Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment.

Abstract

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins that may present a hazard for drinking water safety. These toxins (microcystins, nodularins, saxitoxins, anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), cylindrospermopsin) are structurally diverse and their effects range from liver damage, including liver cancer, to neurotoxicity. The occurrence of cyanobacteria and their toxins in water bodies used for the production of drinking water poses a technical challenge for water utility managers. With respect to their removal in water treatment procedures, of the more than 60 microcystin congeners, microcystin-LR (L, L-leucine; R, L-arginine) is the best studied cyanobacterial toxin, whereas information for the other toxins is largely lacking. In response to the growing concern about nonlethal acute and chronic effects of microcystins, the World Health Organization has recently set a new provisional guideline value for microcystin-LR of 1.0 microg/L drinking water. This will lead to further efforts by water suppliers to develop effective treatment procedures to remove these toxins. Of the water treatment procedures discussed in this review, chlorination, possibly micro-/ultrafiltration, but especially ozonation are the most effective in destroying cyanobacteria and in removing microcystins. However, these treatments may not be sufficient during bloom situations or when a high organic load is present, and toxin levels should therefore be monitored during the water treatment process. In order to perform an adequate human risk assessment of microcystin exposure via drinking water, the issue of water treatment byproducts will have to be addressed in the future.

References 76

1. 1.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(93)90404-7

2. 2.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(82)90097-6

3. 3.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(82)90105-2

4. 4.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01731.x

5. 5.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(88)90195-x

6. 6.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1126/science.803708

7. 7.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01858.x

8. 8.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1128/aem.54.9.2257-2263.1988

9. 9.

   This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

   Not in our library10.1139/o96-061

10. 10.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.6131982.x

11. 11.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(92)90432-5

12. 12.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0005-2736(90)90190-y

13. 13.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0014-4827(89)90039-6

14. 14.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80936-2

15. 15.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.5694/j.1326-5377.1983.tb136192.x

16. 16.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

17. 17.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1080/15287398809531163

18. 18.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1002/mc.2940050202

19. 19.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1007/s004320050257

20. 20.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1002/mc.2940020403

21. 21.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(90)90006-s

22. 22.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(95)00163-8

23. 23.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1002/(sici)(1996)4:6<277::aid-nt5>3.0.co;2-1

24. 24.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.50.5.1292-1295.1985

25. 25.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1177/030098588902600309

26. 26.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00129-8

27. 27.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00026-3

28. 28.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00201-2

29. 29.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejm199803263381304

30. 30.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.86.3.770

31. 31.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1128/aem.59.7.2204-2209.1993

32. 32.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0014-5793(95)00888-g

33. 33.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(87)90140-1

34. 34.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(86)90120-0

35. 35.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library

36. 36.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0006-291x(90)91226-i

37. 37.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08004.x

38. 38.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(89)90153-0

39. 39.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.21.2.198

40. 40.

    This reference’s wording can’t be shown under the paper’s licence.

    Not in our library10.1016/0041-0101(92)90521-6

Cited by papers we hold 2

• Comparative genomic analysis reveals the adaptive traits of Ralstonia spp. in aquatic environments · 2025
  Not checked
• Impacts of Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Water Quality · 2006
  No notice

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.