Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system: potential mechanisms.

Abstract

Well-documented air pollution episodes throughout recent history have led to deaths among individuals with cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Although the components of air pollution that cause the adverse health effects in these individuals are unknown, a small proportion by mass but a large proportion by number of the ambient air particles are ultrafine, i.e., less than 100 nm in diameter. This ultrafine component of particulate matter with a mass median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microm (PM(10) may mediate some of the adverse health effects reported in epidemiologic studies and for which there is toxicologic evidence to support this contention. The exact mechanism by which ultrafine particles have adverse effects is unknown, but these particles have recently been shown to enhance calcium influx on contact with macrophages. Oxidative stress is also to be anticipated at the huge particle surface; this can be augmented by oxidants generated by recruited inflammatory leukocytes. Atheromatous plaques form in the coronary arteries and are major causes of morbidity and death associated epidemiologically with particulate air pollution. In populations exposed to air pollution episodes, blood viscosity, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were higher. More recently, increases in heart rate in response to rising air pollution have been described and are most marked in individuals who have high blood viscosity. In our study of elderly individuals, there were significant rises in CRP, an index of inflammation. In this present review, we consider the likely interactions between the ultrafine particles the acute phase response and cardiovascular disease.

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• Work related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders among child workers in the brick kilns of Nepal · 2014
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• Placental DNA hypomethylation in association with particulate air pollution in early life · 2013
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• Titanium dioxide in our everyday life; is it safe? · 2011
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• Nanoparticles and Neurotoxicity · 2011
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• Baseline Repeated Measures from Controlled Human Exposure Studies: Associations between Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and the Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers IL-6 and Fibrinogen · 2009
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• Chronic Fine and Coarse Particulate Exposure, Mortality, and Coronary Heart Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study · 2009
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• Fine Particle Sources and Cardiorespiratory Morbidity: An Application of Chemical Mass Balance and Factor Analytical Source-Apportionment Methods · 2008
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• Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate matter · 2007
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• Induction of Inflammation in Vascular Endothelial Cells by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Effect of Particle Composition · 2006
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• Diabetes, Obesity, and Hypertension May Enhance Associations between Air Pollution and Markers of Systemic Inflammation · 2006
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• Potential Role of Ultrafine Particles in Associations between Airborne Particle Mass and Cardiovascular Health · 2005
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• Personal Exposure to Ultrafine Particles and Oxidative DNA Damage · 2005
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• Effects of Air Pollution on Heart Rate Variability: The VA Normative Aging Study · 2004
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