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The use of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair and regeneration: a systematic review

Andy Goldberg, Katrina Mitchell, Julian Soans and 2 more

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · 2017 · Systematic review

doi:10.1186/s13018-017-0534-y

Abstract

Background. The management of articular cartilage defects presents many clinical challenges due to its avascular, aneural and alymphatic nature. Bone marrow stimulation techniques, such as microfracture, are the most frequently used method in clinical practice however the resulting mixed fibrocartilage tissue which is inferior to native hyaline cartilage. Other methods have shown promise but are far from perfect. There is an unmet need and growing interest in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to improve the outcome for patients requiring cartilage repair. Many published reviews on cartilage repair only list human clinical trials, underestimating the wealth of basic sciences and animal studies that are precursors to future research. We therefore set out to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the translation of stem cell therapy to explore what research had been carried out at each of the stages of translation from bench-top (in vitro), animal (pre-clinical) and human studies (clinical) and assemble an evidence-based cascade for the responsible introduction of stem cell therapy for cartilage defects.

Main body of abstract. This review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines using CINHAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Knowledge databases from 1st January 1900 to 30th June 2015. In total, there were 2880 studies identified of which 252 studies were included for analysis (100 articles for in vitro studies, 111 studies for animal studies; and 31 studies for human studies). There was a huge variance in cell source in pre-clinical studies both of terms of animal used, location of harvest (fat, marrow, blood or synovium) and allogeneicity. The use of scaffolds, growth factors, number of cell passages and number of cells used was hugely heterogeneous.

Short conclusions. This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the evidence behind the translation of basic science to the clinical practice of cartilage repair. It has revealed a lack of connectivity between the in vitro, pre-clinical and human data and a patchwork quilt of synergistic evidence. Drivers for progress in this space are largely driven by patient demand, surgeon inquisition and a regulatory framework that is learning at the same pace as new developments take place.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 21, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Background

Articular cartilage is a highly specialised tissue acting as a shock absorber, enabling synovial joints to articulate with low frictional forces. Due to its avascular, aneural and alymphatic state, it has a limited repair potential. Surgical options to manage damaged articular cartilage include arthroscopic debridement, bone marrow stimulation techniques, chondrocyte implantation, osteochondral autografts (mosaicplasty), osteochondral allograft and, in the presence of osteoarthritis, joint replacement.

Bone marrow stimulation techniques, such as microfracture, are the most frequently used method in clinical practice for treating small symptomatic lesions of the articular cartilage. However, the resulting tissue has shown to be a mixed fibrocartilage tissue with varying amounts of type II collagen and inferior to native hyaline cartilage. Fibrocartilage is vulnerable to shear stresses and prone to breaking down over time. Subchondral osseous overgrowth has also been reported after microfracture. Osteochondral grafts can lead to donor site morbidity and healing seams at the recipient site. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and its later evolution, matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), offered great promise with 80% of patients showing good or excellent results at 10 years but at best results in hyaline-like repair and has experienced complications such as graft failure, periosteal hypertrophy and delamination. In addition, it has also been reported that cells may lose their phenotype during expansion.

There is therefore a growing interest in regenerative medicine, which can broadly be thought of as two main types: cell therapy, where cells are injected directly into the blood or into tissues, and tissue engineering, where cell-scaffold combinations are used to repair or regenerate tissues.

Stem cells are cells that have the ability to divide and develop into many different cell types in the body and can be categorised as pluripotent and multipotent. Pluripotent stem cells are often harvested from embryonic sources and can develop into any type of cell in the body whereas multipotent stem cells are generally taken from adults and can divide and develop into a more limited range of cell types. When stem cells divide, the new cells can either remain stem cells or develop into a new type of cell with a more specific function (Table 1).

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a form of multipotent cells that may offer an alternative to cartilage repair techniques not hampered by availability and donor site morbidity.

The introduction of stem cell therapies into clinical practice however is a form of translational research, which as per any “bench-to-bedside” pathway now has enormous governance issues and is highly regulatory across four phases (Table 2) and by the Tissues and Cells Directive (2004/23/EC) https://www.hta.gov.uk/policies/eu-tissue-and-cells-directives.

Many published reviews on cartilage repair only list human clinical trials, underestimating the wealth of basic sciences and animal studies that are precursors to future research and may be relevant in clinical practice further down the line. In addition, true translation would imply that all of the clinical studies would have supporting pre-clinical data.

We therefore set out to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the translation of stem cell therapy to explore what research had been carried out at each of the stages of translation from bench-top (in vitro), animal (pre-clinical), and human studies (clinical) and assemble an evidence-based cascade for the responsible introduction of stem cell therapy for cartilage defects. In particular, we wanted to focus on the key burning questions pertaining to cartilage repair such as cell source, dosage (how many cells should be used), requirement for scaffolds and the role for extrinsic growth factors.

Search methodology

This review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines using CINHAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Knowledge databases from 1st January 1900 to 30th June 2015.

The keywords used in the selection were “(“mesenchymal stem cells”[All Fields] OR “mesenchymal stem cells”[MeSH Terms] OR “mesenchymal”[All Fields] OR “stem cells”[All Fields] OR “Stem Cells”[MeSH Terms] OR “MSC”[All Fields]) AND (“Articular Cartilage”[MeSH Terms] OR “articular”[All Fields] OR “cartilage”[All Fields] OR “cartilage”[MeSH Terms]) AND (“healing”[All Terms] OR “repair”[All Terms] OR “Regeneration”[MeSH Terms] OR “regeneration”[All Fields] OR “tissue engineering”[MeSH Terms] OR “tissue engineering”[All Fields]) AND (“defect”[All Terms]) AND (“chond*”[All Terms])”.

All review and non-English studies were excluded. For analysis, only original research studies were included. Any duplicates were excluded. Initially, KM and JS independently screened studies’ title and abstract. Those included had the full text reviewed. Any disparities were discussed with the senior author (AJG). The references of eligible studies were also searched and included where relevant.

Unpublished trial databases (e.g. ClinicalTrials.gov) were reviewed as the grey literature using popular search engines, including Google. The keywords used for registered clinical trials in clinical trial databases were “stem cells”, “cartilage” and “orthopaedics”.

Eligible studies were drafted into tables tabulating the key data.

Results

The initial search identified 2880 study articles, of which 239 were included for analysis. The PRISMA flow diagram is shown in Fig. 1.

MSC source

A list of cell sources used in the in vitro studies is shown in Table 3. The commonest being human MSCs (66%) followed by rabbit MSCs (15%). The majority of the studies used bone marrow-derived MSCs (63%) followed by adipose tissue (33%). Two studies used commercial cell lines.

Scaffold

Within the in vitro studies, 26 different types of natural scaffold and 9 types of synthetic scaffolds were identified with a further 18 different types of hybrids, the most popular being a fibrin-polyurethane scaffold (Table 4).

Growth factors

The commonest used growth factors were TGF-β and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family. A list of growth factors used can be seen in Table 5.

Cell seeding and passage

There was wide heterogeneity in cell seeding density and there appeared to be no standard form of measurement. Li et al. examined three different seeding densities: 2, 5 and 10 × 106 cells/scaffold, and found that scaffolds seeded with 5 × 106 cells per scaffold induced the highest chondrogenesis; however, other groups found that a higher seeding density results in better chondrogenesis.

Apart from 26 studies which did not state cell passage number, most studies used MSC of an early passage, anything between uncultured fresh (passage zero (P0) and five times passaged cells (P5). One study used cells of P6, and another study used cells between P4 and P7. No relationship was apparent between chondrogenesis and number of passages.

Length of study

The length of each in vitro study can be seen in Table 6. The majority of studies were short-term models; 27 studies (25%) ended between 1 and 2 weeks, 35 studies (33%) ended between 2 and 3 weeks and 15 studies (14%) ended between 3 and 4 weeks.

Method of assessment

A range of techniques was used to assess chondrogenesis within the in vitro studies. These techniques consisted of histology, immunohistochemistry, qPCR, biochemical analysis, imagery and mechanical testing. The techniques used are summarised in Table 7.

Animal studies (pre-clinical)

One hundred eleven animal studies were included of which 109 were controlled laboratory studies, one was a pilot study and one was a longitudinal case study on a race horse. The commonest animal studied with 59 studies was rabbit (53%). The different species of animals studied is shown in Table 8.

Defect

The size of the defect varied from 2 to 25 mm2 in the smaller animals and from 1 to 64 mm2 in the larger animals. All but two studies used the knee for defect creation.

Stem cell type

Bone marrow-derived stem cells were used in 84 studies (75%). Thirteen studies (11%) used adipose stem cells, six (5%) used synovia and three (2%) used periostium-derived MSCs. Three studies (3%) used embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs whereas 2 studies (2%) used muscle-derived MSCs. One group showed promising results of allogenic MSCs in a rabbit model when compared to autologous cells, although numbers were small. Another used compared autologous chondroprogenitor cells and allogenic chondroprogenitor cells against controls in an equine model and reported that repair tissue quality in the allogenic cell group was not superior to that in the control (fibrin only) group and also showed poorer radiographic changes in the allogenic group.

Cell culture, dose and delivery

There was much variation in the number of cells implanted and the number of cell passages from 3–10 or more.

The number of cells varied from 4 × 103 – 1 × 1010. The majority of studies used between 106 and 108 cells. Some did not specify the number of cells implanted. Two studies suggested that improved chondrogenesis occurs with a higher implanted cell number, although others suggested that the high cell numbers increase the risk of synovitis and synovial proliferation.

The cells were transplanted into the defect both as cell therapy (injection directly into the joint) (17 studies, 15%) or by tissue engineering (cell-scaffold combinations) (94 studies, 85%). Fifteen studies used a mixture of solutions prepared from hyaluronic acid, phosphate buffer solution, plasma, basal medium with chondrogenesis, collagen acid, sodium alginate or a growth factor medium. Two studies used MSCs only.

Scaffold

Ninety-two studies (82%) used a scaffold. The material used was a synthetic polymer either collagen based, fibrinogen glue or a synthetic protein (e.g. rHuBMP-2) in 62 (56%) studies (Table 9).

Growth factors

Thirty-two studies (29%) assessed the effect of growth factors on MSC chondrogenesis. Seventeen out of 38 (44%) used TGF-β1/3 (Table 10), the majority of which show a positive effect on chondrogenesis.

Associated procedures

Ten of the studies compared MSC treatment against other surgical modalities such as debridement, microfracture and mosaicplasty.

Outcome measures

There were a variety of outcome measures used to analyse the results of the studies. The majority of studies (79%) used evidence of hyaline-like cartilage as being a positive outcome (Tables 11 and 12).

Human studies (clinical)

Thirty-one published studies by 15 different groups looked at clinical applications of MSCs. One used allogenic stem cells and the rest autologous stem cells. The types of studies can be seen in Tables 13 and 14.

There were 52 unpublished clinical trials, majority of which are early phase studies (I–II; 63%) and only 5 trials were phase II/III. Table 15 shows a summary of these clinical trials.

Defects

The majority of studies (42%) used MSCs to treat knee osteoarthritis. The rest of the studies looked at knee cartilage defects except for two which studied the ankle talar dome. One study used MSCs to treat knee osteoarthritis (OA), knee OA and ankle OA.

Of the knee cartilage defects, the patients were heterogeneous with varying defect sizes and locations, including the patellae, patella-femoral joints, femoral condyle, trochlear and tibial plateau; and several had multiple defect sites.

Previous treatment and associated procedures

The majority of patients who received MSC treatment had undergone previous arthroscopy, failed debridement or bone marrow stimulation.

Cell harvest source

Twenty-one studies (68%) used bone marrow-derived MSCs from the anterior or posterior superior iliac spine. Five studies (18%) used adipose-derived MSCs, two studies (7%) used synovium-derived MSCs and two studies (7%) used peripheral blood progenitor cells collected by apheresis.

Cell stage

Twenty studies (61%) culture-expanded their cells, whereas 11 studies (39%) used fresh concentrated stem cells from bone marrow, fat tissues or peripheral blood in a one stage-procedure. In studies using bone marrow concentrate, approximately 60 ml of bone marrow aspirate was harvested and concentrated down to a volume of 2–4 ml before use. In studies using culture-expanded cells, the majority used cells from early passages, P1–P3. One study reported the use of cells at a late passage (P5),and five studies did not specify a passage number.

Thirteen studies (42%) confirmed the phenotype of cells before clinical application. Commonly used surface markers to select MSCs were CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105. Also CD14, CD34 and HLA-DR were used to eliminate non-MSCs.

Cell dose and delivery

The number of cells applied (dose) varied from 2–57 million for bone marrow-derived MSCs and from 1.2–100 million for adipose-derived MSCs. For synovial MSCs, 8–77 million cells were used, and for peripheral blood progenitor cells, 20 million cells were used. Also, the methods for implantation varied from arthroscopic implantation (35%), intra-articular injection or open surgery (29%).

In the cell therapy studies, the cells were suspended with a variety of different co-stimulators, including hydroxyapatite (HA), platelet rich plasma (PRP) and platelet lysate. Some studies also administered multiple injections of stem cells and/or further injection of HA, PRP or nucleated cells following a stem cell injection.

The most frequently used scaffolds were type I collagen of porcine or bovine origin, followed by ascorbic acid sheet and platelet-rich fibrin glue mixture.

Rehabilitation

Early continuous passive motion was employed in 14 studies. Six studies did not report details on post-operation rehabilitation. Three studies aimed for full weight bearing very early by week 4 whereas 11 studies (40%) aimed for full weight bearing by the 6th–8th week. No study addressed the effect of rehabilitation on the quality of the repair.

Outcomes

Most commonly used outcome measures for treatment efficacy were radiological (77%) and arthroscopic assessment (61%). Most commonly used patient-reported outcomes are International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score (36%), followed by a visual analogue scale (VAS) pain (39%) and Tegner activity scale (29%).

Adverse effects

None of the studies reported any severe adverse effects related to the MSC treatment. Two group reported minor adverse events including mild pain and effusion after the injections, which persisted for no more than 7 days.

Conclusions

There is a growing fascination with the role of mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage repair.

As early as the 1950s, Pridie showed fibrocartilaginous repair through subchondral drilling. Initially, Pridie drilling was reported as a treatment for osteoarthritis and was often associated with many additional procedures such as synovectomy and trimming of osteophytes.

Since Pridie’s initial experiments, the process of marrow stimulation techniques or exposure of mesenchymal stem cells from cancellous bone has changed its guise on several occasions.

Ficat in 1979 described “Spongialization” in which the cancellous bed was exposed in 85 patients with chondral lesions of the patella with encouraging results. Johnson et al. described abrasion arthroplasty and encouraged its use especially in younger patients. Other authors had less positive outcomes. Dandy wrote an entertaining article on abrasion arthroplasty where he highlighted that at least in the treatment of osteoarthritis, its effects could relate to the arthroscopic washout, rest or even the placebo effects of the charismatic surgeon. The final evolution of marrow stimulation was the term “Microfracture” enabled by commercially manufactured bone picks used to breach the subchondral bone. Marrow-stimulating technique procedures, in particular microfracture, are now considered the first-line treatment for full-thickness cartilage lesions and have demonstrated good to excellent results in 60–80% of patients.

Cartilage repair has evolved from marrow stimulation techniques through to chondrocyte transplant and now stem cells at rapid pace. An ideal translational pipeline would demonstrate how in vitro data was used to inform a pre-clinical model, which would later form a phase I/IIa first-in-man study and subsequently a phase III clinical trial. This would of course be the safe and responsible method by which novel therapies are brought to the market.

This systematic review is the first of its kind to explore the full spectrum of evidence from in vitro studies, through animal studies to human clinical trials, and yet, we found little evidence of connectivity between in vitro, animal and then human work. In fact, we did not find a single group that had carried out and reported studies in all three categories.

Indeed, even from groups, which showed a seemingly hierarchical approach to translation, discrepancies became apparent. For example, Saw et al. from Korea used a pre-clinical goat model to repair cartilage defects using HA plus bone marrow-derived cells and then moved into a first-in-man study, but in doing so, elected to change from bone marrow aspirate to peripheral blood and justified this change because it was easier to harvest peripheral blood than marrow.

There are several sources of cells that have been used in cartilage repair including bone marrow, peripheral blood, synovium, adipose tissue and umbilicus (Table 14) without any clear evidence of superiority of one over the other.

One stage vs. two stages

As two stage procedures involving cell culture are expensive and cumbersome, there is an increasing push towards a single stage stem cell treatment. In this situation there is some supportive pre-clinical data, but there does not appear to be a pre-clinical study that directly compares bone marrow concentrates against cultured MSCs.

Several groups have reported the use of bone marrow concentrates in clinical practice, in which the buffy coat is used containing the nucleated cells, of which a few will be stem cells.

Briefly, the patient has approximately 60 mL of bone marrow harvested from the iliac crest which is then spun down in a cell centrifuge (SmartPrep, Harvest Technologies Corp., USA, or IOR-G1, Novagenit, Mezzolombardo, TN, Italy) to provide 6 mL of concentrate containing nucleated cells. A small amount of the nucleated cells are then placed onto a hyaluronic acid membrane (Hyalofast, Fidia Advanced Biopolymers, Italy) or collagen membrane (IOR-G1, Novagenit, Mezzolombardo, TN, Italy) as a scaffold, which is then arthroscopically placed into the cartilage defect which had been pre-prepared using a burr or drill. The construct is then held with a platelet gel obtained from a harvest of 120 mL of patient’s venous blood taken the day before surgery (Vivostat system, (Vivolution, Denmark)). The results of the first 30 patients have been reported as showing improvements in MRI and arthroscopic appearance as well as clinical scores at 3 years follow-up.

This new technique is of course an evolution of the autologous matrix-enhanced chondrogenesis (AMIC) which used the stem cells from the adjacent marrow (and not pre-harvested bone marrow concentrates) within either collagen patches or polyglycolic acid–hyaluronan-based scaffolds.

There has also been a further step taken to avoid bone marrow harvest in which peripheral blood has been used in knee chondral lesions. In an RCT, arthroscopic subchondral drilling was followed by postoperative intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid (HA) with and without peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). Fifty patients were studied and randomised 1 week after surgery to receive either 8 injections of HA or 8 injections of HA plus PBSC. Those that underwent PBSC received stimulation with filgrastim, which contains recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prior to harvest. At 18 month follow-up, they reported no adverse effects and improved MRI findings in the PBSC group compared to HA alone, took biopsies of 16 of the 25 patients in each group and claimed better tissue morphology in the PBSC group, as graded by the International Cartilage Repair Society Visual Assessment Scale II. Interestingly, however, the same group’s pre-clinical used bone marrow aspirates and not peripheral blood.

Autologous vs. allogenic

There is an increasing interest in allogenic cells to avoid donor site morbidity and to reduce cost. The pre-clinical data with regards to allogenic cells is conflicting. One group showed promising results of allogenic MSCs in a rabbit model when compared to autologous cells, although numbers were small. Another group compared autologous chondroprogenitor cells and allogenic chondroprogenitor cells against controls in an equine model and reported inferior repair in the allogenic cell group. Despite conflicting pre-clinical data, human studies using allogenic cells began in Korea in 2009. A phase I/IIa study to assess safety and efficacy of a combination of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells and sodium hyaluronate (CARTISTEM® (MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Korea)) was performed in knee chondral defects (NCT01041001). A parallel phase 3, open-label, multi-centre RCT comparing CARTISTEM® and microfracture in knee chondral defects was carried out in Korea and the USA (NCT01733186). Results are still pending.

Another area of huge controversy is the actual dose of cells that should be used. In vitro between 50,000 cells/mL and 100 billion cells/ml have been studied. In pre-clinical animal studies, this ranged from 1000 to 1 billion cells/mL, and in human studies, the reported range has been 1.2 million cells/mL–24 million cells/mL.

It remains unclear what the most appropriate cell dose should be, with some groups reporting that a higher cell number leads to a better repair, but Zhao et al. highlighted the limitation to cell saturation and survival, and thus, there may be a top limit to cell number that can be used to aid repair.

A multitude of methods for cell delivery have also been adopted, from direct joint injection or embedded in a plethora of scaffolds, such as type I collagen gels of porcine or bovine origin, ascorbic acid sheets or fibrin glues (Table 14).

In vitro and in pre-clinical studies, a plethora of growth factors have been studied including TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 and BMP-7 but none of these have been included in human clinical trials (Table 5).

It is clear that the relationship between cell passage, cell dose, the use of scaffolds and growth factors and the efficacy of MSC treatment is still to be established.

Future

There is no question that the field of cartilage repair accelerates at rapid pace, and it is clear that the single stage procedures are likely to win over two stage procedures to save costs and reduce the burden on both provider and the patient. The reduction of donor site morbidity is a further driver helping direct progress.

The concept of cell banks of allogenic cells clearly meets all of the above criteria, but the lack of good supporting pre-clinical and long-term safety and efficacy data does little to pacify potential pitfalls of this direction. The fact that the phase 3 RCT of allogenic umbilical stem cells was allowed to be registered (NCT01041001) before the same group registered their phase I/IIa safety study (NCT01733186) intimates that sometimes clinical pace exceeds that of the regulators to lay down new ground.

Tools are likely to be introduced to the operating theatre that might improve the efficacy of treatment, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machines which can isolate MSCs from the buffy coat of bone marrow aspirate by their cell surface markers. At present, this technology is expensive and complicated and ways to reduce cost and make the process simple are required before they could enter the operating theatre.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are adult somatic cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state by being forced to express genes and factors important for maintaining the defining properties of embryonic stem cells.

These cells show unlimited self-renewal, and some in vitro studies have shown chondrogenic differentiation by iPSCs from human chondrocytes biopsied from osteoarthritic knees and cartilage formation from human neural stem cells. However, this work is at a very early stage, and aside from the ethical considerations, much research into control of cell phenotype and cell fate to alleviate concerns for cancer risk are required before this technology is ready to move into the pre-clinical and clinical realms.

In conclusion, this review is a comprehensive assessment of the evidence base to date behind the translation of basic science to the clinical practice of cartilage repair. We have revealed a lack of connectivity between the in vitro, pre-clinical and human data and a patchwork quilt of synergistic evidence. It appears that the drivers for progress in this space are largely driven by patient demand, surgeon inquisition, and a regulatory framework that is learning at the same pace as new developments take place. We strongly recommend funding body commission studies that have a clear translational purpose in order to drive the science towards patient benefit.

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    Minas T, Gomoll AH, Rosenberger R, Royce RO, Bryant T. Increased failure rate of autologous chondrocyte implantation after previous treatment with marrow stimulation techniques. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(5):902-8.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546508330137

  27. 27.

    Bartha L, Vajda A, Duska Z, Rahmeh H, Hangody L. Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty grafting. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(10):739-50.

    Not in our library10.2519/jospt.2006.2182

  28. 28.

    Feczkó P, Hangody L, Varga J, et al. Experimental results of donor site filling for autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(7):755-61.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0749-8063(03)00402-x

  29. 29.

    Bentley G, Bhamra JS, Gikas PD, Skinner JA, Carrington R, Briggs TW. Repair of osteochondral defects in joints—how to achieve success. Injury. 2013;44(Suppl 1):S3-10.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0020-1383(13)70003-2

  30. 30.

    Wood JJ, Malek MA, Frassica FJ, et al. Autologous cultured chondrocytes: adverse events reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(3):503-7.

    Not in our library10.2106/jbjs.e.00103

  31. 31.

    Peterson L, Minas T, Brittberg M, Nilsson A, Sjögren-Jansson E, Lindahl A. Two- to 9-year outcome after autologous chondrocyte transplantation of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;(374):212-34. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10818982. Accessed 12 June 2016.

    Not in our library10.1097/00003086-200005000-00020

  32. 32.

    Benya PD, Shaffer JD. Dedifferentiated chondrocytes reexpress the differentiated collagen phenotype when cultured in agarose gels. Cell. 1982;30(1):215-24.

    Not in our library10.1016/0092-8674(82)90027-7

  33. 33.

    Takata N, Furumatsu T, Abe N, Naruse K, Ozaki T. Comparison between loose fragment chondrocytes and condyle fibrochondrocytes in cellular proliferation and redifferentiation. J Orthop Sci. 2011;16(5):589-97.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00776-011-0128-1

  34. 34.

    Keramaris NC, Kanakaris NK, Tzioupis C, Kontakis G, Giannoudis PV. Translational research: from benchside to bedside. Injury. 2008;39(6):643-50.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.injury.2008.01.051

  35. 35.

    Woolf SH. The meaning of translational research and why it matters. JAMA. 2008;299(2):211-3.

    Not in our library10.1001/jama.2007.26

  36. 36.

    Bartlett W, Skinner JA, Gooding CR, et al. Autologous chondrocyte implantation versus matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation for osteochondral defects of the knee: a prospective, randomised study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(5):640-5.

    Not in our library10.1302/0301-620x.87b5.15905

  37. 37.

    Bhosale AM, Richardson JB. Articular cartilage: structure, injuries and review of management. Br Med Bull. 2008;87:77-95.

    Not in our library10.1093/bmb/ldn025

  38. 38.

    Koga H, Engebretsen L, Brinchmann JE, Muneta T, Sekiya I. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for cartilage repair: a review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(11):1289-97.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00167-009-0782-4

  39. 39.

    Kon E, Verdonk P, Condello V, et al. Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation for the repair of cartilage defects of the knee: systematic clinical data review and study quality analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(Suppl 1):156S-66S.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546509351649

  40. 40.

    Lubis AM, Lubis VK. Adult bone marrow stem cells in cartilage therapy. Acta Med Indones. 2012;44(1):62-8.

    Not in our library

  41. 41.

    Magnussen RA, Dunn WR, Carey JL, Spindler KP. Treatment of focal articular cartilage defects in the knee: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(4):952-62.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11999-007-0097-z

  42. 42.

    Matsumoto T, Okabe T, Ikawa T, et al. Articular cartilage repair with autologous bone marrow mesenchymal cells. J Cell Physiol. 2010;225(2):291-5.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.22223

  43. 43.

    Maumus M, Guérit D, Toupet K, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine: applications in rheumatology. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2011;2(2):14.

    Not in our library10.1186/scrt55

  44. 44.

    Pastides P, Chimutengwende-Gordon M, Maffulli N, Khan W. Stem cell therapy for human cartilage defects: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(5):646-54.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.joca.2013.02.008

  45. 45.

    Ye K, Di Bella C, Myers DE, Choong PFM. The osteochondral dilemma: review of current management and future trends. ANZ J Surg. 2014;84(4):211-7.

    Not in our library10.1111/ans.12108

  46. 46.

    Zengerink M, Struijs PAA, Tol JL, van Dijk CN. Treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(2):238-46.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00167-009-0942-6

  47. 47.

    Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.b2700

  48. 48.

    Zhang B, Yang S, Sun Z, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced by growth differentiation factor 5: an improved self-assembly tissue engineering method for cartilage repair. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2011;17(12):1189-99.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0011

  49. 49.

    Nam HY, Karunanithi P, Loo WC, et al. The effects of staged intra-articular injection of cultured autologous mesenchymal stromal cells on the repair of damaged cartilage: a pilot study in caprine model. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(5):R129.

    Not in our library10.1186/ar4309

  50. 50.

    Li Z, Kupcsik L, Yao S-J, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in fibrin-polyurethane composites. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(7):1729-37.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0247

  51. 51.

    Erickson IE, Kestle SR, Zellars KH, Dodge GR, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. Improved cartilage repair via in vitro pre-maturation of MSC-seeded hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Biomed Mater. 2012;7(2):24110.

    Not in our library10.1088/1748-6041/7/2/024110

  52. 52.

    Hui TY, Cheung KMC, Cheung WL, Chan D, Chan BP. In vitro chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in collagen microspheres: influence of cell seeding density and collagen concentration. Biomaterials. 2008;29(22):3201-12.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.001

  53. 53.

    Huang C-YC, Reuben PM, D’Ippolito G, Schiller PC, Cheung HS. Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in agarose culture. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2004;278(1):428-36.

    Not in our library10.1002/ar.a.20010

  54. 54.

    Wang ZJ, An RZ, Zhao JY, et al. Repair of articular cartilage defects by tissue-engineered cartilage constructed with adipose-derived stem cells and acellular cartilaginous matrix in rabbits. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13(2):4599-606.

    Not in our library10.4238/2014.june.18.2

  55. 55.

    Raheja LF, Galuppo LD, Bowers-Lepore J, Dowd JP, Tablin F, Yellowley CE. Treatment of bilateral medial femoral condyle articular cartilage fissures in a horse using bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. J Equine Vet Sci. 2011;31(3):147-154.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jevs.2010.12.009

  56. 56.

    Wu G, Cui Y, Wang Y, et al. Repair of cartilage defects in BMSCs via CDMP1 gene transfection. Genet Mol Res Mol Res. 2014;13(131):291-301.

    Not in our library10.4238/2014.january.17.14

  57. 57.

    Mokbel AN, El Tookhy OS, Shamaa AA, Rashed LA, Sabry D, El Sayed AM. Homing and reparative effect of intra-articular injection of autologus mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritic animal model. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:259.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2474-12-259

  58. 58.

    Masuoka K, Asazuma T, Hattori H, et al. Tissue engineering of articular cartilage with autologous cultured adipose tissue-derived stromal cells using atelocollagen honeycomb-shaped scaffold with a membrane sealing in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2006;79(1):25-34.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.b.30507

  59. 59.

    Zhang K, Zhang Y, Yan S, et al. Repair of an articular cartilage defect using adipose-derived stem cells loaded on a polyelectrolyte complex scaffold based on poly(l-glutamic acid) and chitosan. Acta Biomater. 2013;9(7):7276-88.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.025

  60. 60.

    Zhu S, Chen P, Wu Y, et al. Programmed application of transforming growth factor β3 and Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 committed hyaline cartilage differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells for osteochondral defect repair. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2014;3(10):1242-51.

    Not in our library10.5966/sctm.2014-0042

  61. 61.

    Murata D, Tokunaga S, Tamura T, et al. A preliminary study of osteochondral regeneration using a scaffold-free three-dimensional construct of porcine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Surg Res. 2015;10:35.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13018-015-0173-0

  62. 62.

    Cui L, Wu Y, Cen L, et al. Repair of articular cartilage defect in non-weight bearing areas using adipose derived stem cells loaded polyglycolic acid mesh. Biomaterials. 2009;30(14):2683-93.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.045

  63. 63.

    Lu C-H, Yeh T-S, Yeh C-L, et al. Regenerating cartilages by Engineered ASCs: prolonged TGF-β3/BMP-6 expression improved articular cartilage formation and restored zonal structure. Mol Ther. 2014;22(1):186-195.

    Not in our library10.1038/mt.2013.165

  64. 64.

    Dragoo JL, Carlson G, McCormick F, et al. Healing full-thickness cartilage defects using adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(7):1615-21.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.0249

  65. 65.

    Portron S, Merceron C, Gauthier O, et al. Effects of in vitro low oxygen tension preconditioning of adipose stromal cells on their in vivo chondrogenic potential: application in cartilage tissue repair. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62368.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0062368

  66. 66.

    Im G-I, Lee JH. Repair of osteochondral defects with adipose stem cells and a dual growth factor-releasing scaffold in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010;92(2):552-60.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.b.31552

  67. 67.

    Kang H, Peng J, Lu S, et al. In vivo cartilage repair using adipose-derived stem cell-loaded decellularized cartilage ECM scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2014;8(6):442-53.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.1538

  68. 68.

    Gong L, Zhou X, Wu Y, et al. Proteomic analysis profile of engineered articular cartilage with chondrogenic differentiated adipose tissue-derived stem cells loaded polyglycolic acid mesh for weight-bearing area defect repair. Tissue Eng Part A. 2014;20(3-4):575-87.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0205

  69. 69.

    de Girolamo L, Niada S, Arrigoni E, et al. Repair of osteochondral defects in the minipig model by OPF hydrogel loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med. 2015;10(2):135-51.

    Not in our library10.2217/rme.14.77

  70. 70.

    Pei M, He F, Li J, Tidwell JE, Jones AC, McDonough EB. Repair of large animal partial-thickness cartilage defects through intraarticular injection of matrix-rejuvenated synovium-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(9-10):1144-54.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0351

  71. 71.

    Lee J-C, Lee SY, Min HJ, et al. Synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in a novel injectable gel can repair osteochondral defects in a rabbit model. Tissue Eng Part A. 2012;18(19-20):2173-86.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0643

  72. 72.

    Nakamura T, Sekiya I, Muneta T, et al. Arthroscopic, histological and MRI analyses of cartilage repair after a minimally invasive method of transplantation of allogeneic synovial mesenchymal stromal cells into cartilage defects in pigs. Cytotherapy. 2012;14(3):327-38.

    Not in our library10.3109/14653249.2011.638912

  73. 73.
    Local adherent technique for transplanting mesenchymal stem cells as a potential treatment of cartilage defect · 2008
    No notice
  74. 74.

    Lee J-C, Min HJ, Lee S, Seong SC, Lee MC. Effect of chondroitinase ABC on adhesion and behavior of synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells in rabbit partial-thickness chondral defects. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(8):1293-1301.

    Not in our library10.1002/jor.22353

  75. 75.

    Lee J-C, Min HJ, Park HJ, Lee S, Seong SC, Lee MC. Synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells supported by platelet-rich plasma can repair osteochondral defects in a rabbit model. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(6):1034-46.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2013.02.026

  76. 76.

    Perka C, Schultz O, Spitzer R-S, Lindenhayn K. The influence of transforming growth factor β1 on mesenchymal cell repair of full-thickness cartilage defects. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;52(3):543-552.

    Not in our library10.1002/1097-4636(20001205)52:3<543::aid-jbm13>3.0.co;2-2

  77. 77.

    Hui JHP, Chen F, Thambyah A, Lee EH. Treatment of chondral lesions in advanced osteochondritis dissecans: a comparative study of the efficacy of chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, periosteal graft, and mosaicplasty (osteochondral autograft) in animal models. J Pediatr Orthop. 24(4):427-33. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205626. Accessed 12 June 2016.

    Not in our library10.1097/00004694-200407000-00014

  78. 78.

    Gelse K, von der Mark K, Aigner T, Park J, Schneider H. Articular cartilage repair by gene therapy using growth factor-producing mesenchymal cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(2):430-41.

    Not in our library10.1002/art.10759

  79. 79.

    Zhang S, Jiang YZ, Zhang W, et al. Neonatal desensitization supports long-term survival and functional integration of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells in rat joint cartilage without immunosuppression. Stem Cells Dev. 2013;22(1):90-101.

    Not in our library10.1089/scd.2012.0116

  80. 80.

    Wakitani S, Aoki H, Harada Y, et al. Embryonic stem cells form articular cartilage, not teratomas, in osteochondral defects of rat joints. Cell Transplant. 2004;13(4):331-6.

    Not in our library10.3727/000000004783983891

  81. 81.

    Chung J, Song M, Ha C-W, Kim J-A, Lee C-H, Park Y-B. Comparison of articular cartilage repair with different hydrogel-human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell composites in a rat model. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2014;5(2):39.

    Not in our library10.1186/scrt427

  82. 82.

    Nawata M, Wakitani S, Nakaya H, et al. Use of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and diffusion chambers to engineer cartilage tissue for the repair of defects in articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(1):155-63.

    Not in our library10.1002/art.20713

  83. 83.

    Grande DA, Southerland SS, Manji R, Pate DW, Schwartz RE, Lucas PA. Repair of articular cartilage defects using mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng. 1995;1(4):345-53.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.1995.1.345

  84. 84.

    Tay LX, Ahmad RE, Dashtdar H, et al. Treatment outcomes of alginate-embedded allogenic mesenchymal stem cells versus autologous chondrocytes for the repair of focal articular cartilage defects in a rabbit model. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(1):83-90.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546511420819

  85. 85.

    Dashtdar H, Rothan HA, Tay T, et al. A preliminary study comparing the use of allogenic chondrogenic pre-differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells for the repair of full thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbits. J Orthop Res. 2011;29(9):1336-42.

    Not in our library10.1002/jor.21413

  86. 86.

    Igarashi T, Iwasaki N, Kawamura D, et al. Repair of articular cartilage defects with a novel injectable in situ forming material in a canine model. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2012;100(1):180-7.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.33248

  87. 87.

    Ho STB, Hutmacher DW, Ekaputra AK, Hitendra D, Hui JH. The evaluation of a biphasic osteochondral implant coupled with an electrospun membrane in a large animal model. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010;16(4):1123-41.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0471

  88. 88.

    Oshima Y, Harwood FL, Coutts RD, Kubo T, Amiel D. Variation of mesenchymal cells in polylactic acid scaffold in an osteochondral repair model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2009;15(4):595-604.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0487

  89. 89.

    Al Faqeh H, Nor Hamdan BMY, Chen HC, Aminuddin BS, Ruszymah BHI. The potential of intra-articular injection of chondrogenic-induced bone marrow stem cells to retard the progression of osteoarthritis in a sheep model. Exp Gerontol. 2012;47(6):458-64.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.018

  90. 90.

    Iwai R, Fujiwara M, Wakitani S, Takagi M. Ex vivo cartilage defect model for the evaluation of cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng. 2011;111(3):357-64.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.11.001

  91. 91.

    Nishimori M, Deie M, Kanaya A, Exham H, Adachi N, Ochi M. Repair of chronic osteochondral defects in the rat. A bone marrow-stimulating procedure enhanced by cultured allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88(9):1236-44.

    Not in our library10.1302/0301-620x.88b9.17810

  92. 92.

    Espinosa M, Vaisman A, Nazal N, Figueroa D, Gallegos M, Conget P. Intraarticular administration of dexamethasone after mesenchymal stem cells implantation does not improve significantly the treatment of preestablished full-thickness chondral defect in a rabbit model. Cartilage. 2013;4(2):144-52.

    Not in our library10.1177/1947603512472696

  93. 93.

    Deng T, Lv J, Pang J, Liu B, Ke J. Construction of tissue-engineered osteochondral composites and repair of large joint defects in rabbit. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2014;8(7):546-56.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.1556

  94. 94.

    Wan W, Li Q, Gao H, et al. BMSCs laden injectable amino-diethoxypropane modified alginate-chitosan hydrogel for hyaline cartilage reconstruction. J Mater Chem B. 2015;3(9):1990-2005.

    Not in our library10.1039/c4tb01394h

  95. 95.

    Saw K-Y, Hussin P, Loke S-C, et al. Articular cartilage regeneration with autologous marrow aspirate and hyaluronic acid: an experimental study in a goat model. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(12):1391-400.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2009.07.011

  96. 96.

    McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Rodkey WG, et al. Evaluation of intra-articular mesenchymal stem cells to augment healing of microfractured chondral defects. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(11):1552-61.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2011.06.002

  97. 97.

    Mokbel A, El-Tookhy O, Shamaa AA, Sabry D, Rashed L, Mostafa A. Homing and efficacy of intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in experimental chondral defects in dogs. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 29(2):275-84. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385540. Accessed 12 June 2016.

    Not in our library

  98. 98.

    Fortier LA, Potter HG, Rickey EJ, et al. Concentrated bone marrow aspirate improves full-thickness cartilage repair compared with microfracture in the equine model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(10):1927-37.

    Not in our library10.2106/jbjs.i.01284

  99. 99.

    Zhao Q, Wang S, Tian J, et al. Combination of bone marrow concentrate and PGA scaffolds enhance bone marrow stimulation in rabbit articular cartilage repair. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2013;24(3):793-801.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10856-012-4841-x

  100. 100.

    Sun J, Hou X-K, Li X, et al. Mosaicplasty associated with gene enhanced tissue engineering for the treatment of acute osteochondral defects in a goat model. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(6):757-771.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00402-008-0761-0

  101. 101.

    Leng P, Ding C, Zhang H, Wang Y. Reconstruct large osteochondral defects of the knee with hIGF-1 gene enhanced Mosaicplasty. Knee. 2012;19(6):804-11.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.knee.2012.03.009

  102. 102.

    Ma X, Sun Y, Cheng X, et al. Repair of osteochondral defects by mosaicplasty and allogeneic BMSCs transplantation. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(4):6053-9.

    Not in our library

  103. 103.

    Vega A, Martín-Ferrero MA, Del Canto F, et al. Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized controlled trial. Transplantation. 2015;99(8):1681-90.

    Not in our library10.1097/tp.0000000000000678

  104. 104.

    Centeno CJ, Busse D, Kisiday J, Keohan C, Freeman M, Karli D. Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Pain Physician. 11(3):343-53. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18523506. Accessed 13 June 2016.

    Not in our library

  105. 105.

    Davatchi F, Abdollahi BS, Mohyeddin M, Shahram F, Nikbin B. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis. Preliminary report of four patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2011;14(2):211-5.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1756-185x.2011.01599.x

  106. 106.
    Regeneration of human bones in hip osteonecrosis and human cartilage in knee osteoarthritis with autologous adipose-tissue-derived stem cells: a case series · 2011
    No notice
  107. 107.

    Koh YG, Choi YJ, Kwon OR, Kim YS. Second-look arthroscopic evaluation of cartilage lesions after mesenchymal stem cell implantation in osteoarthritic knees. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(7):1628-37.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546514529641

  108. 108.

    Kim YS, Choi YJ, Suh DS, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in osteoarthritic knees: is fibrin glue effective as a scaffold? Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(1):176-85.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546514554190

  109. 109.

    Emadedin M, Aghdami N, Taghiyar L, et al. Intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in six patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arch Iran Med. 2012;15(7):422-8. doi:012157/AIM.0010.

    Not in our library

  110. 110.

    Jo CH, Lee YG, Shin WH, et al. Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a proof-of-concept clinical trial. Stem Cells. 2014;32(5):1254-66.

    Not in our library10.1002/stem.1634

  111. 111.

    Orozco L, Munar A, Soler R, et al. Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with autologous mesenchymal stem cells: a pilot study. Transplantation. 2013;95(12):1535-41.

    Not in our library10.1097/tp.0b013e318291a2da

  112. 112.

    Emadedin M, Ghorbani Liastani M, Fazeli R, et al. Long-term follow-up of intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in patients with knee, ankle, or hip osteoarthritis. Arch Iran Med. 2015;18(6):336-44. doi:015186/AIM.003.

    Not in our library

  113. 113.

    Wakitani S, Imoto K, Yamamoto T, Saito M, Murata N, Yoneda M. Human autologous culture expanded bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for repair of cartilage defects in osteoarthritic knees. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002;10(3):199-206.

    Not in our library10.1053/joca.2001.0504

  114. 114.

    Koh Y-G, Choi Y-J. Infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis. Knee. 2012;19(6):902-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.knee.2012.04.001

  115. 115.

    Wong KL, Lee KBL, Tai BC, Law P, Lee EH, Hui JHP. Injectable cultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in varus knees with cartilage defects undergoing high tibial osteotomy: a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial with 2 years’ follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(12):2020-8.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2013.09.074

  116. 116.

    Giannini S, Buda R, Vannini F, Cavallo M, Grigolo B. One-step bone marrow-derived cell transplantation in talar osteochondral lesions. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(12):3307-20.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11999-009-0885-8

  117. 117.

    Giannini S, Buda R, Cavallo M, et al. Cartilage repair evolution in post-traumatic osteochondral lesions of the talus: from open field autologous chondrocyte to bone-marrow-derived cells transplantation. Injury. 2010;41(11):1196-203.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.injury.2010.09.028

  118. 118.

    Wakitani S, Mitsuoka T, Nakamura N, Toritsuka Y, Nakamura Y, Horibe S. Autologous bone marrow stromal cell transplantation for repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in human patellae: two case reports. Cell Transplant. 2004;13(5):595-600.

    Not in our library10.3727/000000004783983747

  119. 119.

    Saw K-Y, Anz A, Merican S, et al. Articular cartilage regeneration with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells and hyaluronic acid after arthroscopic subchondral drilling: a report of 5 cases with histology. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(4):493-506.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2010.11.054

  120. 120.

    Nejadnik H, Hui JH, Feng Choong EP, Tai B-C, Lee EH. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells versus autologous chondrocyte implantation: an observational cohort study. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(6):1110-6.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546509359067

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    Saw K-Y, Anz A, Siew-Yoke Jee C, et al. Articular cartilage regeneration with autologous peripheral blood stem cells versus hyaluronic acid: a randomized controlled trial. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(4):684-94.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2012.12.008

  122. 122.

    Wakitani S, Nawata M, Tensho K, Okabe T, Machida H, Ohgushi H. Repair of articular cartilage defects in the patello-femoral joint with autologous bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation: three case reports involving nine defects in five knees. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 1(1):74-9. doi:10.1002/term.8.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.8

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    Lee KBL, Wang VTZ, Chan YH, Hui JHP. A novel, minimally-invasive technique of cartilage repair in the human knee using arthroscopic microfracture and injections of mesenchymal stem cells and hyaluronic acid—a prospective comparative study on safety and short-term efficacy. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2012;41(11):511-7.

    Not in our library

  124. 124.

    Kuroda R, Ishida K, Matsumoto T, et al. Treatment of a full-thickness articular cartilage defect in the femoral condyle of an athlete with autologous bone-marrow stromal cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15(2):226-31.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.joca.2006.08.008

  125. 125.

    Haleem AM, El Singergy AA, Sabry D, et al. The clinical use of human culture-expanded autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplanted on platelet-rich fibrin glue in the treatment of articular cartilage defects: a pilot study and preliminary results. Cartilage. 2010;1(4):253-261.

    Not in our library10.1177/1947603510366027

  126. 126.

    Kasemkijwattana C, Hongeng S, Kesprayura S, Rungsinaporn V, Chaipinyo K, Chansiri K. Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells implantation for cartilage defects: two cases report. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94(3):395-400.

    Not in our library

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    Arthroscopic Knee Cartilage Repair With Covered Microfracture and Bone Marrow Concentrate · 2012
    Not checked
  128. 128.

    Shetty AA, Kim SJ, Shetty V, et al. Autologous bone-marrow mesenchymal cell induced chondrogenesis: single-stage arthroscopic cartilage repair. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2014;11(3):247-253.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13770-014-0061-4

  129. 129.

    Akgun I, Unlu MC, Erdal OA, et al. Matrix-induced autologous mesenchymal stem cell implantation versus matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation in the treatment of chondral defects of the knee: a 2-year randomized study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135(2):251-63.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00402-014-2136-z

  130. 130.

    Buda R, Vannini F, Cavallo M, Grigolo B, Cenacchi A, Giannini S. Osteochondral lesions of the knee: a new one-step repair technique with bone-marrow-derived cells. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(Suppl 2):2-11.

    Not in our library10.2106/jbjs.j.00813

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    Enea D, Cecconi S, Calcagno S, et al. Single-stage cartilage repair in the knee with microfracture covered with a resorbable polymer-based matrix and autologous bone marrow concentrate. Knee. 2013;20(6):562-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.knee.2013.04.003

  132. 132.

    Gobbi A, Chaurasia S, Karnatzikos G, Nakamura N. Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation versus multipotent stem cells for the treatment of large patellofemoral chondral lesions: a nonrandomized prospective trial. Cartilage. 2015;6(2):82-97.

    Not in our library10.1177/1947603514563597

  133. 133.
    Arthroscopic Transplantation of Synovial Stem Cells Improves Clinical Outcomes in Knees With Cartilage Defects · 2015
    No notice
  134. 134.

    Katayama R, Wakitani S, Tsumaki N, et al. Repair of articular cartilage defects in rabbits using CDMP1 gene-transfected autologous mesenchymal cells derived from bone marrow. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43(8):980-5.

    Not in our library10.1093/rheumatology/keh240

  135. 135.

    Insall JN. Intra-articular surgery for degenerative arthritis of the knee. A report of the work of the late K. H. Pridie. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1967;49(2):211-28.

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    Meachim G, Roberts C. Repair of the joint surface from subarticular tissue in the rabbit knee. J Anat. 1971;109(Pt 2):317-27.

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    Dzioba RB. The classification and treatment of acute articular cartilage lesions. Arthroscopy. 1988;4(2):72-80.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0749-8063(88)80067-7

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    Insall J. The Pridie debridement operation for osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(101):61-7. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4837919. Accessed 8 July 2016.

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    Ficat RP, Ficat C, Gedeon P, Toussaint JB. Spongialization: a new treatment for diseased patellae. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(144):74-83. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/535254. Accessed 8 July 2016.

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    Johnson LL. Arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty historical and pathologic perspective: present status. Arthroscopy. 1986;2(1):54-69.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0749-8063(86)80012-3

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    Friedman MJ, Berasi CC, Fox JM, Del Pizzo W, Snyder SJ, Ferkel RD. Preliminary results with abrasion arthroplasty in the osteoarthritic knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (182):200-5. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6692614. Accessed 8 July 2016.

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  142. 142.

    Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Fitsialos DP. Arthroscopic management of the degenerative knee. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 1991;7(2):151-157.

    Not in our library10.1016/0749-8063(91)90101-3

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    Baumgaertner MR, Cannon WD, Vittori JM, Schmidt ES, Maurer RC. Arthroscopic debridement of the arthritic knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;(253):197-202. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2317974. Accessed 10 July 2016.

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    Rand JA. Role of arthroscopy in osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthroscopy. 1991;7(4):358-63.

    Not in our library10.1016/0749-8063(91)90004-h

  145. 145.

    Bert JM. Role of abrasion arthroplasty and debridement in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1993;19(3):725-39.

    Not in our library

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    Nehrer S, Spector M, Minas T. Histologic analysis of tissue after failed cartilage repair procedures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;(365):149-62. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10627699. Accessed 10 July 2016.

    Not in our library10.1097/00003086-199908000-00020

  147. 147.

    Dandy DJ. Abrasion chondroplasty. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 1986;2(1):51-53.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0749-8063(86)80011-1

  148. 148.

    Mithoefer K, Williams RJ, Warren RF, et al. The microfracture technique for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions in the knee. A prospective cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(9):1911-20.

    Not in our library10.2106/jbjs.d.02846

  149. 149.

    Steadman JR, Briggs KK, Rodrigo JJ, et al. Outcomes of microfracture for traumatic chondral defects of the knee: average 11-year follow-up. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2003;19(5):477-484.

    Not in our library10.1053/jars.2003.50112

  150. 150.

    Uematsu K, Hattori K, Ishimoto Y, et al. Cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and a three-dimensional poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold. Biomaterials. 2005;26(20):4273-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.037

  151. 151.

    Duan X, Zhu X, Dong X, et al. Repair of large osteochondral defects in a beagle model with a novel type I collagen/glycosaminoglycan-porous titanium biphasic scaffold. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013;33(7):3951-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2013.05.040

  152. 152.

    Oshima Y, Watanabe N, Matsuda K, Takai S, Kawata M, Kubo T. Fate of transplanted bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal cells during osteochondral repair using transgenic rats to simulate autologous transplantation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2004;12(10):811-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.joca.2004.06.014

  153. 153.

    Betsch M, Schneppendahl J, Thuns S, et al. Bone marrow aspiration concentrate and platelet rich plasma for osteochondral repair in a porcine osteochondral defect model. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71602.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0071602

  154. 154.

    Solchaga LA, Gao J, Dennis JE, et al. Treatment of osteochondral defects with autologous bone marrow in a hyaluronan-based delivery vehicle. Tissue Eng. 2002;8(2):333-47.

    Not in our library10.1089/107632702753725085

  155. 155.

    Gille J, Schuseil E, Wimmer J, Gellissen J, Schulz AP, Behrens P. Mid-term results of autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis for treatment of focal cartilage defects in the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(11):1456-64.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00167-010-1042-3

  156. 156.

    Dhollander AAM, De Neve F, Almqvist KF, et al. Autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis combined with platelet-rich plasma gel: technical description and a five pilot patients report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(4):536-42.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00167-010-1337-4

  157. 157.

    Kusano T, Jakob RP, Gautier E, Magnussen RA, Hoogewoud H, Jacobi M. Treatment of isolated chondral and osteochondral defects in the knee by autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC). Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(10):2109-15.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00167-011-1840-2

  158. 158.

    Zantop T, Petersen W, Murrell GA, et al. Arthroscopic implantation of a matrix to cover large chondral defect during microfracture. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2009;25(11):1354-1360.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2009.04.077

  159. 159.

    Siclari A, Mascaro G, Gentili C, Cancedda R, Boux E. A cell-free scaffold-based cartilage repair provides improved function hyaline-like repair at one year. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(3):910-9.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11999-011-2107-4

  160. 160.

    Huade Li H, Qiang Zheng Q, Yuxiang Xiao Y, Jie Feng J, Zhongli Shi Z, Zhijun PZ. Rat cartilage repair using nanophase PLGA/HA composite and mesenchymal stem cells. J Bioact Compat Polym. 2009;24(1):83-99.

    Not in our library10.1177/0883911508100655

  161. 161.

    Yan H, Yu C. Repair of full-thickness cartilage defects with cells of different origin in a rabbit model. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(2):178-87.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2006.09.005

  162. 162.

    Charles Huang C-Y, Reuben PM, D’Ippolito G, Schiller PC, Cheung HS. Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in agarose culture. Anat Rec. 2004;278A(1):428-436.

    Not in our library10.1002/ar.a.20010

  163. 163.

    Koga H, Muneta T, Nagase T, et al. Comparison of mesenchymal tissues-derived stem cells for in vivo chondrogenesis: suitable conditions for cell therapy of cartilage defects in rabbit. Cell Tissue Res. 2008;333(2):207-15.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00441-008-0633-5

  164. 164.

    Erickson IE, Kestle SR, Zellars KH, et al. High mesenchymal stem cell seeding densities in hyaluronic acid hydrogels produce engineered cartilage with native tissue properties. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(8):3027-34.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.033

  165. 165.

    What are induced pluripotent stem cells? [Stem Cell Information]. Available at: https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics.htm. Accessed June 2016.

    Not in our library

  166. 166.

    Wei Y, Zeng W, Wan R, et al. Chondrogenic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells from osteoarthritic chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Eur Cell Mater. 2012;23:1-12.

    Not in our library10.22203/ecm.v023a01

  167. 167.

    Medvedev SP, Grigor’eva EV, Shevchenko AI, et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from fetal neural stem cells successfully undergo directed differentiation into cartilage. Stem Cells Dev. 2011;20(6):1099-112.

    Not in our library10.1089/scd.2010.0249

  168. 168.

    Millan C, Cavalli E, Groth T, Maniura-Weber K, Zenobi-Wong M. Engineered microtissues formed by schiff base crosslinking restore the chondrogenic potential of aged mesenchymal stem cells. Adv Healthc Mater. 2015;4(9):1348-58.

    Not in our library10.1002/adhm.201500102

  169. 169.

    Popa EG, Caridade SG, Mano JF, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Chondrogenic potential of injectable κ-carrageenan hydrogel with encapsulated adipose stem cells for cartilage tissue-engineering applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2015;9(5):550-63.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.1683

  170. 170.

    Huang Z, Nooeaid P, Kohl B, et al. Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in highly porous alginate-foams supplemented with chondroitin sulfate. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2015;50:160-72.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.082

  171. 171.

    Narcisi R, Cleary MA, Brama PAJ, et al. Long-term expansion, enhanced chondrogenic potential, and suppression of endochondral ossification of adult human MSCs via WNT signaling modulation. Stem Cell Reports. 2015;4(3):459-72.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.017

  172. 172.

    Castro NJ, O’Brien J, Zhang LG. Integrating biologically inspired nanomaterials and table-top stereolithography for 3D printed biomimetic osteochondral scaffolds. Nanoscale. 2015;7(33):14010-22.

    Not in our library10.1039/c5nr03425f

  173. 173.

    Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Sohier J, Moroni L, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Adapted chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells via controlled release of TGF-β1 from poly(ethylene oxide)-terephtalate/poly(butylene terepthalate) multiblock scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2015;103(1):371-83.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.35181

  174. 174.

    Kim J, Lin B, Kim S, Choi B, Evseenko D, Lee M. TGF-β1 conjugated chitosan collagen hydrogels induce chondrogenic differentiation of human synovium-derived stem cells. J Biol Eng. 2015;9:1.

    Not in our library10.1186/1754-1611-9-1

  175. 175.

    Dang PN, Solorio LD, Alsberg E. Driving cartilage formation in high-density human adipose-derived stem cell aggregate and sheet constructs without exogenous growth factor delivery. Tissue Eng Part A. 2014;20(23-24):3163-75.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0551

  176. 176.

    Focaroli S, Teti G, Salvatore V, et al. Chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose mesenchimal stem cells: influence of a biomimetic gelatin genipin crosslinked porous scaffold. Microsc Res Tech. 2014;77(11):928-34.

    Not in our library10.1002/jemt.22417

  177. 177.

    Leijten J, Georgi N, Moreira Teixeira L, van Blitterswijk CA, Post JN, Karperien M. Metabolic programming of mesenchymal stromal cells by oxygen tension directs chondrogenic cell fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(38):13954-9.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1410977111

  178. 178.

    Jagielski M, Wolf J, Marzahn U, et al. The influence of IL-10 and TNFα on chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stromal cells in three-dimensional cultures. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(9):15821-44.

    Not in our library10.3390/ijms150915821

  179. 179.

    Frisch J, Venkatesan J, Rey-Rico A, et al. Influence of insulin-like growth factor I overexpression via recombinant adeno-associated vector gene transfer upon the biological activities and differentiation potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2014;5(4):103.

    Not in our library10.1186/scrt491

  180. 180.

    Meng F, He A, Zhang Z, et al. Chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 and hMSCs could be induced by a novel scaffold-tricalcium phosphate-collagen-hyaluronan without any exogenous growth factors in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2014;102(8):2725-2735.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.34948

  181. 181.

    Ye K, Felimban R, Traianedes K, et al. Chondrogenesis of infrapatellar fat pad derived adipose stem cells in 3D printed chitosan scaffold. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99410.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0099410

  182. 182.

    Bhumiratana S, Eton RE, Oungoulian SR, Wan LQ, Ateshian GA, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Large, stratified, and mechanically functional human cartilage grown in vitro by mesenchymal condensation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111(19):6940-6945.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1324050111

  183. 183.

    Mhanna R, Öztürk E, Vallmajo-Martin Q, Millan C, Müller M, Zenobi-Wong M. GFOGER-modified MMP-sensitive polyethylene glycol hydrogels induce chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2014;20(7-8):1165-74.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0519

  184. 184.

    Sato Y, Wakitani S, Takagi M. Xeno-free and shrinkage-free preparation of scaffold-free cartilage-like disc-shaped cell sheet using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng. 2013;116(6):734-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.019

  185. 185.

    Guenther D, Oks A, Ettinger M, et al. Enhanced migration of human bone marrow stromal cells in modified collagen hydrogels. Int Orthop. 2013;37(8):1605-11.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00264-013-1894-5

  186. 186.

    Yang X, Shang H, Katz A, Li X. A modified aggregate culture for chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells genetically modified with growth and differentiation factor 5. Biores Open Access. 2013;2(4):258-65.

    Not in our library10.1089/biores.2013.0014

  187. 187.

    Saha S, Kirkham J, Wood D, Curran S, Yang XB. Informing future cartilage repair strategies: a comparative study of three different human cell types for cartilage tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res. 2013;352(3):495-507.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00441-013-1586-x

  188. 188.

    Neumann AJ, Alini M, Archer CW, Stoddart MJ. Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells is modulated by complex mechanical stimulation and adenoviral-mediated overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(11-12):1285-94.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0411

  189. 189.

    Kim D-H, Kim D-D, Yoon I-S. Proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in sodium alginate beads with or without hyaluronic acid. J Pharm Investig. 2013;43(2):145-151.

    Not in our library10.1007/s40005-013-0059-2

  190. 190.

    Chen X, Zhang F, He X, et al. Chondrogenic differentiation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in type I collagen-hydrogel for cartilage engineering. Injury. 2013;44(4):540-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.injury.2012.09.024

  191. 191.

    Pei M, Zhang Y, Li J, Chen D. Antioxidation of decellularized stem cell matrix promotes human synovium-derived stem cell-based chondrogenesis. Stem Cells Dev. 2013;22(6):889-900.

    Not in our library10.1089/scd.2012.0495

  192. 192.

    Petrou M, Niemeyer P, Stoddart MJ, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis: composite growth factor-bioreactor synergism for human stem cell chondrogenesis. Regen Med. 2013;8(2):157-70.

    Not in our library10.2217/rme.13.3

  193. 193.

    Cheng N-C, Estes BT, Young T-H, Guilak F. Genipin-crosslinked cartilage-derived matrix as a scaffold for human adipose-derived stem cell chondrogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(3-4):484-96.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0384

  194. 194.

    López-Ruiz E, Perán M, Cobo-Molinos J, et al. Chondrocytes extract from patients with osteoarthritis induces chondrogenesis in infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21(1):246-258.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.joca.2012.10.007

  195. 195.

    Spoliti M, Iudicone P, Leone R, De Rosa A, Rossetti FR, Pierelli L. In vitro release and expansion of mesenchymal stem cells by a hyaluronic acid scaffold used in combination with bone marrow. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2012;2(4):289-94.

    Not in our library

  196. 196.

    Mifune Y, Matsumoto T, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic superiority for cartilage repair by CD271-positive marrow stromal cell transplantation. Cell Transplant. 2013;22(7):1201-11.

    Not in our library10.3727/096368912x657378

  197. 197.

    Ousema PH, Moutos FT, Estes BT, et al. The inhibition by interleukin 1 of MSC chondrogenesis and the development of biomechanical properties in biomimetic 3D woven PCL scaffolds. Biomaterials. 2012;33(35):8967-8974.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.045

  198. 198.

    Li F, Chen Y-Z, Miao Z-N, Zheng S, Jin J. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells with silk fibroin biomaterial in the repair of articular cartilage defects. 2012.

    Not in our library10.1089/cell.2012.0002

  199. 199.

    Popa E, Reis R, Gomes M. Chondrogenic phenotype of different cells encapsulated in κ-carrageenan hydrogels for cartilage regeneration strategies. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 59(2):132-41. doi:10.1002/bab.1007.

    Not in our library10.1002/bab.1007

  200. 200.

    Suzuki S, Muneta T, Tsuji K, et al. Properties and usefulness of aggregates of synovial mesenchymal stem cells as a source for cartilage regeneration. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(3):R136.

    Not in our library10.1186/ar3869

  201. 201.

    Musumeci G, Lo Furno D, Loreto C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue which have been differentiated into chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture express lubricin. Exp Biol Med. 2011;236(11):1333-1341.

    Not in our library10.1258/ebm.2011.011183

  202. 202.

    Yoon I-S, Chung CW, Sung J-H, et al. Proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in porous hyaluronic acid scaffold. J Biosci Bioeng. 2011;112(4):402-8.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.06.018

  203. 203.

    Liu TM, Guo XM, Tan HS, Hui JH, Lim B, Lee EH. Zinc-finger protein 145, acting as an upstream regulator of SOX9, improves the differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration and repair. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(9):2711-20.

    Not in our library10.1002/art.30430

  204. 204.

    Im G-I, Kim H-J, Lee JH. Chondrogenesis of adipose stem cells in a porous PLGA scaffold impregnated with plasmid DNA containing SOX trio (SOX-5,-6 and -9) genes. Biomaterials. 2011;32(19):4385-92.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.054

  205. 205.

    Chen W-C, Yao C-L, Chu I-M, Wei Y-H. Compare the effects of chondrogenesis by culture of human mesenchymal stem cells with various type of the chondroitin sulfate C. J Biosci Bioeng. 2011;111(2):226-31.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.10.002

  206. 206.

    García-Álvarez F, Alegre-Aguarón E, Desportes P, et al. Chondrogenic differentiation in femoral bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (MSC) from elderly patients suffering osteoarthritis or femoral fracture. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 52(2):239-42. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.03.026.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.archger.2010.03.026

  207. 207.

    Abrahamsson CK, Yang F, Park H, et al. Chondrogenesis and mineralization during in vitro culture of human mesenchymal stem cells on three-dimensional woven scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010;16(12):3709-18.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0190

  208. 208.

    Baumgartner L, Arnhold S, Brixius K, Addicks K, Bloch W. Human mesenchymal stem cells: influence of oxygen pressure on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in fibrin glue in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2009;9999A(3):NA-NA. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.32577.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.32577

  209. 209.

    Kim H-J, Lee J-H, Im G-I. Chondrogenesis using mesenchymal stem cells and PCL scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2009;9999A(2):NA-NA. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.32414.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.32414

  210. 210.

    Kobayashi T, Ochi M, Yanada S, et al. Augmentation of degenerated human cartilage in vitro using magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells and an external magnetic device. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(12):1435-41.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.arthro.2009.06.009

  211. 211.

    Hildner F, Concaro S, Peterbauer A, et al. Human adipose-derived stem cells contribute to chondrogenesis in coculture with human articular chondrocytes. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(12):3961-9.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0002

  212. 212.

    Angele P, Müller R, Schumann D, et al. Characterization of esterified hyaluronan-gelatin polymer composites suitable for chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2009;91A(2):416-427.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.32236

  213. 213.

    Lee S, Kim JH, Jo CH, Seong SC, Lee JC, Lee MC. Effect of serum and growth factors on chondrogenic differentiation of synovium-derived stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(11):3401-15.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0466

  214. 214.

    Jung Y, Chung Y-I, Kim SH, et al. In situ chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells in a TGF-beta1 loaded fibrin-poly(lactide-caprolactone) nanoparticulate complex. Biomaterials. 2009;30(27):4657-64.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.034

  215. 215.

    Spadaccio C, Rainer A, Trombetta M, et al. Poly-L-lactic acid/hydroxyapatite electrospun nanocomposites induce chondrogenic differentiation of human MSC. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009;37(7):1376-89.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10439-009-9704-3

  216. 216.

    Seda Tigli R, Ghosh S, Laha MM, et al. Comparative chondrogenesis of human cell sources in 3D scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2009;3(5):348-60.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.169

  217. 217.

    Heymer A, Bradica G, Eulert J, Nöth U. Multiphasic collagen fibre-PLA composites seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells for osteochondral defect repair: an in vitro study. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2009;3(5):389-97.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.175

  218. 218.

    Pilgaard L, Lund P, Duroux M, et al. Effect of oxygen concentration, culture format and donor variability on in vitro chondrogenesis of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Regen Med. 2009;4(4):539-48.

    Not in our library10.2217/rme.09.28

  219. 219.

    Kim H-J, Im G-I. Combination of transforming growth factor-beta2 and bone morphogenetic protein 7 enhances chondrogenesis from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(7):1543-51.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0368

  220. 220.

    Cheng N-C, Estes BT, Awad HA, Guilak F. Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stem cells by a porous scaffold derived from native articular cartilage extracellular matrix. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(2):231-41.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0253

  221. 221.

    Babister JC, Tare RS, Green DW, Inglis S, Mann S, Oreffo ROC. Genetic manipulation of human mesenchymal progenitors to promote chondrogenesis using “bead-in-bead” polysaccharide capsules. Biomaterials. 2008;29(1):58-65.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.006

  222. 222.

    Miyamoto C, Matsumoto T, Sakimura K, Shindo H. Osteogenic protein-1 with transforming growth factor-β1: potent inducer of chondrogenesis of synovial mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Orthop Sci. 2007;12(6):555-561.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00776-007-1176-4

  223. 223.

    Mehlhorn AT, Schmal H, Kaiser S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells maintain TGF-beta-mediated chondrogenic phenotype in alginate bead culture. Tissue Eng. 2006;12(6):1393-403.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.12.1393

  224. 224.

    Estes BT, Wu AW, Guilak F. Potent induction of chondrocytic differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells by bone morphogenetic protein 6. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(4):1222-32.

    Not in our library10.1002/art.21779

  225. 225.

    Zhang X, Mitsuru A, Igura K, et al. Mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from chorionic villi of human placenta for cartilage tissue engineering. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;340(3):944-52.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.091

  226. 226.

    Yokoyama A, Sekiya I, Miyazaki K, Ichinose S, Hata Y, Muneta T. In vitro cartilage formation of composites of synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells with collagen gel. Cell Tissue Res. 2005;322(2):289-298.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00441-005-0010-6

  227. 227.

    Sekiya I, Larson BL, Vuoristo JT, Reger RL, Prockop DJ. Comparison of effect of BMP-2, -4, and -6 on in vitro cartilage formation of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma. Cell Tissue Res. 2005;320(2):269-76.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00441-004-1075-3

  228. 228.

    Wickham MQ, Erickson GR, Gimble JM, Vail TP, Guilak F. Multipotent stromal cells derived from the infrapatellar fat pad of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;412:196-212.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.blo.0000072467.53786.ca

  229. 229.

    Dragoo JL, Samimi B, Zhu M, et al. Tissue-engineered cartilage and bone using stem cells from human infrapatellar fat pads. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85(5):740-7.

    Not in our library

  230. 230.

    Nöth U, Tuli R, Osyczka AM, Danielson KG, Tuan RS. In vitro engineered cartilage constructs produced by press-coating biodegradable polymer with human mesenchymal stem cells. 2004. http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/107632702753503126. Accessed June 2016.

    Not in our library10.1089/107632702753503126

  231. 231.

    Erickson GR, Gimble JM, Franklin DM, Rice HE, Awad H, Guilak F. Chondrogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;290(2):763-9.

    Not in our library10.1006/bbrc.2001.6270

  232. 232.

    Caterson EJ, Nesti LJ, Li WJ, et al. Three-dimensional cartilage formation by bone marrow-derived cells seeded in polylactide/alginate amalgam. J Biomed Mater Res. 2001;57(3):394-403.

    Not in our library10.1002/1097-4636(20011205)57:3<394::aid-jbm1182>3.0.co;2-9

  233. 233.

    Ponticiello MS, Schinagl RM, Kadiyala S, Barry FP. Gelatin-based resorbable sponge as a carrier matrix for human mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage regeneration therapy. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;52(2):246-55.

    Not in our library10.1002/1097-4636(200011)52:2<246::aid-jbm2>3.0.co;2-w

  234. 234.

    Yoo JU, Barthel TS, Nishimura K, et al. The chondrogenic potential of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80(12):1745-57.

    Not in our library10.2106/00004623-199812000-00004

  235. 235.

    Huang JI, Kazmi N, Durbhakula MM, Hering TM, Yoo JU, Johnstone B. Chondrogenic potential of progenitor cells derived from human bone marrow and adipose tissue: a patient-matched comparison. J Orthop Res. 2005;23(6):1383-1389.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.orthres.2005.03.008.1100230621

  236. 236.

    Chen W-C, Wei Y-H, Chu I-M, Yao C-L. Effect of chondroitin sulphate C on the in vitro and in vivo chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in crosslinked type II collagen scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2013;7(8):665-672.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.1463

  237. 237.

    Bornes TD, Jomha NM, Mulet-Sierra A, et al. Hypoxic culture of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells differentially enhances in vitro chondrogenesis within cell-seeded collagen and hyaluronic acid porous scaffolds. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;6(1):84.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13287-015-0075-4

  238. 238.

    Benders KEM, Boot W, Cokelaere SM, et al. Multipotent stromal cells outperform chondrocytes on cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds. Cartilage. 2014;5(4):221-30.

    Not in our library10.1177/1947603514535245

  239. 239.

    Huang H, Zhang X, Hu X, et al. Directing chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells with a solid-supported chitosan thermogel for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomed Mater. 2014;9(3):35008.

    Not in our library10.1088/1748-6041/9/3/035008

  240. 240.

    Lam J, Lu S, Meretoja VV, Tabata Y, Mikos AG, Kasper FK. Generation of osteochondral tissue constructs with chondrogenically and osteogenically predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in bilayered hydrogels. Acta Biomater. 2014;10(3):1112-1123.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.020

  241. 241.

    Zhang L, Yuan T, Guo L, Zhang X. An in vitro study of collagen hydrogel to induce the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2012;100A(10):2717-2725.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.34194

  242. 242.

    Xie X, Wang Y, Zhao C, et al. Comparative evaluation of MSCs from bone marrow and adipose tissue seeded in PRP-derived scaffold for cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials. 2012;33(29):7008-18.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.058

  243. 243.

    Giannoni P, Lazzarini E, Ceseracciu L, Barone AC, Quarto R, Scaglione S. Design and characterization of a tissue-engineered bilayer scaffold for osteochondral tissue repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2015;9(10):1182-92.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.1651

  244. 244.

    Coburn JM, Gibson M, Monagle S, Patterson Z, Elisseeff JH. Bioinspired nanofibers support chondrogenesis for articular cartilage repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(25):10012-7.

    Not in our library10.1073/pnas.1121605109

  245. 245.

    Kim M, Erickson IE, Choudhury M, Pleshko N, Mauck RL. Transient exposure to TGF-β3 improves the functional chondrogenesis of MSC-laden hyaluronic acid hydrogels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;11:92-101.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.03.006

  246. 246.

    Shafiee A, Soleimani M, Chamheidari GA, et al. Electrospun nanofiber-based regeneration of cartilage enhanced by mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2011;99(3):467-78.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.33206

  247. 247.

    Meyer EG, Buckley CT, Thorpe SD, Kelly DJ. Low oxygen tension is a more potent promoter of chondrogenic differentiation than dynamic compression. J Biomech. 2010;43(13):2516-23.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.05.020

  248. 248.

    Vinardell T, Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Chondrogenesis and integration of mesenchymal stem cells within an in vitro cartilage defect repair model. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009;37(12):2556-2565.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10439-009-9791-1

  249. 249.

    Diao H, Wang J, Shen C, et al. Improved cartilage regeneration utilizing mesenchymal stem cells in TGF-beta1 gene-activated scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(9):2687-98.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0621

  250. 250.

    Eslaminejad MB, Taghiyar L, Falahi F. Co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells with mature chondrocytes: producing cartilage construct for application in cartilage regeneration. Iran J Med Sci. 2015;34(4):251-258.

    Not in our library

  251. 251.

    Schulz RM, Zscharnack M, Hanisch I, Geiling M, Hepp P, Bader A. Cartilage tissue engineering by collagen matrix associated bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biomed Mater Eng. 2008;18(1 Suppl):S55-70.

    Not in our library

  252. 252.

    Hannouche D, Terai H, Fuchs JR, et al. Engineering of implantable cartilaginous structures from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(1):87-99.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.0067

  253. 253.

    Hegewald AA, Ringe J, Bartel J, et al. Hyaluronic acid and autologous synovial fluid induce chondrogenic differentiation of equine mesenchymal stem cells: a preliminary study. Tissue Cell. 2004;36(6):431-8.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.tice.2004.07.003

  254. 254.

    Worster AA, Brower-Toland BD, Fortier LA, Bent SJ, Williams J, Nixon AJ. Chondrocytic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells sequentially exposed to transforming growth factor-beta1 in monolayer and insulin-like growth factor-I in a three-dimensional matrix. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(4):738-49.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0736-0266(00)00054-1

  255. 255.

    Angele P, Kujat R, Nerlich M, Yoo J, Goldberg V, Johnstone B. Engineering of osteochondral tissue with bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells in a derivatized hyaluronan-gelatin composite sponge. 2007. http://dx.doi.org/101089/ten19995545. Accessed June 2016.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.1999.5.545

  256. 256.

    Ding X, Zhu M, Xu B, et al. Integrated trilayered silk fibroin scaffold for osteochondral differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014;6(19):16696-705.

    Not in our library10.1021/am5036708

  257. 257.

    Lu C-H, Lin K-J, Chiu H-Y, et al. Improved chondrogenesis and engineered cartilage formation from TGF-β3-expressing adipose-derived stem cells cultured in the rotating-shaft bioreactor. Tissue Eng Part A. 2012;18(19-20):2114-24.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0010

  258. 258.

    Gong Z, Xiong H, Long X, et al. Use of synovium-derived stromal cells and chitosan/collagen type I scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomed Mater. 2010;5(5):55005.

    Not in our library10.1088/1748-6041/5/5/055005

  259. 259.

    Varshney RR, Zhou R, Hao J, et al. Chondrogenesis of synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells in gene-transferred co-culture system. Biomaterials. 2010;31(26):6876-91.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.05.038

  260. 260.

    Han Y, Wei Y, Wang S, Song Y. Cartilage regeneration using adipose-derived stem cells and the controlled-released hybrid microspheres. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77(1):27-31.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbspin.2009.05.013

  261. 261.
    Cartilage Regeneration of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in a Hybrid Scaffold from Fibrin-Modified PLGA · 2009
    Not checked
  262. 262.

    Han Y, Wei Y, Wang S, Song Y. Regenerative and technological section enhanced chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells by the controlled release of transforming growth factor-NL 1 from hybrid microspheres. Gerontology. 2009;55:592-599.

    Not in our library10.1159/000235547

  263. 263.

    Wei Y, Hu Y, Hao W, et al. A novel injectable scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering using adipose-derived adult stem cells. J Orthop Res. 2008;26(1):27-33.

    Not in our library10.1002/jor.20468

  264. 264.

    Wei Y, Hu Y, Lv R, Li D. Regulation of adipose-derived adult stem cells differentiating into chondrocytes with the use of rhBMP-2. Cytotherapy. 2006;8(6):570-9.

    Not in our library10.1080/14653240600987690

  265. 265.

    An C, Cheng Y, Yuan Q, Li J. IGF-1 and BMP-2 induces differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes-like cells. Ann Biomed Eng. 2010;38(4):1647-54.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10439-009-9892-x

  266. 266.

    Lee CSD, Watkins E, Burnsed OA, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Tailoring adipose stem cell trophic factor production with differentiation medium components to regenerate chondral defects. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(11-12):1451-64.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0233

  267. 267.

    Froelich K, Setiawan LE, Technau A, et al. Influence of different growth factors on chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in polyurethane-fibrin composites. Int J Artif Organs. 2012;35(12):1047-60.

    Not in our library10.5301/ijao.5000132

  268. 268.

    Buckley CT, Vinardell T, Thorpe SD, et al. Functional properties of cartilaginous tissues engineered from infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomech. 2010;43(5):920-6.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.11.005

  269. 269.

    Feng G, Wan Y, Balian G, Laurencin CT, Li X. Adenovirus-mediated expression of growth and differentiation factor-5 promotes chondrogenesis of adipose stem cells. Growth Factors. 2008;26(3):132-42.

    Not in our library10.1080/08977190802105917

  270. 270.

    Park Y, Sugimoto M, Watrin A, Chiquet M, Hunziker EB. BMP-2 induces the expression of chondrocyte-specific genes in bovine synovium-derived progenitor cells cultured in three-dimensional alginate hydrogel. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13(6):527-36.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.joca.2005.02.006

  271. 271.

    Steinert A, Weber M, Dimmler A, et al. Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells encapsulated in ultrahigh-viscosity alginate. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):1090-7.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0736-0266(03)00100-1

  272. 272.

    Marquass B, Somerson JS, Hepp P, et al. A novel MSC-seeded triphasic construct for the repair of osteochondral defects. J Orthop Res. 2010;28(12):1586-99.

    Not in our library10.1002/jor.21173

  273. 273.

    Lee KBL, Hui JHP, Song IC, Ardany L, Lee EH. Injectable mesenchymal stem cell therapy for large cartilage defects—a porcine model. Stem Cells. 2007;25(11):2964-71.

    Not in our library10.1634/stemcells.2006-0311

  274. 274.

    Zhou XZ, Leung VY, Dong QR, Cheung KM, Chan D, Lu WW. Mesenchymal stem cell-based repair of articular cartilage with polyglycolic acid-hydroxyapatite biphasic scaffold. Int J Artif Organs. 2008;31(6):480-9.

    Not in our library10.1177/039139880803100603

  275. 275.

    Shao X, Goh JCH, Hutmacher DW, Lee EH, Zigang G. Repair of large articular osteochondral defects using hybrid scaffolds and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model. Tissue Eng. 2006;12(6):1539-51.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.12.1539

  276. 276.

    Zhang Y, Wang F, Chen J, Ning Z, Yang L. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells versus bone marrow nucleated cells in the treatment of chondral defects. Int Orthop. 2012;36(5):1079-86.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00264-011-1362-z

  277. 277.
    Combined Effects of Connective Tissue Growth Factor-Modified Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and NaOH-Treated PLGA Scaffolds on the Repair of Articular Cartilage Defect in Rabbits · 2014
    Not checked
  278. 278.

    Oshima Y, Watanabe N, Matsuda K, Takai S, Kawata M, Kubo T. Behavior of transplanted bone marrow-derived GFP mesenchymal cells in osteochondral defect as a simulation of autologous transplantation. J Histochem Cytochem. 2005;53(2):207-16.

    Not in our library10.1369/jhc.4a6280.2005

  279. 279.

    Lim CT, Ren X, Afizah MH, et al. Repair of osteochondral defects with rehydrated freeze-dried oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogels seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a porcine model. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(15-16):1852-61.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0621

  280. 280.

    Li T, Nina F, Xiaozuo T, Xiaopeng L, Zhuo W, Na L. Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for repairing articular cartilage. J Clin Rehabil Tissue Eng Res. 2009;13(46):9041-9044.

    Not in our library

  281. 281.
    Direct transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells into the knee joints of Hartley strain guinea pigs with spontaneous osteoarthritis · 2012
    No notice
  282. 282.

    Ivkovic A, Pascher A, Hudetz D, et al. Articular cartilage repair by genetically modified bone marrow aspirate in sheep. Gene Ther. 2010;17(6):779-89.

    Not in our library10.1038/gt.2010.16

  283. 283.

    Song F, Tang J, Geng R, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cells and bone mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of osteoarthritis in a sheep model. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(4):1415-26.

    Not in our library

  284. 284.

    Ishihara K, Nakayama K, Akieda S, Matsuda S, Iwamoto Y. Simultaneous regeneration of full-thickness cartilage and subchondral bone defects in vivo using a three-dimensional scaffold-free autologous construct derived from high-density bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Surg Res. 2014;9:98.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13018-014-0098-z

  285. 285.

    Wang W, Li B, Li Y, Jiang Y, Ouyang H, Gao C. In vivo restoration of full-thickness cartilage defects by poly(lactide-co-glycolide) sponges filled with fibrin gel, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and DNA complexes. Biomaterials. 2010;31(23):5953-65.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.029

  286. 286.

    Xue D, Zheng Q, Zong C, et al. Osteochondral repair using porous poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/nano-hydroxyapatite hybrid scaffolds with undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;94(1):259-70.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.32691

  287. 287.

    Wayne JS, McDowell CL, Shields KJ, Tuan RS. In vivo response of polylactic acid-alginate scaffolds and bone marrow-derived cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 11(5-6):953-63. doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.953.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2005.11.953

  288. 288.

    Bal BS, Rahaman MN, Jayabalan P, et al. In vivo outcomes of tissue-engineered osteochondral grafts. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010;93(1):164-74.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.b.31571

  289. 289.

    Qi Y, Du Y, Li W, Dai X, Zhao T, Yan W. Cartilage repair using mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sheet and MSCs-loaded bilayer PLGA scaffold in a rabbit model. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(6):1424-33.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00167-012-2256-3

  290. 290.

    Zhou G, Liu W, Cui L, Wang X, Liu T, Cao Y. Repair of porcine articular osteochondral defects in non-weightbearing areas with autologous bone marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng. 2006;12(11):3209-21.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.12.3209

  291. 291.

    Fan H, Hu Y, Qin L, Li X, Wu H, Lv R. Porous gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronate tri-copolymer scaffold containing microspheres loaded with TGF-beta1 induces differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vivo for enhancing cartilage repair. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;77(4):785-94.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.30647

  292. 292.

    Fan H, Hu Y, Zhang C, et al. Cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and a PLGA-gelatin/chondroitin/hyaluronate hybrid scaffold. Biomaterials. 2006;27(26):4573-80.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.04.013

  293. 293.

    Nathan S, De Das S, Thambyah A, Fen C, Goh J, Lee EH. Cell-based therapy in the repair of osteochondral defects: a novel use for adipose tissue. Tissue Eng. 2003;9(4):733-44.

    Not in our library10.1089/107632703768247412

  294. 294.

    Diduch DR, Jordan LC, Mierisch CM, Balian G. Marrow stromal cells embedded in alginate for repair of osteochondral defects. Arthroscopy. 2000;16(6):571-7.

    Not in our library10.1053/jars.2000.4827

  295. 295.

    Grigolo B, Lisignoli G, Desando G, et al. Osteoarthritis treated with mesenchymal stem cells on hyaluronan-based scaffold in rabbit. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2009;15(4):647-58.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0569

  296. 296.

    Cui JH, Park SR, Park K, Choi BH, Min B-H. Preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells with low-intensity ultrasound for cartilage formation in vivo. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(2):351-60.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.0080

  297. 297.

    Løken S, Jakobsen RB, Arøen A, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a hyaluronan scaffold for treatment of an osteochondral defect in a rabbit model. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16(10):896-903.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00167-008-0566-2

  298. 298.

    Tan W, Zha Z, Zhang J, Zheng L, Liang Y XJ. Animal-origin osteochondral scaffold combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells/chondrocytes for repair of composite osteochondral defects in rabbit knee joints. J Clin Rehabil Tissue Eng Res. 2011;15(12). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.12.043.

    Not in our library

  299. 299.

    Hu B, Ren J-L, Zhang J-R, Ma Q, Liu Y-P, Mao T-Q. Enhanced treatment of articular cartilage defect of the knee by intra-articular injection of Bcl-xL-engineered mesenchymal stem cells in rabbit model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2010;4(2):105-14.

    Not in our library10.1002/term.212

  300. 300.

    Xie J, Han Z, Naito M, et al. Articular cartilage tissue engineering based on a mechano-active scaffold made of poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone): in vivo performance in adult rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010;94(1):80-8.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.b.31627

  301. 301.

    Wakitani S, Goto T, Pineda SJ, et al. Mesenchymal cell-based repair of large, full-thickness defects of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76(4):579-92.

    Not in our library10.2106/00004623-199404000-00013

  302. 302.

    Jeong W-K, Oh S-H, Lee J-H, Im G-I. Repair of osteochondral defects with a construct of mesenchymal stem cells and a polydioxanone/poly(vinyl alcohol) scaffold. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2008;49(Pt 2):155-64.

    Not in our library10.1042/ba20070149

  303. 303.

    Im GI, Kim DY, Shin JH, Hyun CW, Cho WH. Repair of cartilage defect in the rabbit with cultured mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(2):289-94.

    Not in our library10.1302/0301-620x.83b2.10495

  304. 304.

    Kayakabe M, Tsutsumi S, Watanabe H, Kato Y, Takagishi K. Transplantation of autologous rabbit BM-derived mesenchymal stromal cells embedded in hyaluronic acid gel sponge into osteochondral defects of the knee. Cytotherapy. 2006;8(4):343-53.

    Not in our library10.1080/14653240600845070

  305. 305.

    Tatebe M, Nakamura R, Kagami H, Okada K, Ueda M. Differentiation of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in a large osteochondral defect in rabbit. Cytotherapy. 2005;7(6):520-30.

    Not in our library10.1080/14653240500361350

  306. 306.

    Yoshioka T, Mishima H, Sakai S, Uemura T. Long-term results of cartilage repair after allogeneic transplantation of cartilaginous aggregates formed from bone marrow-derived cells for large osteochondral defects in rabbit knees. Cartilage. 2013;4(4):339-44.

    Not in our library10.1177/1947603513494003

  307. 307.

    Liu P-F, Guo L, Zhao D-W, et al. Study of human acellular amniotic membrane loading bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in repair of articular cartilage defect in rabbits. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13(3):7992-8001.

    Not in our library10.4238/2014.september.29.12

  308. 308.

    Jung M, Kaszap B, Redöhl A, et al. Enhanced early tissue regeneration after matrix-assisted autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in full thickness chondral defects in a minipig model. Cell Transplant. 2009;18(8):923-32.

    Not in our library10.3727/096368909x471297

  309. 309.

    Chang C-H, Kuo T-F, Lin F-H, et al. Tissue engineering-based cartilage repair with mesenchymal stem cells in a porcine model. J Orthop Res. 2011;29(12):1874-80.

    Not in our library10.1002/jor.21461

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    Kamei G, Kobayashi T, Ohkawa S, et al. Articular cartilage repair with magnetic mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(6):1255-64.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546513483270

  311. 311.

    Coleman RM, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD, Guldberg RE. The therapeutic effect of bone marrow-derived stem cell implantation after epiphyseal plate injury is abrogated by chondrogenic predifferentiation. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(3-4):475-83.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0125

  312. 312.

    Dahlin RL, Kinard LA, Lam J, et al. Articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells seeded on biodegradable scaffolds for the repair of cartilage in a rat osteochondral defect model. Biomaterials. 2014;35(26):7460-9.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.055

  313. 313.

    Marquass B, Schulz R, Hepp P, et al. Matrix-associated implantation of predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells versus articular chondrocytes: in vivo results of cartilage repair after 1 year. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(7):1401-12.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546511398646

  314. 314.

    Zscharnack M, Hepp P, Richter R, et al. Repair of chronic osteochondral defects using predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells in an ovine model. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(9):1857-69.

    Not in our library10.1177/0363546510365296

  315. 315.

    Guo X, Wang C, Zhang Y, et al. Repair of large articular cartilage defects with implants of autologous mesenchymal stem cells seeded into beta-tricalcium phosphate in a sheep model. Tissue Eng. 10(11-12):1818-29. doi:10.1089/ten.2004.10.1818.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2004.10.1818

  316. 316.

    Caminal M, Moll X, Codina D, et al. Transitory improvement of articular cartilage characteristics after implantation of polylactide:polyglycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds seeded with autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in a sheep model of critical-sized chondral defect. Biotechnol Lett. 2014;36(10):2143-2153.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10529-014-1585-3

  317. 317.

    Wilke MM, Nydam DV, Nixon AJ. Enhanced early chondrogenesis in articular defects following arthroscopic mesenchymal stem cell implantation in an equine model. J Orthop Res. 2007;25(7):913-25.

    Not in our library10.1002/jor.20382

  318. 318.

    Murphy JM, Fink DJ, Hunziker EB, Barry FP. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(12):3464-74.

    Not in our library10.1002/art.11365

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    Ma A, Jiang L, Song L, et al. Reconstruction of cartilage with clonal mesenchymal stem cell-acellular dermal matrix in cartilage defect model in nonhuman primates. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;16(3):399-408.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.intimp.2013.02.005

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    Araki S, Imai S, Ishigaki H, et al. Improved quality of cartilage repair by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of an osteochondral defect in a cynomolgus macaque model. Acta Orthop. 2015;86(1):119-26.

    Not in our library10.3109/17453674.2014.958807

  321. 321.

    Qi B, Yu A, Zhu S, Zhou M, Wu G. Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel combined with Ad-hTGF-β1 transfected mesenchymal stem cells to repair rabbit articular cartilage defects. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013;238(1):23-30.

    Not in our library10.1258/ebm.2012.012223

  322. 322.

    Qi Y, Zhao T, Xu K, Dai T, Yan W. The restoration of full-thickness cartilage defects with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) loaded and cross-linked bilayer collagen scaffolds on rabbit model. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39(2):1231-7.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11033-011-0853-8

  323. 323.

    Park JS, Woo DG, Yang HN, et al. Chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in a hydrogel construct: neocartilage formation in animal models as both mice and rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;92(3):988-96.

    Not in our library10.1002/jbm.a.32341

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    Liu Y, Shu XZ, Prestwich GD. Osteochondral defect repair with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an injectable, in situ, cross-linked synthetic extracellular matrix. Tissue Eng. 2006;12(12):3405-16.

    Not in our library10.1089/ten.2006.12.3405

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