Analytical Application of pH-Gradients in Flow Injection Analysis and Related Techniques

Introduction 158 • On-line generation of pH-gradient in flow systems 159 • Types of data available from pH-gradient flow systems 166 • Applications: 168 • Study of pH-dependent processes 168 • Quantitative determinations 169 • Calculation of stability constants 175 • Further trends 176 ABSTRACT pH gradients in flow systems have proved useful for performing multiple analytical tasks.Although the reproducibility, sampling frequency and degree of automation makes these techniques highly attractive from an analytical point of view, data generated often suffer from poor selectivity.From a historical perspective, following their initial application at the end of the seventies, these methods fell into disuse as a consequence of interference problems.Today, the potentiality of pH-gradients has greatly increased, mainly in combination with mathematical procedures for data analysis addressed at improving the selectivity.This paper describes the existing systems for the generation of pH gradients and provides an overview of applications dealing with the study of pH-dependent processes, quantitative determinations and the calculation of stability constants.The characteristics, advantages and shortcomings of the Vol.19, No. 2, 2000 pH-Gradients in Flow Injection Analysis different techniques are outlined.Furthermore, a number of examples developedin our working group are described in more detail.

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