Measuring Large-Scale Social Networks with High Resolution

Abstract

This paper describes the deployment of a large-scale study designed to measure human interactions across a variety of communication channels, with high temporal resolution and spanning multiple years-the Copenhagen Networks Study. Specifically, we collect data on face-to-face interactions, telecommunication, social networks, location, and background information (personality, demographics, health, politics) for a densely connected population of 1000 individuals, using state-of-the-art smartphones as social sensors. Here we provide an overview of the related work and describe the motivation and research agenda driving the study. Additionally, the paper details the data-types measured, and the technical infrastructure in terms of both backend and phone software, as well as an outline of the deployment procedures. We document the participant privacy procedures and their underlying principles. The paper is concluded with early results from data analysis, illustrating the importance of multi-channel high-resolution approach to data collection.

Full text

Its licence does not allow us to show the full text. Read it at PubMed Central:

References 176

1. 1.

   Ginsberg J, Mohebbi MH, Patel RS, Brammer L, Smolinski MS, et al (2008 ) Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature 457: 1012–1014.

   Not in our library10.1038/nature07634

2. 2.

   Aral S, Walker D (2012 ) Identifying influential and susceptible members of social networks. Science 337: 337–341.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.1215842

3. 3.

   Stopczynski A, Pietri R, Pentland A, Lazer D, Lehmann S (2014) Privacy in Sensor-Driven Human Data Collection: A Guide for Practitioners. arXiv preprint arXiv:14035299.

   Not in our library

4. 4.

   Onnela JP, Saramäki J, Hyvönen J, Szabó G, Lazer D, et al (2007 ) Structure and tie strengths in mobile communication networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 7332–7336.

   Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0610245104

5. 5.

   Cha M, Haddadi H, Benevenuto F, Gummadi PK (2010 ) Measuring user influence in Twitter: The million follower fallacy. ICWSM 10: 10–17.

   Not in our library

6. 6.

   Shalizi CR, Thomas AC (2011 ) Homophily and contagion are generically confounded in observational social network studies. Sociological Methods & Research 40: 211–239.

   Not in our library10.1177/0049124111404820

7. 7.

   Barabási AL, Jeong H, Néda Z, Ravasz E, Schubert A, et al (2002 ) Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 311: 590–614.

   Not in our library

8. 8.

   Kossinets G, Watts DJ (2006 ) Empirical analysis of an evolving social network. Science 311: 88–90.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.1116869

9. 9.

   Lazer D, Pentland A, Adamic L, Aral S, Barabási A, et al (2009 ) Life in the network: the coming age of computational social science. Science (New York, NY) 323: 721.

   Not in our library

10. 10.

    Wesolowski A, Eagle N, Noor AM, Snow RW, Buckee CO (2013 ) The impact of biases in mobile phone ownership on estimates of human mobility. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10: 20120986.

    Not in our library10.1098/rsif.2012.0986

11. 11.

    Madrigal A (2013) Dark social: We have the whole history of the web wrong. The Atlantic.

    Not in our library

12. 12.
    Dynamics of Person-to-Person Interactions from Distributed RFID Sensor Networks · 2010

    No notice
13. 13.

    Wu L, Waber B, Aral S, Brynjolfsson E, Pentland A (2008) Mining face-to-face interaction networks using sociometric badges: Predicting productivity in an IT configuration task. Available at SSRN 1130251.

    Not in our library

14. 14.

    Polastre J, Szewczyk R, Culler D (2005) Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In: Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2005. IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on. IEEE, pp. 364–369.

    Not in our library

15. 15.

    Raento M, Oulasvirta A, Eagle N (2009 ) Smartphones an emerging tool for social scientists. Sociological methods & research 37: 426–454.

    Not in our library

16. 16.

    Chronis I, Madan A, Pentland AS (2009) SocialCircuits: the art of using mobile phones for modeling personal interactions. In: Proceedings of the ICMI-MLMI'09 Workshop on Multimodal Sensor-Based Systems and Mobile Phones for Social Computing. ACM, p. 1.

    Not in our library

17. 17.

    Pentland AS (2008) Honest Signals: how they shape our world. MIT Press.

    Not in our library

18. 18.

    Olguín D, Madan A, Cebrian M, Pentland A (2011) Mobile sensing technologies and computational methods for collective intelligence. Next Generation Data Technologies for Collective Computational Intelligence: 575–597.

    Not in our library

19. 19.

    Miller G (2012 ) The smartphone psychology manifesto. Perspectives on Psychological Science 7: 221–237.

    Not in our library10.1177/1745691612441215

20. 20.

    Raento M, Oulasvirta A, Petit R, Toivonen H (2005 ) ContextPhone: A prototyping platform for context-aware mobile applications. Pervasive Computing, IEEE 4: 51–59.

    Not in our library

21. 21.

    Mulder I, Ter Hofte G, Kort J (2005) SocioXensor: Measuring user behaviour and user experience in context with mobile devices. In: Proceedings of Measuring Behavior. pp. 355–358.

    Not in our library

22. 22.

    Froehlich J, Chen MY, Consolvo S, Harrison B, Landay JA (2007) MyExperience: a system for in situ tracing and capturing of user feedback on mobile phones. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services. ACM, pp. 57–70.

    Not in our library

23. 23.

    Cornelius C, Kapadia A, Kotz D, Peebles D, Shin M, et al.. (2008) AnonySense: privacy-aware people-centric sensing. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services. ACM, pp. 211–224.

    Not in our library

24. 24.

    Miluzzo E, Lane N, Fodor K, Peterson R, Lu H, et al.. (2008) Sensing meets mobile social networks: the design, implementation and evaluation of the CenceMe application. In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems. ACM, pp. 337–350.

    Not in our library

25. 25.

    Kostakos V, O'Neill E (2008) Cityware: Urban computing to bridge online and real-world social networks. Handbook of research on urban informatics: The practice and promise of the real-time city: 195–204.

    Not in our library

26. 26.

    Miluzzo E, Cornelius C, Ramaswamy A, Choudhury T, Liu Z, et al.. (2010) Darwin phones: the evolution of sensing and inference on mobile phones. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services. ACM, pp. 5–20.

    Not in our library

27. 27.

    Hu X, Leung VC, Chu TH, Chan HC (2013 ) Vita: A crowdsensing-oriented mobile cyber-physical system. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing 1: 148–165.

    Not in our library

28. 28.

    Larsen JE, Jensen K (2009) Mobile Context Toolbox. In: Smart Sensing and Context, Springer. pp. 193–206.

    Not in our library

29. 29.

    Eagle N, Pentland A (2006 ) Reality mining: sensing complex social systems. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 10: 255–268.

    Not in our library

30. 30.

    (2013). Funf Open Sensing Framework. URL http://funf.org/. [Online; accessed 19-March-2014].

    Not in our library

31. 31.

    Aharony N, Pan W, Ip C, Khayal I, Pentland A (2011 ) Social fMRI: Investigating and shaping social mechanisms in the real world. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 7: 643–659.

    Not in our library

32. 32.

    Kiukkonen N, Blom J, Dousse O, Gatica-Perez D, Laurila J (2010) Towards rich mobile phone datasets: Lausanne data collection campaign. Proc ICPS, Berlin.

    Not in our library

33. 33.

    Laurila J, Gatica-Perez D, Aad I, Blom J, Bornet O, et al.. (2012) The mobile data challenge: Big data for mobile computing research. In: Mobile Data Challenge by Nokia Workshop, in conjunction with Int. Conf. on Pervasive Computing, Newcastle, UK.

    Not in our library

34. 34.

    Olguín D, Waber B, Kim T, Mohan A, Ara K, et al (2009 ) Sensible organizations: Technology and methodology for automatically measuring organizational behavior. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on 39: 43–55.

    Not in our library10.1109/tsmcb.2008.2006638

35. 35.

    Karikoski J, Nelimarkka M (2011 ) Measuring social relations with multiple datasets. International Journal of Social Computing and Cyber-Physical Systems 1: 98–113.

    Not in our library

36. 36.

    Cranshaw J, Toch E, Hong J, Kittur A, Sadeh N (2010) Bridging the gap between physical location and online social networks. In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, pp. 119–128.

    Not in our library

37. 37.

    González MC, Hidalgo CA, Barabási AL (2008 ) Understanding individual human mobility patterns. Nature 453: 779–782.

    Not in our library10.1038/nature06958

38. 38.

    Song C, Qu Z, Blumm N, Barabási AL (2010 ) Limits of predictability in human mobility. Science 327: 1018–1021.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1177170

39. 39.

    Sevtsuk A, Ratti C (2010 ) Does urban mobility have a daily routine? Learning from the aggregate data of mobile networks. Journal of Urban Technology 17: 41–60.

    Not in our library

40. 40.
    Mesoscopic structure and social aspects of human mobility. · 2012

    Not checked
41. 41.

    De Domenico M, Lima A, Musolesi M (2013 ) Interdependence and predictability of human mobility and social interactions. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 9: 798–807.

    Not in our library

42. 42.

    Eagle N, Pentland AS, Lazer D (2009 ) Inferring friendship network structure by using mobile phone data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 15274–15278.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0900282106

43. 43.

    Eagle N, Pentland AS (2009 ) Eigenbehaviors: Identifying structure in routine. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63: 1057–1066.

    Not in our library

44. 44.

    Clauset A, Eagle N (2007) Persistence and periodicity in a dynamic proximity network. In: DyDAn Workshop on Computational Methods for Dynamic Interaction Networks.

    Not in our library

45. 45.

    Onnela JP, Saramäki J, Hyvönen J, Szabó G, De Menezes MA, et al (2007 ) Analysis of a largescale weighted network of one-to-one human communication. New Journal of Physics 9: 179.

    Not in our library

46. 46.

    Granovetter MS (1973) The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology: 1360–1380.

    Not in our library

47. 47.

    Lambiotte R, Blondel VD, de Kerchove C, Huens E, Prieur C, et al (2008 ) Geographical dispersal of mobile communication networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 387: 5317–5325.

    Not in our library

48. 48.

    Onnela JP, Arbesman S, González MC, Barabási AL, Christakis NA (2011 ) Geographic constraints on social network groups. PLoS One 6: e16939.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0016939

49. 49.

    Hidalgo CA, Rodriguez-Sickert C (2008 ) The dynamics of a mobile phone network. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 387: 3017–3024.

    Not in our library

50. 50.

    Miritello G, Lara R, Cebrian M, Moro E (2013) Limited communication capacity unveils strategies for human interaction. Scientific reports 3..

    Not in our library10.1038/srep01950

51. 51.

    Miritello G, Moro E, Lara R, Martínez-López R, Belchamber J, et al (2013 ) Time as a limited resource: Communication strategy in mobile phone networks. Social Networks 35: 89–95.

    Not in our library

52. 52.

    Sun L, Axhausen KW, Lee DH, Huang X (2013 ) Understanding metropolitan patterns of daily encounters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 13774–13779.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1306440110

53. 53.

    Kapoor A, Eagle N, Horvitz E (2010) People, quakes, and communications: Inferences from call dynamics about a seismic event and its influences on a population. In: AAAI Spring Symposium: Artificial Intelligence for Development.

    Not in our library

54. 54.

    Madan A, Cebrian M, Moturu S, Farrahi K, Pentland S (2012 ) Sensing the health state of a community. IEEE Pervasive Computing 11: 36–45.

    Not in our library

55. 55.

    Salathé M, Kazandjieva M, Lee JW, Levis P, Feldman MW, et al (2010 ) A high-resolution human contact network for infectious disease transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 22020–22025.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1009094108

56. 56.

    Madan A, Farrahi K, Gatica-Perez D, Pentland A (2011) Pervasive sensing to model political opinions in face-to-face networks. In:Lyons K, Hightower J, Huang E, editors, Pervasive Computing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, volume 6696 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. pp.214–231. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-21726-514. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21726-5_14.

    Not in our library

57. 57.

    Wang P, González MC, Hidalgo CA, Barabási AL (2009 ) Understanding the spreading patterns of mobile phone viruses. Science 324: 1071–1076.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1167053

58. 58.
    Close Encounters in a Pediatric Ward: Measuring Face-to-Face Proximity and Mixing Patterns with Wearable Sensors · 2011

    No notice
59. 59.
    High-Resolution Measurements of Face-to-Face Contact Patterns in a Primary School · 2011

    No notice
60. 60.

    Bagrow JP, Wang D, Barabási AL (2011 ) Collective response of human populations to large-scale emergencies. PLoS One 6: e17680.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0017680

61. 61.

    Karsai M, Perra N, Vespignani A (2013) The emergence and role of strong ties in time-varying communication networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:13035966.

    Not in our library

62. 62.

    Christakis NA, Fowler JH (2007 ) The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. New England Journal of Medicine 357: 370–379.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmsa066082

63. 63.

    Christakis NA, Fowler JH (2008 ) The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network. New England Journal of Medicine 358: 2249–2258.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmsa0706154

64. 64.

    Lyons R (2011) The spread of evidence-poor medicine via awed social-network analysis. Statistics, Politics, and Policy 2..

    Not in our library

65. 65.

    Steglich C, Snijders TA, Pearson M (2010 ) Dynamic networks and behavior: Separating selection from influence. Sociological Methodology 40: 329–393.

    Not in our library

66. 66.

    Aral S, Muchnik L, Sundararajan A (2009 ) Distinguishing influence-based contagion from homophily-driven diffusion in dynamic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 21544–21549.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.0908800106

67. 67.

    Eagle N, Macy M, Claxton R (2010 ) Network diversity and economic development. Science 328: 1029–1031.

    Not in our library10.1126/science.1186605

68. 68.

    Blondel V, Krings G, Thomas I (2010) Regions and borders of mobile telephony in Belgium and in the Brussels metropolitan zone. Brussels Studies 42..

    Not in our library

69. 69.

    Mahato H, Kern D, Holleis P, Schmidt A (2008) Implicit personalization of public environments using Bluetooth. In: CHI'08 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, pp. 3093–3098.

    Not in our library

70. 70.

    Klasnja P, Consolvo S, Choudhury T, Beckwith R, Hightower J (2009) Exploring privacy concerns about personal sensing. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, Pervasive '09, pp. 176–183. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-01516-8_13. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01516-8_13.

    Not in our library

71. 71.

    Altshuler Y, Aharony N, Elovici Y, Pentland A, Cebrian M (2011) Stealing reality: when criminals become data scientists (or vice versa). Security and Privacy in Social Networks: 133–151.

    Not in our library

72. 72.

    Shokri R, Theodorakopoulos G, Le Boudec J, Hubaux J (2011) Quantifying location privacy. In: Security and Privacy (SP), 2011 IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, pp. 247–262.

    Not in our library

73. 73.

    Lane N, Xie J, Moscibroda T, Zhao F (2012) On the feasibility of user de-anonymization from shared mobile sensor data. In: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Sensing Applications on Mobile Phones. ACM, p. 3.

    Not in our library

74. 74.

    Srivatsa M, Hicks M (2012) Deanonymizing mobility traces: using social network as a side-channel. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security. ACM, pp. 628–637.

    Not in our library

75. 75.

    Mislove A, Viswanath B, Gummadi KP, Druschel P (2010) You are who you know: inferring user profiles in online social networks. In: Proceedings of the third ACM International Conference on Web search and data mining. ACM, pp. 251–260.

    Not in our library

76. 76.

    Zhou B, Pei J (2008) Preserving privacy in social networks against neighborhood attacks. In: Data Engineering, 2008. ICDE 2008. IEEE 24th International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 506–515.

    Not in our library

77. 77.

    Cheng J, Fu AWc, Liu J (2010) K-isomorphism: privacy preserving network publication against structural attacks. In: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data. ACM, pp. 459–470.

    Not in our library

78. 78.

    Li T, Li N (2009) On the tradeoff between privacy and utility in data publishing. In: Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, pp. 517–526.

    Not in our library

79. 79.

    Narayanan A, Shmatikov V (2008) Robust de-anonymization of large sparse datasets. In: Security and Privacy, 2008. SP 2008. IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, pp. 111–125.

    Not in our library

80. 80.

    Sweeney L (2000) Simple demographics often identify people uniquely. Health (San Francisco): 1–34.

    Not in our library

81. 81.

    Barbaro M, Zeller T, Hansell S (2006 ) A face is exposed for AOL searcher no. 4417749. New York Times 9: 8For.

    Not in our library

82. 82.

    de Montjoye YA, Hidalgo CA, Verleysen M, Blondel VD (2013) Unique in the crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility. Scientific reports 3.

    Not in our library10.1038/srep01376

83. 83.

    Sweeney L (2002 ) k-anonymity: A model for protecting privacy. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 10: 557–570.

    Not in our library

84. 84.

    Machanavajjhala A, Kifer D, Gehrke J (2007 ) VenkitasubramaniamM (2007 ) l-diversity: Privacy beyond k-anonymity. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD) 1: 3.

    Not in our library

85. 85.

    Li N, Li T, Venkatasubramanian S (2007) t-closeness: Privacy beyond k-anonymity and l-diversity. In: Data Engineering, 2007. ICDE 2007. IEEE 23rd International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 106–115.

    Not in our library

86. 86.

    Dinur I, Nissim K (2003) Revealing information while preserving privacy. In: Proceedings of the twenty-second ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems. ACM, pp. 202–210.

    Not in our library

87. 87.

    Dwork C, Nissim K (2004) Privacy-preserving datamining on vertically partitioned databases. In: Advances in Cryptology–CRYPTO 2004. Springer, pp. 134–138.

    Not in our library

88. 88.

    Blum A, Dwork C, McSherry F, Nissim K (2005) Practical privacy: the SuLQ framework. In: Proceedings of the twenty-fourth ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems. ACM, pp. 128–138.

    Not in our library

89. 89.

    Dwork C, Kenthapadi K, McSherry F, Mironov I, Naor M (2006 ) Our data, ourselves: Privacy via distributed noise generation. Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2006: 486–503.

    Not in our library

90. 90.

    Chawla S, Dwork C, McSherry F, Smith A, Wee H (2005) Toward privacy in public databases. Theory of Cryptography: 363–385.

    Not in our library

91. 91.

    Rivest RL, Adleman L, Dertouzos ML (1978 ) On data banks and privacy homomorphisms. Foundations of secure computation 4: 169–180.

    Not in our library

92. 92.

    Gentry C (2009) A fully homomorphic encryption scheme. Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University.

    Not in our library

93. 93.

    Tebaa M, El Hajji S (2012) Homomorphic encryption applied to the cloud computing security. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering. volume 1, pp. 4–6.

    Not in our library

94. 94.

    Naehrig M, Lauter K, Vaikuntanathan V (2011) Can homomorphic encryption be practical? In: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Cloud computing security workshop. ACM, pp. 113–124.

    Not in our library

95. 95.

    Popa R, Balakrishnan H, Blumberg A (2009) VPriv: protecting privacy in location-based vehicular services. In: Proceedings of the 18th conference on USENIX security symposium. USENIX Association, pp. 335–350.

    Not in our library

96. 96.

    Molina A, Salajegheh M, Fu K (2009) HICCUPS: health information collaborative collection using privacy and security. In: Proceedings of the first ACM workshop on Security and privacy in medical and home-care systems. ACM, pp. 21–30.

    Not in our library

97. 97.

    Zdancewic SA (2002) Programming languages for information security. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University.

    Not in our library

98. 98.

    Sfaxi L, Abdellatif T, Robbana R, Lakhnech Y (2010) Information flow control of componentbased distributed systems. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience.

    Not in our library

99. 99.

    Zeldovich N, Boyd-Wickizer S, Mazières D (2008) Securing distributed systems with information flow control. In: Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. USENIX Association, pp. 293–308.

    Not in our library

100. 100.

     Mundada Y, Ramachandran A, Feamster N (2011) Silverline: data and network isolation for cloud services. In: Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX conference on Hot topics in cloud computing. USENIX Association, pp. 13–13.

     Not in our library

101. 101.

     Pappas V, Kemerlis V, Zavou A, Polychronakis M, Keromytis AD (2012) CloudFence: Enabling users to audit the use of their cloud-resident data.

     Not in our library

102. 102.

     Ganjali A, Lie D (2012) Auditing cloud administrators using information ow tracking. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). pp. 79–84.

     Not in our library

103. 103.

     Boneh D, Lipton R (1996) A revocable backup system. In: USENIX Security Symposium. pp. 91–96.

     Not in our library

104. 104.

     Perlman R (2005) The ephemerizer: Making data disappear. Technical report, Mountain View, CA, USA.

     Not in our library

105. 105.

     Perlman R (2005) File system design with assured delete. In: Security in Storage Workshop, 2005. SISW'05. Third IEEE International. IEEE, pp. 6–pp.

     Not in our library

106. 106.

     Geambasu R, Kohno T, Levy A, Levy HM (2009) Vanish: Increasing data privacy with selfdestructing data. In: Proc. of the 18th USENIX Security Symposium. p. 56.

     Not in our library

107. 107.

     Agrawal R, Haas PJ, Kiernan J (2003 ) Watermarking relational data: framework, algorithms and analysis. The VLDB journal 12: 157–169.

     Not in our library

108. 108.

     Cox IJ, Miller ML, Bloom JA (2000) Watermarking applications and their properties. In: Information Technology: Coding and Computing, 2000. Proceedings. International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 6–10.

     Not in our library

109. 109.

     Cox IJ, Linnartz JP (1998 ) Some general methods for tampering with watermarks. Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on 16: 587–593.

     Not in our library

110. 110.
     Dynamics of Person-to-Person Interactions from Distributed RFID Sensor Networks · 2010

     No notice
111. 111.

     Larsen JE, Sapiezynski P, Stopczynski A, Mørup M, Theodorsen R (2013) Crowds, Bluetooth, and Rock'N'Roll: Understanding music festival participant behavior. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Personal Data Meets Distributed Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, PDM '13, pp. 11–18. doi:10.1145/2509352.2509399. URL http://doi.acm.org/10. 1145/2509352.2509399.

     Not in our library

112. 112.

     Ranjan G, Zang H, Zhang ZL, Bolot J (2012 ) Are call detail records biased for sampling human mobility? SIGMOBILE Mob Comput Commun Rev 16: 33–44.

     Not in our library

113. 113.

     Isaacman S, Becker R, Cáceres R, Kobourov S, Martonosi M, et al.. (2011) Identifying important places in peoples lives from cellular network data. In: Pervasive Computing, Springer. pp. 133–151.

     Not in our library

114. 114.

     Mucha P, Richardson T, Macon K, Porter M, Onnela JP (2010 ) Community structure in timedependent, multiscale, and multiplex networks. Science 328: 876–878.

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1184819

115. 115.

     Szell M, Lambiotte R, Thurner S (2010 ) Multirelational organization of large-scale social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107: 13636–13641.

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1004008107

116. 116.

     Madden M, Lenhart A, Cortesi S, Gasser U, Duggan M, et al. (2013). Teens, Social Media, and Privacy. URL http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2013/PIP_TeensSocialMediaandPrivacy.pdf. [Online; accessed 19-March-2014].

     Not in our library

117. 117.

     Kossinets G (2006 ) Effects of missing data in social networks. Social Networks 28: 247–268.

     Not in our library

118. 118.

     Laumann E, Marsden P, Prensky D (1983) The boundary specification problem in network analysis, Sage Publications. pp. 18–34.

     Not in our library

119. 119.

     Saramäki J, Leicht E, López E, Roberts SG, Reed-Tsochas F, et al (2014 ) Persistence of social signatures in human communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111: 942–947.

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1308540110

120. 120.

     Holme P, Saramäki J (2012 ) Temporal networks. Physics reports 519: 97–125.

     Not in our library

121. 121.

     Shalizi C, Thomas A (2011 ) Homophily and contagion are generically confounded in observational social network studies. Sociological Methods & Research 40: 211–239.

     Not in our library10.1177/0049124111404820

122. 122.

     Fowler J, Christakis N (2008 ) Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham heart study. British Medical Journal 337: a2338.

     Not in our library10.1136/bmj.a2338

123. 123.

     Christakis N, Fowler J (2009) Connected: the surprising power of our social networks and how they shape our lives. Little, Brown and Company.

     Not in our library

124. 124.

     Li I, Dey A, Forlizzi J (2010) A stage-based model of personal informatics systems. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, pp. 557–566.

     Not in our library

125. 125.

     Larsen JE, Cuttone A, Jørgensen SL (2013) QS Spiral: Visualizing periodic quantified self data. In: CHI 2013 Workshop on Personal Informatics in the Wild: Hacking Habits for Health & Happiness.

     Not in our library

126. 126.

     Cuttone A, Lehmann S, Larsen JE (2013) A mobile personal informatics system with interactive visualizations of mobility and social interactions. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Personal data meets distributed multimedia. ACM, pp. 27–30.

     Not in our library

127. 127.
     Simulated Epidemics in an Empirical Spatiotemporal Network of 50,185 Sexual Contacts · 2011

     No notice
128. 128.

     Lee S, Rocha LE, Liljeros F, Holme P (2012 ) Exploiting temporal network structures of human interaction to effectively immunize populations. PloS One 7: e36439.

     Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0036439

129. 129.

     Fortunato S (2010 ) Community detection in graphs. Physics Reports 486: 75–174.

     Not in our library

130. 130.

     Gulbahce N, Lehmann S (2008 ) The art of community detection. BioEssays 30: 934–938.

     Not in our library10.1002/bies.20820

131. 131.

     Ahn YY, Bagrow JP, Lehmann S (2010 ) Link communities reveal multiscale complexity in networks. Nature 466: 761–764.

     Not in our library10.1038/nature09182

132. 132.

     Fiedler M (1975 ) A property of eigenvectors of nonnegative symmetric matrices and its application to graph theory. Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 25: 619.

     Not in our library

133. 133.

     Bagrow JP, Lehmann S, Ahn YY (2011). Robustness and modular structure in networks. arxiv/1102.5085.

     Not in our library

134. 134.

     (2013). Facebook reports first quarter 2013 results. URL http://investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=761090. [Online; accessed 19-March-2014].

     Not in our library

135. 135.

     John OP, Srivastava S (1999 ) The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory and research 2: 102–138.

     Not in our library

136. 136.

     Rosenberg M (1989) Society and the adolescent self-image (rev). Wesleyan University Press.

     Not in our library

137. 137.

     Back MD, Kufner AC, Dufner M, Gerlach TM, Rauthmann JF, et al (2013 ) Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105: 1013.

     Not in our library10.1037/a0034431

138. 138.

     Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffn S (1985 ) The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment 49: 71–75.

     Not in our library10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

139. 139.

     Rotter JB (1966 ) Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological monographs: General and applied 80: 1.

     Not in our library

140. 140.

     Russell DW (1996 ) UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of personality assessment 66: 20–40.

     Not in our library10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2

141. 141.

     Sherer M, Maddux JE, Mercandante B, Prentice-Dunn S, Jacobs B, et al (1982 ) The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological reports 51: 663–671.

     Not in our library

142. 142.

     Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R (1983) A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior: 385–396.

     Not in our library

143. 143.

     Bech P, Rasmussen NA, Olsen LR, Noerholm V, Abildgaard W (2001 ) The sensitivity and specificity of the major depression inventory, using the present state examination as the index of diagnostic validity. Journal of affective disorders 66: 159–164.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00309-8

144. 144.

     Lund R, Nielsen LS, Henriksen PW, Schmidt L, Avlund K, et al (2014 ) Content validity and reliability of the Copenhagen Social Relations Questionnaire. Journal of aging and health 26: 128–150.

     Not in our library10.1177/0898264313510033

145. 145.

     Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A (1988 ) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology 54: 1063.

     Not in our library10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063

146. 146.

     Ellen RF, Firth R (1984) Ethnographic research: A guide to general conduct. Academic Press London.

     Not in our library

147. 147.

     de Montjoye YA, Wang SS, Pentland A, Anh DTT, Datta A, et al (2012 ) On the trusted use of large-scale personal data. IEEE Data Eng Bull 35: 5–8.

     Not in our library

148. 148.

     Shampanier K, Mazar N, Ariely D (2007 ) Zero as a special price: The true value of free products. Marketing Science 26: 742–757.

     Not in our library

149. 149.

     (2013). SensibleDTU informed consent form (da). URL https://github.com/MIT-Model-Open-Data-and-Identity-System/SensibleData-Service/blob/production_sensibledtu1k/sensible_data_service/documents/service_informed_consent_da.txt.

     Not in our library

150. 150.

     (2013). SensibleDTU informed consent form (en). URL https://github.com/MIT-Model-Open-Data-and-Identity-System/SensibleData-Service/blob/production_sensibledtu1k/sensible_data_service/documents/service_informed_consent_en.txt.

     Not in our library

151. 151.

     Sekara V, Lehmann S (2014) Application of network properties and signal strength to identify face-to-face links in an electronic dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:14015836.

     Not in our library

152. 152.

     Stopczynski A, Larsen JE, Lehmann S, Dynowski L, Fuentes M (2013) Participatory Bluetooth sensing: A method for acquiring spatio-temporal data about participant mobility and interactions at large scale events. In: Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PERCOM Workshops), 2013 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 242–247.

     Not in our library

153. 153.

     Krings G, Karsai M, Bernhardsson S, Blondel VD, Saramäki J (2012 ) Effects of time window size and placement on the structure of an aggregated communication network. EPJ Data Science 1: 1–16.

     Not in our library

154. 154.

     Ribeiro B, Nicola P, Baronchelli A (2013) Quantifying the effect of temporal resolution on timevarying networks. Scientific reports 3..

     Not in our library10.1038/srep03006

155. 155.

     Whitehead M, Phillips T, Page M, Molina M, Wood C (2012). European mobile industry observatory 2011. URL http://www.gsma.com/publicpolicy/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/emofullwebfinal.pdf. [Online; accessed 19-March-2014].

     Not in our library

156. 156.

     LaMarca A, Chawathe Y, Consolvo S, Hightower J, Smith I, et al.. (2005) Place Lab: Device positioning using radio beacons in the wild. In: Pervasive Computing, Springer. pp. 116–133.

     Not in our library

157. 157.

     Kjærgaard MB, Nurmi P (2012) Challenges for Social Sensing Using WiFi Signals. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Mobile systems for computational social science. New York, NY, USA: ACM, MCSS '12, pp. 17–21. doi:10.1145/2307863.2307869. URL http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2307863.2307869.

     Not in our library

158. 158.

     Carlotto A, Parodi M, Bonamico C, Lavagetto F, Valla M (2008) Proximity classification for mobile devices using Wi-Fi environment similarity. In: Proceedings of the first ACM international workshop on Mobile entity localization and tracking in GPS-less environments. ACM, pp. 43–48.

     Not in our library

159. 159.

     Carreras I, Matic A, Saar P, Osmani V (2012) Comm2Sense: Detecting proximity through smartphones. In: Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PERCOM Workshops), 2012 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 253–258.

     Not in our library

160. 160.

     Lin M, Hsu WJ (2013) Mining GPS data for mobility patterns: A survey. Pervasive and Mobile Computing.

     Not in our library

161. 161.

     (2013). statsmodels.nonparametric.kde.kdeunivariate. URL http://statsmodels.sourceforge.net/devel/generated/statsmodels.nonparametric.kde.KDEUnivariate.html. [Online; accessed 19-March-2014].

     Not in our library

162. 162.

     Hariharan R, Toyama K (2004) Project Lachesis: parsing and modeling location histories. In: Geographic Information Science, Springer. pp. 106–124.

     Not in our library

163. 163.

     Zheng Y, Zhang L, Xie X, Ma WY (2009) Mining interesting locations and travel sequences from GPS trajectories. In: Proceedings of the 18th international conference on World wide web. ACM, pp. 791–800.

     Not in our library

164. 164.

     Montoliu R, Gatica-Perez D (2010) Discovering human places of interest from multimodal mobile phone data. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. ACM, p. 12.

     Not in our library

165. 165.

     Zheng VW, Zheng Y, Xie X, Yang Q (2010) Collaborative location and activity recommendations with GPS history data. In: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World Wide Web. ACM, pp. 1029–1038.

     Not in our library

166. 166.

     Palla G, Barabási AL, Vicsek T (2007 ) Quantifying social group evolution. Nature 446: 664–667.

     Not in our library10.1038/nature05670

167. 167.

     (2013). “Facebook Reports Third Quarter 2013 Results”. URL http://investor.fb.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=802760. [Online; accessed 19-March-2014].

     Not in our library

168. 168.

     McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM (2001) Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual review of sociology: 415–444.

     Not in our library

169. 169.

     Blüml V, Kapusta ND, Doering S, Brähler E, Wagner B, et al (2013 ) Personality factors and suicide risk in a representative sample of the german general population. PloS One 8: e76646.

     Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0076646

170. 170.

     Schmitt DP, Allik J, McCrae RR, Benet-Martínez V (2007 ) The geographic distribution of big five personality traits patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 38: 173–212.

     Not in our library

171. 171.

     Quercia D, Lambiotte R, Stillwell D, Kosinski M, Crowcroft J (2012) The personality of popular facebook users. In: Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on computer supported cooperative work. ACM, pp. 955–964.

     Not in our library

172. 172.

     Swickert RJ, Rosentreter CJ, Hittner JB, Mushrush JE (2002 ) Extraversion, social support processes, and stress. Personality and Individual Differences 32: 877–891.

     Not in our library

173. 173.

     Staiano J, Lepri B, Aharony N, Pianesi F, Sebe N, et al.. (2012) Friends don't lie: inferring personality traits from social network structure. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, pp. 321–330.

     Not in our library

174. 174.

     Chittaranjan G, Blom J, Gatica-Perez D (2011) Who's who with big-five: Analyzing and classifying personality traits with smartphones. In: Wearable Computers (ISWC), 2011 15th Annual International Symposium on. IEEE, pp. 29–36.

     Not in our library

175. 175.

     Kalish Y, Robins G (2006 ) Psychological predispositions and network structure: The relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network closure. Social Networks 28: 56–84.

     Not in our library

176. 176.

     de Montjoye YA, Quoidbach J, Robic F, Pentland AS (2013) Predicting personality using novel mobile phone-based metrics. In: Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction, Springer. pp. 48–55.

     Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 2

• Networks of face-to-face social contacts in Niakhar, Senegal. · 2019
  Not checked
• Contact Patterns in a High School: A Comparison between Data Collected Using Wearable Sensors, Contact Diaries and Friendship Surveys · 2015
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.