Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones.

Abstract

Soy is known to produce estrogenic isoflavones. Here, we briefly review the evidence for binding of isoflavones to the estrogen receptor, in vivo estrogenicity and developmental toxicity, and estrogen developmental carcinogenesis in rats. Genistein, the major soy isoflavone, also has a frank estrogenic effect in women. We then focus on evidence from animal and human studies suggesting a link between soy consumption and goiter, an activity independent of estrogenicity. Iodine deficiency greatly increases soy antithyroid effects, whereas iodine supplementation is protective. Thus, soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and thyroid function. In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets, genistein was measured in the thyroid at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in vitro. Furthermore, rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up to 80%. Although these effects are clear and reproducible, other measures of thyroid function in vivo (serum levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone; thyroid weight; and thyroid histopathology) were all normal. Additional factors appear necessary for soy to cause overt thyroid toxicity. These clearly include iodine deficiency but may also include additional soy components, other defects of hormone synthesis, or additional goitrogenic dietary factors. Although safety testing of natural products, including soy products, is not required, the possibility that widely consumed soy products may cause harm in the human population via either or both estrogenic and goitrogenic activities is of concern. Rigorous, high-quality experimental and human research into soy toxicity is the best way to address these concerns. Similar studies in wildlife populations are also appropriate.

References 46

1. 1.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library

2. 2.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1001/archinte.160.4.526

3. 3.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1093/ajcn/60.3.333

4. 4.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1093/jn/130.8.1963

5. 5.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1006/taap.2000.9019

6. 6.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library

7. 7.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1007/bf03189993

8. 8.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0890-6238(01)00177-0

9. 9.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00301-8

10. 10.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1021/tx950076m

11. 11.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1021/bi00198a036

12. 12.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

13. 13.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1021/tx970226o

14. 14.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000430)14:8<673::aid-rcm935>3.0.co;2-f

15. 15.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1021/tx00038a008

16. 16.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1021/tx960150g

17. 17.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1021/tx00014a003

18. 18.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1210/jcem.84.1.5387

19. 19.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1021/tx000208y

20. 20.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1080/07315724.1990.10720366

21. 21.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm196002182620707

22. 22.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1021/jf9902651

23. 23.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1093/carcin/21.4.707

24. 24.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1507/endocrine1927.67.5_622

25. 25.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1080/07315724.1997.10718686

26. 26.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1093/tropej/34.3.110

27. 27.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

28. 28.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1093/jn/126.1.176

29. 29.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1002/jsfa.2740230502

30. 30.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.298.6668.232

31. 31.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.3181/00379727-208-43833

32. 32.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.3181/00379727-110-27535

33. 33.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

34. 34.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm196507082730205

35. 35.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1006/rtph.1999.1348

36. 36.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1001/archpedi.1961.02080010108017

37. 37.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(96)09480-9

38. 38.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1093/jn/127.7.1260

39. 39.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.3181/00379727-217-44248

40. 40.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

41. 41.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01071.x

42. 42.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

43. 43.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

44. 44.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1002/biof.5520120136

45. 45.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

46. 46.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1093/jn/129.2.399

Cited by papers we hold 3

• Soy and Health Update: Evaluation of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Literature · 2016
  No notice
• Assessment of Japanese iodine intake based on seaweed consumption in Japan: A literature-based analysis · 2011
  No notice
• Thyroid-Disrupting Chemicals: Interpreting Upstream Biomarkers of Adverse Outcomes · 2009
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.