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No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 17, 2026.

Noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer: implications for drug resistance

Ling Wei, Jujie Sun, Nasha Zhang and 7 more

Molecular Cancer · 2020 · Review · CC BY

doi:10.1186/s12943-020-01185-7

Abstract

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Advanced gastric cancer patients can notably benefit from chemotherapy including adriamycin, platinum drugs, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and paclitaxel as well as targeted therapy drugs. Nevertheless, primary drug resistance or acquisition drug resistance eventually lead to treatment failure and poor outcomes of the gastric cancer patients. The detailed mechanisms involved in gastric cancer drug resistance have been revealed. Interestingly, different noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are critically involved in gastric cancer development. Multiple lines of evidences demonstrated that ncRNAs play a vital role in gastric cancer resistance to chemotherapy reagents and targeted therapy drugs. In this review, we systematically summarized the emerging role and detailed molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs impact drug resistance of gastric cancer. Additionally, we propose the potential clinical implications of ncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for gastric cancer.

Full text

From PubMed Central, U.S. National Library of Medicine, as current on Oct 17, 2026. Paragraph numbers are ours, so an answer can point at one.

Background

Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor originating from the gastric mucosa. As the fourth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, there were about 984,000 new gastric cancer cases and 841,000 deaths occurred in 2013. Due to lack of obvious and specific symptoms at early disease stage, most gastric cancer patients were diagnosed at advanced disease stages with poor prognosis. The combined use of chemotherapy and targeted therapy has evidently prolonged the overall survival and improved life quality of gastric cancer patients with advanced disease. The commonly used chemotherapeutic agents include adriamycin (ADR), platinum drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), vincristine (VCR) and paclitaxel (PTX). However, the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) of gastric cancer cells is a major hurdle in clinical oncology, which may result in a poor prognosis. The complicated mechanisms involved in gastric cancer MDR include inactivation of apoptosis signaling pathways, loss of cell cycle checkpoint control, accelerated cell proliferation and autophagy flux, enhanced DNA damage repair capacity, diminished uptake and/or increased efflux of drugs via upregulated MDR-associated proteins, activated cancer stem cells (CSCs), as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the detailed mechanisms of MDR remain inconclusive.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA transcripts encoding no proteins and are classified as small ncRNAs (sncRNAs, 18~200 nt) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs, >200 nt). There are different kinds of sncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), piwi interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). It has been found that ncRNAs are involved in almost all cellular functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, EMT, autophagy and cell cycle control. Multiple ncRNAs acts as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes during carcinogenesis and can also serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers of cancer patients after certain therapies. In gastric cancer, a variety of abnormally expressed ncRNAs were identified to promote tumor progression, radioresistance, chemoresistance and targeted therapy sensitivity. Interestingly, several miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs have been found to play an essential part in gastric cancer drug resistance, especially in chemoresistance. However, there are still no studies how lncRNAs and circRNAs are involved in gastric cancer resistance to targeted therapy. Interestingly, it has been found that via sponging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer, lncRNA HOX transcript antisense gene RNA (HOTAIR) can regulate the expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a target of targeted therapy agent. Similarly, lncRNA H19 could regulate HER2 expression through sequestering let-7c in gastric cancer cells, indicating the potiential of ncRNAs may modulate sensitivity to targeted therapy.

Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors for gastric cancer has emerged. In gastric cancer, the relatively identified and useful population for immunotherapy is patients receiving third-line treatment. The commonly used immune-checkpoint blockade agents include anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies (Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab), anti-PD-L1 IgG1 antibody (Avelumab), as well as anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab). Multiple parameters, such as microsatellite instability (MSI), mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, high mutational load and high infiltrating CD8+ T cells density in tumor tissues can predict the response of solid tumors to immunotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs involved in drug resistance to immune-checkpoint blockade agents in gastric cancer.

Herein, we performed a systematic literature review on the detailed mechanisms how ncRNAs intensify or weaken drug resistance of gastric cancer, which highlighting that ncRNAs may act as potential biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets of gastric cancer.

MiRNAs and drug resistance

MiRNAs are a class of sncRNAs of 19-24 nt in length, which could post-transcriptionally suppress gene expression via binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of multiple target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and/or other RNAs. Multiple miRNAs are dysregulated in gastric cancer and play a crucial role in tumorigenesis, cancer metastasis, as well as development of resistance to drugs and radiation. It has been observed that significantly changed miRNA expression profiles in drug-resistant gastric cancer cells compared to those in drug-sensitive cells. The involvement of miRNAs in gastric cancer resistance to ADR, platinum drugs, 5-FU, VCR, PTX and other drugs is summarized below.

MiRNAs and ADR resistance

As a cell cycle non-specific anti-cancer antibiotic, ADR can inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids through embedding into DNA and exert strong cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. In gastric cancer patients, ADR is commonly used in combination with platinum drugs, 5-FU, VCR, PTX and mitomycin. Multiple genes and miRNAs have been shown to be responsible for the development of ADR resistance in gastric cancer.

Several oncogenic miRNAs can promote ADR resistance in gastric cancer (Table 1). MiR-27a, for instance, has been found to confer ADR resistance by inhibiting multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1)/P-gp expression in gastric cancer cells. Exogenous expression of miR-135a-5p could enhance apoptosis resistance to ADR in gastric cancer cells via silencing activating protein 2 alpha (AP-2α) and, thus, upregulating Bcl-2 expression. Interestingly, Epstein-Barr (EB) virus miRNA miR-BART20-5p could also significantly increase ADR resistance of gastric cancer by inhibiting gene expression of BAD, a Bcl-2 family member. MiR-19a/b, a member of the miR-17-92 cluster, is highly expressed in SGC7901/ADR resistant gastric cancer cell. It has been found that miR-19a/b promotes ADR resistance of gastric cancer via targeting and suppressing expression phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Meanwhile, miR-19a/b could accelerate ADR efflux of gastric cancer cells by increasing P-gp expression and inhibit apoptosis induced by ADR. MiR-501 is another significantly up-regulated miRNA in SGC7901/ADR cells. MiR-501 could confer ADR resistance of gastric cancer via suppressing expression of BH3-like motif-containing protein, cell death inducer (BLID). Additionally, miR-501 was also identified in SGC7901/ADR cells-secreted exosomes (ADR Exo) with a relatively high level. Exosome transferred miR-501 could promote tumorigenesis and ADR resistance through down-regulating BLID expression, and subsequently, inactivating phosphorylation of AKT and caspase-9/-3. MiR-20a was also proved to enhance gastric cancer resistance to ADR via inhibiting expression of early growth response 2 (EGR2), a member of a multi-gene family which encoding C2H2-type zinc-finger proteins. Through silencing PTEN and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3), miR-21-5p increases ADR resistance of gastric cancer cells. It has also been found that miR-633 promotes ADR resistance of gastric cancer by inhibiting expression of Fas-associated death domain (FADD). In addition, epigenetics controlling mediated by miRNAs has been reported as an important signaling impacting tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) family plays a key role in epigenetics regulation of gastric cancer. For example, it has been found that miR-520h down-regulated expression of HDAC1, which contributing to ADR resistance of gastric cancer.

By contrast, multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs can reverse ADR resistance of gastric cancer (Table 1). For instance, ectopic miR-129-5p expression can weaken the ADR resistance in gastric cancer cells SGC7901/ADR via silencing ABCB1 (ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1), ABCC5 and ABCG1. Similarly, exogenous expression of miR-508-5p has been found to reverse ADR resistance and decrease the intracellular concentration of chemotherapeutics by inhibiting expression of ABCB1 and zinc ribbon domain-containing 1 (ZNRD1). Additionally, miR-103/107 has also been shown to inhibit P-gp function/expression and increase ADR sensitivity of SGC7901/ADR cells. Mechanically, caveolin-1 (cav-1), a key component of lipid rafts regulating P-gp activity, is considered as the direct target gene of miR-103/107. Tumor suppressor miR-27b, miR-140 and miR-107, have also been confirmed to be involved in ADR resistance of gastric cancer by modulating expression/function of the ABC transporters family members. In addition to ABC transporters, the Bcl-2 family also participate in chemoresistance of malignancies, including gastric cancer. Tumor suppressors miR-15b, miR-16, miR-181b and miR-497 could promote ADR-induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells via silencing Bcl-2 expression. MiRNAs encoded by the miR-200bc/429 cluster has also been found to function as inhibitors of ADR- resistant gastric cancer cells through inhibiting expression of Bcl-2 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). Restoration of miR-34 in gastric cancer cells suppresses growth and increased apoptosis through down-regulating expression of Bcl-2, Notch, and high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2). Ectopic miR-200c could sensitize SGC7901/DDP cell to ADR, cisplatin (DDP) and 5-FU through suppressing expression of Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Additionally, significant reduced expression of tumor suppressors miR-185, miR-126, miR-218 and miR-494 in ADR-resistant gastric cancer cells could diminish ADR sensitivity by silencing apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), smoothened (SMO, a transmembrane protein and member of Hedgehog pathway) and phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), respectively.

MiRNAs and resistance to platinum drugs

Platinum drugs are a class of cell cycle non-specific drugs, which mainly form platinum-DNA adduction with DNA in cancer cells and result in necrosis or apoptosis of cancer cells. Due to their unique anticancer mechanisms and extensive anticancer spectrum, platinum drugs have been widely utilized in clinic. Currently, platinum-based chemotherapy is a standard treatment for gastric cancer patients. There are a total of three generations of platinum drugs including cisplatin as the first-generation platinum drug, carboplatin as the second-generation platinum drugs, as well as oxaliplatin and loplatin as the third-generation platinum drugs. Multiple miRNAs have been reported to be involved in resistance to platinum drugs in gastric cancer (Table 2).

Several oncogenic miRNAs can promote resistance to platinum drugs in gastric cancer cells, such as miR-20a, miR-106a, miR-21, miR-25, miR-141, miR-223, miR-421, miR-99a, miR-491, and miR-27a. For example, miR-20a could confer DDP resistance by silencing EGR2 and cylindromatosis (CYLD) in gastric cancer cells. Exogenous expression of miR-106a enhanced the resistance to DDP of gastric cancer cells by inhibiting the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway and tumor suppressive RUNX3. Similarly, miR-21 has also been found to promote DDP resistance via silencing the PTEN/Akt pathway, while contrary results were observed after administration of PI3K inhibitors suppressing Akt pathway. MiR-25, miR-141 and miR-223, which are significantly up-regulated in SGC-7901/DDP resistant gastric cancer cells, could enhance DDP resistance via suppressing expression levels of FOXO3a, kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1(KEAP1) and F-Box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7), respectively. MiR-99a and miR-491, which are also overexpressed in SGC-7901/DDP and BGC-823/DDP resistant gastric cancer cells, could promote DDP resistance by directly down-regulating their target gene, calpain small subunit 1 (CAPNS1). MiR-421, a highly expressed miRNA in advanced gastric cancer patients, could also promote gastric cancer metastasis and DDP resistance through inhibiting E-cadherin and caspase-3 expression, in vivo and in vitro. In addition, oncogenic miR-135b-5p, miR-135b, miR-17-5p, miR-193a-3p, miR-4295 and miR-3174 confer DDP resistance of gastric cancer cells through silencing Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), mammalian ste20-like kinase 1 (MST1), p21, SRSF2, leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) and ARHGAP10, respectively. For oxaliplatin resistance, the oncogenic miR-27a has been found to enhance MDR properties by inducing MDR1/P-gp, lung resistance protein (LRP) and Bcl-2 expression in gastric cancer. Similarly, miR-135a has also been shown to potentiate oxaliplatin resistance of gastric cancer cells by down-regulating expression of E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) and death-associated protein kinase 2 (DAPK2).

Conversely, a number of tumor suppressor miRNAs can reverse platinum drugs resistance of gastric cancer. For instance, miR-27b, miR-508-5p, miR-129-5p and miR-129, have been found to reverse gastric cancer resistance to DDP mainly through affecting expression/function of the ABC transporters family members. Similarly, miR-107 has been found to increase the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to oxaliplatin through inhibiting expression of P-gp, cyclin D1 and c-myc. By inhibiting the Bcl-2 signaling pathway, several tumor suppressor miRNAs, including miR-15b, miR-16, miR-181b, miR-497, the miR-200bc/429 cluster, miR-34 as well as miR-449a, have been found to sensitize gastric cancer cells to DDP. Activation of the IGF1R/IRS1 pathway has also been identified to promote drug resistance of multiple malignancies, including gastric cancer. A variety of miRNAs, such as miR-1271, miR-143 and miR-503, have been observed to be involved in the IGF1R/IRS1 pathway-mediated DDP resistance of gastric cancer. Recently, emerging evidences indicate that miRNAs are involved in MDR controlling by regulating autophagy through targeting autophagy related genes. In gastric cancer, for example, exogenous overexpression of miR-23b-3p has been found to reverse DDP resistance by modulating expression of autophagy related 12 (ATG12) and high mobility group box 2 (HMGB2). Similarly, miR-181a, miR-30 and miR-148a-3p have been found to enhance DDP sensitivity of gastric cancer cells through suppressing expression of ATG5, LC3-II, RAB12 and mTOR1, respectively. In addition, ectopic miR-200c has been found to sensitize SGC7901/DDP resistance gastric cancer cells to DDP through inhibiting expression of E-cadherin, Rho family GTPase 3 (RhoE) and ZEB2. By modulating Annexin A2 (ANXA2) and VEGF-C expression, tumor suppressor miR-101 has been found to reverse DDP resistance of gastric cancer cells. As for miR-218, its overexpression has been found to enhance sensitivity to DDP and oxaliplatin by targeting mTOR and SMO, respectively. Moreover, exogenous expression of tumor suppressor miR-185, miR-34a, miR-26a, miR-149 and miR-524-5p in gastric cancer cells can also improve DDP sensitivity. Their potential target genes are ARC, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2), Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) and SOX9, respectively. Similarly, tumor suppressor miR-362-5p, miR-198, miR-574-3p, miR-876-3p, miR-874 and let-7b have been reported to reverse DDP resistance of gastric cancer cells via silencing suppressor of zeste 12 protein (SUZ12), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), zinc finger E-box binding homeobox transcription factor 1 (ZEB1), TMED3, autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16 L1) and AURKB, respectively. In addition, via targeting excision repair cross-complementing (ERCC), exogenous over-expression of tumor suppressor miR-122, miR-138-5p and miR-192-5p could also reverse DDP resistance of gastric cancer.

MiRNAs and 5-FU resistance

5-FU is commonly applied for the treatment of gastric cancer in clinic. 5-FU could disturb DNA replication via suppressing thymidylate synthase (TS), thereby leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. It has been found that multiple oncogenic or tumor suppressive miRNAs are involved in 5-FU resistance (Table 3).

Several oncogenic miRNAs promote 5-FU resistance of gastric cancer cells, such as miR-BART20-5p, miR-193a-3p, miR-147 and miR-17. It has been found that EB virus miRNA miR-BART20-5p significantly increased 5-FU resistance of AGS1 gastric cancer cells by inhibiting BAD expression. Similarly, miR-193-3p and miR-147 could promote 5-FU resistance of gastric cancer cells via directly suppressing their target gene PTEN. Oncogenic miR-17 has been found to reduce 5-FU sensitivity of gastric cancer cells through silencing expression of DEDD.

On the contrary, several tumor suppressor miRNAs can reverse 5-FU resistance of gastric cancer. Accumulated evidences indicate that elevated expression of MDR-related ABC transporters confer 5-FU resistance. It has, for example, been found that tumor suppressor miR-27b, miR-508-5p, miR-129-5p and miR-107 could inhibit expression of certain family member of ABC transporters and, thus, enhance sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU. MiR-181b, which is significantly down-regulated in MDR SGC7901/VCR cells, could sensitize gastric cancer cells to VCR and 5-FU through suppressing expression of Bcl-2. Similarly, Bcl-2 silencing by miR-429 has also been found to sensitize gastric cancer cells to 5-FU. In addition, over-expression of miR-23b-3p, an autophagy-related modulator, has been found to sensitize gastric cancer cells to 5-FU by inhibiting expression of ATG12 and HMGB2. MiR-31, a pleomorphic tumor suppressor miRNA, has been shown to impair 5-FU resistance of gastric cancer cells via silencing RhoA, zeste homolog 2 (ZH2), E2F6 and SMUG1. Additionally, exogenous expression of miR-197 and miR-BART15-3p could also strongly promote 5-FU chemosensitivity through down-regulating expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and Tax1-binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1), respectively. Tumor suppressor miR-195-5p, miR-204, miR-623, miR-939 and miR-124 have been shown to be involved in overcoming 5-FU resistance of gastric cancer via silencing Zing finger 139 (ZNF139), TGFBR2, cyclin D1 (CCND1), solute carrier family 34 member 2 (SLC34A2) and EZH2, respectively.

MiRNAs and VCR resistance

As an anti-microtubule drug, VCR could inhibit tubulin polymerization and disable spindles formation, which leading to mitosis arrest of malignant cells. It has been found that several oncogenic or tumor suppressive miRNAs are involved in VCR resistance (Table 4).

On one hand, oncogenic miR-19a/b has been reported to enhance VCR resistance of gastric cancer cells by suppressing expression of its target gene PTEN. On the other hand, multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs have been found to be able to reverse VCR resistance of gastric cancer. For example, miR-129-5p, miR-508-5p and miR-27b could sensitize resistance gastric cancer cells to VCR via silencing members of ABC transporters. Similarly, tumor suppressor miR-15b, miR-16, miR-181b, miR-497 and the miR-200bc/429 cluster have been found to increase VCR sensitivity through targeting the Bcl-2 family members. In addition, ectopic expression of miR-126, miR-647 and miR-1284, which are evidently downregulated in drug-resistant SGC7901/VCR gastric cancer cells, could sensitize gastric cancer cells to VCR by inhibiting expression of EZH2, ANK2 and EIF4A1, respectively. In addition, miR-23b-3p and miR-101 are able to reverse drug resistance of gastric cancer cells to multiple chemotherapeutics including VCR via targeting ATG12/HMGB2 as well as ANXA2.

MiRNAs and PTX resistance

PTX is a highly effective cytotoxin to tubulin and can “freeze” the mitotic spindle apparatus of rapidly divided cancer cells, which leading to G2/M cell cycle arrest. PTX is one of the first-line chemotherapeutic reagents to treat gastric cancer. A variety of miRNAs have been reported to be involved in PTX resistance of gastric cancer (Table 5).

Several oncogenic miRNAs can promote PTX resistance, such as miR-21, miR-23a and miR-155-5p. A significantly elevated miR-21 expression was observed in PTX resistant SGC7901/PTX gastric cancer cells compared to the parent SGC7901 cells. MiR-21 could dramatically inhibit apoptosis induced by PTX, partly through regulating P-gp expression. MiR-23a, which is dramatically up-regulated in human gastric cancer tissues, has been shown to weaken PTX-induced apoptosis and accelerate proliferation of BGC823 and MGC803 gastric cancer cells via suppressing expression of interferon regulator factor 1 (IRF1). In addition, exogenous expression of miR-590-5p has been found to impair PTX sensitivity of gastric cancer cells by silencing RECK and the AKT/ERK signaling pathway. Recently, miR-155-5p was identified as an enriched miRNA in exosomes deriving from PTX-resistant MGC-803R gastric cancer cells. Exogenous expression of miR-155-5p confers chemoresistance and EMT in PTX-sensitive MGC-803S cells through targeting and suppressing GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) and tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1).

Meanwhile, multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs have been found to be able to reverse PTX resistance in gastric cancer. For instance, miR-34c-5p, which was found to be significantly down-regulated in PTX-resistant gastric cancer tissues, could sensitize SGC7901/VCR resistant cells to PTX via targeting and suppressing microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT). Tumor suppressor miR-34a has also been shown to sensitize gastric cancer cells to PTX via inhibiting expression of oncoprotein E2F5. Similarly, ectopic expression of tumor suppressor miR-495 has been found to potentiate PTX-ADR sensitivity in MDR SGC7901R gastric cancer cells through modulating expression of ABCB1.

MiRNAs and resistance to targeted therapy drugs

Target-therapy provides new therapeutic strategies for advanced gastric cancer. Multiple targeted therapy drugs have been developed to treat cancers including gastric cancer, such as cetuximab and panitumumab (anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies [MoAbs]), trastuzumab and pertuzumab (anti-HER2 MoAbs), lapatinib (anti-HER2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase dual inhibitor), bevacizumab (anti-VEGF-A MoAb) and ramucirumab (anti-VEGFR-2 MoAb). Among these drugs, trastuzumab and ramucirumab have been found to improve prognosis of advanced gastric cancer patients. Emerging evidences have demonstrated that several miRNAs have been involved in resistance to targeted therapy drugs in gastric cancer, such as trastuzumab and lapatinib (Table 6).

Trastuzumab, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved anti-human HER2 MoAb, combined with conventional chemotherapy has been broadly used in advanced or metastatic gastric cancer patients with HER2 overexpression/amplification. Through inhibiting PTEN expression, oncogenic miR-21 has been found to confer trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive gastric cancer cells. MiR-125b, which is markedly up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues, is significantly associated with trastuzumab resistance and poor prognosis in HER2-positive gastric cancer patients. Similarly, oncogenic miR-223 could decrease trastuzumab sensitivity of gastric cancer through suppressing expression of FBXW7. In addition, exogenous expression of tumor suppressor miR-200c has been found to sensitize gastric cancer cells to trastuzumab by targeting and downregulating ZEB1 and ZEB2. Similarly, through modulating cyclin J (CCNJ) and far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FUBP1), exogenous expression of miR-16 could reverse the resistance to trastuzumab and lapatinib in HER2 positive gastric cancer cells. For lapatinib resistance, it has been reported that tumor suppressor miR-494 could not only reverses lapatinib resistance but also inhibit formation of cancer-initiating cells (CICs) via down-regulating expression of receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in HER2-positive, FGFR2 overexpressing and lapatinib resistant YCC1-F gastric cancer cells.

MiRNAs and resistance to other drugs

Etoposide, mitomycin and capecitabine are also commonly used to treat gastric cancer. Several miRNAs are involved in resistance resistance to these drugs (Table 7). It has been found that by targeting and suppressing Bcl-2 expression, tumor suppressor miR-15b, miR-16, miR-181b, miR-497 and the miR-200bc/429 cluster could sensitize gastric cancer cells to etoposide or mitomycin. Significantly increased plasma miR-17-92 cluster levels has been found in advanced gastric cancer patients. Whereas, there was obvious decrease of these miRNAs in chemosensitive individuals after oxaliplatin/capecitabine (XELOX) chemotherapy, indicating they might be used as biomarkers of XELOX treatment.

LncRNAs and chemoresistance

LncRNAs are a class of ncRNAs longer than 200 nt and have no protein coding potential. LncRNAs play a part in regulating various cellular processes. A number of lncRNAs have been identified to be abnormally expressed in gastric cancer and involved in chemoresistance via regulation of different target genes. Several oncogenic lncRNAs, such as prostate cancer-associated transcript 1 (PCAT-1), SNHG5, BCAR4, GHET1, HOTAIR, plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1), metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) and nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), as well as some tumor suppressor lncRNAs, have been shown to participate in gastric cancer chemoresistance.

LncRNAs and resistance to platinum drugs

Multiple (Table 8). For instance, lncRNA PCAT-1, a highly expressed lncRNA in DDP-resistant gastric cancer tissues and cells, promotes DDP resistance of gastric cancer cells via epigenetically suppressing PTEN expression by recruiting EZH2, as well as regulating the miR-128/ZEB1 axis. Similarly, an evidently high expression lncRNA DANCR has been identified in SGC7901/DDP and BGC823/DDP DDP-resistant gastric cancer cells. Knockdown of DANCR in these cells promote apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation. On the contrary, overexpressed DANCR could up-regulated expression of MDR genes MDR1 and MRP1 in DDP-induced SGC901 and BGC823 cells. LncRNA SNHG5 reduced DDP sensitivity of BGC823 and SGC7901 gastric cancer cells through up-regulating expression of MDR1, MRP1 and Bax as well as downregulating Bcl-2 expression. In addition, lncRNAs GHET 1, AK022798, antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL), UCA 1 and HULC also conferred DDP resistance of gastric cancer cells via modulating expression of multiple drug resistance-related genes. LncRNA HOTAIR, which was significantly up-regulated in DDP-resistant gastric cancer cells and tissues, could regulate chromatin status and contribute to DDP resistance of gastric cancer, through activating PI3K/Akt/MRP1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Interestingly, lncRNA XLOC_006753, which is highly expressed in gastric cancer patients and MDR SGC-7901/DDP gastric cancer cells, could promote resistance to DDP through regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Onco-lncRNAs zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1) and BCAR4 could promote DDP resistance of gastric cancer via activating the Wnt signaling pathway. LncRNA MALAT1 could function as a sponge RNA of miR-23b-3p and conferred chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells through attenuating the inhibitory effects of miR-23b-3p on expression of autophagy related 12 (ATG12) and promote autophagy of gastric cancer cells. LncRNA PVT1 is another chemoresistance-related gene and has been found to promote DDP resistance through increasing expression of MDR1, MRP, mTOR and hypoxia inducing factor 1α (HIF-1α). Through regulting the miR-361/ABCB1 axis, lncRNA BLACAT1 has been found to confer oxaliplatin resistance.

By contrast, a number of tumor suppressor lncRNAs can reverse platinum drugs resistance of gastric cancer. For instance, significantly diminished expression of lncRNA CASC2 was observed in DDP-resistant gastric cancer tissues and cells. Exogenous expression of lncRNA CASC2 has been found to enhance DDP sensitivity of gastric cancer cells BGC823/DDP and SGC7901/DDP through sponging miR-19a. LncRNA, cisplatin resistance-associated lncRNA (CRAL), has also been identified to be downregulated in DDP-resistant gastric cancer cells. Via sponging endogenous miR-505 to upregulate cylindromatosis (CYLD) expression and subsequently inhibiting AKT activation, ectopic CRAL expression can weaken DDP resistance of gastric cancer cells by potentiating DDP-induced DNA damage and cell apoptosis in vitro and in preclinical models.

LncRNAs and ADR resistance

Multiple onco-lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, CASC9, MRUL, UCA1, D63785, NEAT1 and HULC, are involved in ADR resistance in gastric cancer (Table 9). For example, via inhibiting miR-217 expression, lncRNA HOTAIR can promote ADR resistance of gastric cancer cells. LncRNA cancer susceptibility candidate 9 (CASC9), whose expression is associated with poor differentiation, invasion and lymph node metastases of gastric cancer, has been reported to promote resistance to ADR of gastric cancer cells through up-regulating expression of MDR1 protein. MDR-related and upregulated lncRNA (MRUL), which is significantly up-regulated in MDR SGC7901/ADR and SGC7901/VCR gastric cancer cells, has been found to promote ABCB1 expression and, thus, resistance to ADR and VCR. Interestingly, lncRNA UCA1 has been shown to contribute to ADR resistance through regulating apoptosis-related gene PARP1 and Bcl-2 or via sponging miR-27b. It has been found that lncRNA D63785, functions as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-422a, could promote ADR resistance through blocking miR-422-dependent suppression of myocyte enhancer factor-2D (MEF2D). In addition, lncRNAs HULC and NEAT1 are also involved in enhancing ADR resistance of gastric cancer cells. Recently, lncRNA regulator of reprogramming (ROR) has been found to confer the resistant to ADR and VCR by up-regulating MRP1 expression in gastric cancer cells and correlated to poor patient outcomes.

LncRNAs and 5-FU resistance

It has been found that several oncogenic or tumor suppressive lncRNAs are involved in 5-FU resistance (Table 10). Among these onco-lncRNAs, ANRIL was highly expressed in 5-FU resistant gastric cancer cells BGC823/5-FU and gastric cancer tissues. LncRNAs UCA1 and HULC have also been found to promote 5-FU resistance. XLOC_006753 is an up-regulated lncRNA in gastric cancer patients and 5-FU resistant cells SGC-7901/5-FU, which is not only correlated with tumor size, metastasis, TNM stage and worse prognosis in gastric cancer patients, but also contributed to 5-FU resistance by influencing cell cycle G1/S transition, apoptosis, some markers of MDR and EMT expression, as well as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Additionally, oncogenic lncRNAs MALAT1 and PVT-1 could contribute to 5-FU resistance of gastric cancer by modulating expression of the miR-23b-3p/ATG12 axis and Bcl-2, respectively. On the contrary, tumor suppressor lncRNAs can reverse 5-FU resistance in gastric cancer. LncRNA LEIGC has, for example, been found to sensitize gastric cancer cells to 5-FU via inhibiting expression of multiple EMT-related genes.

LncRNAs and PTX resistance

Several oncogenic lncRNAs have been found to promote PTX resistance (Table 11). For example, lncRNA ZFAS1 could enhance PTX resistance of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells by altering the expressions of EMT markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin) and cell cycle related proteins (cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin B1), as well as the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. lncRNA MALAT1 has also been found to confer to PTX resistance through targeting miR-23b-3p and ATG12 in gastric cancer cells. In addition, lncRNAs PVT1, HOTAIR and CASC9 also promoted PTX resistance of gastric cancer through modulating expression of various genes.

CircRNAs and chemoresistance in gastric cancer

CircRNAs, a new class of ncRNAs with the special ring structure, are stably expressed in multiple cells and once considered as transcriptional splicing intermediates, by-products or accidental splicing errors. Accumulating evidences indicated that circRNAs play a key regulatory role in cell physiological process and human diseases, including cancer via sponging miRNAs or interacting with various proteins. In addition, the annular structure endows circRNAs with inherent stability, which enables them to accumulate in exosomes and exist stably in peripheral body fluids such as plasma and saliva. All these elucidate the potential of circRNAs as markers for diagnosis and therapy of cancers. It has been found that circRNAs not only contribute to development and metastasis of malignances, but also are involved in chemoresistance. Several oncogenic circRNAs have been found to participate in drug resistance of gastric cancer (Table 12). For instance, circAKT3 (hsa_circ_0000199), which is derived from exons 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the AKT3 gene and highly expressed in DDP-resistant gastric cancer cells and tissues, plays a crucial role in DDP resistance of gastric cancer. It has been found that through up-regulating PIK3R1 by sponging miR-198, circAKT3 could confer DDP resistance of gastric cancer cells. Moreover, circAKT3 could promote DNA damage repair and suppress apoptosis of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, increased expression of circAKT3 was an independent risk factor for disease-free survival (DFS) of gastric cancer patients treated with DDP. Similarly, cirRNA hsa_circ_0081143, which is up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues, could also contribute to DDP resistance by regulating the miR-646/CDK6 pathway. Knockdown of hsa_circ_0081143 inhibited tumorigenesis and remarkably sensitized gastric cancer cells to DDP in vivo. In addition, elevated expression of hsa_circ_0081143 is significantly associated with lymph node metastases, advanced TNM stage and worse overall survival (OS) of gastric cancer patients. Through sponging miR-182-5p, a novel circRNA circFN1 (hsa_circ_0058147, deriving from FN1 gene exons 10, 11, and 12) has also been found to promote DDP resistance in gastric cancer. In addition, circRNA circ-PVT1 could facilitate paclitaxel (PTX) resistance of gastric cancer cells via up-regulating ZEB1 mediated by miR-124-3p. Circ MTHFD2, an overexpressed circRNA in pemetrexed (MTA) resistant MGC-803/MTA gastric cancer cells, could enhance the drug resistance of MGC-803/MTA cells by binding to miR-124 and increased protein expression of FDZ5 and MDR-1.

Conclusions and future perspectives

An increasing number of ncRNAs have been identified to be involved in drug resistance of gastric cancer. As shown in Figure 1, the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance-related ncRNAs in gastric cancer are summarized. Treatments targeting these abnormally expressed ncRNAs is a promising approach to reverse drug resistance. Exogenous expression of tumor suppressive ncRNAs or knockdown of oncogenic ncRNAs via small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) have been investigated to be applicable in reversing drug resistance of gastric cancer. Combination of ncRNAs-based therapeutic interventions with traditional chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be a promising option to conquer drug resistance in advanced gastric cancer patients. Whereas, it is still a challenge how to choose crucial target ncRNAs from a large amount of candidate ncRNAs. Future translational studies or clinical trials are warrant to develop ncRNAs-based therapeutics, which may eventually improve prognosis of gastric cancer patients via overcoming drug resistance.

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    Sun J, Bao S, Xu D, Zhang Y, Su J, Liu J, et al. Large-scale integrated analysis of ovarian cancer tumors and cell lines identifies an individualized gene expression signature for predicting response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(9):661.

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    Not in our library10.1016/j.tox.2013.02.014

  87. 87.

    He J, Qi H, Chen F, Cao C. MicroRNA-25 contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells by inhibiting forkhead box O3a. Oncol Lett. 2017;14(5):6097-6102.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2017.6982

  88. 88.

    Zhou X, Su J, Zhu L, Zhang G. Helicobacter pylori modulates cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer by down-regulating miR-141 expression. Helicobacter. 2014;19(3):174-181.

    Not in our library10.1111/hel.12120

  89. 89.

    Zhou X, Jin W, Jia H, Yan J, Zhang G. MiR-223 promotes the cisplatin resistance of human gastric cancer cells via regulating cell cycle by targeting FBXW7. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2015;34:28.

    Not in our library10.1186/s13046-015-0145-6

  90. 90.

    Zhang Y, Xu W, Ni P, Li A, Zhou J, Xu S. MiR-99a and MiR-491 Regulate Cisplatin Resistance in Human Gastric Cancer Cells by Targeting CAPNS1. Int J Biol Sci. 2016;12(12):1437-1447.

    Not in our library10.7150/ijbs.16529

  91. 91.

    Ge X, Liu X, Lin F, Li P, Liu K, Geng R, et al. MicroRNA-421 regulated by HIF-1alpha promotes metastasis, inhibits apoptosis, and induces cisplatin resistance by targeting E-cadherin and caspase-3 in gastric cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(17):24466-24482.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.8228

  92. 92.

    Shao L, Chen Z, Soutto M, Zhu S, Lu H, Romero-Gallo J, et al. Helicobacter pylori-induced miR-135b-5p promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. FASEB J. 2019;33(1):264-274.

    Not in our library10.1096/fj.201701456rr

  93. 93.

    Zhou J, Chen Q. Poor expression of microRNA-135b results in the inhibition of cisplatin resistance and proliferation and induces the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through MST1-mediated MAPK signaling pathway. FASEB J. 2019;33(3):3420-3436.

    Not in our library10.1096/fj.201800618rrr

  94. 94.

    Wang Z, Ji F. Downregulation of microRNA-17-5p inhibits drug resistance of gastric cancer cells partially through targeting p21. Oncol Lett. 2018;15(4):4585-4591.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2018.7822

  95. 95.

    Yan R, Li K, Yuan DW, Wang HN, Zhang Y, Dang CX, et al. Downregulation of microRNA-4295 enhances cisplatin-induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis through the EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by targeting LRIG1. Int J Oncol. 2018;53(6):2566-2578.

    Not in our library10.3892/ijo.2018.4595

  96. 96.

    Li B, Wang L, Li Z, Wang W, Zhi X, Huang X, et al. miR-3174 Contributes to Apoptosis and Autophagic Cell Death Defects in Gastric Cancer Cells by Targeting ARHGAP10. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2017;9:294-311.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.008

  97. 97.
    HIF-1α Induces Multidrug Resistance in Gastric Cancer Cells by Inducing MiR-27a. · 2015
    Not checked
  98. 98.

    Yan LH, Chen ZN, Li L, Chen J, Wei WE, Mo XW, et al. miR-135a promotes gastric cancer progression and resistance to oxaliplatin. Oncotarget. 2016;7(43):70699-70714.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.12208

  99. 99.

    Lu C, Shan Z, Li C, Yang L. MiR-129 regulates cisplatin-resistance in human gastric cancer cells by targeting P-gp. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;86:450-456.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.139

  100. 100.

    Hu J, Fang Y, Cao Y, Qin R, Chen Q. miR-449a Regulates proliferation and chemosensitivity to cisplatin by targeting cyclin D1 and BCL2 in SGC7901 cells. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(2):336-345.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10620-013-2923-3

  101. 101.

    Yang M, Shan X, Zhou X, Qiu T, Zhu W, Ding Y, et al. miR-1271 regulates cisplatin resistance of human gastric cancer cell lines by targeting IGF1R, IRS1, mTOR, and BCL2. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2014;14(6):884-891.

    Not in our library10.2174/1871520614666140528161318

  102. 102.

    Zhuang M, Shi Q, Zhang X, Ding Y, Shan L, Shan X, et al. Involvement of miR-143 in cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer cells via targeting IGF1R and BCL2. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(4):2737-2745.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-014-2898-5

  103. 103.

    Wang T, Ge G, Ding Y, Zhou X, Huang Z, Zhu W, et al. MiR-503 regulates cisplatin resistance of human gastric cancer cell lines by targeting IGF1R and BCL2. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(12):2357-2362.

    Not in our library

  104. 104.
    miR-23b-3p regulates the chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells by targeting ATG12 and HMGB2 · 2015
    No notice
  105. 105.

    Zhao J, Nie Y, Wang H, Lin Y. MiR-181a suppresses autophagy and sensitizes gastric cancer cells to cisplatin. Gene. 2016;576(2 Pt 2):828-833.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.013

  106. 106.

    Du X, Liu B, Luan X, Cui Q, Li L. miR-30 decreases multidrug resistance in human gastric cancer cells by modulating cell autophagy. Exp Ther Med. 2018;15(1):599-605.

    Not in our library10.3892/etm.2017.5354

  107. 107.

    Li B, Wang W, Li Z, Chen Z, Zhi X, Xu J, et al. MicroRNA-148a-3p enhances cisplatin cytotoxicity in gastric cancer through mitochondrial fission induction and cyto-protective autophagy suppression. Cancer Lett. 2017;410:212-227.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.035

  108. 108.

    Chang L, Guo F, Wang Y, Lv Y, Huo B, Wang L, et al. MicroRNA-200c regulates the sensitivity of chemotherapy of gastric cancer SGC7901/DDP cells by directly targeting RhoE. Pathol Oncol Res. 2014;20(1):93-98.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12253-013-9664-7

  109. 109.

    Jiang T, Dong P, Li L, Ma X, Xu P, Zhu H, et al. MicroRNA-200c regulates cisplatin resistance by targeting ZEB2 in human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2017;38(1):151-158.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2017.5659

  110. 110.

    Bao J, Xu Y, Wang Q, Zhang J, Li Z, Li D, et al. miR-101 alleviates chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells by targeting ANXA2. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;92:1030-1037.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.011

  111. 111.

    Li G, Yang F, Gu S, Li Z, Xue M. MicroRNA-101 induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells by targeting VEGF-C. Mol Med Rep. 2016;13(1):572-578.

    Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2015.4560

  112. 112.

    Zhang XL, Shi HJ, Wang JP, Tang HS, Wu YB, Fang ZY, et al. MicroRNA-218 is upregulated in gastric cancer after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and increases chemosensitivity to cisplatin. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(32):11347-11355.

    Not in our library10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11347

  113. 113.

    Zhang Z, Kong Y, Yang W, Ma F, Zhang Y, Ji S, et al. Upregulation of microRNA-34a enhances the DDP sensitivity of gastric cancer cells by modulating proliferation and apoptosis via targeting MET. Oncol Rep. 2016;36(4):2391-2397.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2016.5016

  114. 114.

    Wen L, Cheng F, Zhou Y, Yin C. MiR-26a enhances the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to cisplatin by targeting NRAS and E2F2. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(5):313-319.

    Not in our library10.4103/1319-3767.166206

  115. 115.

    Li X, Liang J, Liu YX, Wang Y, Yang XH, Luan BH, et al. miR-149 reverses cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer SGC7901/DDP cells by targeting FoxM1. Pharmazie. 2016;71(11):640-643.

    Not in our library10.1691/ph.2016.6696

  116. 116.

    Wang J, Xue X, Hong H, Qin M, Zhou J, Sun Q, et al. Upregulation of microRNA-524-5p enhances the cisplatin sensitivity of gastric cancer cells by modulating proliferation and metastasis via targeting SOX9. Oncotarget. 2017;8(1):574-582.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.13479

  117. 117.

    Wei X, Gao M, Ahmed Y, Gao M, Liu W, Zhang Y, et al. MicroRNA-362-5p enhances the cisplatin sensitivity of gastric cancer cells by targeting suppressor of zeste 12 protein. Oncol Lett. 2019;18(2):1607-1616.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2019.10496

  118. 118.

    Gu J, Li X, Li H, Jin Z, Jin J. MicroRNA-198 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by directly suppressing FGFR1 in gastric cancer. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(6):BSR20181258.

    Not in our library10.1042/bsr20181258

  119. 119.

    Wang M, Zhang R, Zhang S, Xu R, Yang Q. MicroRNA-574-3p regulates epithelial mesenchymal transition and cisplatin resistance via targeting ZEB1 in human gastric carcinoma cells. Gene. 2019;700:110-119.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.043

  120. 120.

    Peng C, Huang K, Liu G, Li Y, Yu C. MiR-876-3p regulates cisplatin resistance and stem cell-like properties of gastric cancer cells by targeting TMED3. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34:1711.

    Not in our library10.1111/jgh.14649

  121. 121.

    Huang H, Tang J, Zhang L, Bu Y, Zhang X. miR-874 regulates multiple-drug resistance in gastric cancer by targeting ATG16L1. Int J Oncol. 2018;53(6):2769-2779.

    Not in our library10.3892/ijo.2018.4593

  122. 122.

    Han X, Zhang JJ, Han ZQ, Zhang HB, Wang ZA. Let-7b attenuates cisplatin resistance and tumor growth in gastric cancer by targeting AURKB. Cancer Gene Ther. 2018;25(11-12):300-308.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41417-018-0048-8

  123. 123.

    Song AL, Zhao L, Wang YW, He DQ, Li YM. Chemoresistance in gastric cancer is attributed to the overexpression of excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1) caused by microRNA-122 dysregulation. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(12):22485-22492.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcp.28812

  124. 124.

    Xie X, Huang N, Zhang Y, Wei X, Gao M, Li M, et al. MiR-192-5p reverses cisplatin resistance by targeting ERCC3 and ERCC4 in SGC7901/DDP cells. J Cancer. 2019;10(4):1039-1051.

    Not in our library10.7150/jca.25814

  125. 125.

    Longley DB, Harkin DP, Johnston PG. 5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(5):330-338.

    Not in our library10.1038/nrc1074

  126. 126.

    Noordhuis P, Holwerda U, Van der Wilt CL, Van Groeningen CJ, Smid K, Meijer S, et al. 5-Fluorouracil incorporation into RNA and DNA in relation to thymidylate synthase inhibition of human colorectal cancers. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(7):1025-1032.

    Not in our library10.1093/annonc/mdh264

  127. 127.

    Jian B, Li Z, Xiao D, He G, Bai L, Yang Q. Downregulation of microRNA-193-3p inhibits tumor proliferation migration and chemoresistance in human gastric cancer by regulating PTEN gene. Tumour Biol. 2016;37(7):8941-8949.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-015-4727-x

  128. 128.

    Shen J, Niu W, Zhang H, Jun M, Zhang H. Downregulation of MicroRNA-147 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Increases the Chemosensitivity of Gastric Cancer Cells to 5-Fluorouracil by Directly Targeting PTEN. Oncol Res. 2018;26(6):901-911.

    Not in our library10.3727/096504017x15061902533715

  129. 129.

    Wu DM, Hong XW, Wang LL, Cui XF, Lu J, Chen GQ, et al. MicroRNA-17 inhibition overcomes chemoresistance and suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition through a DEDD-dependent mechanism in gastric cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2018;102:59-70.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biocel.2018.06.007

  130. 130.

    Zhu P, Zhang J, Zhu J, Shi J, Zhu Q, Gao Y. MiR-429 Induces Gastric Carcinoma Cell Apoptosis Through Bcl-2. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;37(4):1572-1580.

    Not in our library10.1159/000438524

  131. 131.

    Korourian A, Roudi R, Shariftabrizi A, Madjd Z. MicroRNA-31 inhibits RhoA-mediated tumor invasion and chemotherapy resistance in MKN-45 gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2017;242(18):1842-1847.

    Not in our library10.1177/1535370217728460

  132. 132.

    Sun KK, Shen XJ, Yang D, Gan MQ, Liu G, Zhang YF, et al. MicroRNA-31 triggers G2/M cell cycle arrest, enhances the chemosensitivity and inhibits migration and invasion of human gastric cancer cells by downregulating the expression of zeste homolog 2 (ZH2). Arch Biochem Biophys. 2019;663:269-275.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.023

  133. 133.

    Korourian A, Madjd Z, Roudi R, Shariftabrizi A, Soleimani M. Induction of miR-31 causes increased sensitivity to 5-FU and decreased migration and cell invasion in gastric adenocarcinoma. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2019;120(1):35-39.

    Not in our library10.4149/bll_2019_005

  134. 134.

    Xiong HL, Zhou SW, Sun AH, He Y, Li J, Yuan X. MicroRNA197 reverses the drug resistance of fluorouracilinduced SGC7901 cells by targeting mitogenactivated protein kinase 1. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(4):5019-5025.

    Not in our library10.3892/mmr.2015.4052

  135. 135.

    Choi H, Lee SK. TAX1BP1 downregulation by EBV-miR-BART15-3p enhances chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU. Arch Virol. 2017;162(2):369-377.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00705-016-3109-z

  136. 136.

    Nie H, Mu J, Wang J, Li Y. miR1955p regulates multidrug resistance of gastric cancer cells via targeting ZNF139. Oncol Rep. 2018;40(3):1370-1378.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2018.6524

  137. 137.

    Li LQ, Pan D, Chen Q, Zhang SW, Xie DY, Zheng XL, et al. Sensitization of Gastric Cancer Cells to 5-FU by MicroRNA-204 Through Targeting the TGFBR2-Mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;47(4):1533-1545.

    Not in our library10.1159/000490871

  138. 138.

    Jiang L, Yang W, Bian W, Yang H, Wu X, Li Y, et al. MicroRNA-623 Targets Cyclin D1 to Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Enhance the Chemosensitivity of Cells to 5-Fluorouracil in Gastric Cancer. Oncol Res. 2018;27(1):19-27.

    Not in our library10.3727/096504018x15193469240508

  139. 139.

    Zhang JX, Xu Y, Gao Y, Chen C, Zheng ZS, Yun M, et al. Decreased expression of miR-939 contributes to chemoresistance and metastasis of gastric cancer via dysregulation of SLC34A2 and Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Mol Cancer. 2017;16(1):18.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12943-017-0586-y

  140. 140.

    Xie L, Zhang Z, Tan Z, He R, Zeng X, Xie Y, et al. MicroRNA-124 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by directly repressing EZH2 in gastric cancer. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014;392(1-2):153-159.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11010-014-2028-0

  141. 141.

    Cao W, Wei W, Zhan Z, Xie D, Xie Y, Xiao Q. Regulation of drug resistance and metastasis of gastric cancer cells via the microRNA647-ANK2 axis. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41(4):1958-1966.

    Not in our library10.3892/ijmm.2018.3381

  142. 142.

    Cao W, Wei W, Zhan Z, Xie Y, Xiao Q. MiR-1284 modulates multidrug resistance of gastric cancer cells by targeting EIF4A1. Oncol Rep. 2016;35(5):2583-2591.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2016.4643

  143. 143.

    Jin B, Liu Y, Wang H. Antagonism of miRNA-21 Sensitizes Human Gastric Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015;72(1):275-282.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12013-014-0450-2

  144. 144.

    Liu X, Ru J, Zhang J, Zhu LH, Liu M, Li X, et al. miR-23a targets interferon regulatory factor 1 and modulates cellular proliferation and paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e64707.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0064707

  145. 145.

    Shen B, Yu S, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Li X, Zhong J, et al. miR-590-5p regulates gastric cancer cell growth and chemosensitivity through RECK and the AKT/ERK pathway. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:6009-6019.

    Not in our library10.2147/ott.s110923

  146. 146.

    Wang M, Qiu R, Yu S, Xu X, Li G, Gu R, et al. Paclitaxelresistant gastric cancer MGC803 cells promote epithelialtomesenchymal transition and chemoresistance in paclitaxelsensitive cells via exosomal delivery of miR1555p. Int J Oncol. 2019;54(1):326-338.

    Not in our library10.3892/ijo.2018.4601

  147. 147.

    Wu H, Huang M, Lu M, Zhu W, Shu Y, Cao P, et al. Regulation of microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) by miR-34c-5p determines the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer to paclitaxel. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2013;71(5):1159-1171.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00280-013-2108-y

  148. 148.

    Li L, Wu C, Zhao Y. miRNA-34a enhances the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to treatment with paclitaxel by targeting E2F5. Oncol Lett. 2017;13(6):4837-4842.

    Not in our library10.3892/ol.2017.6041

  149. 149.

    Zou Z, Zou R, Zong D, Shi Y, Chen J, Huang J, et al. miR-495 sensitizes MDR cancer cells to the combination of doxorubicin and taxol by inhibiting MDR1 expression. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21(9):1929-1943.

    Not in our library10.1111/jcmm.13114

  150. 150.

    Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, Chung HC, Shen L, Sawaki A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9742):687-697.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61121-x

  151. 151.

    Fuchs CS, Tomasek J, Yong CJ, Dumitru F, Passalacqua R, Goswami C, et al. Ramucirumab monotherapy for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (REGARD): an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9911):31-39.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61719-5

  152. 152.

    Wilke H, Muro K, Van Cutsem E, Oh SC, Bodoky G, Shimada Y, et al. Ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (RAINBOW): a double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(11):1224-1235.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70420-6

  153. 153.

    Kang YK, Boku N, Satoh T, Ryu MH, Chao Y, Kato K, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2461-2471.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31827-5

  154. 154.

    Eto K, Iwatsuki M, Watanabe M, Ida S, Ishimoto T, Iwagami S, et al. The microRNA-21/PTEN pathway regulates the sensitivity of HER2-positive gastric cancer cells to trastuzumab. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(1):343-350.

    Not in our library10.1245/s10434-013-3325-7

  155. 155.

    Sui M, Jiao A, Zhai H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun D, et al. Upregulation of miR-125b is associated with poor prognosis and trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive gastric cancer. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14(1):657-663.

    Not in our library10.3892/etm.2017.4548

  156. 156.

    Eto K, Iwatsuki M, Watanabe M, Ishimoto T, Ida S, Imamura Y, et al. The sensitivity of gastric cancer to trastuzumab is regulated by the miR-223/FBXW7 pathway. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(7):1537-1545.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.29168

  157. 157.

    Zhou X, Men X, Zhao R, Han J, Fan Z, Wang Y, et al. miR-200c inhibits TGF-beta-induced-EMT to restore trastuzumab sensitivity by targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2 in gastric cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. 2018;25(3-4):68-76.

    Not in our library10.1038/s41417-017-0005-y

  158. 158.

    Venturutti L, Cordo Russo RI, Rivas MA, Mercogliano MF, Izzo F, Oakley RH, et al. MiR-16 mediates trastuzumab and lapatinib response in ErbB-2-positive breast and gastric cancer via its novel targets CCNJ and FUBP1. Oncogene. 2016;35(48):6189-6202.

    Not in our library10.1038/onc.2016.151

  159. 159.

    Yu Y, Yu X, Liu H, Song Q, Yang Y. miR494 inhibits cancerinitiating cell phenotypes and reverses resistance to lapatinib by downregulating FGFR2 in HER2positive gastric cancer. Int J Mol Med. 2018;42(2):998-1007.

    Not in our library10.3892/ijmm.2018.3680

  160. 160.

    Fan B, Shen C, Wu M, Zhao J, Guo Q, Luo Y. miR-17-92 cluster is connected with disease progression and oxaliplatin/capecitabine chemotherapy efficacy in advanced gastric cancer patients: A preliminary study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(35):e12007.

    Not in our library10.1097/md.0000000000012007

  161. 161.

    Li H, Ma X, Yang D, Suo Z, Dai R, Liu C. PCAT-1 contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer through epigenetically silencing PTEN via recruiting EZH2. J Cell Biochem. 2020;121(2):1353-1361.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcb.29370

  162. 162.

    Guo Y, Yue P, Wang Y, Chen G, Li Y. PCAT-1 contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer through miR-128/ZEB1 axis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;118:109255.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109255

  163. 163.

    Xu YD, Shang J, Li M, Zhang YY. LncRNA DANCR accelerates the development of multidrug resistance of gastric cancer. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(7):2794-2802.

    Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201904_17554

  164. 164.

    Li M, Zhang YY, Shang J, Xu YD. LncRNA SNHG5 promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer via inhibiting cell apoptosis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(10):4185-4191.

    Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201905_17921

  165. 165.

    Zhang X, Bo P, Liu L, Zhang X, Li J. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA GHET1 promotes the development of multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;92:580-585.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.111

  166. 166.

    Hang Q, Sun R, Jiang C, Li Y. Notch 1 promotes cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer formation by upregulating lncRNA AK022798 expression. Anticancer Drugs. 2015;26(6):632-640.

    Not in our library10.1097/cad.0000000000000227

  167. 167.

    Lan WG, Xu DH, Xu C, Ding CL, Ning FL, Zhou YL, et al. Silencing of long non-coding RNA ANRIL inhibits the development of multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2016;36(1):263-270.

    Not in our library10.3892/or.2016.4771

  168. 168.

    Fang Q, Chen X, Zhi X. Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) Urothelial Carcinoma Associated 1 (UCA1) Increases Multi-Drug Resistance of Gastric Cancer via Downregulating miR-27b. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:3506-3513.

    Not in our library10.12659/msm.900688

  169. 169.

    Zhang Y, Song X, Wang X, Hu J, Jiang L. Silencing of LncRNA HULC Enhances Chemotherapy Induced Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer. J Med Biochem. 2016;35(2):137-143.

    Not in our library10.1515/jomb-2015-0016

  170. 170.

    Yan Jin, Dang Yini, Liu Shiyu, Zhang Yifeng, Zhang Guoxin. LncRNA HOTAIR promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by targeting miR-126 to activate the PI3K/AKT/MRP1 genes. Tumor Biology. 2016;37(12):16345-16355.

    Not in our library10.1007/s13277-016-5448-5

  171. 171.

    Cheng C, Qin Y, Zhi Q, Wang J, Qin C. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR inhibits cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer cells through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways by up-regulating miR-34a. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;107(Pt B):2620-2629.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.154

  172. 172.

    Zeng L, Liao Q, Zou Z, Wen Y, Wang J, Liu C, et al. Long Non-Coding RNA XLOC_006753 Promotes the Development of Multidrug Resistance in Gastric Cancer Cells Through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;51(3):1221-1236.

    Not in our library10.1159/000495499

  173. 173.

    Xu W, He L, Li Y, Tan Y, Zhang F, Xu H. Silencing of lncRNA ZFAS1 inhibits malignancies by blocking Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in gastric cancer cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2018;82(3):456-465.

    Not in our library10.1080/09168451.2018.1431518

  174. 174.

    Wang L, Chunyan Q, Zhou Y, He Q, Ma Y, Ga Y, et al. BCAR4 increase cisplatin resistance and predicted poor survival in gastric cancer patients. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21(18):4064-4070.

    Not in our library

  175. 175.
    Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates autophagy associated chemoresistance via miR-23b-3p sequestration in gastric cancer · 2017
    No notice
  176. 176.

    Zhang XW, Bu P, Liu L, Zhang XZ, Li J. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA PVT1 in gastric cancer cells promotes the development of multidrug resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;462(3):227-232.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.121

  177. 177.

    Ding J, Li D, Gong M, Wang J, Huang X, Wu T, et al. Expression and clinical significance of the long non-coding RNA PVT1 in human gastric cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2014;7:1625-1630.

    Not in our library10.2147/ott.s68854

  178. 178.

    Du P, Hu C, Qin Y, Zhao J, Patel R, Fu Y, et al. LncRNA PVT1 Mediates Antiapoptosis and 5-Fluorouracil Resistance via Increasing Bcl2 Expression in Gastric Cancer. J Oncol. 2019;2019:9325407.

    Not in our library10.1155/2019/9325407

  179. 179.

    Wu X, Zheng Y, Han B, Dong X. Long noncoding RNA BLACAT1 modulates ABCB1 to promote oxaliplatin resistance of gastric cancer via sponging miR-361. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;99:832-838.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.130

  180. 180.

    Li Y, Lv S, Ning H, Li K, Zhou X, Xv H, et al. Down-regulation of CASC2 contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by sponging miR-19a. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108:1775-1782.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.181

  181. 181.

    Wang Z, Wang Q, Xu G, Meng N, Huang X, Jiang Z, et al. The long noncoding RNA CRAL reverses cisplatin resistance via the miR-505/CYLD/AKT axis in human gastric cancer cells. RNA Biol. 2020:1–14. In press.

    Not in our library10.1080/15476286.2019.1709296

  182. 182.

    Wang H, Qin R, Guan A, Yao Y, Huang Y, Jia H, et al. HOTAIR enhanced paclitaxel and doxorubicin resistance in gastric cancer cells partly through inhibiting miR-217 expression. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119(9):7226-7234.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcb.26901

  183. 183.

    Shang C, Sun L, Zhang J, Zhao B, Chen X, Xu H, et al. Silence of cancer susceptibility candidate 9 inhibits gastric cancer and reverses chemoresistance. Oncotarget. 2017;8(9):15393-15398.

    Not in our library10.18632/oncotarget.14871

  184. 184.

    Wang Y, Zhang D, Wu K, Zhao Q, Nie Y, Fan D. Long noncoding RNA MRUL promotes ABCB1 expression in multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cell sublines. Mol Cell Biol. 2014;34(17):3182-3193.

    Not in our library10.1128/mcb.01580-13

  185. 185.

    Shang C, Guo Y, Zhang J, Huang B. Silence of long noncoding RNA UCA1 inhibits malignant proliferation and chemotherapy resistance to adriamycin in gastric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016;77(5):1061-1067.

    Not in our library10.1007/s00280-016-3029-3

  186. 186.

    Zhou Z, Lin Z, He Y, Pang X, Wang Y, Ponnusamy M, et al. The Long Noncoding RNA D63785 Regulates Chemotherapy Sensitivity in Human Gastric Cancer by Targeting miR-422a. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2018;12:405-419.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.omtn.2018.05.024

  187. 187.

    Zhang J, Zhao B, Chen X, Wang Z, Xu H, Huang B. Silence of Long Noncoding RNA NEAT1 Inhibits Malignant Biological Behaviors and Chemotherapy Resistance in Gastric Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res. 2018;24(1):109-113.

    Not in our library10.1007/s12253-017-0233-3

  188. 188.

    Wang S, Chen W, Yu H, Song Z, Li Q, Shen X, et al. lncRNA ROR Promotes Gastric Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancer Control. 2020;27(1):1073274820904694.

    Not in our library10.1177/1073274820904694

  189. 189.

    Han Y, Ye J, Wu D, Wu P, Chen Z, Chen J, et al. LEIGC long non-coding RNA acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric carcinoma by inhibiting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:932.

    Not in our library10.1186/1471-2407-14-932

  190. 190.

    Liu WG, Xu Q. Upregulation of circHIPK3 promotes the progression of gastric cancer via Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and indicates a poor prognosis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(18):7905-7912.

    Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201909_19004

  191. 191.

    Shen Z, Zhou L, Zhang C, Xu J. Reduction of circular RNA Foxo3 promotes prostate cancer progression and chemoresistance to docetaxel. Cancer Lett. 2019;468:88.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.006

  192. 192.

    Sun Y, Li X, Chen A, Shi W, Wang L, Yi R, et al. circPIP5K1A serves as a competitive endogenous RNA contributing to ovarian cancer progression via regulation of miR-661/IGFBP5 signaling. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:19406.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcb.29055

  193. 193.

    Yu Jian, Ding Wen‐bing, Wang Meng‐chao, Guo Xing‐gang, Xu Jian, Xu Qing‐guo, Yang Yuan, Sun Shu‐han, Liu Jing‐feng, Qin Lun‐xiu, Liu Hui, Yang Fu, Zhou Wei‐ping. Plasma circular RNA panel to diagnose hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma: A large‐scale, multicenter study. International Journal of Cancer. 2019;146(6):1754-1763.

    Not in our library10.1002/ijc.32647

  194. 194.

    Zhao SY, Wang J, Ouyang SB, Huang ZK, Liao L. Salivary Circular RNAs Hsa_Circ_0001874 and Hsa_Circ_0001971 as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;47(6):2511-2521.

    Not in our library10.1159/000491624

  195. 195.

    Liu YT, Han XH, Xing PY, Hu XS, Hao XZ, Wang Y, et al. Circular RNA profiling identified as a biomarker for predicting the efficacy of Gefitinib therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(5):1779-1787.

    Not in our library10.21037/jtd.2019.05.22

  196. 196.

    Shao F, Huang M, Meng F, Huang Q. Circular RNA Signature Predicts Gemcitabine Resistance of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:584.

    Not in our library10.3389/fphar.2018.00584

  197. 197.

    Kun-Peng Z, Xiao-Long M, Lei Z, Chun-Lin Z, Jian-Ping H, Tai-Cheng Z. Screening circular RNA related to chemotherapeutic resistance in osteosarcoma by RNA sequencing. Epigenomics. 2018;10(10):1327-1346.

    Not in our library10.2217/epi-2018-0023

  198. 198.

    Yu W, Peng W, Sha H, Li J. Hsa_circ_0003998 Promotes Chemoresistance via Modulation of miR-326 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Oncol Res. 2019;27(5):623-628.

    Not in our library10.3727/096504018x15420734828058

  199. 199.

    Shang J, Chen WM, Wang ZH, Wei TN, Chen ZZ, Wu WB. CircPAN3 mediates drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia through the miR-153-5p/miR-183-5p-XIAP axis. Exp Hematol. 2019;70:42-54.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.exphem.2018.10.011

  200. 200.
    Circular RNA AKT3 upregulates PIK3R1 to enhance cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer via miR-198 suppression · 2019
    No notice
  201. 201.

    Xue M, Li G, Fang X, Wang L, Jin Y, Zhou Q. hsa_circ_0081143 promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by targeting miR-646/CDK6 pathway. Cancer Cell Int. 2019;19:25.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12935-019-0737-x

  202. 202.

    Huang XX, Zhang Q, Hu H, Jin Y, Zeng AL, Xia YB, et al. A novel circular RNA circFN1 enhances cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer via sponging miR-182-5p. J Cell Biochem. 2020. In press.

    Not in our library10.1002/jcb.29641

  203. 203.

    Xu QY, Xie MJ, Huang J, Wang ZW. Effect of circ MTHFD2 on resistance to pemetrexed in gastric cancer through regulating expression of miR-124. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(23):10290-10299.

    Not in our library10.26355/eurrev_201912_19667

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