Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements

Abstract

Burns are a prevalent and burdensome critical care problem. The priorities of specialized facilities focus on stabilizing the patient, preventing infection, and optimizing functional recovery. Research on burns has generated sustained interest over the past few decades, and several important advancements have resulted in more effective patient stabilization and decreased mortality, especially among young patients and those with burns of intermediate extent. However, for the intensivist, challenges often exist that complicate patient support and stabilization. Furthermore, burn wounds are complex and can present unique difficulties that require late intervention or life-long rehabilitation. In addition to improvements in patient stabilization and care, research in burn wound care has yielded advancements that will continue to improve functional recovery. This article reviews recent advancements in the care of burn patients with a focus on the pathophysiology and treatment of burn wounds.

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109. 109.

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110. 110.

     Schwanholt C, Greenhalgh DG, Warden GD. A comparison of full-thickness versus split-thickness autografts for the coverage of deep palm burns in the very young pediatric patient. J Burn Care Rehab. 1993;14:29-33.

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     Akan M, Yildirim S, Misirlioglu A, Ulusoy G, Akoz T, Avci G. An alternative method to minimize pain in the split-thickness skin graft donor site. Plast Reconstruct Surg. 2003;111:2243-9.

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     Voineskos SH, Ayeni OA, McKnight L, Thoma A. Systematic review of skin graft donor-site dressings. Plast Reconstruct Surg. 2009;124:298-306.

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     Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M. Cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) in burn treatment: three decades later. Burns. 2007;33:405-13.

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     Fang T, Lineaweaver WC, Sailes FC, Kisner C, Zhang F. Clinical application of cultured epithelial autografts on acellular dermal matrices in the treatment of extended burn injuries. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73:509-15.

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     Kampmann A, Lindhorst D, Schumann P, Zimmerer R, Kokemuller H, Rucker M, et al. Additive effect of mesenchymal stem cells and VEGF to vascularization of PLGA scaffolds. Microvasc Res. 2013;90:71-9.

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     Wasiak J, Cleland H, Campbell F, Spinks A. Dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;3.

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     Aziz Z, Abu SF, Chong NJ. A systematic review of silver-containing dressings and topical silver agents (used with dressings) for burn wounds. Burns. 2012;38:307-18.

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     Nikkhah D, Gilbert P, Booth S, Dheansa B. Should we be using silver based compounds for donor site dressing in thermal burns? Burns. 2013;39:1324-5.

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     Abboud EC, Legare TB, Settle JC, Boubekri AM, Barillo DJ, Marcet JE, et al. Do silver-based wound dressings reduce pain? A prospective study and review of the literature. Burns. 2014;40:S40-7.

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     Navarro FA, Stoner ML, Park CS, Huertas JC, Lee HB, Wood FM, et al. Sprayed keratinocyte suspensions accelerate epidermal coverage in a porcine microwound model. J Burn Care Rehab. 2000;21:513-8.

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     Tausche AK, Skaria M, Bohlen L, Liebold K, Hafner J, Friedlein H, et al. An autologous epidermal equivalent tissue-engineered from follicular outer root sheath keratinocytes is as effective as split-thickness skin autograft in recalcitrant vascular leg ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2003;11:248-52.

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     Auxenfans C, Shipkov H, Bach C, Catherine Z, Lacroix P, Bertin-Maghit M, et al. Cultured allogenic keratinocytes for extensive burns: a retrospective study over 15 years. Burns. 2014;40:82-8.

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     van der Veer WM, Bloemen MC, Ulrich MM, Molema G, van Zuijlen PP, Middelkoop E, et al. Potential cellular and molecular causes of hypertrophic scar formation. Burns. 2009;35:15-29.

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     Lewis CJ. Stem cell application in acute burn care and reconstruction. J Wound Care. 2013;22:7-8.

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144. 144.

     Badiavas EV. The potential of bone marrow cells to orchestrate homeostasis and healing in skin. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2004;32:21-3.

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     Badiavas EV, Abedi M, Butmarc J, Falanga V, Quesenberry P. Participation of bone marrow derived cells in cutaneous wound healing. J Cell Physiol. 2003;196:245-50.

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     Bey E, Prat M, Duhamel P, Benderitter M, Brachet M, Trompier F, et al. Emerging therapy for improving wound repair of severe radiation burns using local bone marrow-derived stem cell administrations. Wound Repair Regen. 2010;18:50-8.

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     Kim WS, Park BS, Sung JH, Yang JM, Park SB, Kwak SJ, et al. Wound healing effect of adipose-derived stem cells: a critical role of secretory factors on human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci. 2007;48:15-24.

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     Kurata S, Itami S, Terashi H, Takayasu S. Successful transplantation of cultured human outer root sheath cells as epithelium. Ann Plast Surg. 1994;33:290-4.

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     Navsaria HA, Ojeh NO, Moiemen N, Griffiths MA, Frame JD. Reepithelialization of a full-thickness burn from stem cells of hair follicles micrografted into a tissue-engineered dermal template (Integra). Plast Reconstruct Surg. 2004;113:978-81.

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     Trottier V, Marceau-Fortier G, Germain L, Vincent C, Fradette J. IFATS collection: using human adipose-derived stem/stromal cells for the production of new skin substitutes. Stem Cells. 2008;26:2713-23.

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     Natesan S, Wrice NL, Baer DG, Christy RJ. Debrided skin as a source of autologous stem cells for wound repair. Stem Cells. 2011;29:1219-30.

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     Chan RK, Zamora DO, Wrice NL, Baer DG, Renz EM, Christy RJ, et al. Development of a vascularized skin construct using adipose-derived stem cells from debrided burned skin. Stem Cells Int. 2012;2012:841203.

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156. 156.

     Brown TS, Safford S, Caramanica J, Elster EA. Biomarker use in tailored combat casualty care. Biomark Med. 2010;4:465-73.

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     Hawksworth JS, Stojadinovic A, Gage FA, Tadaki DK, Perdue PW, Forsberg J, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers in combat wound healing. Ann Surg. 2009;250:1002-7.

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     Hahm G, Glaser JJ, Elster EA. Biomarkers to predict wound healing: the future of complex war wound management. Plast Reconstruct Surg. 2011;127:21S-6S.

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     Chromy BA, Eldridge A, Forsberg JA, Brown TS, Kirkup BC, Jaing C, et al. Wound outcome in combat injuries is associated with a unique set of protein biomarkers. J Transl Med. 2013;11:281.

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     Forsberg JA, Potter BK, Polfer EM, Safford SD, Elster EA. Do inflammatory markers portend heterotopic ossification and wound failure in combat wounds? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:2845-54.

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     Mikhal'chik EV, Piterskaya JA, Budkevich LY, Pen'kov LY, Facchiano A, De Luca C, et al. Comparative study of cytokine content in the plasma and wound exudate from children with severe burns. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2009;148:771-5.

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     Prager MD, Sabeh F, Baxter CR, Atiles L, Hartline B. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and aminopeptidase in burn wound exudates: implications for wound healing. J Trauma. 1994;36:629-33.

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     Mauskar NA, Sood S, Travis TE, Matt SE, Mino MJ, Burnett MS, et al. Donor site healing dynamics: molecular, histological, and noninvasive imaging assessment in a porcine model. J Burn Care Res. 2013;34:549-62.

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166. 166.

     Kaiser M, Yafi A, Cinat M, Choi B, Durkin AJ. Noninvasive assessment of burn wound severity using optical technology: a review of current and future modalities. Burns. 2011;37:377-86.

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     Arbab MH, Dickey TC, Winebrenner DP, Chen A, Klein MB, Mourad PD. Terahertz reflectometry of burn wounds in a rat model. Biomed Opt Express. 2011;2:2339-47.

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     Cross KM, Leonardi L, Gomez M, Freisen JR, Levasseur MA, Schattka BJ, et al. Noninvasive measurement of edema in partial thickness burn wounds. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30:807-17.

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169. 169.

     Cross KM, Leonardi L, Payette JR, Gomez M, Levasseur MA, Schattka BJ, et al. Clinical utilization of near-infrared spectroscopy devices for burn depth assessment. Wound Repair Regen. 2007;15:332-40.

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     Nguyen JQ, Crouzet C, Mai T, Riola K, Uchitel D, Liaw LH, et al. Spatial frequency domain imaging of burn wounds in a preclinical model of graded burn severity. J Biomed Opt. 2013;18:66010.

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     Sowa MG, Leonardi L, Payette JR, Cross KM, Gomez M, Fish JS. Classification of burn injuries using near-infrared spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2006;11:054002.

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172. 172.

     Sowa MG, Leonardi L, Payette JR, Fish JS, Mantsch HH. Near infrared spectroscopic assessment of hemodynamic changes in the early post-burn period. Burns. 2001;27:241-9.

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173. 173.

     Devgan L, Bhat S, Aylward S, Spence RJ. Modalities for the assessment of burn wound depth. J Burns Wounds. 2006;5.

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     Pape SA, Skouras CA, Byrne PO. An audit of the use of laser Doppler imaging (LDI) in the assessment of burns of intermediate depth. Burns. 2001;27:233-9.

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     Hoeksema H, Van de Sijpe K, Tondu T, Hamdi M, Van Landuyt K, Blondeel P, et al. Accuracy of early burn depth assessment by laser Doppler imaging on different days post burn. Burns. 2009;35:36-45.

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176. 176.

     Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA. 2014;311:806-14.

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     Goutos I, Sadideen H, Pandya AA, Ghosh SJ. Obesity and burns. J Burn Care Res. 2012;33:471-82.

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178. 178.

     Neaman KC, Andres LA, McClure AM, Burton ME, Kemmeter PR, Ford RD. A new method for estimation of involved BSAs for obese and normal-weight patients with burn injury. J Burn Care Res. 2011;32:421-8.

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     Liodaki E, Senyaman O, Stollwerck PL, Mollmeier D, Mauss KL, Mailander P, et al. Obese patients in a burn care unit: a major challenge. Burns. 2014;40:1738-42.

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     Keck M, Lumenta DB, Andel H, Kamolz LP, Frey M. Burn treatment in the elderly. Burns. 2009;35:1071-9.

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     Lewandowski R, Pegg S, Fortier K, Skimmings A. Burn injuries in the elderly. Burns. 1993;19:513-5.

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     Hunt JL, Purdue GF. The elderly burn patient. Am J Surg. 1992;164:472-6.

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183. 183.

     Williams GJ, Herndon DN. Modulating the hypermetabolic response to burn injuries. J Wound Care. 2002;11:87-9.

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     Roberts G, Lloyd M, Parker M, Martin R, Philp B, Shelley O, et al. The Baux score is dead. Long live the Baux score: a 27-year retrospective cohort study of mortality at a regional burns service. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72:251-6.

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     Nordlund MJ, Pham TN, Gibran NS. Micronutrients after burn injury: a review. J Burn Care Res. 2014;35:121-33.

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     Pintaudi AM, Tesoriere L, D'Arpa N, D'Amelio L, D'Arpa D, Bongiorno A, et al. Oxidative stress after moderate to extensive burning in humans. Free Radic Res. 2000;33:139-46.

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     Vinha PP, Martinez EZ, Vannucchi H, Marchini JS, Farina JA, Jordao AA, et al. Effect of acute thermal injury in status of serum vitamins, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress markers: preliminary data. J Burn Care Res. 2013;34:e87-91.

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     Aida T, Murata J, Asano G, Kanda Y, Yoshino Y. Effects of polyprenoic acid on thermal injury. Br J Exp Pathol. 1987;68:351-8.

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     Nickle SB, Peterson N, Peterson M. Updated physician's guide to the off-label uses of oral isotretinoin. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7:22-34.

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     Dematte MF, Gemperli R, Salles AG, Dolhnikoff M, Lancas T, Saldiva PH, et al. Mechanical evaluation of the resistance and elastance of post-burn scars after topical treatment with tretinoin. Clinics. 2011;66:1949-54.

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     Salles AG, Gemperli R, Toledo PN, Ferreira MC. Combined tretinoin and glycolic acid treatment improves mouth opening for postburn patients. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2006;30:356-62.

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     The multifaceted role of pirfenidone and its novel targets · 2010

     No notice
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     Jung KI, Choi JS, Kim HK, Shin SY. Effects of an anti-transforming growth factor-beta agent (pirfenidone) on strabismus surgery in rabbits. Curr Eye Res. 2012;37:770-6.

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     Zhong H, Sun G, Lin X, Wu K, Yu M. Evaluation of pirfenidone as a new postoperative antiscarring agent in experimental glaucoma surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:3136-42.

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     Chowdhury S, Guha R, Trivedi R, Kompella UB, Konar A, Hazra S. Pirfenidone nanoparticles improve corneal wound healing and prevent scarring following alkali burn. PLoS One. 2013;8.

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     Cianci P, Sato R. Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of thermal burns: a review. Burns. 1994;20:5-14.

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     Cianci P, Williams C, Lueders H, Lee H, Shapiro R, Sexton J, et al. Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of thermal burns. An economic analysis. J Burn Care Rehab. 1990;11:140-3.

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     Selcuk CT, Ozalp B, Durgun M, Tekin A, Akkoc MF, Alabalik U, et al. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on the healing of burn wounds in nicotinized and nonnicotinized rats. J Burn Care Res. 2013;34:e237-43.

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     Cianci P, Slade JB, Sato RM, Faulkner J. Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of thermal burns. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2013;40:89-108.

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     Eskes A, Vermeulen H, Lucas C, Ubbink DT. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treating acute surgical and traumatic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;12.

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     Eskes AM, Ubbink DT, Lubbers MJ, Lucas C, Vermeulen H. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: solution for difficult to heal acute wounds? Systematic review. World J Surg. 2011;35:535-42.

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     Wolf SE, Tompkins RG, Herndon DN. On the horizon: research priorities in burns for the next decade. Surg Clin North Am. 2014;94:917-30.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.suc.2014.05.012

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• Skin tissue regeneration for burn injury · 2019
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• Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells and their paracrine factors promote wound healing by inhibiting heat stress-induced skin cell apoptosis and enhancing their proliferation through activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway · 2019
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• The Dynamics of the Skin’s Immune System · 2019
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• Advances in keratinocyte delivery in burn wound care · 2018
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• Engineered Biopolymeric Scaffolds for Chronic Wound Healing · 2016
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