Skip to content
naulon
Get started

No retraction, correction or concern found when last checked on Oct 25, 2026.

What improves access to primary healthcare services in rural communities? A systematic review

Zemichael Gizaw, Tigist Astale, Getnet Mitike Kassie

BMC Primary Care · 2022 · Systematic review · CC BY

doi:10.1186/s12875-022-01919-0

Abstract

Background. To compile key strategies from the international experiences to improve access to primary healthcare (PHC) services in rural communities. Different innovative approaches have been practiced in different parts of the world to improve access to essential healthcare services in rural communities. Systematically collecting and combining best experiences all over the world is important to suggest effective strategies to improve access to healthcare in developing countries. Accordingly, this systematic review of literature was undertaken to identify key approaches from international experiences to enhance access to PHC services in rural communities.

Methods. All published and unpublished qualitative and/or mixed method studies conducted to improvement access to PHC services were searched from MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO Global Health Library, and Google Scholar. Articles published other than English language, citations with no abstracts and/or full texts, and duplicate studies were excluded. We included all articles available in different electronic databases regardless of their publication years. We assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018 to minimize the risk of bias. Data were extracted using JBI mixed methods data extraction form. Data were qualitatively analyzed using emergent thematic analysis approach to identify key concepts and coded them into related non-mutually exclusive themes.

Results. Our analysis of 110 full-text articles resulted in ten key strategies to improve access to PHC services. Community health programs or community-directed interventions, school-based healthcare services, student-led healthcare services, outreach services or mobile clinics, family health program, empanelment, community health funding schemes, telemedicine, working with traditional healers, working with non-profit private sectors and non-governmental organizations including faith-based organizations are the key strategies identified from international experiences.

Conclusion. This review identified key strategies from international experiences to improve access to PHC services in rural communities. These strategies can play roles in achieving universal health coverage and reducing disparities in health outcomes among rural communities and enabling them to get healthcare when and where they want.

Supplementary Information. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12875-022-01919-0.

References 168

  1. 1.

    Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing. Blood. 1998;92(9):3007-3017.

    Not in our library

  2. 2.

    Kirby M. The right to health fifty years on: Still skeptical? Health Hum Rights. 1999;4(1):6-25.

    Not in our library

  3. 3.

    O’Connell T, Rasanathan K, Chopra M. What does universal health coverage mean? The Lancet. 2014;383(9913):277–9.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60955-1

  4. 4.

    White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Med Princ Pract. 2015;24(2):103-116.

    Not in our library10.1159/000370197

  5. 5.

    Sanders D, Nandi S, Labonté R, Vance C, Van Damme W. From primary health care to universal health coverage—one step forward and two steps back. The Lancet. 2019;394(10199):619-621.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31831-8

  6. 6.

    Brezzi M, Luongo P. Regional Disparities In Access To Health Care. 2016.

    Not in our library

  7. 7.

    Hartley D. Rural health disparities, population health, and rural culture. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(10):1675-1678.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.94.10.1675

  8. 8.

    Walraven G. The 2018 Astana declaration on primary health care, is it useful? J Glob Health. 2019;9(1).

    Not in our library10.7189/jogh.09.010313

  9. 9.

    Gillam S. Is the declaration of Alma Ata still relevant to primary health care? BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2008;336(7643):536-538.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.39469.432118.ad

  10. 10.

    Tollman S, Doherty J, Mulligan JA. General Primary Care. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Washington: World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Group; 2006. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11789/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK11789.pdf.

    Not in our library

  11. 11.

    Stern C, Jordan Z, McArthur A. Developing the review question and inclusion criteria. AJN The Am J Nurs. 2014;114(4):53-56.

    Not in our library10.1097/01.naj.0000445689.67800.86

  12. 12.

    World Health Organization. losing the gap in a generation. Commission on Social Determinants of Health FINAL REPORT. 2008. Available at https://www.who.int/social_determinants/final_report/csdh_finalreport_2008.pdf. Accessed on 22 March 2022.

    Not in our library

  13. 13.

    Hong QN, Pluye P, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M, Dagenais P, GagnonM-P GF, Nicolau B, O’Cathain A. Mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT), version 2018. Canada: IC Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Industry; 2018. Available at https://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublicpbworks.com/w/file/fetch/127916259/MMAT_2018_criteria-manual_2018-08-01_ENG.pdf.

    Not in our library

  14. 14.

    JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Appendix 8.1 JBI Mixed Methods Data Extraction Form following a Convergent Integrated Approach. Available at https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/3318284375/Appendix+8.1+JBI+Mixed+Methods+Data+Extraction+Form+following+a+Convergent+Integrated+Approach. Accessed on 12 August 2021.

    Not in our library

  15. 15.
    Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement · 2009
    No notice
  16. 16.
    Community health extension program of Ethiopia, 2003–2018: successes and challenges toward universal coverage for primary healthcare services · 2019
    No notice
  17. 17.

    Admassie A, Abebaw D, Woldemichael AD. Impact evaluation of the Ethiopian health services extension programme. J Dev Eff. 2009;1(4):430-449.

    Not in our library

  18. 18.

    Yitayal M, Berhane Y, Worku A, Kebede Y. The community-based Health extension Program significantly improved contraceptive utilization in West gojjam Zone, ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2014;7:201.

    Not in our library10.2147/jmdh.s62294

  19. 19.

    Croke K, Mengistu AT, O’Connell SD, Tafere K. The impact of a health facility construction campaign on health service utilisation and outcomes: analysis of spatially linked survey and facility location data in Ethiopia. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(8):e002430.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002430

  20. 20.

    Arwal S. Health Posts in Afghanistan. J Gen Practice. 2015;3(213):2.

    Not in our library

  21. 21.
    Is the role of Health Extension Workers in the delivery of maternal and child health care services a significant attribute? The case of Dale district, southern Ethiopia · 2017
    Not checked
  22. 22.

    Than KK, Mohamed Y, Oliver V, Myint T, La T, Beeson JG, Luchters S. Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage by community-based auxiliary midwives in hard-to-reach areas of Myanmar: a qualitative inquiry into acceptability and feasibility of task shifting. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):1-10.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12884-017-1324-6

  23. 23.
    The role of health extension workers in improving utilization of maternal health services in rural areas in Ethiopia: a cross sectional study · 2012
    No notice
  24. 24.

    Sakeah E, McCloskey L, Bernstein J, Yeboah-Antwi K, Mills S, Doctor HV. Can community health officer-midwives effectively integrate skilled birth attendance in the community-based health planning and services program in rural Ghana? Reprod Health. 2014;11(1):1-13.

    Not in our library10.1186/1742-4755-11-90

  25. 25.

    Sarmento DR. Traditional birth attendance (TBA) in a health system: what are the roles, benefits and challenges: a case study of incorporated TBA in Timor-Leste. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2014;13(1):1-9.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12930-014-0012-1

  26. 26.

    Rahmawati R, Bajorek B. Peer Reviewed: A Community Health Worker-Based Program for Elderly People with Hypertension in Indonesia: A Qualitative Study, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E175.

    Not in our library10.5888/pcd12.140530

  27. 27.

    Feltner FJ, Ely GE, Whitler ET, Gross D, Dignan M. Effectiveness of community health workers in providing outreach and education for colorectal cancer screening in Appalachian Kentucky. Soc Work Health Care. 2012;51(5):430-440.

    Not in our library10.1080/00981389.2012.657296

  28. 28.

    Hughes MM, Yang E, Ramanathan D, Benjamins MR. Community-based diabetes community health worker intervention in an underserved Chicago population. J Community Health. 2016;41(6):1249-1256.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10900-016-0212-8

  29. 29.

    Panday S, Bissell P, Van Teijlingen E, Simkhada P. The contribution of female community health volunteers (FCHVs) to maternity care in Nepal: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1-11.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12913-017-2567-7

  30. 30.
    Health Extension Workers Improve Tuberculosis Case Detection and Treatment Success in Southern Ethiopia: A Community Randomized Trial · 2009
    No notice
  31. 31.

    le Roux KW, Almirol E, Rezvan PH, Le Roux IM, Mbewu N, Dippenaar E, Stansert-Katzen L, Baker V, Tomlinson M, Rotheram-Borus M. Community health workers impact on maternal and child health outcomes in rural South Africa–a non-randomized two-group comparison study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1-14.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12889-020-09468-w

  32. 32.

    Witmer A, Seifer SD, Finocchio L, Leslie J, O’Neil EH. Community health workers: integral members of the health care work force. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(8 Pt 1):1055–8.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.85.8_pt_1.1055

  33. 33.

    Wright RA. Community-oriented primary care. The cornerstone of health care reform. Jama. 1993;269(19):2544-2547.

    Not in our library

  34. 34.

    Makaula P, Bloch P, Banda HT, Mbera GB, Mangani C, de Sousa A, Nkhono E, Jemu S, Muula AS. Primary Health Care in rural Malawi - a qualitative assessment exploring the relevance of the community-directed interventions approach. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:328.

    Not in our library10.1186/1472-6963-12-328

  35. 35.

    Katabarwa MN, Habomugisha P, Richards FO Jr, Hopkins D. Community-directed interventions strategy enhances efficient and effective integration of health care delivery and development activities in rural disadvantaged communities of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health: TM & IH. 2005;10(4):312–21.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01396.x

  36. 36.

    Madon S, Malecela MN, Mashoto K, Donohue R, Mubyazi G, Michael E. The role of community participation for sustainable integrated neglected tropical diseases and water, sanitation and hygiene intervention programs: A pilot project in Tanzania. Soc Sci Med. 1982;2018(202):28-37.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.016

  37. 37.

    Okeibunor JC, Orji BC, Brieger W, Ishola G, Otolorin E, Rawlins B, Ndekhedehe EU, Onyeneho N, Fink G. Preventing malaria in pregnancy through community-directed interventions: evidence from Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Malaria J. 2011;10:227.

    Not in our library10.1186/1475-2875-10-227

  38. 38.

    Brieger WR, Sommerfeld JU, Amazigo UV. The Potential for Community-Directed Interventions: Reaching Underserved Populations in Africa. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2015;35(4):295-316.

    Not in our library10.1177/0272684x15592757

  39. 39.

    Braimah JA, Sano Y, Atuoye KN, Luginaah I. Access to primary health care among women: the role of Ghana’s community-based health planning and services policy. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2019;20:e82.

    Not in our library10.1017/s1463423619000185

  40. 40.

    Kaplan DW, Brindis CD, Phibbs SL, Melinkovich P, Naylor K, Ahlstrand K. A comparison study of an elementary school–based health center: effects on health care access and use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(3):235-243.

    Not in our library10.1001/archpedi.153.3.235

  41. 41.

    Allison MA, Crane LA, Beaty BL, Davidson AJ, Melinkovich P, Kempe A. School-based health centers: improving access and quality of care for low-income adolescents. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):e887-e894.

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.2006-2314

  42. 42.

    Keeton V, Soleimanpour S, Brindis CD. School-based health centers in an era of health care reform: Building on history. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2012;42(6):132-156.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cppeds.2012.03.002

  43. 43.

    Brindis CD, Klein J, Schlitt J, Santelli J, Juszczak L, Nystrom RJ. School-based health centers: Accessibility and accountability. J Adolesc Health. 2003;32(6):98-107.

    Not in our library10.1016/s1054-139x(03)00069-7

  44. 44.

    Hutchinson P, Carton TW, Broussard M, Brown L, Chrestman S. Improving adolescent health through school-based health centers in post-Katrina New Orleans. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2012;34(2):360-368.

    Not in our library

  45. 45.

    Paschall MJ, Bersamin M. School-based health centers, depression, and suicide risk among adolescents. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(1):44-50.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.amepre.2017.08.022

  46. 46.

    Minguez M, Santelli JS, Gibson E, Orr M, Samant S. Reproductive health impact of a school health center. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(3):338-344.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.269

  47. 47.

    Gibson EJ, Santelli JS, Minguez M, Lord A, Schuyler AC. Measuring school health center impact on access to and quality of primary care. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(6):699-705.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.021

  48. 48.

    Bozigar M. A Cross-Sectional Survey to Evaluate Potential for Partnering With School Nurses to Promote Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020;17:E111.

    Not in our library10.5888/pcd17.190451

  49. 49.

    Suen J, Attrill S, Thomas JM, Smale M, Delaney CL, Miller MD. Effect of student-led health interventions on patient outcomes for those with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1):1-10.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12872-020-01602-1

  50. 50.

    Atuyambe LM, Baingana RK, Kibira SP, Katahoire A, Okello E, Mafigiri DK, Ayebare F, Oboke H, Acio C, Muggaga K. Undergraduate students’ contributions to health service delivery through communitybased education. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16:123.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12909-016-0626-0

  51. 51.

    Stuhlmiller CM, Tolchard B. Developing a student-led health and wellbeing clinic in an underserved community: collaborative learning, health outcomes and cost savings. BMC Nurs. 2015;14(1):1-8.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12912-015-0083-9

  52. 52.

    Campbell DJ, Gibson K, O’Neill BG, Thurston WE. The role of a student-run clinic in providing primary care for Calgary’s homeless populations: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(1):1-6.

    Not in our library10.1186/1472-6963-13-277

  53. 53.

    Simpson SA, Long JA. Medical student-run health clinics: important contributors to patient care and medical education. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(3):352-356.

    Not in our library10.1007/s11606-006-0073-4

  54. 54.

    Gruen RL, O’Rourke IC, Bailie RS, d’Abbs PH, O’Brien MM, Verma N. Improving access to specialist care for remote Aboriginal communities: evaluation of a specialist outreach service. Med J Aust. 2001;174(10):507–11.

    Not in our library10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143400.x

  55. 55.

    Gruen RL, Weeramanthri T, Bailie R. Outreach and improved access to specialist services for indigenous people in remote Australia: the requirements for sustainability. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(7):517-521.

    Not in our library10.1136/jech.56.7.517

  56. 56.

    Gruen RL, Bailie RS, Wang Z, Heard S, O’Rourke IC. Specialist outreach to isolated and disadvantaged communities: a population-based study. The Lancet. 2006;368(9530):130–8.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68812-0

  57. 57.

    Bond M, Bowling A, Abery A, McClay M, Dickinson E. Evaluation of outreach clinics held by specialists in general practice in England. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(2):149-156.

    Not in our library10.1136/jech.54.2.149

  58. 58.

    Irani M, Dixon M, Dean JD. Care closer to home: past mistakes, future opportunities. J R Soc Med. 2007;100(2):75-77.

    Not in our library10.1258/jrsm.100.2.75

  59. 59.

    Bailey JJ, Black ME, Wilkin D. Specialist outreach clinics in general practice. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 1994;308(6936):1083-1086.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.308.6936.1083

  60. 60.

    De Roodenbeke E, Lucas S, Rouzaut A, Bana F. Outreach services as a strategy to increase access to health workers in remote and rural areas. 2011.

    Not in our library

  61. 61.

    Bowling A, Stramer K, Dickinson E, Windsor J, Bond M. Evaluation of specialists’ outreach clinics in general practice in England: process and acceptability to patients, specialists, and general practitioners. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1997;51(1):52–61.

    Not in our library10.1136/jech.51.1.52

  62. 62.

    Spencer N. Consultant paediatric outreach clinics–a practical step in integration. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68(4):496-500.

    Not in our library10.1136/adc.68.4.496

  63. 63.

    Aljasir B, Alghamdi MS. Patient satisfaction with mobile clinic services in a remote rural area of Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(10):1085-1090.

    Not in our library

  64. 64.

    Lee EJ, O’Neal S. A mobile clinic experience: nurse practitioners providing care to a rural population. J Pediatr Health Care. 1994;8(1):12–7.

    Not in our library10.1016/0891-5245(94)90097-3

  65. 65.

    Cone PH, Haley JM. Mobile clinics in Haiti, part 1: Preparing for service-learning. Nurse Educ Pract. 2016;21:1-8.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.nepr.2016.08.008

  66. 66.

    Diaz-Perez Mde J, Farley T, Cabanis CM. A program to improve access to health care among Mexican immigrants in rural Colorado. J Rural Health. 2004;20(3):258-264.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1748-0361.2004.tb00037.x

  67. 67.

    Hill C, Zurakowski D, Bennet J, Walker-White R, Osman JL, Quarles A, Oriol N. Knowledgeable Neighbors: a mobile clinic model for disease prevention and screening in underserved communities. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(3):406-410.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.2011.300472

  68. 68.

    Edgerley LP, El-Sayed YY, Druzin ML, Kiernan M, Daniels KI. Use of a community mobile health van to increase early access to prenatal care. Matern Child Health J. 2007;11(3):235-239.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10995-006-0174-z

  69. 69.

    Peters G, Doctor H, Afenyadu G, Findley S, Ager A. Mobile clinic services to serve rural populations in Katsina State, Nigeria: perceptions of services and patterns of utilization. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(5):642-649.

    Not in our library10.1093/heapol/czt052

  70. 70.

    Neke NM, Gadau G, Wasem J. Policy makers’ perspective on the provision of maternal health services via mobile health clinics in Tanzania—Findings from key informant interviews. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0203588.

    Not in our library10.1371/journal.pone.0203588

  71. 71.

    Padmadas SS, Johnson FA, Leone T, Dahal GP. Do mobile family planning clinics facilitate vasectomy use in Nepal? Contraception. 2014;89(6):557-563.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.019

  72. 72.

    Macinko J, Harris MJ. Brazil’s family health strategy—delivering community-based primary care in a universal health system. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2177–81.

    Not in our library10.1056/nejmp1501140

  73. 73.

    Macinko J, Lima Costa MF. Access to, use of and satisfaction with health services among adults enrolled in Brazil’s Family Health Strategy: evidence from the 2008 National Household Survey. Tropical Med Int Health. 2012;17(1):36-42.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02866.x

  74. 74.

    Dourado I, Oliveira VB, Aquino R, Bonolo P, Lima-Costa MF, Medina MG, Mota E, Turci MA, Macinko J. Trends in primary health care-sensitive conditions in Brazil: the role of the Family Health Program (Project ICSAP-Brazil). Medical care. 2011;49:577-584.

    Not in our library10.1097/mlr.0b013e31820fc39f

  75. 75.

    Aquino R, De Oliveira NF, Barreto ML. Impact of the family health program on infant mortality in Brazilian municipalities. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(1):87-93.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.2007.127480

  76. 76.

    Chong P-N, Tang WE. Transforming primary care—the way forward with the TEAMS2 approach. Fam Pract. 2019;36(3):369-370.

    Not in our library10.1093/fampra/cmy074

  77. 77.

    Primary Health Care Performance Initiatives (phcpi). Improvement strategies model: Population health management: Empanelment. Available at https://improvingphc.org/sites/default/files/Empanelment%20-%20v1.2%20-%20last%20updated%2012.13.2019.pdf. Accessed on 18 March 2022.

    Not in our library

  78. 78.

    McGough P, Chaudhari V, El-Attar S, Yung P. A health system’s journey toward better population health through empanelment and panel management. Healthcare. 2018;6(66):1–9.

    Not in our library10.3390/healthcare6020066

  79. 79.

    Bearden T, Ratcliffe HL, Sugarman JR, Bitton A, Anaman LA, Buckle G, Cham M, Quan DCW, Ismail F, Jargalsaikhan B. Empanelment: A foundational component of primary health care. Gates Open Res. 2019;3:1654.

    Not in our library10.12688/gatesopenres.13059.1

  80. 80.

    Hsiao WC. Unmet health needs of two billion: is community financing a solution? 2001.

    Not in our library

  81. 81.

    Wang W, Temsah G, Mallick L. The impact of health insurance on maternal health care utilization: evidence from Ghana, Indonesia and Rwanda. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32(3):366-375.

    Not in our library10.1093/heapol/czw135

  82. 82.

    Atnafu DD, Tilahun H, Alemu YM. Community-based health insurance and healthcare service utilisation, North-West, Ethiopia: a comparative, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):e019613.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019613

  83. 83.

    USAID. Ethiopia’s Community-based Health Insurance: A Step on the Road to Universal Health Coverage. Available at https://www.hfgproject.org/ethiopias-community-based-health-insurance-step-road-universal-health-coverage/. Accessed on 18 March 2022.

    Not in our library

  84. 84.

    Blanchet NJ, Fink G, Osei-Akoto I. The effect of Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme on health care utilisation. Ghana Med J. 2012;46(2):76-84.

    Not in our library

  85. 85.

    Nshakira-Rukundo E, Mussa EC, Nshakira N, Gerber N, von Braun J. Impact of community-based health insurance on utilisation of preventive health services in rural Uganda: a propensity score matching approach. Int J Health Econ Manag. 2021;21(2):203-227.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10754-021-09294-6

  86. 86.

    Mwaura JW, Pongpanich S. Access to health care: the role of a community based health insurance in Kenya. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;12(1):35.

    Not in our library

  87. 87.

    Jutting JP. The Impact Of Health Insurance On The Access To Health Care And Financial Protection In Rural Developing Countries: The Example of Senegal. HNP discussion paper series;. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. 2011. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13774. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.

    Not in our library

  88. 88.

    Balamiento NC. The impact of social health insurance on healthcare utilization outcomes: evidence from the indigent program of the Philippine National Health Insurance. International Institute of Social Studies. 2018. Available at https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/46445/Balamiento,%20Neeanne_MA_2017_18%20_ECD.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2022.

    Not in our library

  89. 89.

    Farrell CM, Gottlieb A. The effect of health insurance on health care utilization in the justice-involved population: United States, 2014–2016. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(S1):S78-S84.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.2019.305399

  90. 90.

    Thuong NTT. Impact of health insurance on healthcare utilisation patterns in Vietnam: a survey-based analysis with propensity score matching method. BMJ Open. 2020;10(10):e040062.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040062

  91. 91.

    Custodio R, Gard AM, Graham G. Health information technology: addressing health disparity by improving quality, increasing access, and developing workforce. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):301-307.

    Not in our library10.1353/hpu.0.0142

  92. 92.

    Meier CA, Fitzgerald MC, Smith JM. eHealth: extending, enhancing, and evolving health care. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2013;15:359-382.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071812-152350

  93. 93.

    Anstey Watkins JOT, Goudge J, Gomez-Olive FX, Griffiths F. Mobile phone use among patients and health workers to enhance primary healthcare: A qualitative study in rural South Africa. Soc Sci Med. 1982;2018(198):139-147.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.011

  94. 94.

    Kuntalp M, Akar O. A simple and low-cost Internet-based teleconsultation system that could effectively solve the health care access problems in underserved areas of developing countries. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2004;75(2):117-126.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.cmpb.2003.11.004

  95. 95.

    Price M, Yuen EK, Goetter EM, Herbert JD, Forman EM, Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ. mHealth: a mechanism to deliver more accessible, more effective mental health care. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2014;21(5):427-436.

    Not in our library10.1002/cpp.1855

  96. 96.

    Bashshur RL, Shannon GW, Krupinski EA, Grigsby J, Kvedar JC, Weinstein RS, Sanders JH, Rheuban KS, Nesbitt TS, Alverson DC, et al. National telemedicine initiatives: essential to healthcare reform. Telemed J E Health. 2009;15(6):600-610.

    Not in our library10.1089/tmj.2009.9960

  97. 97.

    Norton SA, Burdick AE, Phillips CM, Berman B. Teledermatology and underserved populations. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(2):197-200.

    Not in our library

  98. 98.

    Raza T, Joshi M, Schapira RM, Agha Z. Pulmonary telemedicine–a model to access the subspecialist services in underserved rural areas. Int J Med Informatics. 2009;78(1):53-59.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.07.010

  99. 99.

    Shouneez YH. Smartphone hearing screening in mHealth assisted community-based primary care. UPSpace Institutional Repository, Department of Liberary Service. Dissertation (MCommPath)--University of Pretoria. 2016. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53477. Accessed 17 Mar 2022.

    Not in our library

  100. 100.

    Marcin JP, Ellis J, Mawis R, Nagrampa E, Nesbitt TS, Dimand RJ. Using telemedicine to provide pediatric subspecialty care to children with special health care needs in an underserved rural community. Pediatrics. 2004;113(1 Pt 1):1-6.

    Not in our library10.1542/peds.113.1.1

  101. 101.
    How Can Digital Health Technologies Contribute to Sustainable Attainment of Universal Health Coverage in Africa? A Perspective · 2019
    Not checked
  102. 102.

    Ryan MH, Yoder J, Flores SK, Soh J, Vanderbilt AA. Using health information technology to reach patients in underserved communities: A pilot study to help close the gap with health disparities. Global J Health Sci. 2016;8(6):86.

    Not in our library10.5539/gjhs.v8n6p86

  103. 103.

    Buckwalter KC, Davis LL, Wakefield BJ, Kienzle MG, Murray MA. Telehealth for elders and their caregivers in rural communities. Fam Community Health. 2002;25(3):31-40.

    Not in our library10.1097/00003727-200210000-00007

  104. 104.

    WHO Regional Committee for Africa. Promoting the role of traditional medicine in health systems: a strategy for the African Region. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Africa. Available at http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/95467..

    Not in our library

  105. 105.

    Mishra SR, Neupane D, Kallestrup P. Integrating complementary and alternative medicine into conventional health care system in developing countries: an example of Amchi. J Evid-Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;20(1):76-79.

    Not in our library10.1177/2156587214547575

  106. 106.

    Mbwambo ZH, Mahunnah RL, Kayombo EJ. Traditional health practitioner and the scientist: bridging the gap in contemporary health research in Tanzania. Tanzan Health Res Bull. 2007;9(2):115-120.

    Not in our library10.4314/thrb.v9i2.14313

  107. 107.

    Poudyal AK, Jimba M, Murakami I, Silwal RC, Wakai S, Kuratsuji T. A traditional healers’ training model in rural Nepal: strengthening their roles in community health. Trop Med Int Health: TM & IH. 2003;8(10):956–60.

    Not in our library10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01094.x

  108. 108.

    Payyappallimana U. Role of Traditional Medicine in Primary Health Care: An Overview of Perspectives and Challenges. Yokohama J Social Sciences. 2009;14(6):723-743.

    Not in our library

  109. 109.

    Kange’ethe SM. Traditional healers as caregivers to HIV/AIDS clients and other terminally challenged persons in Kanye community home-based care programme (CHBC), Botswana. SAHARA J. 2009;6(2):83–91.

    Not in our library10.1080/17290376.2009.9724934

  110. 110.

    Habtom GK. Integrating traditional medical practice with primary healthcare system in Eritrea. J Complement Integr Med. 2015;12(1):71-87.

    Not in our library10.1515/jcim-2014-0020

  111. 111.
    NGOs and government partnership for health systems strengthening: A qualitative study presenting viewpoints of government, NGOs and donors in Pakistan · 2011
    Not checked
  112. 112.

    Wu FS. International non-governmental actors in HIV/AIDS prevention in China. Cell Res. 2005;15(11):919-922.

    Not in our library10.1038/sj.cr.7290369

  113. 113.

    Biermann O, Eckhardt M, Carlfjord S, Falk M, Forsberg BC. Collaboration between non-governmental organizations and public services in health–a qualitative case study from rural Ecuador. Glob Health Action. 2016;9(1):32237.

    Not in our library10.3402/gha.v9.32237

  114. 114.

    Mercer A, Khan MH, Daulatuzzaman M, Reid J. Effectiveness of an NGO primary health care programme in rural Bangladesh: evidence from the management information system. Health Policy Plan. 2004;19(4):187-198.

    Not in our library10.1093/heapol/czh024

  115. 115.

    Baqui AH, Rosecrans AM, Williams EK, Agrawal PK, Ahmed S, Darmstadt GL, Kumar V, Kiran U, Panwar D, Ahuja RC. NGO facilitation of a government community-based maternal and neonatal health programme in rural India: improvements in equity. Health Policy Plan. 2008;23(4):234-243.

    Not in our library10.1093/heapol/czn012

  116. 116.

    Ricca J, Kureshy N, LeBan K, Prosnitz D, Ryan L. Community-based intervention packages facilitated by NGOs demonstrate plausible evidence for child mortality impact. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(2):204-216.

    Not in our library10.1093/heapol/czt005

  117. 117.

    Ahmed N, DeRoeck D, Sadr-Azodi N. Private sector engagement and contributions to immunisation service delivery and coverage in Sudan. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(2):e001414.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001414

  118. 118.

    Edimond BJ. The Contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations in Delivery of Basic Health Services in Partnership with Local Government. Doctoral Dissertation, Uganda Martyrs University. 2014.

    Not in our library

  119. 119.

    Chand S, Patterson J: Faith-Based Models for Improving Maternal and Newborn Health. IMA World Health and ActionAid International USA, 2007 Available at https://imaworldhealthorg/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/faith_based_models_for_improving_maternal_and_newborn_health.pdf

    Not in our library

  120. 120.

    Magezi V. Churchdriven primary health care: Models for an integrated church and community primary health care in Africa (a case study of the Salvation Army in East Africa). HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies. 2018;74(2):4365.

    Not in our library

  121. 121.

    Villatoro AP, Dixon E, Mays VM. Faith-based organizations and the Affordable Care Act: Reducing Latino mental health care disparities. Psychol Serv. 2016;13(1):92-104.

    Not in our library10.1037/a0038515

  122. 122.

    Levin J. Faith-based initiatives in health promotion: history, challenges, and current partnerships. American journal of health promotion: AJHP. 2014;28(3):139–41.

    Not in our library10.4278/ajhp.130403-cit-149

  123. 123.

    Green A, Shaw J, Dimmock F, Conn C. A shared mission? Changing relationships between government and church health services in Africa. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2002;17(4):333-353.

    Not in our library10.1002/hpm.685

  124. 124.

    Bandy G, Crouch A. Building from common foundations: the World Health Organization and faith-based organizations in primary healthcare. World Health Organization; 2008. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43884. Accessed 16 Mar 2022.

    Not in our library

  125. 125.

    Zahnd WE, Jenkins WD, Shackelford J, Lobb R, Sanders J, Bailey A. Rural cancer screening and faith community nursing in the era of the Affordable Care Act. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2018;29(1):71-80.

    Not in our library10.1353/hpu.2018.0008

  126. 126.

    Wagle K. Primary Health Care (PHC): History, Principles, Pillars, Elements & Challenges. Global Health, 2020. Available at https://www.publichealthnotes.com/primary-health-care-phc-history-principles-pillars-elements-challenges/. Accessed 4 June 2022.

    Not in our library

  127. 127.

    Bhatt J, Bathija P. Ensuring access to quality health care in vulnerable communities. Acad Med. 2018;93(9):1271.

    Not in our library10.1097/acm.0000000000002254

  128. 128.

    Arvey SR, Fernandez ME. Identifying the core elements of effective community health worker programs: a research agenda. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(9):1633-1637.

    Not in our library10.2105/ajph.2012.300649

  129. 129.

    Pennel CL, McLeroy KR, Burdine JN, Matarrita-Cascante D, Wang J. Community health needs assessment: potential for population health improvement. Popul Health Manag. 2016;19(3):178-186.

    Not in our library10.1089/pop.2015.0075

  130. 130.

    Chudgar RB, Shirey LA, Sznycer-Taub M, Read R, Pearson RL, Erwin PC. Local health department and academic institution linkages for community health assessment and improvement processes: a national overview and local case study. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2014;20(3):349-355.

    Not in our library10.1097/phh.0b013e31829dc26b

  131. 131.

    Desta FA, Shifa GT, Dagoye DW, Carr C, Van Roosmalen J, Stekelenburg J, Nedi AB, Kols A, Kim YM. Identifying gaps in the practices of rural health extension workers in Ethiopia: a task analysis study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1-9.

    Not in our library10.1186/s12913-017-2804-0

  132. 132.

    Lehmann U, Sanders D. Community health workers: what do we know about them. The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes of using community health workers Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. Available at https://www.hrhresourcecenter.org/node/1587.html. Accessed 17 Mar 2022.

    Not in our library

  133. 133.

    Chen N, Raghavan M, Albert J, McDaniel A, Otiso L, Kintu R, West M, Jacobstein D. The community health systems reform cycle: strengthening the integration of community health worker programs through an institutional reform perspective. Global Health: Sci Practice. 2021;9(Supplement 1):S32-S46.

    Not in our library10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00429

  134. 134.

    Roser M, Ortiz-Ospina E: Global rise of education. Our World in Data 2017. Available at https://ourworldindata.org/global-rise-of-education. Accessed on 29 May 2019.

    Not in our library

  135. 135.

    Santelli J, Morreale M, Wigton A, Grason H. School health centers and primary care for adolescents: a review of the literature. J Adolesc Health. 1996;18(5):357-366.

    Not in our library10.1016/1054-139x(96)00025-0

  136. 136.

    Wade TJ, Mansour ME, Guo JJ, Huentelman T, Line K, Keller KN. Access and utilization patterns of school-based health centers at urban and rural elementary and middle schools. Public Health Reports. 2008;123(6):739-750.

    Not in our library10.1177/003335490812300610

  137. 137.

    Johnson I, Hunter L, Chestnutt IG. Undergraduate students’ experiences of outreach placements in dental secondary care settings. Eur J Dent Educ. 2012;16(4):213-217.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1600-0579.2012.00744.x

  138. 138.

    Ndira S, Ssebadduka D, Niyonzima N, Sewankambo N, Royall J. Tackling malaria, village by village: a report on a concerted information intervention by medical students and the community in Mifumi Eastern Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2014;14(4):882-888.

    Not in our library10.4314/ahs.v14i4.16

  139. 139.

    Frakes K-a, Brownie S, Davies L, Thomas JB, Miller M-E, Tyack Z. Capricornia Allied Health Partnership (CAHP): a case study of an innovative model of care addressing chronic disease through a regional student-assisted clinic. Aust Health Rev. 2014;38(5):483-486.

    Not in our library10.1071/ah13177

  140. 140.

    Frakes KA, Brownie S, Davies L, Thomas J, Miller ME, Tyack Z. The sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of a regional population with chronic disease at an interprofessional student-assisted clinic in Q ueensland C apricornia A llied H ealth P artnership. Aust J Rural Health. 2013;21(2):97-104.

    Not in our library10.1111/ajr.12017

  141. 141.

    Frakes K-A, Tyzack Z, Miller M, Davies L, Swanston A, Brownie S. The Capricornia Project: Developing and implementing an interprofessional student-assisted allied health clinic. 2011.

    Not in our library

  142. 142.

    Frakes K-A, Brownie S, Davies L, Thomas J, Miller M-E, Tyack Z. Experiences from an interprofessional student-assisted chronic disease clinic. J Interprof Care. 2014;28(6):573-575.

    Not in our library10.3109/13561820.2014.917404

  143. 143.

    Schutte T, Tichelaar J, Dekker RS, van Agtmael MA, de Vries TP, Richir MC. Learning in student-run clinics: A systematic review. Med Educ. 2015;49(3):249-263.

    Not in our library10.1111/medu.12625

  144. 144.

    Paim J, Travassos C, Almeida C, Bahia L, Macinko J. The Brazilian health system: history, advances, and challenges. The Lancet. 2011;377(9779):1778-1797.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60054-8

  145. 145.

    Rocha R, Soares RR. Evaluating the impact of community-based health interventions: evidence from Brazil’s Family Health Program. Health Econ. 2010;19(S1):126–58.

    Not in our library10.1002/hec.1607

  146. 146.

    Rasella D, Harhay MO, Pamponet ML, Aquino R, Barreto ML. Impact of primary health care on mortality from heart and cerebrovascular diseases in Brazil: a nationwide analysis of longitudinal data. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2014;349:g4014.

    Not in our library10.1136/bmj.g4014

  147. 147.

    Harris M. Brazil’s Family Health Programme: A cost effective success that higher income countries could learn from. BMJ: Br Med J. 2010;341(7784):1171–2.

    Not in our library

  148. 148.

    Starfield B. Is primary care essential? The lancet. 1994;344(8930):1129-1133.

    Not in our library10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90634-3

  149. 149.

    Donfouet HPP, Mahieu P-A. Community-based health insurance and social capital: a review. Heal Econ Rev. 2012;2(1):1-5.

    Not in our library10.1186/2191-1991-2-5

  150. 150.

    Zhang L, Wang H, Wang L, Hsiao W. Social capital and farmer’s willingness-to-join a newly established community-based health insurance in rural China. Health Policy. 2006;76(2):233–42.

    Not in our library10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.06.001

  151. 151.

    Donfouet HPP. Essombè J-RE, Mahieu P-A, Malin E: Social capital and willingness-to-pay for community-based health insurance in rural Cameroon. Global J Health Sci. 2011;3(1):142.

    Not in our library10.1007/s10754-011-9097-3

  152. 152.

    Grunau J. Exploring people’s motivation to join or not to join the community-based health insurance’Sina Passenang’in Sotouboua, Togo. 2013.

    Not in our library

  153. 153.

    Gitahi JW. Innovative Healthcare Financing and Equity through Community Based Health Insurance Schemes (CBHHIS) In Kenya. United States International University-Africa Digital Repository. Available at http://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/11732/3654. Accessed 18 May 2022.

    Not in our library

  154. 154.

    Carrin G, Waelkens MP, Criel B. Community-based health insurance in developing countries: a study of its contribution to the performance of health financing systems. Tropical Med Int Health. 2005;10(8):799-811.

    Not in our library10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01455.x

  155. 155.

    Umeh CA, Feeley FG. Inequitable access to health care by the poor in community-based health insurance programs: a review of studies from low-and middle-income countries. Global Health: Science And Practice. 2017;5(2):299-314.

    Not in our library10.9745/ghsp-d-16-00286

  156. 156.

    Odebiyi AI. Western trained nurses’ assessment of the different categories of traditional healers in southwestern Nigeria. Int J Nurs Stud. 1990;27(4):333–42.

    Not in our library10.1016/0020-7489(90)90092-w

  157. 157.

    Abdullahi AA. Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med: AJTCAM. 2011;8(5 Suppl):115–23.

    Not in our library10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5s.5

  158. 158.

    Taye OR. Yoruba Traditional Medicine and the Challenge of Integration. The J Pan Afr Studies. 2009;3(3):73-90.

    Not in our library

  159. 159.

    Konadu K. Medicine and Anthropology in Twentieth Century Africa: Akan Medicine and Encounters with (Medical) Anthropology. African Studies Quarterly. 2008;10(2 & 3).

    Not in our library

  160. 160.

    Benzie IF, Wachtel-Galor S: Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. 2nd Ed. 2011. Available at https://www.crcpress.com/Herbal-Medicine-Biomolecular-and-Clinical-Aspects-Second-Edition/Benzie-Wachtel-Galor/p/book/9781439807132. Accessed 21 May 2022.

    Not in our library

  161. 161.

    Ejughemre U. Donor support and the impacts on health system strengthening in sub-saharan africa: assessing the evidence through a review of the literature. Am J Public Health Res. 2013;1(7):146-151.

    Not in our library

  162. 162.
    Donor-funded project's sustainability assessment: a qualitative case study of a results-based financing pilot in Koulikoro region, Mali · 2017
    Not checked
  163. 163.

    Shaw RP, Wang H, Kress D, Hovig D. Donor and domestic financing of primary health care in low income countries. Health Systems & Reform. 2015;1(1):72-88.

    Not in our library10.1080/23288604.2014.996413

  164. 164.

    Gotsadze G, Chikovani I, Sulaberidze L, Gotsadze T, Goguadze K, Tavanxhi N. The challenges of transition from donor-funded programs: results from a theory-driven multi-country comparative case study of programs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia supported by the Global Fund. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2019;7(2):258-272.

    Not in our library10.9745/ghsp-d-18-00425

  165. 165.

    Ascroft J, Sweeney R, Samei M, Semos I, Morgan C. Strengthening church and government partnerships for primary health care delivery in Papua New Guinea: Lessons from the international experience. Health policy and health finance knowledge hub Working paper series. 2011(16).

    Not in our library

  166. 166.

    Campbell MK, Hudson MA, Resnicow K, Blakeney N, Paxton A, Baskin M. Church-based health promotion interventions: evidence and lessons learned. Annu Rev Public Health. 2007;28:213-234.

    Not in our library10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144016

  167. 167.

    Olivier J, Wodon Q. The role of faith-inspired health care providers in Sub-Saharan Africa and public private partnerships: Strengthening the Evidence for faith-inspired health engagement in Africa, Volume 1. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper Series 76223v1. Available at https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/851911468203673017. Accessed 20 May 2022.

    Not in our library

  168. 168.

    Schumann C, Stroppa A, Moreira-Almeida A. The contribution of faith-based health organisations to public health. Int Psychiatry. 2011;8(3):62-64.

    Not in our library

Reads

Read by people on this page

None yet.

Checked or read by AI through naulon

None yet.

A person counts once a day per paper. We keep no cookie and no address: a reader is a hash that changes every day. Any month under five reads shows no number.

Are you an author?

Is this your paper?

Claim it to add your note and be paid when agents cite it. Free.