Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacilli

Abstract

The burden of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) now represents a daily issue for the management of antimicrobial therapy in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In Enterobacteriaceae, the dramatic increase in the rates of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins mainly results from the spread of plasmid-borne extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), especially those belonging to the CTX-M family. The efficacy of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor associations for severe infections due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae has not been adequately evaluated in critically ill patients, and carbapenems still stands as the first-line choice in this situation. However, carbapenemase-producing strains have emerged worldwide over the past decade. VIM- and NDM-type metallo-beta-lactamases, OXA-48 and KPC appear as the most successful enzymes and may threaten the efficacy of carbapenems in the near future. ESBL- and carbapenemase-encoding plasmids frequently bear resistance determinants for other antimicrobial classes, including aminoglycosides (aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes or 16S rRNA methylases) and fluoroquinolones (Qnr, AAC(6')-Ib-cr or efflux pumps), a key feature that fosters the spread of multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. In non-fermenting GNB such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, multidrug resistance may emerge following the sole occurrence of sequential chromosomal mutations, which may lead to the overproduction of intrinsic beta-lactamases, hyper-expression of efflux pumps, target modifications and permeability alterations. P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii also have the ability to acquire mobile genetic elements encoding resistance determinants, including carbapenemases. Available options for the treatment of ICU-acquired infections due to carbapenem-resistant GNB are currently scarce, and recent reports emphasizing the spread of colistin resistance in environments with high volume of polymyxins use elicit major concern.

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    Galimand M, Courvalin P, Lambert T. Plasmid-mediated high-level resistance to aminoglycosides in Enterobacteriaceae due to 16S rRNA methylation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(8):2565-2571.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.47.8.2565-2571.2003

84. 84.

    Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Nakano M, Ozeki S, Kanematsu E, Nishino Y, et al. Detection of mutations in the gyrA and parC genes in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;40(4):543-549.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/40.4.543

85. 85.

    Jacoby GA. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(Suppl 2):S120-S126.

    Not in our library10.1086/428052

86. 86.

    Allou N, Cambau E, Massias L, Chau F, Fantin B. Impact of low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones due to qnrA1 and qnrS1 genes or a gyrA mutation on ciprofloxacin bactericidal activity in a murine model of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(10):4292-4297.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.01664-08

87. 87.

    Strahilevitz J, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC, Robicsek A. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: a multifaceted threat. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(4):664-689.

    Not in our library10.1128/cmr.00016-09

88. 88.

    Périchon B, Courvalin P, Galimand M. Transferable resistance to aminoglycosides by methylation of G1405 in 16S rRNA and to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones by QepA-mediated efflux in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(7):2464-2469.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.00143-07

89. 89.

    Filippa N, Carricajo A, Grattard F, Fascia P, El Sayed F, Defilippis JP, et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying qnrB1 and blaCTX-M15 in a French intensive care unit. Ann Intensive Care. 2013;3(1):18.

    Not in our library10.1186/2110-5820-3-18

90. 90.
    Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: acquired and intrinsic resistance in bacteria · 2014

    No notice
91. 91.

    Zagorianou A, Sianou E, Iosifidis E, Dimou V, Protonotariou E, Miyakis S et al (2012) Microbiological and molecular characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae endemic in a tertiary Greek hospital during 2004-2010. Euro Surveill 17(7)

    Not in our library

92. 92.

    Juan C, Macia MD, Gutierrez O, Vidal C, Perez JL, Oliver A. Molecular mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance mediated by AmpC hyperproduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(11):4733-4738.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.49.11.4733-4738.2005

93. 93.

    Lister PD, Gardner VM, Sanders CC. Clavulanate induces expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa AmpC cephalosporinase at physiologically relevant concentrations and antagonizes the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(4):882-889.

    Not in our library10.1128/aac.43.4.882

94. 94.

    Mesaros N, Nordmann P, Plesiat P, Roussel-Delvallez M, Van Eldere J, Glupczynski Y, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance and therapeutic options at the turn of the new millennium. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(6):560-578.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01681.x

95. 95.

    Lister PD, Wolter DJ, Hanson ND. Antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(4):582-610.

    Not in our library10.1128/cmr.00040-09

96. 96.

    Mesaros N, Glupczynski Y, Avrain L, Caceres NE, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. A combined phenotypic and genotypic method for the detection of Mex efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59(3):378-386.

    Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkl504

97. 97.

    Tsai MH, Wu TL, Su LH, Lo WL, Chen CL, Liang YH, et al. Carbapenem-resistant-only Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients formerly infected by carbapenem-susceptible strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44(6):541-545.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.022

98. 98.
    Imipenem resistance of <it>Pseudomonas </it>in pneumonia: a systematic literature review · 2010

    Not checked
99. 99.

    Koutsogiannou M, Drougka E, Liakopoulos A, Jelastopulu E, Petinaki E, Anastassiou ED, et al. Spread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones in a university hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(2):665-668.

    Not in our library10.1128/jcm.03071-12

100. 100.

     Willmann M, Bezdan D, Zapata L, Susak H, Vogel W, Schroppel K, et al. Analysis of a long-term outbreak of XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a molecular epidemiological study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(5):1322-1330.

     Not in our library10.1093/jac/dku546

101. 101.

     Kos VN, Deraspe M, McLaughlin RE, Whiteaker JD, Roy PH, Alm RA, et al. The resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in relationship to phenotypic susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(1):427-436.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.03954-14

102. 102.

     Potron A, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Emerging broad-spectrum resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii: mechanisms and epidemiology. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.03.001

103. 103.

     Munoz-Price LS, Weinstein RA. Acinetobacter infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(12):1271-1281.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejmra070741

104. 104.

     Kempf M, Rolain JM. Emergence of resistance to carbapenems in Acinetobacter baumannii in Europe: clinical impact and therapeutic options. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;39(2):105-114.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.10.004

105. 105.

     Turton JF, Ward ME, Woodford N, Kaufmann ME, Pike R, Livermore DM, et al. The role of ISAba1 in expression of OXA carbapenemase genes in Acinetobacter baumannii. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006;258(1):72-77.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00195.x

106. 106.

     Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI. When to include polymyxins in the empirical antibiotic regimen in critically ill patients with fever? A decision analysis approach. Shock. 2007;27(6):605-609.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.shk.0000246899.73315.cb

107. 107.

     Qureshi ZA, Hittle LE, O’Hara JA, Rivera JI, Syed A, Shields RK, et al. Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: beyond carbapenemresistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1295-1303.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/civ048

108. 108.

     Pogue JM, Cohen DA, Marchaim D. Polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: urgent action needed. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1304-1307.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/civ044

109. 109.

     Cai Y, Chai D, Wang R, Liang B, Bai N. Colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii: clinical reports, mechanisms and antimicrobial strategies. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(7):1607-1615.

     Not in our library10.1093/jac/dks084

110. 110.

     Napier BA, Burd EM, Satola SW, Cagle SM, Ray SM, McGann P, et al. Clinical use of colistin induces cross-resistance to host antimicrobials in Acinetobacter baumannii. MBio. 2013;4(3):e00013-e00021.

     Not in our library10.1128/mbio.00021-13

111. 111.

     Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL, Owen RJ, Spelman D, Tan KE, et al. Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(9):2946-2950.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.00103-06

112. 112.

     Hawley JS, Murray CK, Jorgensen JH. Colistin heteroresistance in acinetobacter and its association with previous colistin therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(1):351-352.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.00766-07

113. 113.

     Rodriguez CH, Bombicino K, Granados G, Nastro M, Vay C, Famiglietti A. Selection of colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in postneurosurgical meningitis in an intensive care unit with high presence of heteroresistance to colistin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;65(2):188-191.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.05.019

114. 114.

     Durante-Mangoni E, Signoriello G, Andini R, Mattei A, De Cristoforo M, Murino P, et al. Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(3):349-358.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/cit253

115. 115.

     Ritchie DJ, Garavaglia-Wilson A. A review of intravenous minocycline for treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(Suppl 6):S374-S380.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciu613

116. 116.
     High dose tigecycline in critically ill patients with severe infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria · 2014

     No notice
117. 117.

     Soubirou JF, Gault N, Alfaiate T, Lolom I, Tubach F, Andremont A, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia due to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in an intensive care unit without carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae or epidemic Acinetobacter baumannii. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46(3):215-220.

     Not in our library10.3109/00365548.2013.871644

118. 118.

     Brooke JS. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:2-41.

     Not in our library10.1128/cmr.00019-11

119. 119.

     Lambert T, Ploy MC, Denis F, Courvalin P. Characterization of the chromosomal aac(6’)-Iz gene of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(10):2366-2371.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.43.10.2366

120. 120.

     Rahmati-Bahram A, Magee JT, Jackson SK. Temperature-dependent aminoglycoside resistance in Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia: alterations in protein and lipopolysaccharide with growth temperature. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996;37(4):665-676.

     Not in our library10.1093/jac/37.4.665

121. 121.

     Looney WJ, Narita M, Mühlemann K. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging opportunist human pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(5):312-323.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70083-0

122. 122.

     Sanchez MB, Martinez JL. SmQnr contributes to intrinsic resistance to quinolones in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(1):580-581.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.00496-09

123. 123.

     Garcia-Leon G, Ruiz de Alegria Puiq C, Garcia de la Fuente C, Matinez-Martinez L, Martinez JL, Sanchez MB. High-level quinolone resistance is associated with the overexpression of SmeVWX in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.007

124. 124.

     San Gabriel P, Zhou J, Tabibi S, Chen Y, Trauzzi M, Saiman L. Antimicrobial susceptibility and synergy studies of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(1):168-171.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.48.1.168-171.2004

125. 125.

     Wang YL, Scipione MR, Dubrovskaya Y, Papadopoulos J. Monotherapy with fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(1):176-182.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.01324-13

126. 126.

     Tekce YT, Erbay A, Cabadak H, Sen S. Tigecycline as a therapeutic option in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. J Chemother. 2012;24(3):150-154.

     Not in our library10.1179/1120009x12z.00000000022

127. 127.

     Betts JW, Phee LM, Woodford N, Wareham DW. Activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline or rifampicin against multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(9):1565-1572.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10096-014-2101-3

128. 128.

     Church D, Lloyd T, Peirano G, Pitout J. Antimicrobial susceptibility and combination testing of invasive Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45(4):265-270.

     Not in our library10.3109/00365548.2012.732240

129. 129.

     Paul M, Lador A, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Leibovici L. Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD003344.

     Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd003344.pub3

130. 130.

     Paul M, Silbiger I, Grozinsky S, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L. Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;1:CD003344.

     Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd003344.pub2

131. 131.

     Pena C, Suarez C, Ocampo-Sosa A, Murillas J, Almirante B, Pomar V, et al. Effect of adequate single-drug vs combination antimicrobial therapy on mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(2):208-216.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/cit223

132. 132.

     Tamma PD, Cosgrove SE, Maragakis LL. Combination therapy for treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(3):450-470.

     Not in our library10.1128/cmr.05041-11

133. 133.

     Bliziotis IA, Samonis G, Vardakas KZ, Chrysanthopoulou S, Falagas ME. Effect of aminoglycoside and beta-lactam combination therapy versus beta-lactam monotherapy on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(2):149-158.

     Not in our library10.1086/430912

134. 134.

     Lopez-Cortes LE, Cisneros JM, Fernandez-Cuenca F, Bou G, Tomas M, Garnacho-Montero J, et al. Monotherapy versus combination therapy for sepsis due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: analysis of a multicentre prospective cohort. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(11):3119-3126.

     Not in our library10.1093/jac/dku233

135. 135.

     Carmeli Y, Troillet N, Eliopoulos GM, Samore MH. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of risks associated with different antipseudomonal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(6):1379-1382.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.43.6.1379

136. 136.

     Manian FA, Meyer L, Jenne J, Owen A, Taff T. Loss of antimicrobial susceptibility in aerobic gram-negative bacilli repeatedly isolated from patients in intensive-care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996;17(4):222-226.

     Not in our library10.1086/647284

137. 137.

     Cometta A, Baumgartner JD, Lew D, Zimmerli W, Pittet D, Chopart P, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of imipenem monotherapy with imipenem plus netilmicin for treatment of severe infections in nonneutropenic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38(6):1309-1313.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.38.6.1309

138. 138.

     Choi SH, Lee JE, Park SJ, Lee SO, Jeong JY, Kim MN, et al. Emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy for infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing AmpC beta-lactamase: implications for antibiotic use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(3):995-1000.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.01083-07

139. 139.

     Poulikakos P, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME. Combination antibiotic treatment versus monotherapy for multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(10):1675-1685.

     Not in our library10.1007/s10096-014-2124-9

140. 140.

     Latibeaudiere R, Rosa R, Laowansiri P, Arheart K, Namias N, Munoz-Price LS. Surveillance cultures growing carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii predict the development of clinical infections: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(3):415-422.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciu847

141. 141.

     Taur Y, Xavier JB, Lipuma L, Ubeda C, Goldberg J, Gobourne A, et al. Intestinal domination and the risk of bacteremia in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(7):905-914.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/cis580

142. 142.

     Ruppé E, Lixandru B, Cojocaru R, Buke C, Paramythiotou E, Angebault C, et al. Relative fecal abundance of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains and their occurrence in urinary tract infections in women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(9):4512-4517.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.00238-13

143. 143.

     Donskey CJ, Chowdhry TK, Hecker MT, Hoyen CK, Hanrahan JA, Hujer AM, et al. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the density of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the stool of colonized patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(26):1925-1932.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejm200012283432604

144. 144.

     Ruppé E, Andremont A. Causes, consequences, and perspectives in the variations of intestinal density of colonization of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:129.

     Not in our library10.3389/fmicb.2013.00129

145. 145.

     Nseir S, Di Pompeo C, Soubrier S, Delour P, Lenci H, Roussel-Delvallez M, et al. First-generation fluoroquinolone use and subsequent emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(2):283-289.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000152230.53473.a1

146. 146.

     Grohs P, Kerneis S, Sabatier B, Lavollay M, Carbonnelle E, Rostane H, et al. Fighting the spread of AmpC-hyperproducing Enterobacteriaceae: beneficial effect of replacing ceftriaxone with cefotaxime. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(3):786-789.

     Not in our library10.1093/jac/dkt403

147. 147.

     Kontopidou F, Plachouras D, Papadomichelakis E, Koukos G, Galani I, Poulakou G, et al. Colonization and infection by colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in a cohort of critically ill patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(11):E9-E11.

     Not in our library10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03649.x

148. 148.

     Weiss E, Zahar JR, Lesprit P, Ruppé E, Leone M, Chastre J, et al. Elaboration of a consensual definition of de-escalation allowing a ranking of beta-lactams. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.013

149. 149.

     Le Dorze M, Gault N, Foucrier A, Ruppé E, Mourvillier B, Woerther PL, et al. Perfomance and impact of a rapid method combining mass spectrometry and direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing on treatment adequacy of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.007

150. 150.

     Morosini MI, Garcia-Castillo M, Tato M, Gijon D, Valverde A, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, et al. Rapid detection of beta-lactamase-hydrolyzing extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae by use of the new chromogenic Betalacta-test. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(5):1741-1744.

     Not in our library10.1128/jcm.03614-13

151. 151.

     Jamal W. Al Roomi E, Abdulaziz LR, Rotimi VO. Evaluation of Curetis Unyvero, a multiplex PCR-based testing system, for rapid detection of bacteria and antibiotic resistance and impact of the assay on management of severe nosocomial pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(7):2487-2492.

     Not in our library10.1128/jcm.00325-14

152. 152.

     de Smet AM, Kluytmans JA, Blok HE, Mascini EM, Benus RF, Bernards AT, et al. Selective digestive tract decontamination and selective oropharyngeal decontamination and antibiotic resistance in patients in intensive-care units: an open-label, clustered group-randomised, crossover study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(5):372-380.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70035-4

153. 153.

     de Smet AM, Kluytmans JA, Cooper BS, Mascini EM, Benus RF, van der Werf TS, et al. Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(1):20-31.

     Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa0800394

154. 154.

     Roquilly A, Marret E, Abraham E, Asehnoune K. Pneumonia prevention to decrease mortality in intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(1):64-75.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/ciu740

155. 155.

     Daneman N, Sarwar S, Fowler RA, Cuthbertson BH. Effect of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(4):328-341.

     Not in our library10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70322-5

156. 156.

     Oostdijk EA, Kesecioglu J, Schultz MJ, Visser CE, de Jonge E, van Essen EH, et al. Effects of decontamination of the oropharynx and intestinal tract on antibiotic resistance in ICUs: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(14):1429-1437.

     Not in our library10.1001/jama.2014.7247

157. 157.

     Halaby T, Al Naiemi N, Kluytmans J, van der Palen J, Vandenbroucke-Grauls GM. Emergence of colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae after the introduction of selective digestive tract decontamination in an intensive care unit. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(7):3224-3229.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.02634-12

158. 158.

     Lubbert C, Faucheux S, Becker-Rux D, Laudi S, Durrbeck A, Busch T, et al. Rapid emergence of secondary resistance to gentamicin and colistin following selective digestive decontamination in patients with KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: a single-centre experience. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;42(6):565-570.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.008

159. 159.

     Brink AJ, Coetzee J, Corcoran C, Clay CG, Hari-Makkan D, Jacobson RK, et al. Emergence of OXA-48 and OXA-181 carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in South Africa and evidence of in vivo selection of colistin resistance as a consequence of selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(1):369-372.

     Not in our library10.1128/jcm.02234-12

160. 160.

     Saidel-Odes L, Polachek H, Peled N, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F, Trabelsi Y, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination using oral gentamicin and oral polymyxin E for eradication of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carriage. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33(1):14-19.

     Not in our library10.1086/663206

161. 161.

     Oren I, Sprecher H, Finkelstein R, Hadad S, Neuberger A, Hussein K, et al. Eradication of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae gastrointestinal colonization with nonabsorbable oral antibiotic treatment: A prospective controlled trial. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(12):1167-1172.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ajic.2013.04.018

162. 162.

     Bassetti M, Righi E. SDD and colistin resistance: end of a dream? Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(7):1066-1067.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00134-014-3328-2

163. 163.

     Kollef MH, Micek ST. Rational use of antibiotics in the ICU: balancing stewardship and clinical outcomes. JAMA. 2014;312(14):1403-1404.

     Not in our library10.1001/jama.2014.8427

164. 164.

     Drawz SM, Papp-Wallance KM, Bonomo RA. New beta-lactamase inhibitors: a therapeutic renaissance in an MDR world. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(4):1835-1846.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.00826-13

165. 165.

     Zhanel GG, Lawson CD, Adam H, Schweizer F, Zelenitsky S, Lagacé-Wiens PR, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam: a novel cephalosporin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination. Drugs. 2013;73(2):159-177.

     Not in our library10.1007/s40265-013-0013-7

166. 166.

     Testa R, Canton R, Giani T, Morosini MI, Nichols WW, Seifert H, et al. In vitro activity of ceftazidime, ceftaroline and aztreonam alone and in combination with avibactam against European Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.033

167. 167.

     Li H, Estabrook M, Jacoby GA, Nichols WW, Testa R, Bush K. In vitro susceptibility of characterized beta-lactamase-producing strains tested with avibactam combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(3):1789-1793.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.04191-14

168. 168.

     Sader HS, Castanheira M, Flamm RK, Farrell DJ, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime-avibactam against Gram-negative organisms collected from U.S. medical centers in 2012. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(3):1684-1692.

     Not in our library10.1128/aac.02429-13

169. 169.

     Solomkin J, Hershberger E, Miller B, Popejoy M, Friedland I, Steenbergen J, et al. Ceftolozane/tazobactam plus metronidazole for complicated intra-abdominal infections in an era of multidrug resistance: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial (ASPECT-cIAI). Clin Infect Dis. 2015.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/civ097

170. 170.

     Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Ikawa K, Vardakas KZ. Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(2):272-282.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/cis857

171. 171.

     Dalfino L, Puntillo F, Mosca A, Monno R, Spada ML, Coppolecchia S, et al. High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(12):1720-1726.

     Not in our library10.1093/cid/cis286

172. 172.

     Lu Q, Luo R, Bodin L, Yang J, Zahr N, Aubry A, et al. Efficacy of high-dose nebulized colistin in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Anesthesiology. 2012;117(6):1335-1347.

     Not in our library10.1097/aln.0b013e31827515de

Cited by papers we hold 9

• High prevalence of bla CTX-M and bla SHV among ESBL producing E. coli isolates from beef cattle in China’s Sichuan-Chongqing Circle · 2021
  Not checked
• Acinetobacter baumannii Infections in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic · 2021
  No notice
• Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It · 2020
  No notice
• Streamlined Genetic Manipulation of Diverse Bacteroides and Parabacteroides Isolates from the Human Gut Microbiota · 2019
  No notice
• The “Old” and the “New” Antibiotics for MDR Gram-Negative Pathogens: For Whom, When, and How · 2019
  No notice
• The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections · 2017
  Corrected
• Antibiotic resistance: What is so special about multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria? · 2017
  No notice
• Structure, Genetics and Worldwide Spread of New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM): a threat to public health · 2017
  No notice
• Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA) · 2016
  Corrected

Reads

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