The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment

The status of experimental tests of general relativity and of theoretical frameworks for analyzing them is reviewed and updated. Einstein’s equivalence principle (EEP) is well supported by experiments such as the Eötvös experiment, tests of local Lorentz invariance and clock experiments. Ongoing tests of EEP and of the inverse square law are searching for new interactions arising from unification or quantum gravity. Tests of general relativity at the post-Newtonian level have reached high precision, including the light deflection, the Shapiro time delay, the perihelion advance of Mercury, the Nordtvedt effect in lunar motion, and frame-dragging. Gravitational wave damping has been detected in an amount that agrees with general relativity to better than half a percent using the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, and a growing family of other binary pulsar systems is yielding new tests, especially of strong-field effects. Current and future tests of relativity will center on strong gravity and gravitational waves.

Abstract licence: CC BY

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421. 421.

     Will CM. Was Einstein Right?: Putting General Relativity to the Test. 1993.

     Not in our library

422. 422.

     Will CM. Testing scalar-tensor gravity with gravitational-wave observations of inspiralling compact binaries. Phys. Rev. D. 1994;50:6058-6067.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.50.6058 (opens in a new tab)

423. 423.

     Will CM. Bounding the mass of the graviton using gravitational-wave observations of inspiralling compact binaries. Phys. Rev. D. 1998;57:2061-2068.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.57.2061 (opens in a new tab)

424. 424.

     Will CM. Einstein’s relativity and everyday life. 2000.

     Not in our library

425. 425.

     Will CM. Propagation speed of gravity and the relativistic time delay. Astrophys. J. 2003;590:683-690.

     Not in our library10.1086/375164 (opens in a new tab)

426. 426.

     Will CM, Damour T, Darrigol O, Duplantier B, Rivasseau V. Special Relativity: A Centenary Perspective. Einstein, 1905–2005: Poincaré Seminar 2005. 2006;33-58.

     Not in our library

427. 427.

     Will CM. Testing the General Relativistic ‘No-Hair’ Theorems Using the Galactic Center Black Hole Sagittarius A*. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2008;674:L25-L28.

     Not in our library10.1086/528847 (opens in a new tab)

428. 428.

     Will CM. Resource Letter PTG-1: Precision Tests of Gravity. Am. J. Phys. 2010;78:1240-1247.

     Not in our library10.1119/1.3481700 (opens in a new tab)

429. 429.

     Will CM. Finally, results from Gravity Probe B. Physics. 2011;4:43.

     Not in our library10.1103/physics.4.43 (opens in a new tab)

430. 430.

     Will CM. On the unreasonable effectiveness of the post-Newtonian approximation in gravitational physics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2011;108:5938-5945.

     Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1103127108 (opens in a new tab)

431. 431.

     Will CM, Jr KL. Conservation Laws and Preferred Frames in Relativistic Gravity. I. Preferred-Frame Theories and an Extended PPN Formalism. Astrophys. J. 1972;177:757-774.

     Not in our library10.1086/151754 (opens in a new tab)

432. 432.

     Will CM, Wiseman AG. Gravitational radiation from compact binary systems: Gravitational waveforms and energy loss to second post-Newtonian order. Phys. Rev. D. 1996;54:4813-4848.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.54.4813 (opens in a new tab)

433. 433.

     Will CM, Yunes N. Testing alternative theories of gravity using LISA. Class. Quantum Grav. 2004;21:4367-4381.

     Not in our library10.1088/0264-9381/21/18/006 (opens in a new tab)

434. 434.

     Will CM, Zaglauer HW. Gravitational radiation, close binary systems, and the Brans-Dicke theory of gravity. Astrophys. J. 1989;346:366-377.

     Not in our library10.1086/168016 (opens in a new tab)

435. 435.

     Williams JG, Newhall XX, Dickey JO. Relativity parameters determined from lunar laser ranging. Phys. Rev. D. 1996;53:6730-6739.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.53.6730 (opens in a new tab)

436. 436.

     Williams JG, Turyshev SG, Boggs DH. Progress in Lunar Laser Ranging Tests of Relativistic Gravity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004;93:261101.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.93.261101 (opens in a new tab)

437. 437.

     Williams JG, Turyshev SG, Jr TW. Improving LLR Tests of Gravitational Theory. Int. J. Mod. Phys. D. 2004;13:567-582.

     Not in our library10.1142/s0218271804004682 (opens in a new tab)

438. 438.

     Wolf P, Bize S, Clairon A, Luiten AN, Santarelli G, Tobar ME. Tests of Lorentz invariance using a microwave resonator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003;90:060402.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.90.060402 (opens in a new tab)

439. 439.

     Wolf P, Blanchet L, Bordé CJ, Reynaud S, Salomon C, Cohen-Tannoudji C. Does an atom interferometer test the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency? Class. Quantum Grav. 2011;28:145017.

     Not in our library10.1088/0264-9381/28/14/145017 (opens in a new tab)

440. 440.

     Wolf P, Chapelet F, Bize S, Clairon A. Cold Atom Clock Test of Lorentz Invariance in the Matter Sector. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006;96:060801.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.96.060801 (opens in a new tab)

441. 441.

     Wolfe AM, Brown RL, Roberts MS. Limits on the Variation of Fundamental Atomic Quantities over Cosmic Time Scales. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1976;37:179-181.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.37.179 (opens in a new tab)

442. 442.

     Yagi K, Blas D, Barausse E, Yunes N. Constraints on Einstein-Æther theory and Hořava gravity from binary pulsar observations. Phys. Rev. D. 2014;89:084067.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.89.084067 (opens in a new tab)

443. 443.

     Yagi K, Blas D, Yunes N, Barausse E. Strong binary pulsar constraints on Lorentz violation in gravity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014;112:161101.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.112.161101 (opens in a new tab)

444. 444.

     Yagi K, Stein LC, Yunes N, Tanaka T. Isolated and binary neutron stars in dynamical Chern-Simons gravity. Phys. Rev. D. 2013;87:084058.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.87.084058 (opens in a new tab)

445. 445.

     Yagi K, Tanaka T. Constraining alternative theories of gravity by gravitational waves from precessing eccentric compact binaries with LISA. Phys. Rev. D. 2010;81:064008.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.81.064008 (opens in a new tab)

446. 446.

     Yagi K, Tanaka T. DECIGO/BBO as a probe to constrain alternative theories of gravity. Prog. Theor. Phys. 2010;123:1069-1078.

     Not in our library10.1143/ptp.123.1069 (opens in a new tab)

447. 447.

     Yagi K, Yunes N. I-Love-Q relations in neutron stars and their applications to astrophysics, gravitational waves, and fundamental physics. Phys. Rev. D. 2013;88:023009.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.88.023009 (opens in a new tab)

448. 448.

     Yagi K, Yunes N. I-Love-Q: Unexpected universal relations for neutron stars and quark stars. Science. 2013;341:365-368.

     Not in our library10.1126/science.1236462 (opens in a new tab)

449. 449.

     Yang S-Q, Zhan B-F, Wang Q-L, Shao C-G, Tu L-C, Tan W-H, Luo J. Test of the Gravitational Inverse Square Law at Millimeter Ranges. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012;108:081101.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevlett.108.081101 (opens in a new tab)

450. 450.

     Yunes N, Pani P, Cardoso V. Gravitational waves from quasicircular extreme mass-ratio inspirals as probes of scalar-tensor theories. Phys. Rev. D. 2012;85:102003.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.85.102003 (opens in a new tab)

451. 451.

     Yunes N, Pretorius F. Fundamental theoretical bias in gravitational wave astrophysics and the parametrized post-Einsteinian framework. Phys. Rev. D. 2009;80:122003.

     Not in our library10.1103/physrevd.80.122003 (opens in a new tab)

452. 452.

     Gravitational-Wave Tests of General Relativity with Ground-Based Detectors and Pulsar-Timing Arrays · 2013

     Not checked
453. 453.

     Zakharov VI. Linearized gravitation theory and the graviton mass. JETP Lett. 1970;12:312.

     Not in our library

454. 454.

     Zuntz J, Baker T, Ferreira PG, Skordis C. Ambiguous tests of general relativity on cosmological scales. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2012;6:032.

     Not in our library10.1088/1475-7516/2012/06/032 (opens in a new tab)

• Evolution of axial gravitational waves in rainbow universe · 2022

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• The equivalence and/or the effacing principle in $$ f\left( R\right) $$ f R theories of gravity · 2022

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• Towards communication in a curved spacetime geometry · 2021

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• An Accelerating Universe without Lambda: Delta Gravity Using Monte Carlo · 2019

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• What laboratory experiments can teach us about cosmology: A chameleon example · 2019

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• Effective field theory of black hole echoes · 2018

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and 2 more

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