Meteorological conditions, climate change, new emerging factors, and asthma and related allergic disorders. A statement of the World Allergy Organization

Abstract

The prevalence of allergic airway diseases such as asthma and rhinitis has increased dramatically to epidemic proportions worldwide. Besides air pollution from industry derived emissions and motor vehicles, the rising trend can only be explained by gross changes in the environments where we live. The world economy has been transformed over the last 25 years with developing countries being at the core of these changes. Around the planet, in both developed and developing countries, environments are undergoing profound changes. Many of these changes are considered to have negative effects on respiratory health and to enhance the frequency and severity of respiratory diseases such as asthma in the general population. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, and especially carbon dioxide (CO2), in the atmosphere have already warmed the planet substantially, causing more severe and prolonged heat waves, variability in temperature, increased air pollution, forest fires, droughts, and floods - all of which can put the respiratory health of the public at risk. These changes in climate and air quality have a measurable impact not only on the morbidity but also the mortality of patients with asthma and other respiratory diseases. The massive increase in emissions of air pollutants due to economic and industrial growth in the last century has made air quality an environmental problem of the first order in a large number of regions of the world. A body of evidence suggests that major changes to our world are occurring and involve the atmosphere and its associated climate. These changes, including global warming induced by human activity, have an impact on the biosphere, biodiversity, and the human environment. Mitigating this huge health impact and reversing the effects of these changes are major challenges. This statement of the World Allergy Organization (WAO) raises the importance of this health hazard and highlights the facts on climate-related health impacts, including: deaths and acute morbidity due to heat waves and extreme meteorological events; increased frequency of acute cardio-respiratory events due to higher concentrations of ground level ozone; changes in the frequency of respiratory diseases due to trans-boundary particle pollution; altered spatial and temporal distribution of allergens (pollens, molds, and mites); and some infectious disease vectors. According to this report, these impacts will not only affect those with current asthma but also increase the incidence and prevalence of allergic respiratory conditions and of asthma. The effects of climate change on respiratory allergy are still not well defined, and more studies addressing this topic are needed. Global warming is expected to affect the start, duration, and intensity of the pollen season on the one hand, and the rate of asthma exacerbations due to air pollution, respiratory infections, and/or cold air inhalation, and other conditions on the other hand.

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     Sullivan SD, Rasouliyan L, Russo PA, Kamath T, Chippes BE, TENOR Study Group. Extent, patterns, and burden of uncontrolled disease in severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. Allergy. 2007;62:126-33.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01254.x

400. 400.

     Ivanova JI, Bergman R, Birnbaum HG, Colice GL, Silverman RA, McLaurin K. Effect of asthma exacerbations on health care costs among asthmatic patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:1229-35.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.039

401. 401.

     Accordini S, Corsico AG, Braggion M, Gerbase MW, Gislason D, Gulsvik A, et al. The cost of persistent asthma in Europe: an international population-based study in adults. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;160:93-101.

     Not in our library10.1159/000338998

402. 402.

     Ebi KL. Adaptation costs for climate change-related cases of diarrhoeal disease, malnutrition, and malaria in 2030. Global Health. 2008;4:9.

     Not in our library10.1186/1744-8603-4-9

403. 403.

     Tol RSJ. The economic effects of climate change. J Econ Perspect. 2009;23:29-51.

     Not in our library10.1257/jep.23.2.29

404. 404.

     Knowlton K, Rotkin-Ellman M, Geballe L, Max W, Solomon GM. Six climate change-related events in the United States accounted for about $14 billion in lost lives and health costs. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30:2167-76.

     Not in our library10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0229

405. 405.

     Perera EM, Sanford T. Climate Change and Your Health. Rising Temperatures and Worsening Ozone Pollution. The Union of Concerned Scientists. 2011.

     Not in our library

406. 406.

     Reid CE, Gamble JL. Aeroallergens, allergic disease, and climate change: impacts and adaptation. Ecohealth. 2009;6:458-70.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10393-009-0261-x

407. 407.

     Bernstein AS, Rice MB. Lungs in a warming world: climate change and respiratory health. Chest. 2013;143:1455-9.

     Not in our library10.1378/chest.12-2384

408. 408.

     Bloomer BJ, Stehr JW, Piety CA, Salawitch RJ, Dickerson RR. Observed relationships of ozone air pollution with temperature and emissions. Geophys Res Lett. 2009;36:1-5.

     Not in our library10.1029/2009gl037308

409. 409.

     Alexis NE, Lay JC, Hazucha M, Harris B, Hernandez ML, Bromberg PA, et al. Low-level ozone exposure induces airways inflammation and modifies cell surface phenotypes in healthy humans. Inhal Toxicol. 2010;22:593-600.

     Not in our library10.3109/08958371003596587

410. 410.

     Song H, Tan W, Zhang X. Ozone induces inflammation in bronchial epithelial cells. J Asthma. 2011;48:79-83.

     Not in our library10.3109/02770903.2010.529224

411. 411.

     Moore K, Neugebauer R, Lurmann F, Hall J, Brajer V, Alcorn S, et al. Ambient ozone concentrations cause increased hospitalizations for asthma in children: an 18-year study in Southern California. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116:1063-70.

     Not in our library10.1289/ehp.10497

412. 412.

     Babin S, Burkom H, Holtry R, Tabernero N, Davies-Cole J, Stokes L, et al. Medicaid patient asthma related acute care visits and their associations with ozone and particulates in Washington, DC, from 1994–2005. Int J Environ Health Res. 2008;18:209-21.

     Not in our library10.1080/09603120701694091

413. 413.

     Brandt SJ, Perez L, Künzli N, Lurmann F, McConnell R. Costs of childhood asthma due to traffic-related pollution in two California communities. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:363-70.

     Not in our library10.1183/09031936.00157811

414. 414.

     Bartlett ES, Trasande L. Economic impacts of environmentally attributable childhood health outcomes in the European Union. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24:21-6.

     Not in our library10.1093/eurpub/ckt063

415. 415.

     Tarricone R. Cost-of-illness analysis. What room in health economics? Health Policy. 2006;77:51-63.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016

416. 416.

     Bielory L, Lyons K, Goldberg R. Climate change and allergic disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012;12:485-94.

     Not in our library10.1007/s11882-012-0314-z

417. 417.

     Investment and Financial Flows to Address Climate Change. Bonn, Germany: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC Secretariat, 2007; Available at: https://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/financial_flows.pdf.

     Not in our library

418. 418.

     Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Human Health in Developing Countries. Kiran Pandey, World Bank, 2010; Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/12/13180637/costs-adapting-climate-change-human-health-developing-countries.

     Not in our library

419. 419.

     Climate change and health: a tool to estimate health and adaptation costs. World Health Organization, 2013; Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/Climate-change/publications/2013/climate-change-and-health-a-tool-to-estimate-health-and-adaptation-costs.

     Not in our library

Cited by papers we hold 2

• International expert consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis (AR) aggravated by air pollutants · 2020
  No notice
• Synergistic health effects of air pollution, temperature, and pollen exposure: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence · 2020
  No notice

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