving P. Ubeda J. M. Doucet D. Troxler L. Lagueux M., 2005 New insights into Drosophila larval haemocyte functions through genome-wide analysis. Cell. Microbiol. 7: 335–350.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00462.x

  146. 146.

    Jiang H. Edgar B. A., 2009 EGFR signaling regulates the proliferation of Drosophila adult midgut progenitors. Development 136: 483–493.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.026955

  147. 147.

    Jin L. H. Shim J. Yoon J. S. Kim B. Kim J., 2008 Identification and functional analysis of antifungal immune response genes in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog. 4: e1000168

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.ppat.1000168

  148. 148.

    Jones J. C., 1970 Hemocytopoiesis in insects, pp. 7–65 in Regulation of Hematopoiesis, Vol. 1, edited by Gordon A. S. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

    Not in our library

  149. 149.

    Jones W. D. Cayirlioglu P. Kadow I. G. Vosshall L. B., 2007 Two chemosensory receptors together mediate carbon dioxide detection in Drosophila. Nature 445: 86–90.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature05466

  150. 150.

    Jung S. H. Evans C. J. Uemura C. Banerjee U., 2005 The Drosophila lymph gland as a developmental model of hematopoiesis. Development 132: 2521–2533.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.01837

  151. 151.

    Kaaya G. P. Ratcliffe N. A., 1982 Comparative study of hemocytes and associated cells of some medically important dipterans. J. Morphol. 173: 351–365.

    Not in our library10.1002/jmor.1051730310

  152. 152.

    Kalamarz M. E. Paddibhatla I. Nadar C. Govind S., 2012 Sumoylation is tumor-suppressive and confers proliferative quiescence to hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Biol. Open 1: 161–172.

    Not in our library10.1242/bio.2011043

  153. 153.

    Kallio J. Myllymaki H. Gronholm J. Armstrong M. Vanha-aho L. M., 2010 Eye transformer is a negative regulator of Drosophila JAK/STAT signaling. FASEB J. 24: 4467–4479.

    Not in our library10.1096/fj.10-162784

  154. 154.

    Karpac J. Younger A. Jasper H., 2011 Dynamic coordination of innate immune signaling and insulin signaling regulates systemic responses to localized DNA damage. Dev. Cell 20: 841–854.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.devcel.2011.05.011

  155. 155.

    Kelsey E. M. Luo X. Bruckner K. Jasper H., 2012 Schnurri regulates hemocyte function to promote tissue recovery after DNA damage. J. Cell Sci. 125: 1393–1400.

    Not in our library10.1242/jcs.095323

  156. 156.

    Kenmoku H. Hori A. Kuraishi T. Kurata S., 2017 A novel mode of induction of the humoral innate immune response in Drosophila larvae. Dis. Model. Mech. 10: 271–281.

    Not in our library10.1242/dmm.027102

  157. 157.

    Khadilkar R. J. Rodrigues D. Mote R. D. Sinha A. R. Kulkarni V., 2014 ARF1-GTP regulates Asrij to provide endocytic control of Drosophila blood cell homeostasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111: 4898–4903.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1303559111

  158. 158.

    Khadilkar R. J. Vogl W. Goodwin K. Tanentzapf G., 2017 Modulation of occluding junctions alters the hematopoietic niche to trigger immune activation. Elife 6: e28081

    Not in our library10.7554/elife.28081

  159. 159.

    Kim E. Goraksha-Hicks P. Li L. Neufeld T. P. Guan K. L., 2008 Regulation of TORC1 by Rag GTPases in nutrient response. Nat. Cell Biol. 10: 935–945.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncb1753

  160. 160.
  161. 161.

    Kimbrell D. A. Hice C. Bolduc C. Kleinhesselink K. Beckingham K., 2002 The Dorothy enhancer has Tinman binding sites and drives hopscotch-induced tumor formation. Genesis 34: 23–28.

    Not in our library10.1002/gene.10134

  162. 162.

    Klinedinst S. L. Bodmer R., 2003 Gata factor Pannier is required to establish competence for heart progenitor formation. Development 130: 3027–3038.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.00517

  163. 163.

    Kocks C. Cho J. H. Nehme N. Ulvila J. Pearson A. M., 2005 Eater, a transmembrane protein mediating phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens in Drosophila. Cell 123: 335–346.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.034

  164. 164.

    Kroeger P. T. Jr Tokusumi T. Schulz R. A., 2012 Transcriptional regulation of eater gene expression in Drosophila blood cells. Genesis 50: 41–49.

    Not in our library10.1002/dvg.20787

  165. 165.

    Krzemień J. Dubois L. Makki R. Meister M. Vincent A., 2007 Control of blood cell homeostasis in Drosophila larvae by the posterior signalling centre. Nature 446: 325–328.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature05650

  166. 166.

    Krzemien J. Oyallon J. Crozatier M. Vincent A., 2010 Hematopoietic progenitors and hemocyte lineages in the Drosophila lymph gland. Dev. Biol. 346: 310–319.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.08.003

  167. 167.

    Kulkarni V. Khadilkar R. J. Magadi S. S. Inamdar M. S., 2011 Asrij maintains the stem cell niche and controls differentiation during Drosophila lymph gland hematopoiesis. PLoS One 6: e27667 [corrigenda: PLoS One 7 (2012)].

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0027667

  168. 168.

    Kurant E. Axelrod S. Leaman D. Gaul U., 2008 Six-microns-under acts upstream of Draper in the glial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Cell 133: 498–509.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.052

  169. 169.

    Kurucz E. Zettervall C. J. Sinka R. Vilmos P. Pivarcsi A., 2003 Hemese, a hemocyte-specific transmembrane protein, affects the cellular immune response in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 2622–2627.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0436940100

  170. 170.

    Kurucz E. Markus R. Zsamboki J. Folkl-Medzihradszky K. Darula Z., 2007a Nimrod, a putative phagocytosis receptor with EGF repeats in Drosophila plasmatocytes. Curr. Biol. 17: 649–654.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.041

  171. 171.

    Kurucz E. Vaczi B. Markus R. Laurinyecz B. Vilmos P., 2007b Definition of Drosophila hemocyte subsets by cell-type specific antigens. Acta Biol. Hung. 58: 95–111.

    Not in our library10.1556/abiol.58.2007.suppl.8

  172. 172.

    Kusche-Gullberg M. Garrison K. MacKrell A. J. Fessler L. I. Fessler J. H., 1992 Laminin A chain: expression during Drosophila development and genomic sequence. EMBO J. 11: 4519–4527.

    Not in our library10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05553.x

  173. 173.

    Kwon J. Y. Dahanukar A. Weiss L. A. Carlson J. R., 2007 The molecular basis of CO2 reception in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 3574–3578.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0700079104

  174. 174.

    Labrosse C. Eslin P. Doury G. Drezen J. M. Poirie M., 2005a Haemocyte changes in D-Melanogaster in response to long gland components of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi: a Rho-GAP protein as an important factor. J. Insect Physiol. 51: 161–170.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.10.004

  175. 175.

    Labrosse C. Staslak K. Lesobre J. Grangeia A. Huguet E., 2005b A RhoGAP protein as a main immune suppressive factor in the Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera, Figitidae) - Drosophila melanogaster interaction. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 35: 93–103.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.10.004

  176. 176.
  177. 177.

    Lanot R. Zachary D. Holder F. Meister M., 2001 Postembryonic hematopoiesis in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 230: 243–257.

    Not in our library10.1006/dbio.2000.0123

  178. 178.

    Lavine M. D. Strand M. R., 2002 Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32: 1295–1309.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00092-9

  179. 179.

    Lebestky T. Chang T. Hartenstein V. Banerjee U., 2000 Specification of Drosophila hematopoietic lineage by conserved transcription factors. Science 288: 146–149.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.288.5463.146

  180. 180.

    Lebestky T. Jung S. H. Banerjee U., 2003 A Serrate-expressing signaling center controls Drosophila hematopoiesis. Genes Dev. 17: 348–353.

    Not in our library10.1101/gad.1052803

  181. 181.

    Leclerc V. Pelte N. El Chamy L. Martinelli C. Ligoxygakis P., 2006 Prophenoloxidase activation is not required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila. EMBO Rep. 7: 231–235.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.embor.7400592

  182. 182.

    Leitão A. B., and ÉSucena., 2015 Drosophila sessile hemocyte clusters are true hematopoietic tissues that regulate larval blood cell differentiation. Elife 4: e06166.

    Not in our library10.7554/elife.06166

  183. 183.

    Lemaitre B. Hoffmann J., 2007 The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25: 697–743.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615

  184. 184.

    Lemaitre B. Meister M. Govind S. Georgel P. Steward R., 1995 Functional analysis and regulation of nuclear import of dorsal during the immune response in Drosophila. EMBO J. 14: 536–545.

    Not in our library10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07029.x

  185. 185.

    Lemaitre B. Reichhart J. M. Hoffmann J. A., 1997 Drosophila host defense: differential induction of antimicrobial peptide genes after infection by various classes of microorganisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 14614–14619.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.94.26.14614

  186. 186.

    Leptin M., 1991 Twist and snail as positive and negative regulators during Drosophila mesoderm development. Genes Dev. 5: 1568–1576.

    Not in our library10.1101/gad.5.9.1568

  187. 187.

    Letourneau M. Lapraz F. Sharma A. Vanzo N. Waltzer L., 2016 Drosophila hematopoiesis under normal conditions and in response to immune stress. FEBS Lett. 590: 4034–4051.

    Not in our library10.1002/1873-3468.12327

  188. 188.

    Lien C. L. Wu C. Mercer B. Webb R. Richardson J. A., 1999 Control of early cardiac-specific transcription of Nkx2–5 by a GATA-dependent enhancer. Development 126: 75–84.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.126.1.75

  189. 189.

    Ligoxygakis P. Pelte N. Ji C. Leclerc V. Duvic B., 2002 A serpin mutant links Toll activation to melanization in the host defence of Drosophila. EMBO J. 21: 6330–6337.

    Not in our library10.1093/emboj/cdf661

  190. 190.

    Lilly B. Galewsky S. Firulli A. B. Schulz R. A. Olson E. N., 1994 D-MEF2: a MADS box transcription factor expressed in differentiating mesoderm and muscle cell lineages during Drosophila embryogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 5662–5666.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.91.12.5662

  191. 191.

    Lindgren M. Riazi R. Lesch C. Wilhelmsson C. Theopold U., 2008 Fondue and transglutaminase in the Drosophila larval clot. J. Insect Physiol. 54: 586–592.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.12.008

  192. 192.

    Lindner J. R. Hillman P. R. Barrett A. L. Jackson M. C. Perry T. L., 2007 The Drosophila Perlecan gene trol regulates multiple signaling pathways in different developmental contexts. BMC Dev. Biol. 7: 121

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-213x-7-121

  193. 193.

    Lo P. C. Skeath J. B. Gajewski K. Schulz R. A. Frasch M., 2002 Homeotic genes autonomously specify the anteroposterior subdivision of the Drosophila dorsal vessel into aorta and heart. Dev. Biol. 251: 307–319.

    Not in our library10.1006/dbio.2002.0839

  194. 194.

    Louradour I. Sharma A. Morin-Poulard I. Letourneau M. Vincent A., 2017 Reactive oxygen species-dependent Toll/NF-κB activation in the Drosophila hematopoietic niche confers resistance to wasp parasitism. Elife 6: e25496

    Not in our library10.7554/elife.25496

  195. 195.

    Luo H. Hanratty W. P. Dearolf C. R., 1995 An amino acid substitution in the Drosophila hopTum-l Jak kinase causes leukemia-like hematopoietic defects. EMBO J. 14: 1412–1420.

    Not in our library10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07127.x

  196. 196.

    Luo H. Rose P. Barber D. Hanratty W. P. Lee S., 1997 Mutation in the Jak kinase JH2 domain hyperactivates Drosophila and mammalian Jak-Stat pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 1562–1571.

    Not in our library10.1128/mcb.17.3.1562

  197. 197.

    Mace K. A. Pearson J. C. McGinnis W., 2005 An epidermal barrier wound repair pathway in Drosophila is mediated by grainy head. Science 308: 381–385.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1107573

  198. 198.
  199. 199.

    Makhijani K. Alexander B. Tanaka T. Rulifson E. Bruckner K., 2011 The peripheral nervous system supports blood cell homing and survival in the Drosophila larva. Development 138: 5379–5391.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.067322

  200. 200.

    Makhijani K. Alexander B. Rao D. Petraki S. Herboso L., 2017 Regulation of Drosophila hematopoietic sites by activin-beta from active sensory neurons. Nat. Commun. 8: 15990

    Not in our library10.1038/ncomms15990

  201. 201.

    Makki R. Meister M. Pennetier D. Ubeda J. M. Braun A., 2010 A short receptor downregulates JAK/STAT signalling to control the Drosophila cellular immune response. PLoS Biol. 8: e1000441

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pbio.1000441

  202. 202.

    Manaka J. Kuraishi T. Shiratsuchi A. Nakai Y. Higashida H., 2004 Draper-mediated and phosphatidylserine-independent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by Drosophila hemocytes/macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 48466–48476.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m408597200

  203. 203.

    Mandal L. Banerjee U. Hartenstein V., 2004 Evidence for a fruit fly hemangioblast and similarities between lymph-gland hematopoiesis in fruit fly and mammal aorta-gonadal-mesonephros mesoderm. Nat. Genet. 36: 1019–1023 (erratum: Nat. Genet. 36: 1126)

    Not in our library10.1038/ng1404

  204. 204.

    Mandal L. Martinez-Agosto J. A. Evans C. J. Hartenstein V. Banerjee U., 2007 A Hedgehog- and Antennapedia-dependent niche maintains Drosophila haematopoietic precursors. Nature 446: 320–324.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature05585

  205. 205.

    Mansfield B. E. Dionne M. S. Schneider D. S. Freitag N. E., 2003 Exploration of host-pathogen interactions using Listeria monocytogenes and Drosophila melanogaster. Cell. Microbiol. 5: 901–911.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00329.x

  206. 206.

    Márkus R. Kurucz E. Rus F. Andó I., 2005 Sterile wounding is a minimal and sufficient trigger for a cellular immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. Immunol. Lett. 101: 108–111.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.imlet.2005.03.021

  207. 207.

    Márkus R. Laurinyecz B. Kurucz E. Honti V. Bajusz I., 2009 Sessile hemocytes as a hematopoietic compartment in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 4805–4809.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0801766106

  208. 208.

    Marshall C. J. Thrasher A. J., 2001 The embryonic origins of human haematopoiesis. Br. J. Haematol. 112: 838–850.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02537.x

  209. 209.

    Marshall C. J. Kinnon C. Thrasher A. J., 2000 Polarized expression of bone morphogenetic protein-4 in the human aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. Blood 96: 1591–1593.

    Not in our library

  210. 210.

    Martinek N. Shahab J. Saathoff M. Ringuette M., 2008 Haemocyte-derived SPARC is required for collagen-IV-dependent stability of basal laminae in Drosophila embryos. J. Cell Sci. 121: 1671–1680.

    Not in our library10.1242/jcs.021931

  211. 211.

    Matova N. Anderson K. V., 2006 Rel/NF-kappaB double mutants reveal that cellular immunity is central to Drosophila host defense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 16424–16429.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0605721103

  212. 212.
  213. 213.

    McNally A. K. Anderson J. M., 2011 Macrophage fusion and multinucleated giant cells of inflammation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 713: 97–111.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-94-007-0763-4_7

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    Medvinsky A. Dzierzak E., 1996 Definitive hematopoiesis is autonomously initiated by the AGM region. Cell 86: 897–906.

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    Millar D. A. Ratcliffe N. A., 1989 The evolution of blood cells: facts and enigmas. Endeavour 13: 72–77.

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    Miller, A., 1950 The internal anatomy and histology of the imago of Drosophila melanogaster, pp. 420–534 in Biology of Drosophila, edited by M. Demerec. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

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    Minakhina S. Tan W. Steward R., 2011 JAK/STAT and the GATA factor Pannier control hemocyte maturation and differentiation in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 352: 308–316.

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    Morrison S. J. Spradling A. C., 2008 Stem cells and niches: mechanisms that promote stem cell maintenance throughout life. Cell 132: 598–611.

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    Nonaka S. Nagaosa K. Mori T. Shiratsuchi A. Nakanishi Y., 2013 Integrin alphaPS3/betanu-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and bacteria in Drosophila. J. Biol. Chem. 288: 10374–10380.

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    Rämet M. Lanot R. Zachary D. Manfruelli P., 2002 JNK signaling pathway is required for efficient wound healing in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 241: 145–156.

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    Ratheesh A. Belyaeva V. Siekhaus D. E., 2015 Drosophila immune cell migration and adhesion during embryonic development and larval immune responses. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 36: 71–79.

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    Rehorn K. P. Thelen H. Michelson A. M. Reuter R., 1996 A molecular aspect of hematopoiesis and endoderm development common to vertebrates and Drosophila. Development 122: 4023–4031.

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    Reineke A. Asgari S. Ma G. Beck M. Schmidt O., 2002 Sequence analysis and expression of a virus-like particle protein, VLP2, from the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens. Insect Mol. Biol. 11: 233–239.

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    Ribeiro C. Brehelin M., 2006 Insect haemocytes: what type of cell is that? J. Insect Physiol. 52: 417–429.

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    Riechmann V. Irion U. Wilson R. Grosskortenhaus R. Leptin M., 1997 Control of cell fates and segmentation in the Drosophila mesoderm. Development 124: 2915–2922.

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    Rizki M. T. M., 1957 Alterations in the haemocyte population of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Morphol. 100: 437–458.

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    Rizki R. M. Rizki T. M., 1974 Basement membrane abnormalities in melanotic tumor formation of Drosophila. Experientia 30: 543–546.

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    Rizki R. M. Rizki T. M., 1979 Cell interactions in the differentiation of a melanotic tumor in Drosophila. Differentiation 12: 167–178.

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    Rizki R. M. Rizki T. M., 1984 Selective destruction of a host blood cell type by a parasitoid wasp. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 6154–6158.

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    Rizki R. M. Rizki T. M., 1991 Effects of lamellolysin from a parasitoid wasp on Drosophila blood cells in vitro. J. Exp. Zool. 257: 236–244.

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    Rizki T. M., 1978 The circulatory system and associated cells and tissues, pp. 397–452 in The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, edited by Ashburner M. Wright T. R. F. Academic Press, London.

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    Rizki T. M. Rizki R. M., 1983 Blood cell surface changes in Drosophila mutants with melanotic tumors. Science 220: 73–75.

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    Rizki T. M. Rizki R. M., 1992 Lamellocyte differentiation in Drosophila larvae parasitized by Leptopilina. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 16: 103–110.

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    Rizki T. M. Rizki R. M. Grell E. H., 1980 A mutant affecting the crystal cells inDrosophila melanogaster. Wilehm Roux Arch Dev Biol 188: 91–99.

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    Rodriguez A. Zhou Z. Tang M. L. Meller S. Chen J., 1996 Identification of immune system and response genes, and novel mutations causing melanotic tumor formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 143: 929–940.

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    Roman G. He J. Davis R. L., 2000 kurtz, a novel nonvisual arrestin, is an essential neural gene in Drosophila. Genetics 155: 1281–1295.

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    Rovira I. I. Finkel T., 2008 Reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules, pp. 293–307 in Oxidative Stress in Aging: From Model Systems to Human Diseases, edited by Miwa S. Beckman K. B. Muller F. L. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

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  290. 290.

    Rugendorff A. Younossi-Hartenstein A. Hartenstein V., 1994 Embryonic origin and differentiation of the Drosophila heart. Rouxs Arch. Dev. Biol. 203: 266–280.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf00360522

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    Russo J. Dupas S. Frey F. Carton Y. Brehelin M., 1996 Insect immunity: early events in the encapsulation process of parasitoid (Leptopilina boulardi) eggs in resistant and susceptible strains of Drosophila. Parasitology 112: 135–142.

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  292. 292.

    Sam S. Leise W. Hoshizaki D. K., 1996 The serpent gene is necessary for progression through the early stages of fat-body development. Mech. Dev. 60: 197–205.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0925-4773(96)00615-6

  293. 293.

    Sánchez-Sánchez B. J. Urbano J. M. Comber K. Dragu A. Wood W., 2017 Drosophila embryonic hemocytes produce laminins to strengthen migratory response. Cell Rep. 21: 1461–1470.

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    Scherfer C. Karlsson C. Loseva O. Bidla G. Goto A., 2004 Isolation and characterization of hemolymph clotting factors in Drosophila melanogaster by a pullout method. Curr. Biol. 14: 625–629.

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    Schieber M. Chandel N. S., 2014 ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr. Biol. 24: R453–R462.

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    Schmid M. R. Anderl I. Vesala L. Vanha-aho L. M. Deng X. J., 2014 Control of Drosophila blood cell activation via Toll signaling in the fat body. PLoS One 9: e102568

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  297. 297.

    Schmid M. R. Anderl I. Vo H. T. Valanne S. Yang H., 2016 Genetic screen in Drosophila larvae links ird1 function to toll signaling in the fat body and hemocyte motility. PLoS One 11: e0159473

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    Schneider D. S. Ayres J. S. Brandt S. M. Costa A. Dionne M. S., 2007 Drosophila eiger mutants are sensitive to extracellular pathogens. PLoS Pathog. 3: e41

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  299. 299.

    Sears H. C. Kennedy C. J. Garrity P. A., 2003 Macrophage-mediated corpse engulfment is required for normal Drosophila CNS morphogenesis. Development 130: 3557–3565.

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    Senger K. Harris K. Levine M., 2006 GATA factors participate in tissue-specific immune responses in Drosophila larvae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 15957–15962.

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    Shia A. K. Glittenberg M. Thompson G. Weber A. N. Reichhart J. M., 2009 Toll-dependent antimicrobial responses in Drosophila larval fat body require Spatzle secreted by haemocytes. J. Cell Sci. 122: 4505–4515.

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    Shibata T. Hadano J. Kawasaki D. Dong X. Kawabata S. I., 2017 Drosophila TG-A transglutaminase is secreted via an unconventional Golgi-independent mechanism involving exosomes and two types of fatty acylations. J. Biol. Chem. 292: 10723–10734.

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    Shim J. Mukherjee T. Banerjee U., 2012 Direct sensing of systemic and nutritional signals by haematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila. Nat. Cell Biol. 14: 394–400.

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    Shim J. Mukherjee T. Mondal B. C. Liu T. Young G. C., 2013 Olfactory control of blood progenitor maintenance. Cell 155: 1141–1153.

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    Shishido E. Ono N. Kojima T. Saigo K., 1997 Requirements of DFR1/Heartless, a mesoderm-specific Drosophila FGF-receptor, for the formation of heart, visceral and somatic muscles, and ensheathing of longitudinal axon tracts in CNS. Development 124: 2119–2128.

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  306. 306.

    Shrestha R. Gateff E., 1982 Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the cell types in the larval hematopoietic organs and hemolymph of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Growth Differ. 24: 65–82.

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    Simpson T. L., 1984 The Cell Biology of Sponges. Springer-Verlag, New York

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    Sinenko S. A. Mathey-Prevot B., 2004 Increased expression of Drosophila tetraspanin, Tsp68C, suppresses the abnormal proliferation of ytr-deficient and Ras/Raf-activated hemocytes. Oncogene 23: 9120–9128.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.onc.1208156

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    Sinenko S. A. Mandal L. Martinez-Agosto J. A. Banerjee U., 2009 Dual role of wingless signaling in stem-like hematopoietic precursor maintenance in Drosophila. Dev. Cell 16: 756–763.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.devcel.2009.03.003

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    Sinenko S. A. Hung T. Moroz T. Tran Q. M. Sidhu S., 2010 Genetic manipulation of AML1-ETO-induced expansion of hematopoietic precursors in a Drosophila model. Blood 116: 4612–4620.

    Not in our library10.1182/blood-2010-03-276998

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    Sinenko S. A. Shim J. Banerjee U., 2011 Oxidative stress in the haematopoietic niche regulates the cellular immune response in Drosophila. EMBO Rep. 13: 83–89.

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    Sinha A. Khadilkar R. J. Roychowdhury S. V. K. Sinha A. Inamdar M. S., 2013 Conserved regulation of the Jak/STAT pathway by the endosomal protein asrij maintains stem cell potency. Cell Rep. 4: 649–658.

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    Small C. Ramroop J. Otazo M. Huang L. H. Saleque S., 2014 An unexpected link between notch signaling and ROS in restricting the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila. Genetics 197: 471–483.

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    Sorrentino R. P. Carton Y. Govind S., 2002 Cellular immune response to parasite infection in the Drosophila lymph gland is developmentally regulated. Dev. Biol. 243: 65–80.

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    Sorrentino R. P. Melk J. P. Govind S., 2004 Genetic analysis of contributions of dorsal group and JAK-Stat92E pathway genes to larval hemocyte concentration and the egg encapsulation response in Drosophila. Genetics 166: 1343–1356.

    Not in our library10.1534/genetics.166.3.1343

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    Sorrentino R. P. Tokusumi T. Schulz R. A., 2007 The Friend of GATA protein U-shaped functions as a hematopoietic tumor suppressor in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 311: 311–323.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.011

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    Spahn P. Huelsmann S. Rehorn K. P. Mischke S. Mayer M., 2014 Multiple regulatory safeguards confine the expression of the GATA factor Serpent to the hemocyte primordium within the Drosophila mesoderm. Dev. Biol. 386: 272–279.

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  318. 318.

    Stofanko M. Kwon S. Y. Badenhorst P., 2008 A misexpression screen to identify regulators of Drosophila larval hemocyte development. Genetics 180: 253–267.

    Not in our library10.1534/genetics.108.089094

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    Stofanko M. Kwon S. Y. Badenhorst P., 2010 Lineage tracing of lamellocytes demonstrates Drosophila macrophage plasticity. PLoS One 5: e14051

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0014051

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    Stramer B. Wood W. Galko M. J. Redd M. J. Jacinto A., 2005 Live imaging of wound inflammation in Drosophila embryos reveals key roles for small GTPases during in vivo cell migration. J. Cell Biol. 168: 567–573.

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    Tang H. Kambris Z. Lemaitre B. Hashimoto C., 2006 Two proteases defining a melanization cascade in the immune system of Drosophila. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 28097–28104.

    Not in our library10.1074/jbc.m601642200

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    Taylor M. V. Beatty K. E. Hunter H. K. Baylies M. K., 1995 Drosophila MEF2 is regulated by twist and is expressed in both the primordia and differentiated cells of the embryonic somatic, visceral and heart musculature. Mech. Dev. 50: 29–41.

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    Vanha-Aho L. M. Anderl I. Vesala L. Hultmark D. Valanne S., 2015 Edin expression in the fat body is required in the defense against parasitic wasps in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathog. 11: e1004895

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    Waltzer L. Bataille L. Peyrefitte S. Haenlin M., 2002 Two isoforms of Serpent containing either one or two GATA zinc fingers have different roles in Drosophila haematopoiesis. EMBO J. 21: 5477–5486.

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    Waltzer L. Ferjoux G. Bataille L. Haenlin M., 2003 Cooperation between the GATA and RUNX factors Serpent and Lozenge during Drosophila hematopoiesis. EMBO J. 22: 6516–6525.

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    Ward E. J. Skeath J. B., 2000 Characterization of a novel subset of cardiac cells and their progenitors in the Drosophila embryo. Development 127: 4959–4969.

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    Wasserman S. A., 2004 Nature’s fortress against infection. Nat. Immunol. 5: 474–475.

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    Watson F. L. Puttmann-Holgado R. Thomas F. Lamar D. L. Hughes M., 2005 Extensive diversity of Ig-superfamily proteins in the immune system of insects. Science 309: 1874–1878.

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    Watson K. L. Johnson T. K. Denell R. E., 1991 Lethal(1) aberrant immune response mutations leading to melanotic tumor formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Genet. 12: 173–187.

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    Weavers H. Prieto-Sanchez S. Grawe F. Garcia-Lopez A. Artero R., 2009 The insect nephrocyte is a podocyte-like cell with a filtration slit diaphragm. Nature 457: 322–326.

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    Weavers H. Liepe J. Sim A. Wood W. Martin P., 2016b Systems analysis of the dynamic inflammatory response to tissue damage reveals spatiotemporal properties of the wound attractant gradient. Curr. Biol. 26: 1975–1989.

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    Weber G. F. Bjerke M. A. DeSimone D. W., 2011 Integrins and cadherins join forces to form adhesive networks. J. Cell Sci. 124: 1183–1193.

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    Weismann A., 1864 Die nachembryonale Entwicklung der Musciden nach Beobachtungen an Musca vomitoria und Sar- cophaga carnaria. Z. Wiss. Zool. 14: 187–336.

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    Weissman I. L. Anderson D. J. Gage F., 2001 Stem and progenitor cells: origins, phenotypes, lineage commitments, and transdifferentiations. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17: 387–403.

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    Williams M. J., 2009 The Drosophila cell adhesion molecule Neuroglian regulates Lissencephaly-1 localisation in circulating immunosurveillance cells. BMC Immunol. 10: 17

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2172-10-17

  356. 356.

    Williams M. J. Wiklund M. L. Wikman S. Hultmark D., 2006 Rac1 signalling in the Drosophila larval cellular immune response. J. Cell Sci. 119: 2015–2024.

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    Wood W. Martin P., 2017 Macrophage functions in tissue patterning and disease: new insights from the fly. Dev. Cell 40: 221–233.

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    Wood W. Jacinto A. Grose R. Woolner S. Gale J., 2002 Wound healing recapitulates morphogenesis in Drosophila embryos. Nat. Cell Biol. 4: 907–912.

    Not in our library10.1038/ncb875

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    Wood W. Faria C. Jacinto A., 2006 Distinct mechanisms regulate hemocyte chemotaxis during development and wound healing in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Cell Biol. 173: 405–416.

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    Xiao H. Wang H. Silva E. A. Thompson J. Guillou A., 2015 The Pallbearer E3 ligase promotes actin remodeling via RAC in efferocytosis by degrading the ribosomal protein S6. Dev. Cell 32: 19–30.

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    Yang H. Hultmark D., 2017 Drosophila muscles regulate the immune response against wasp infection via carbohydrate metabolism. Sci. Rep. 7: 15713

    Not in our library10.1038/s41598-017-15940-2

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    Yano T. Mita S. Ohmori H. Oshima Y. Fujimoto Y., 2008 Autophagic control of listeria through intracellular innate immune recognition in drosophila. Nat. Immunol. 9: 908–916.

    Not in our library10.1038/ni.1634

  367. 367.

    Yin Z. Xu X. L. Frasch M., 1997 Regulation of the twist target gene tinman by modular cis-regulatory elements during early mesoderm development. Development 124: 4971–4982.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.124.24.4971

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    Yokomizo T. Ogawa M. Osato M. Kanno T. Yoshida H., 2001 Requirement of Runx1/AML1/PEBP2alphaB for the generation of haematopoietic cells from endothelial cells. Genes Cells 6: 13–23.

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  369. 369.

    Yoo S. K. Starnes T. W. Deng Q. Huttenlocher A., 2011 Lyn is a redox sensor that mediates leukocyte wound attraction in vivo. Nature 480: 109–112.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature10632

  370. 370.

    Yu S. Zhang G. Jin L. H., 2018 A high-sugar diet affects cellular and humoral immune responses in Drosophila. Exp. Cell Res. 368: 215–224.

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  371. 371.

    Zaffran S. Xu X. Lo P. C. Lee H. H. Frasch M., 2002 Cardiogenesis in the Drosophila model: control mechanisms during early induction and diversification of cardiac progenitors. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 67: 1–12.

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    Zettervall C. J. Anderl I. Williams M. J. Palmer R. Kurucz E., 2004 A directed screen for genes involved in Drosophila blood cell activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 14192–14197.

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    Zhang C. U. Cadigan K. M., 2017 The matrix protein Tiggrin regulates plasmatocyte maturation in Drosophila larva. Development 144: 2415–2427.

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    Zhang C. U. Blauwkamp T. A. Burby P. E. Cadigan K. M., 2014 Wnt-mediated repression via bipartite DNA recognition by TCF in the Drosophila hematopoietic system. PLoS Genet. 10: e1004509

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    Zhang G. Hao Y. Jin L. H., 2016 Overexpression of jumu induces melanotic nodules by activating Toll signaling in Drosophila. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 77: 31–38.

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    Zhang H. Stallock J. P. Ng J. C. Reinhard C. Neufeld T. P., 2000 Regulation of cellular growth by the Drosophila target of rapamycin dTOR. Genes Dev. 14: 2712–2724.

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    Zhou Z. Rodriguez A. Wu C. Y. Kimbrell D. A., 2001 Drosophila cellular immune system: dorothy encodes a UDP glycosyltransferase. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 484: 251–263.

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    Zmojdzian M. de Joussineau S. Da Ponte J. P. Jagla K., 2018 Distinct subsets of Eve-positive pericardial cells stabilise cardiac outflow and contribute to Hox gene-triggered heart morphogenesis in Drosophila. Development 145: dev158717.

    Not in our library10.1242/dev.158717

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    Zurovec M. Dolezal T. Gazi M. Pavlova E. Bryant P. J., 2002 Adenosine deaminase-related growth factors stimulate cell proliferation in Drosophila by depleting extracellular adenosine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 4403–4408.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.062059699

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