Perioperative cardiovascular monitoring of high-risk patients: a consensus of 12

Abstract

A significant number of surgical patients are at risk of intra- or post-operative complications or both, which are associated with increased lengths of stay, costs, and mortality. Reducing these risks is important for the individual patient but also for health-care planners and managers. Insufficient tissue perfusion and cellular oxygenation due to hypovolemia, heart dysfunction or both is one of the leading causes of perioperative complications. Adequate perioperative management guided by effective and timely hemodynamic monitoring can help reduce the risk of complications and thus potentially improve outcomes. In this review, we describe the various available hemodynamic monitoring systems and how they can best be used to guide cardiovascular and fluid management in the perioperative period in high-risk surgical patients.

Shown for reading. Its publisher allows quoting it, not republishing it.

References 103

1. 1.

   Weiser TG, Regenbogen SE, Thompson KD, Haynes AB, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, et al. An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modelling strategy based on available data. Lancet. 2008;372:139-44.

   Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60878-8

2. 2.

   Jhanji S, Thomas B, Ely A, Watson D, Hinds CJ, Pearse RM. Mortality and utilisation of critical care resources amongst high-risk surgical patients in a large NHS trust. Anaesthesia. 2008;63:695-700.

   Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05560.x

3. 3.
   Identification and characterisation of the high-risk surgical population in the United Kingdom · 2006

   No notice
4. 4.

   Lobo SM, de Oliveira NE. Clinical review: What are the best hemodynamic targets for noncardiac surgical patients? Crit Care. 2013;17:210.

   Not in our library10.1186/cc11861

5. 5.

   Khuri SF, Henderson WG, DePalma RG, Mosca C, Healey NA, Kumbhani DJ. Determinants of long-term survival after major surgery and the adverse effect of postoperative complications. Ann Surg. 2005;242:326-41.

   Not in our library10.1097/01.sla.0000179621.33268.83

6. 6.

   Hamilton MA, Cecconi M, Rhodes A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high-risk surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1392-402.

   Not in our library10.1213/ane.0b013e3181eeaae5

7. 7.

   Gurgel ST. do Nascimento P Jr. Maintaining tissue perfusion in high-risk surgical patients: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1384-91.

   Not in our library10.1213/ane.0b013e3182055384

8. 8.

   Cecconi M, Corredor C, Arulkumaran N, Abuella G, Ball J, Grounds RM, et al. Clinical review: Goal-directed therapy-what is the evidence in surgical patients? The effect on different risk groups. Crit Care. 2013;17:209.

   Not in our library10.1186/cc11823

9. 9.

   Jhanji S, Lee C, Watson D, Hinds C, Pearse RM. Microvascular flow and tissue oxygenation after major abdominal surgery: association with post-operative complications. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:671-7.

   Not in our library10.1007/s00134-008-1325-z

10. 10.

    Marjanovic G, Villain C, Juettner E, zur Hausen A, Hoeppner J, Hopt UT, et al. Impact of different crystalloid volume regimes on intestinal anastomotic stability. Ann Surg. 2009;249:181-5.

    Not in our library10.1097/sla.0b013e31818b73dc

11. 11.

    Kulemann B, Timme S, Seifert G, Holzner PA, Glatz T, Sick O, et al. Intraoperative crystalloid overload leads to substantial inflammatory infiltration of intestinal anastomoses - a histomorphological analysis. Surgery. 2013;154:596-603.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.surg.2013.04.010

12. 12.

    Nessim C, Sideris L, Turcotte S, Vafiadis P, Lapostole AC, Simard S, et al. The effect of fluid overload in the presence of an epidural on the strength of colonic anastomoses. J Surg Res. 2013;183:567-73.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jss.2013.03.030

13. 13.

    Pizov R, Eden A, Bystritski D, Kalina E, Tamir A, Gelman S. Hypotension during gradual blood loss: waveform variables response and absence of tachycardia. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109:911-8.

    Not in our library10.1093/bja/aes300

14. 14.

    Vincent JL, Rhodes A, Perel A, Martin GS, Della Rocca G, Vallet B, et al. Clinical review: update on hemodynamic monitoring - a consensus of 16. Crit Care. 2011;15:229.

    Not in our library10.1186/cc10291

15. 15.
    Association between systemic hemodynamics and septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study · 2013

    No notice
16. 16.

    Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B. Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest. 2008;134:172-8.

    Not in our library10.1378/chest.07-2331

17. 17.

    Vincent JL, Weil MH. Fluid challenge revisited. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1333-7.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000214677.76535.a5

18. 18.

    Thiele RH, Bartels K, Gan TJ. Cardiac output monitoring: a contemporary assessment and review. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:177-85.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0000000000000608

19. 19.
    Hemodynamic monitoring and management in patients undergoing high risk surgery: a survey among North American and European anesthesiologists · 2011

    No notice
20. 20.

    Repesse X, Bodson L, Vieillard-Baron A. Doppler echocardiography in shocked patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2013;19:221-7.

    Not in our library10.1097/mcc.0b013e3283602344

21. 21.

    Maltais S, Costello WT, Billings FT, Bick JS, Byrne JG, Ahmad RM, et al. Episodic monoplane transesophageal echocardiography impacts postoperative management of the cardiac surgery patient. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27:665-9.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.jvca.2013.02.012

22. 22.

    Rhodes A, Cusack RJ, Newman PJ, Grounds RM, Bennett ED. A randomised, controlled trial of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:256-64.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-002-1206-9

23. 23.

    Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, Ashcroft J, Jones CM, Elbourne D, et al. Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:472-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67061-4

24. 24.

    Harvey S, Young D, Brampton W, Cooper AB, Doig G, Sibbald W, et al. Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD003408.

    Not in our library10.1002/14651858.cd003408.pub2

25. 25.

    Shah MR, Hasselblad V, Stevenson LW, Binanay C, O’Connor CM, Sopko G, et al. Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 2005;294:1664-70.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.294.13.1664

26. 26.

    Vincent JL, Pinsky MR, Sprung CL, Levy M, Marini JJ, Payen D, et al. The pulmonary artery catheter: in medio virtus. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:3093-6.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e31818c10c7

27. 27.

    Vincent JL. The pulmonary artery catheter. J Clin Monit Comput. 2012;26:341-5.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10877-012-9389-2

28. 28.

    Gardner RM. Direct blood pressure measurement - dynamic response requirements. Anesthesiology. 1981;54:227-36.

    Not in our library10.1097/00000542-198103000-00010

29. 29.

    Hamzaoui O, Monnet X, Richard C, Osman D, Chemla D, Teboul JL. Effects of changes in vascular tone on the agreement between pulse contour and transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output measurements within an up to 6-hour calibration-free period. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:434-40.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.ob013e318161fec4

30. 30.

    Oren-Grinberg A. The PiCCO Monitor. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2010;48:57-85.

    Not in our library10.1097/aia.0b013e3181c3dc11

31. 31.

    Bendjelid K, Marx G, Kiefer N, Simon TP, Geisen M, Hoeft A, et al. Performance of a new pulse contour method for continuous cardiac output monitoring: validation in critically ill patients. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111:573-9.

    Not in our library10.1093/bja/aet116

32. 32.

    Cecconi M, Fawcett J, Grounds RM, Rhodes A. A prospective study to evaluate the accuracy of pulse power analysis to monitor cardiac output in critically ill patients. BMC Anesthesiol. 2008;8:3.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2253-8-3

33. 33.

    Cecconi M, Dawson D, Grounds RM, Rhodes A. Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement in the critically ill patient: determination of precision of the technique. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:498-504.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-008-1292-4

34. 34.

    Senn A, Button D, Zollinger A, Hofer CK. Assessment of cardiac output changes using a modified FloTrac/Vigileo algorithm in cardiac surgery patients. Crit Care. 2009;13:R32.

    Not in our library10.1186/cc7739

35. 35.
    Goal-directed haemodynamic therapy during elective total hip arthroplasty under regional anaesthesia · 2011

    No notice
36. 36.

    Romano SM, Pistolesi M. Assessment of cardiac output from systemic arterial pressure in humans. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:1834-41.

    Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200208000-00027

37. 37.

    Scolletta S, Bodson L, Donadello K, Taccone FS, Devigili A, Vincent JL, et al. Assessment of left ventricular function by pulse wave analysis in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1025-33.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-013-2861-8

38. 38.

    Romagnoli S, Romano SM, Bevilacqua S, Ciappi F, Lazzeri C, Peris A, et al. Cardiac output by arterial pulse contour: reliability under hemodynamic derangements. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;8:642-6.

    Not in our library10.1510/icvts.2008.200451

39. 39.

    Penaz J. Criteria for set point estimation in the volume clamp method of blood pressure measurement. Physiol Res. 1992;41:5-10.

    Not in our library

40. 40.

    Westerhof N, Lankhaar JW, Westerhof BE. The arterial Windkessel. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2009;47:131-41.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11517-008-0359-2

41. 41.

    Stover JF, Stocker R, Lenherr R, Neff TA, Cottini SR, Zoller B, et al. Noninvasive cardiac output and blood pressure monitoring cannot replace an invasive monitoring system in critically ill patients. BMC Anesthesiol. 2009;9:6.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2253-9-6

42. 42.

    Bogert LW, Wesseling KH, Schraa O, Van Lieshout EJ, de Mol BA, van Goudoever J, et al. Pulse contour cardiac output derived from non-invasive arterial pressure in cardiovascular disease. Anaesthesia. 2010;65:1119-25.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06511.x

43. 43.

    Broch O, Renner J, Gruenewald M, Meybohm P, Schottler J, Caliebe A, et al. A comparison of the Nexfin(R) and transcardiopulmonary thermodilution to estimate cardiac output during coronary artery surgery. Anaesthesia. 2012;67:377-83.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.07018.x

44. 44.

    Bubenek-Turconi SI, Craciun M, Miclea I, Perel A. Noninvasive continuous cardiac output by the Nexfin before and after preload-modifying maneuvers: a comparison with intermittent thermodilution cardiac output. Anesth Analg. 2013;117:366-72.

    Not in our library10.1213/ane.0b013e31829562c3

45. 45.

    Thom O, Taylor DM, Wolfe RE, Cade J, Myles P, Krum H, et al. Comparison of a supra-sternal cardiac output monitor (USCOM) with the pulmonary artery catheter. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:800-4.

    Not in our library10.1093/bja/aep296

46. 46.

    Gueret G, Kiss G, Rossignol B, Bezon E, Wargnier JP, Miossec A, et al. Cardiac output measurements in off-pump coronary surgery: comparison between NICO and the Swan-Ganz catheter. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23:848-54.

    Not in our library10.1017/s0265021506000573

47. 47.

    Tachibana K, Imanaka H, Takeuchi M, Takauchi Y, Miyano H, Nishimura M. Noninvasive cardiac output measurement using partial carbon dioxide rebreathing is less accurate at settings of reduced minute ventilation and when spontaneous breathing is present. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:830-7.

    Not in our library10.1097/00000542-200304000-00007

48. 48.

    Hofer CK, Buhlmann S, Klaghofer R, Genoni M, Zollinger A. Pulsed dye densitometry with two different sensor types for cardiac output measurement after cardiac surgery: a comparison with the thermodilution technique. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48:653-7.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00371.x

49. 49.

    Ball TR, Culp BC, Patel V, Gloyna DF, Ciceri DP, Culp WC. Comparison of the endotracheal cardiac output monitor to thermodilution in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010;24:762-6.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.jvca.2010.04.008

50. 50.

    Gujjar AR, Muralidhar K, Banakal S, Gupta R, Sathyaprabha TN, Jairaj PS. Non-invasive cardiac output by transthoracic electrical bioimpedence in post-cardiac surgery patients: comparison with thermodilution method. J Clin Monit Comput. 2008;22:175-80.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10877-008-9119-y

51. 51.

    Squara P, Denjean D, Estagnasie P, Brusset A, Dib JC, Dubois C. Noninvasive cardiac output monitoring (NICOM): a clinical validation. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1191-4.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-007-0640-0

52. 52.

    Raval NY, Squara P, Cleman M, Yalamanchili K, Winklmaier M, Burkhoff D. Multicenter evaluation of noninvasive cardiac output measurement by bioreactance technique. J Clin Monit Comput. 2008;22:113-9.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10877-008-9112-5

53. 53.

    Garisto C, Favia I, Ricci Z, Romagnoli S, Haiberger R, Polito A, et al. Pressure recording analytical method and bioreactance for stroke volume index monitoring during pediatric cardiac surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015;25:143-9.

    Not in our library10.1111/pan.12360

54. 54.

    Critchley LA, Critchley JA. A meta-analysis of studies using bias and precision statistics to compare cardiac output measurement techniques. J Clin Monit Comput. 1999;15:85-91.

    Not in our library10.1023/a:1009982611386

55. 55.

    Cecconi M, Rhodes A, Poloniecki J, Della Rocca G, Grounds RM. Bench-to-bedside review: the importance of the precision of the reference technique in method comparison studies - with specific reference to the measurement of cardiac output. Crit Care. 2009;13:201.

    Not in our library10.1186/cc7129

56. 56.

    Squara P, Cecconi M, Rhodes A, Singer M, Chiche JD. Tracking changes in cardiac output: methodological considerations for the validation of monitoring devices. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:1801-8.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-009-1570-9

57. 57.

    Critchley LA, Lee A, Ho AM. A critical review of the ability of continuous cardiac output monitors to measure trends in cardiac output. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:1180-92.

    Not in our library10.1213/ane.0b013e3181f08a5b

58. 58.

    Perel A, Habicher M, Sander M. Bench-to-bedside review: Functional hemodynamics during surgery - should it be used for all high-risk cases? Crit Care. 2013;17:203.

    Not in our library10.1186/cc11448

59. 59.

    Desebbe O, Cannesson M. Using ventilation-induced plethysmographic variations to optimize patient fluid status. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21:772-8.

    Not in our library10.1097/aco.0b013e32831504ca

60. 60.

    Sandroni C, Cavallaro F, Marano C, Falcone C, De Santis P, Antonelli M. Accuracy of plethysmographic indices as predictors of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1429-37.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-012-2621-1

61. 61.

    Forget P, Lois F, de Kock M. Goal-directed fluid management based on the pulse oximeter-derived pleth variability index reduces lactate levels and improves fluid management. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:910-4.

    Not in our library10.1213/ane.0b013e3181eb624f

62. 62.

    Forget P, Lois F, Kartheuser A, Leonard D, Remue C, de Kock M. The concept of titration can be transposed to fluid management but does is change the volumes? Randomised trial on pleth variability index during fast-track colonic surgery. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2013;8:110-4.

    Not in our library10.2174/1574884711308020003

63. 63.

    Mahjoub Y, Lejeune V, Muller L, Perbet S, Zieleskiewicz L, Bart F, et al. Evaluation of pulse pressure variation validity criteria in critically ill patients: a prospective observational multicentre point-prevalence study. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112:681-5.

    Not in our library10.1093/bja/aet442

64. 64.

    Marik PE, Cavallazzi R, Vasu T, Hirani A. Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2642-7.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a590da

65. 65.

    Futier E, Constantin JM, Paugam-Burtz C, Pascal J, Eurin M, Neuschwander A, et al. A trial of intraoperative low-tidal-volume ventilation in abdominal surgery. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:428-37.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa1301082

66. 66.

    Serpa Neto A, Cardoso SO, Manetta JA, Pereira VG, Esposito DC, Pasqualucci Mde O, et al. Association between use of lung-protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes and clinical outcomes among patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308:1651-9.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2012.13730

67. 67.

    Cannesson M, Le Manach Y, Hofer CK, Goarin JP, Lehot JJ, Vallet B, et al. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of pulse pressure variations for the prediction of fluid responsiveness: a ‘gray zone’ approach. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:231-41.

    Not in our library10.1097/aln.0b013e318225b80a

68. 68.

    Monnet X, Teboul JL. Passive leg raising. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:659-63.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-008-0994-y

69. 69.

    Michard F. Long live dynamic parameters! Crit Care. 2014;18:413.

    Not in our library10.1186/cc13749

70. 70.

    Chawla LS, Zia H, Gutierrez G, Katz NM, Seneff MG, Shah M. Lack of equivalence between central and mixed venous oxygen saturation. Chest. 2004;126:1891-6.

    Not in our library10.1378/chest.126.6.1891

71. 71.

    Dueck MH, Klimek M, Appenrodt S, Weigand C, Boerner U. Trends but not individual values of central venous oxygen saturation agree with mixed venous oxygen saturation during varying hemodynamic conditions. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:249-57.

    Not in our library10.1097/00000542-200508000-00007

72. 72.

    Reinhart K, Rudolph T, Bredle DL, Hannemann L, Cain SM. Comparison of central-venous to mixed-venous oxygen saturation during changes in oxygen supply/demand. Chest. 1989;95:1216-21.

    Not in our library10.1378/chest.95.6.1216

73. 73.

    Lorentzen AG, Lindskov C, Sloth E, Jakobsen CJ. Central venous oxygen saturation cannot replace mixed venous saturation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;22:853-7.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.jvca.2008.04.004

74. 74.

    Glamann DB, Lange RA, Hillis LD. Incidence and significance of a ‘step-down’ in oxygen saturation from superior vena cava to pulmonary artery. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:695-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/0002-9149(91)90373-s

75. 75.

    Barratt-Boyes BG, Wood EH. The oxygen saturation of blood in the venae cavae, right-heart chambers, and pulmonary vessels of healthy subjects. J Lab Clin Med. 1957;50:93-106.

    Not in our library

76. 76.

    Dahn MS, Lange MP, Jacobs LA. Central mixed and splanchnic venous oxygen saturation monitoring. Intensive Care Med. 1988;14:373-8.

    Not in our library10.1007/bf00262891

77. 77.

    Lee J, Wright F, Barber R, Stanley L. Central venous oxygen saturation in shock: a study in man. Anesthesiology. 1972;36:472-8.

    Not in our library10.1097/00000542-197205000-00012

78. 78.

    Ho KM, Harding R, Chamberlain J, Bulsara M. A comparison of central and mixed venous oxygen saturation in circulatory failure. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010;24:434-9.

    Not in our library10.1053/j.jvca.2007.10.011

79. 79.

    Turnaoglu S, Tugrul M, Camci E, Cakar N, Akinci O, Ergin P. Clinical applicability of the substitution of mixed venous oxygen saturation with central venous oxygen saturation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:574-9.

    Not in our library10.1053/jcan.2001.26534

80. 80.

    Reinhart K, Kersting T, Fohring U, Schafer M. Can central-venous replace mixed-venous oxygen saturation measurements during anesthesia? Adv Exp Med Biol. 1986;200:67-72.

    Not in our library10.1007/978-1-4684-5188-7_9

81. 81.

    Collaborative Study Group on Perioperative ScvO2 Monitoring. Multicentre study on peri- and postoperative central venous oxygen saturation in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care. 2006;10:R158.

    Not in our library10.1186/cc5094

82. 82.

    Polonen P, Ruokonen E, Hippelainen M, Poyhonen M, Takala J. A prospective, randomized study of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2000;90:1052-9.

    Not in our library10.1097/00000539-200005000-00010

83. 83.

    Donati A, Loggi S, Preiser JC, Orsetti G, Munch C, Gabbanelli V, et al. Goal-directed intraoperative therapy reduces morbidity and length of hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients. Chest. 2007;132:1817-24.

    Not in our library10.1378/chest.07-0621

84. 84.

    Van der Linden P, Schmartz D, Gilbart E, Engelman E, Vincent JL. Effects of propofol, etomidate, and pentobarbital on critical oxygen delivery. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:2492-9.

    Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200007000-00051

85. 85.

    Perz S, Uhlig T, Kohl M, Bredle DL, Reinhart K, Bauer M, et al. Low and ‘supranormal’ central venous oxygen saturation and markers of tissue hypoxia in cardiac surgery patients: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:52-9.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00134-010-1980-8

86. 86.

    Fuller BM, Dellinger RP. Lactate as a hemodynamic marker in the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012;18:267-72.

    Not in our library10.1097/mcc.0b013e3283532b8a

87. 87.
    Occult hypoperfusion is associated with increased mortality in hemodynamically stable, high-risk, surgical patients · 2004

    No notice
88. 88.

    Bakker J, Coffernils M, Leon M, Gris P, Vincent JL. Blood lactate levels are superior to oxygen-derived variables in predicting outcome in human septic shock. Chest. 1991;99:956-62.

    Not in our library10.1378/chest.99.4.956

89. 89.

    Jansen TC, van Bommel J, Schoonderbeek FJ, Sleeswijk Visser SJ, van der Klooster JM, Lima AP, et al. Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:752-61.

    Not in our library10.1164/rccm.200912-1918oc

90. 90.

    Jansen TC, van Bommel J, Woodward R, Mulder PG, Bakker J. Association between blood lactate levels, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment subscores, and 28-day mortality during early and late intensive care unit stay: a retrospective observational study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2369-74.

    Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a0f919

91. 91.

    McKendry M, McGloin H, Saberi D, Caudwell L, Brady AR, Singer M. Randomised controlled trial assessing the impact of a nurse delivered, flow monitored protocol for optimisation of circulatory status after cardiac surgery. BMJ. 2004;329:258.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.38156.767118.7c

92. 92.
    Early goal-directed therapy after major surgery reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. A randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN38797445] · 2005

    No notice
93. 93.

    Bundgaard-Nielsen M, Holte K, Secher NH, Kehlet H. Monitoring of peri-operative fluid administration by individualized goal-directed therapy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007;51:331-40.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01221.x

94. 94.

    Wilson J, Woods I, Fawcett J, Whall R, Dibb W, Morris C, et al. Reducing the risk of major elective surgery: randomised controlled trial of preoperative optimisation of oxygen delivery. BMJ. 1999;318:1099-103.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.318.7191.1099

95. 95.

    Lobo SM, Salgado PF, Castillo VG, Borim AA, Polachini CA, Palchetti JC, et al. Effects of maximizing oxygen delivery on morbidity and mortality in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:3396-404.

    Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200010000-00003

96. 96.
    Goal-directed fluid management based on pulse pressure variation monitoring during high-risk surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial · 2007

    No notice
97. 97.

    Pearse RM, Harrison DA, MacDonald N, Gillies MA, Blunt M, Ackland G, et al. Effect of a perioperative, cardiac output-guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm on outcomes following major gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review. JAMA. 2014;311:2181-90.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2014.5305

98. 98.

    Morris C. Oesophageal Doppler monitoring, doubt and equipoise: evidence based medicine means change. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:684-8.

    Not in our library10.1111/anae.12306

99. 99.

    Scheeren TW, Wiesenack C, Gerlach H, Marx G. Goal-directed intraoperative fluid therapy guided by stroke volume and its variation in high-risk surgical patients: a prospective randomized multicentre study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2013;27:225-33.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10877-013-9461-6

100. 100.

     Goepfert MS, Richter HP, Zu EC, Gruetzmacher J, Rafflenbeul E, Roeher K, et al. Individually optimized hemodynamic therapy reduces complications and length of stay in the intensive care unit: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:824-36.

     Not in our library10.1097/aln.0b013e31829bd770

101. 101.

     Fellahi JL, Parienti JJ, Hanouz JL, Plaud B, Riou B, Ouattara A. Perioperative use of dobutamine in cardiac surgery and adverse cardiac outcome: propensity-adjusted analyses. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:979-87.

     Not in our library10.1097/aln.0b013e318173026f

102. 102.

     Pearse RM, Belsey JD, Cole JN, Bennett ED. Effect of dopexamine infusion on mortality following major surgery: individual patient data meta-regression analysis of published clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1323-9.

     Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e31816a091b

103. 103.

     Takala J, Meier-Hellmann A, Eddleston J, Hulstaert P, Sramek V. Effect of dopexamine on outcome after major abdominal surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter study. European Multicenter Study Group on Dopexamine in Major Abdominal Surgery. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:3417-23.

     Not in our library10.1097/00003246-200010000-00007

Cited by papers we hold 1

• Current concepts of perioperative monitoring in high-risk surgical patients: a review · 2019
  Not checked

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.