Metabolic and nutritional support of critically ill patients: consensus and controversies

Abstract

The results of recent large-scale clinical trials have led us to review our understanding of the metabolic response to stress and the most appropriate means of managing nutrition in critically ill patients. This review presents an update in this field, identifying and discussing a number of areas for which consensus has been reached and others where controversy remains and presenting areas for future research. We discuss optimal calorie and protein intake, the incidence and management of re-feeding syndrome, the role of gastric residual volume monitoring, the place of supplemental parenteral nutrition when enteral feeding is deemed insufficient, the role of indirect calorimetry, and potential indications for several pharmaconutrients.

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    Bollhalder L, Pfeil AM, Tomonaga Y, Schwenkglenks M. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of parenteral glutamine supplementation. Clin Nutr. 2013;32:213-23.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.003

96. 96.

    Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE, Cook D, Jones G, Albert M, et al. A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1489-97.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmoa1212722

97. 97.

    Buijs N, Vermeulen MA, van Leeuwen PA. Glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:484.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmc1306658

98. 98.

    Heyland D, Wischmeyer PE, Day AG. Glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:484-5.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmc1306658

99. 99.

    Heyland D, Elke G, Cook D, Berger MM, Wischmeyer PE, Albert M, et al. Glutamine and antioxidants in the critically ill patient: a post hoc analysis of a large scale randomized trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014 May 5 [Epub ahead of print].

    Not in our library10.1177/0148607114529994

100. 100.

     van Zanten ARH, Sztark F, Kaisers UX, Zeilmann S, Felbinger TW, Sablotzki AR, et al. High-protein enteral nutrition enriched with immune-modulating nutrients vs standard high-protein enteral nutrition and nosocomial infections in the ICU: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:514-24.

     Not in our library10.1001/jama.2014.7698

101. 101.
     Parenteral glutamine supplementation in critical illness: a systematic review · 2014

     No notice
102. 102.

     Chen QH, Yang Y, He HL, Xie JF, Cai SX, Liu AR, et al. The effect of glutamine therapy on outcomes in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care. 2014;18:R8.

     Not in our library10.1186/cc13185

103. 103.

     Preiser JC, Wernerman J. REDOXs: important answers, many more questions raised! JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013;37:566-7.

     Not in our library10.1177/0148607113495893

104. 104.

     Pontes-Arruda A, Demichele S, Seth A, Singer P. The use of an inflammation-modulating diet in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis of outcome data. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32:596-605.

     Not in our library10.1177/0148607108324203

105. 105.

     Zhu D, Zhang Y, Li S, Gan L, Feng H, Nie W. Enteral omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:504-12.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00134-014-3244-5

106. 106.

     Santacruz CA, Orbegozo D, Vincent JL, Preiser JC. Modulation of dietary lipid composition during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): systematic review and meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. in press.

     Not in our library10.1177/0148607114562913

107. 107.

     Heller AR, Rossler S, Litz RJ, Stehr SN, Heller SC, Koch R, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve the diagnosis-related clinical outcome. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:972-9.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000206309.83570.45

108. 108.

     Palmer AJ, Ho CK, Ajibola O, Avenell A. The role of omega-3 fatty acid supplemented parenteral nutrition in critical illness in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:307-16.

     Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182657578

109. 109.

     Manzanares W, Dhaliwal R, Jurewitsch B, Stapleton RD, Jeejeebhoy KN, Heyland DK. Parenteral fish oil lipid emulsions in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014;38:20-8.

     Not in our library10.1177/0148607113486006

110. 110.

     Umpierrez GE, Spiegelman R, Zhao V, Smiley DD, Pinzon I, Griffith DP, et al. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing soybean oil-based versus olive oil-based lipid emulsions in adult medical-surgical intensive care unit patients requiring parenteral nutrition. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1792-8.

     Not in our library10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182474bf9

111. 111.

     Lovat R, Preiser JC. Antioxidant therapy in intensive care. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003;9:266-70.

     Not in our library10.1097/00075198-200308000-00003

112. 112.

     Berger MM, Eggimann P, Heyland DK, Chiolero RL, Revelly JP, Day A, et al. Reduction of nosocomial pneumonia after major burns by trace element supplementation: aggregation of two randomised trials. Crit Care. 2006;10:R153.

     Not in our library10.1186/cc5084

113. 113.

     Berger MM, Baines M, Raffoul W, Benathan M, Chiolero RL, Reeves C, et al. Trace element supplementation after major burns modulates antioxidant status and clinical course by way of increased tissue trace element concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1293-300.

     Not in our library10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1293

114. 114.
     Influence of early antioxidant supplements on clinical evolution and organ function in critically ill cardiac surgery, major trauma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage patients · 2008

     No notice
115. 115.

     Angstwurm MW, Engelmann L, Zimmermann T, Lehmann C, Spes CH, Abel P, et al. Selenium in Intensive Care (SIC): results of a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-center study in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:118-26.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000251124.83436.0e

116. 116.

     Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Suchner U, Berger MM. Antioxidant nutrients: a systematic review of trace elements and vitamins in the critically ill patient. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31:327-37.

     Not in our library10.1007/s00134-004-2522-z

117. 117.

     Visser J, Labadarios D, Blaauw R. Micronutrient supplementation for critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2011;27:745-58.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.nut.2010.12.009

118. 118.
     Antioxidant micronutrients in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2012

     No notice
119. 119.

     Manzanares W, Langlois PL, Hardy G. Update on antioxidant micronutrients in the critically ill. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013;16:719-25.

     Not in our library10.1097/mco.0b013e32836599e5

120. 120.

     Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf]

     Not in our library

121. 121.

     Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371:651-9.

     Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60207-x

122. 122.

     Barraud D, Bollaert PE, Gibot S. Impact of the administration of probiotics on mortality in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2013;143:646-55.

     Not in our library10.1378/chest.12-1745

123. 123.

     Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JN, Shanman R, et al. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307:1959-69.

     Not in our library10.1001/jama.2012.3507

124. 124.

     Alverdy JC, Laughlin RS, Wu L. Influence of the critically ill state on host-pathogen interactions within the intestine: gut-derived sepsis redefined. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:598-607.

     Not in our library10.1097/01.ccm.0000045576.55937.67

125. 125.

     Khalid I, Doshi P, DiGiovine B. Early enteral nutrition and outcomes of critically ill patients treated with vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care. 2010;19:261-8.

     Not in our library10.4037/ajcc2010197

126. 126.

     Heighes PT, Doig GS, Sweetman EA, Simpson F. An overview of evidence from systematic reviews evaluating early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: more convincing evidence is needed. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2010;38:167-74.

     Not in our library10.1177/0310057x1003800126

127. 127.

     Kuppinger DD, Rittler P, Hartl WH, Ruttinger D. Use of gastric residual volume to guide enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a brief systematic review of clinical studies. Nutrition. 2013;29:1075-9.

     Not in our library10.1016/j.nut.2013.01.025

128. 128.

     Metheny NA, Schallom L, Oliver DA, Clouse RE. Gastric residual volume and aspiration in critically ill patients receiving gastric feedings. Am J Crit Care. 2008;17:512-9.

     Not in our library

129. 129.

     Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A, Boulain T, Desachy A, Bellec F, et al. Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013;309:249-56.

     Not in our library10.1001/jama.2012.196377

Cited by papers we hold 3

• A randomized trial of supplemental parenteral nutrition in underweight and overweight critically ill patients: the TOP-UP pilot trial · 2017
  No notice
• Enteral versus parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · 2016
  No notice
• Implantação de um time de resposta rápida em um grande hospital filantrópico brasileiro: melhora na qualidade dos cuidados de emergência por meio do ciclo Planejar-Fazer-Estudar-Agir
  Not checked

Reads

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.